WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

WormAtlas: A database of behavioral and structural anatomy of Caenorhabditis elegans. HERMAPHRODITE INTRODUCTION 2 Adult Anatomy 2.1 Body Shape. Similar to other nematodes, C. elegans has an unsegmented, cylindrical body shape that is tapered at the ends (IntroFIG 1; IntroMOVIE 1).This is the typical nematode body plan, with an outer tube and an inner tube separated by the pseudocoelomic space ().The outer tube (body wall) consists of cuticle, hypodermis, excretory system, neurons, and muscles,

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Sensory neuron (polymodal nociceptive for osmo-, mechano-, electro-, photo- and odorsensation) In MoW: ASH Male Wiring Project: ASHL h, ASHR h, ASHL m, ASHR m In Wormbase: ASH, ASHL, ASHR Lineage: AB plpaappaa, AB prpaappaa Location: Lateral ganglia of head Description: Amphid neurons, single (AsH) ciliated endings.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Sensory neuron (odorsensory, photosensory, electrosensory and thermosensory) In MoW: AWC Male Wiring Project: AWCL, AWCR In Wormbase: AWC, AWCL, AWCR Lineage: AB plpaaaaap, AB prpaaaaap Location: Lateral ganglia of head Description: Amphid wing "C" cells. AWC have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath.Like all other amphid neurons, AWC are

HERMAPHRODITE

1 Overview . The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has 302 neurons that belong to two distinct and independent nervous systems: a large somatic nervous system (282 neurons) and a small pharyngeal nervous system (20 neurons).These systems communicate through a single pair of RIP interneurons (Ward et al., 1975; Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1983; White et al., 1986).

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Sensory neuron (odorsensory) In MoW: AWA Male Wiring Project: AWAL, AWAR In Wormbase: AWA, AWAL, AWAR Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa Location: Lateral ganglia of head Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath (Doroquez et al., 2014).Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born near the presumptive nose

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Individual Neurons - AWB MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol . 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials . 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Interneuron, (sublateral) motor neuron In MoW: SAB Male Wiring Project: SABD, SABVL, SABVR In Wormbase: SAB, SABD, SABVL, SABVR Lineage: AB plppapaap, AB plppapaaaa, AB prppapaaaa Location: Head, retrovesicular ganglion Description: SAB neurons send their processes anteriorly within the sublateral cords in the head.The processes leave the ventral cord via the amphid ANTIBODY STAINING OF FORMALDEHYDE-FIXED WORMS BY GARY 600 ul 0.5M PIPES, pH 7.4 (15.1 g/100ml)-goes into solution at pH 7.4 5.0 ml 100% Methanol (50% final) ddH2O up to 10 ml Methanol precipitates proteins, reducing diffusion before cross-linking. WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

WormAtlas: A database of behavioral and structural anatomy of Caenorhabditis elegans. HERMAPHRODITE INTRODUCTION 2 Adult Anatomy 2.1 Body Shape. Similar to other nematodes, C. elegans has an unsegmented, cylindrical body shape that is tapered at the ends (IntroFIG 1; IntroMOVIE 1).This is the typical nematode body plan, with an outer tube and an inner tube separated by the pseudocoelomic space ().The outer tube (body wall) consists of cuticle, hypodermis, excretory system, neurons, and muscles,

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Sensory neuron (polymodal nociceptive for osmo-, mechano-, electro-, photo- and odorsensation) In MoW: ASH Male Wiring Project: ASHL h, ASHR h, ASHL m, ASHR m In Wormbase: ASH, ASHL, ASHR Lineage: AB plpaappaa, AB prpaappaa Location: Lateral ganglia of head Description: Amphid neurons, single (AsH) ciliated endings.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Sensory neuron (odorsensory, photosensory, electrosensory and thermosensory) In MoW: AWC Male Wiring Project: AWCL, AWCR In Wormbase: AWC, AWCL, AWCR Lineage: AB plpaaaaap, AB prpaaaaap Location: Lateral ganglia of head Description: Amphid wing "C" cells. AWC have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath.Like all other amphid neurons, AWC are

HERMAPHRODITE

1 Overview . The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has 302 neurons that belong to two distinct and independent nervous systems: a large somatic nervous system (282 neurons) and a small pharyngeal nervous system (20 neurons).These systems communicate through a single pair of RIP interneurons (Ward et al., 1975; Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1983; White et al., 1986).

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Sensory neuron (odorsensory) In MoW: AWA Male Wiring Project: AWAL, AWAR In Wormbase: AWA, AWAL, AWAR Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa Location: Lateral ganglia of head Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath (Doroquez et al., 2014).Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born near the presumptive nose

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Individual Neurons - AWB MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol . 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials . 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Interneuron, (sublateral) motor neuron In MoW: SAB Male Wiring Project: SABD, SABVL, SABVR In Wormbase: SAB, SABD, SABVL, SABVR Lineage: AB plppapaap, AB plppapaaaa, AB prppapaaaa Location: Head, retrovesicular ganglion Description: SAB neurons send their processes anteriorly within the sublateral cords in the head.The processes leave the ventral cord via the amphid ANTIBODY STAINING OF FORMALDEHYDE-FIXED WORMS BY GARY 600 ul 0.5M PIPES, pH 7.4 (15.1 g/100ml)-goes into solution at pH 7.4 5.0 ml 100% Methanol (50% final) ddH2O up to 10 ml Methanol precipitates proteins, reducing diffusion before cross-linking.

EMBRYO INTRODUCTION

Overview - The Stages of Embryogenesis. The embryo of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans progresses through several distinctive phases in developing towards the first larval stage, when the embryonic worm first emerges from the eggshell.EmbryoIntroVID 1 provides a nice overview of the complex series of events, where rapid cell proliferation quickly leads to multiple simultaneous HERMAPHRODITE INTRODUCTION 2 Adult Anatomy 2.1 Body Shape. Similar to other nematodes, C. elegans has an unsegmented, cylindrical body shape that is tapered at the ends (IntroFIG 1; IntroMOVIE 1).This is the typical nematode body plan, with an outer tube and an inner tube separated by the pseudocoelomic space ().The outer tube (body wall) consists of cuticle, hypodermis, excretory system, neurons, and muscles, DAUER INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW DIntroFIG 2: Natural habitat for Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans nematodes are found naturally in decaying plant matter, such as fruit orchard floors and compost heaps. This photograph illustrates the habitat diversity of a fruit orchard. As indicated, proliferating C. elegans populations were found in the most decayed fruit (lower at center).). Fruits at a lesser stage of decay (left lower

SLIDABLE WORM

Slidable Worm

HERMAPHRODITE

1 Overview . The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has 302 neurons that belong to two distinct and independent nervous systems: a large somatic nervous system (282 neurons) and a small pharyngeal nervous system (20 neurons).These systems communicate through a single pair of RIP interneurons (Ward et al., 1975; Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1983; White et al., 1986). MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol . 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials . 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C

SULSTON1983

Figure 1. Newly hatched larva of C. elegans: body wall cut along dorsal and ventral midline, portion of intestine removed to show inner surface of body wall with longitudinal bands of body muscle.Principal parts of nervous system represented by neuronal nuclei. C. elegans has two sexual forms (self-fertilizing hermaphrodite and male) and grows to an adult length of 1-1.5 mm.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Sensory neuron (dauer entry, electrosensory and photosensory) In MoW: ASJ Male Wiring Project: ASJL h, ASJR h, ASJL m, ASJR m In Wormbase: ASJ, ASJL, ASJR Lineage: AB alpppppppa, AB praaappppa Location: Lateral ganglia of head Description: Amphid neurons, single (AsG) ciliated endings.Like all other amphid neurons, ASJ are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during

AVH - WORMATLAS

Click here for larger version AVHL (AB alapaaaaa) development in the embryo. Dorsal view. Bottom is left side of the embryo. Spheres indicate individual nuclei.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Individual Neurons - HSN WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

Many of his ground-breaking papers can be found here. • 1/15/18: A new chapter on the structure and function of Gap Junctions has been released. • 12/15/17: WorrmAtlas annouces a new Handbook of Aging with the release of two chapters: Aging Cuticle and the Aging Pharynx. • 11/01/17: WorrmAtlas now offers an Introduction to Embryo Anatomy

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa. Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath ( Doroquez et al., 2014). Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - ASH is the main nociceptor and leads to avoidance responses from noxious stimuli, which include hyperosmolarity, nose touch, volatile repellent chemicals (1-octanol), heavy metals (Cd ++ and Cu ++ ), detergents/SDS, protons, high salt and alkaloids, such as quinine. There is stimulus-specific downstream signaling in ASH; a

mutation

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - AWC olfactory neurons are critical for chemotaxis to volatile odorants, (e.g. chemotaxis to benzaldehyde, butanone, isoamylalcohol, 2,3 pentanedione and 2,4,5 trimethylthiazole) - They function in induction of local search behavior and promoting turns. After animals are removed from bacterial food, they initiate a local

search

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

HSN neurons are the only neurons of the egg-laying circuitry, as defined by the synaptic connectivity, that have been shown to be required for normal egg-laying ( Chalfie and White, 1988). Hermaphrodites that lack the HSN motor neurons do lay eggs in response to exogenous serotonin ( Trent et al, 1983) Click pictures for higher

resolution image.

MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol. 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials. 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C. Pasteur pipet and bulb. 2 glass slides with pieces of labeling tape (for example, Fisher #11-880-5-D) taped over

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Amphid wing "B" cells. AWB have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath. Like all other amphid neurons, AWB are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell body migrates away, stretching the dendrite out behind

it.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Head, retrovesicular ganglion. Description: SAB neurons send their processes anteriorly within the sublateral cords in the head.The processes leave the ventral cord via the amphid commissures to enter the sublateral cords on each side. SABV processes cross over to the opposite side before entering the amphid commissures ( Durbin, 1987)

SLIDABLE WORM

Slidable Worm

ANTIBODY STAINING OF FORMALDEHYDE-FIXED WORMS BY GARY 600 ul 0.5M PIPES, pH 7.4 (15.1 g/100ml)-goes into solution at pH 7.4 5.0 ml 100% Methanol (50% final) ddH2O up to 10 ml Methanol precipitates proteins, reducing diffusion before cross-linking. WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

Many of his ground-breaking papers can be found here. • 1/15/18: A new chapter on the structure and function of Gap Junctions has been released. • 12/15/17: WorrmAtlas annouces a new Handbook of Aging with the release of two chapters: Aging Cuticle and the Aging Pharynx. • 11/01/17: WorrmAtlas now offers an Introduction to Embryo Anatomy

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa. Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath ( Doroquez et al., 2014). Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - ASH is the main nociceptor and leads to avoidance responses from noxious stimuli, which include hyperosmolarity, nose touch, volatile repellent chemicals (1-octanol), heavy metals (Cd ++ and Cu ++ ), detergents/SDS, protons, high salt and alkaloids, such as quinine. There is stimulus-specific downstream signaling in ASH; a

mutation

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - AWC olfactory neurons are critical for chemotaxis to volatile odorants, (e.g. chemotaxis to benzaldehyde, butanone, isoamylalcohol, 2,3 pentanedione and 2,4,5 trimethylthiazole) - They function in induction of local search behavior and promoting turns. After animals are removed from bacterial food, they initiate a local

search

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

HSN neurons are the only neurons of the egg-laying circuitry, as defined by the synaptic connectivity, that have been shown to be required for normal egg-laying ( Chalfie and White, 1988). Hermaphrodites that lack the HSN motor neurons do lay eggs in response to exogenous serotonin ( Trent et al, 1983) Click pictures for higher

resolution image.

MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol. 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials. 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C. Pasteur pipet and bulb. 2 glass slides with pieces of labeling tape (for example, Fisher #11-880-5-D) taped over

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Amphid wing "B" cells. AWB have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath. Like all other amphid neurons, AWB are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell body migrates away, stretching the dendrite out behind

it.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Head, retrovesicular ganglion. Description: SAB neurons send their processes anteriorly within the sublateral cords in the head.The processes leave the ventral cord via the amphid commissures to enter the sublateral cords on each side. SABV processes cross over to the opposite side before entering the amphid commissures ( Durbin, 1987)

SLIDABLE WORM

Slidable Worm

ANTIBODY STAINING OF FORMALDEHYDE-FIXED WORMS BY GARY 600 ul 0.5M PIPES, pH 7.4 (15.1 g/100ml)-goes into solution at pH 7.4 5.0 ml 100% Methanol (50% final) ddH2O up to 10 ml Methanol precipitates proteins, reducing diffusion before cross-linking.

EMBRYO INTRODUCTION

EmbryoIntroFIG 3: Life cycle of C. elegans at 22°C. Fertilization occurs at -50 min. Numbers along the bottom of the arc indicate the time period the animal spends at a certain stage, where "zero time" is the first cleavage event. Eggs are laid outside the mother at about

150 min.

GLOSSARY U - WORMATLAS Bending back and forth in a smooth, sinusoidal, wave-like motion. This term well describes the locomotion of C. elegans and other nematodes which is similar to the movement of a snake or eel. Unipolar. Multipolar (A) A neuron with only a single extension from HANDBOOK - MALE INTRODUCTION - WORMATLAS 1.1 Introduction to Males. In addition to hermaphrodites (5AA; XX), C. elegans produces a male sex (5AA; X0). Males differ from hermaphrodites in their gross morphology, many aspects of their anatomy and expression of certain behaviors. Most sex-specific differences are established after hatching, over the course of larval

development.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Sensory neuron (mechanosensory, possible pheromone-sensory) In MoW: ADE In WormWiring: ADEL h, ADER h, ADEL m, ADER m In Wormbase: ADE, ADEL, ADER Lineage: AB plapaaaapa, AB prapaaaapa Location: Located laterally in the head, behind the second bulb of the pharynx Description: Anterior deirids. The sensillar branch from the dorsal process of each ADE neuron follows a dorsal and

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Click here for larger version PHAR (AB prpppaapp) development in the embryo. Dorsal view. Bottom is left side of the embryo. Spheres indicate individual nuclei.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Postembryonically born neuron with rudimentary cilium. AQR and its ciliated dendrite are directly exposed to the pseudocoelomic body fluid. AQR axonal process projects into the ring. - GCY-35; soluble guanylate cyclase, binds molecular oxygen and mediates oxygen sensation. Heterodimerizes with GCY-36.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Posterior lateral microtubule cells, aka touch receptor neurons. Send ventrally directed processes to ventral cord. - Along with AVM and ALM, PLM neurons sense gentle (low threshold) mechanical stimulus to the body and provide input to the command (inter) neurons ( PVC, AVB, AVD, AVA) via both synaptic connections and gap junctions

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid neurons, single (A s G) ciliated endings. Like all other amphid neurons, ASJ are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell

COPYRIGHT AND USE

All contents of this website are copyright ©2002-2021 by Wormatlas, except for submitted material, previously published literature and data originally created by other sources. POST-EMBRYONIC CELL LINEAGES OF THE NEMATODE Introduction. The development of a multicellular organism from a unicellular egg involves a complex pattern of repeated cell divisions. Classical observations of nematode embryogenesis (reviewed by Chitwood and Chitwood, 1974) revealed that in these organisms early development follows a rigidly fixed program, i.e., an invariant pattern of cell divisions produces specific progeny cells which WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

Many of his ground-breaking papers can be found here. • 1/15/18: A new chapter on the structure and function of Gap Junctions has been released. • 12/15/17: WorrmAtlas annouces a new Handbook of Aging with the release of two chapters: Aging Cuticle and the Aging Pharynx. • 11/01/17: WorrmAtlas now offers an Introduction to Embryo Anatomy

EMBRYO INTRODUCTION

EmbryoIntroFIG 3: Life cycle of C. elegans at 22°C. Fertilization occurs at -50 min. Numbers along the bottom of the arc indicate the time period the animal spends at a certain stage, where "zero time" is the first cleavage event. Eggs are laid outside the mother at about

150 min.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - ASH is the main nociceptor and leads to avoidance responses from noxious stimuli, which include hyperosmolarity, nose touch, volatile repellent chemicals (1-octanol), heavy metals (Cd ++ and Cu ++ ), detergents/SDS, protons, high salt and alkaloids, such as quinine. There is stimulus-specific downstream signaling in ASH; a

mutation

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa. Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath ( Doroquez et al., 2014). Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol. 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials. 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C. Pasteur pipet and bulb. 2 glass slides with pieces of labeling tape (for example, Fisher #11-880-5-D) taped over

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid neurons, single (A s G) ciliated endings. Like all other amphid neurons, ASJ are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Head, retrovesicular ganglion. Description: SAB neurons send their processes anteriorly within the sublateral cords in the head.The processes leave the ventral cord via the amphid commissures to enter the sublateral cords on each side. SABV processes cross over to the opposite side before entering the amphid commissures ( Durbin, 1987)

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

HSN neurons are the only neurons of the egg-laying circuitry, as defined by the synaptic connectivity, that have been shown to be required for normal egg-laying ( Chalfie and White, 1988). Hermaphrodites that lack the HSN motor neurons do lay eggs in response to exogenous serotonin ( Trent et al, 1983) Click pictures for higher

resolution image.

SLIDABLE WORM

Slidable Worm

ANTIBODY STAINING OF FORMALDEHYDE-FIXED WORMS BY GARY 600 ul 0.5M PIPES, pH 7.4 (15.1 g/100ml)-goes into solution at pH 7.4 5.0 ml 100% Methanol (50% final) ddH2O up to 10 ml Methanol precipitates proteins, reducing diffusion before cross-linking. WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

Many of his ground-breaking papers can be found here. • 1/15/18: A new chapter on the structure and function of Gap Junctions has been released. • 12/15/17: WorrmAtlas annouces a new Handbook of Aging with the release of two chapters: Aging Cuticle and the Aging Pharynx. • 11/01/17: WorrmAtlas now offers an Introduction to Embryo Anatomy

EMBRYO INTRODUCTION

EmbryoIntroFIG 3: Life cycle of C. elegans at 22°C. Fertilization occurs at -50 min. Numbers along the bottom of the arc indicate the time period the animal spends at a certain stage, where "zero time" is the first cleavage event. Eggs are laid outside the mother at about

150 min.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - ASH is the main nociceptor and leads to avoidance responses from noxious stimuli, which include hyperosmolarity, nose touch, volatile repellent chemicals (1-octanol), heavy metals (Cd ++ and Cu ++ ), detergents/SDS, protons, high salt and alkaloids, such as quinine. There is stimulus-specific downstream signaling in ASH; a

mutation

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa. Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath ( Doroquez et al., 2014). Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol. 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials. 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C. Pasteur pipet and bulb. 2 glass slides with pieces of labeling tape (for example, Fisher #11-880-5-D) taped over

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid neurons, single (A s G) ciliated endings. Like all other amphid neurons, ASJ are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Head, retrovesicular ganglion. Description: SAB neurons send their processes anteriorly within the sublateral cords in the head.The processes leave the ventral cord via the amphid commissures to enter the sublateral cords on each side. SABV processes cross over to the opposite side before entering the amphid commissures ( Durbin, 1987)

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

HSN neurons are the only neurons of the egg-laying circuitry, as defined by the synaptic connectivity, that have been shown to be required for normal egg-laying ( Chalfie and White, 1988). Hermaphrodites that lack the HSN motor neurons do lay eggs in response to exogenous serotonin ( Trent et al, 1983) Click pictures for higher

resolution image.

SLIDABLE WORM

Slidable Worm

ANTIBODY STAINING OF FORMALDEHYDE-FIXED WORMS BY GARY 600 ul 0.5M PIPES, pH 7.4 (15.1 g/100ml)-goes into solution at pH 7.4 5.0 ml 100% Methanol (50% final) ddH2O up to 10 ml Methanol precipitates proteins, reducing diffusion before cross-linking. DAUER INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW DIntroFIG 2: Natural habitat for Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans nematodes are found naturally in decaying plant matter, such as fruit orchard floors and compost heaps. This photograph illustrates the habitat diversity of a fruit orchard. As indicated, proliferating C. elegans populations were found in the most decayed fruit (lower at center).). Fruits at a lesser stage of decay (left lower HERMAPHRODITE INTRODUCTION 2 Adult Anatomy 2.1 Body Shape. Similar to other nematodes, C. elegans has an unsegmented, cylindrical body shape that is tapered at the ends (IntroFIG 1; IntroMOVIE 1).This is the typical nematode body plan, with an outer tube and an inner tube separated by the pseudocoelomic space ().The outer tube (body wall) consists of cuticle, hypodermis, excretory system, neurons, and muscles, HANDBOOK - INTRODUCTION TO AGING IN C. ELEGANS 3 Hallmarks of Aging. 3.1 Gut Granules. During aging, C. elegans adults undergo physical changes that reflect waste accumulation and molecular alterations in the body’s cells and tissues. One of the most easily observed aging-related changes is the accumulation of fluorescent compounds in the intestine, referred to as “gut

granules”.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - AWC olfactory neurons are critical for chemotaxis to volatile odorants, (e.g. chemotaxis to benzaldehyde, butanone, isoamylalcohol, 2,3 pentanedione and 2,4,5 trimethylthiazole) - They function in induction of local search behavior and promoting turns. After animals are removed from bacterial food, they initiate a local

search

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid neurons, single (A s G) ciliated endings. Like all other amphid neurons, ASJ are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

- Function in the locomotion circuit; RIM neurons modulate reversals by two opposing roles.Photostimulation of RIM induces the worm to reverse and this action requires AVA/AVD/AVE neurons (Guo et al., 2009).RIM and AVA activity are correlated through gap juntions, while RIM inhibits AVB (Alkema et al., 2005, Pirri et al., 2009).Anterior touch activates AVA, which, in turn, activates RIM.

HERMAPHRODITE

1 Overview . The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has 302 neurons that belong to two distinct and independent nervous systems: a large somatic nervous system (282 neurons) and a small pharyngeal nervous system (20 neurons).These systems communicate through a single pair of RIP interneurons (Ward et al., 1975; Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1983; White et al., 1986).

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Amphid wing "B" cells. AWB have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath. Like all other amphid neurons, AWB are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell body migrates away, stretching the dendrite out behind

it.

THE EMBRYONIC CELL LINEAGE OF THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS The Embryonic Cell Lineage of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. J.E. Sulston *, E. Schierenberg †, J.G. White * and J.N. Thomson * * M.R.C. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, England and † Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 3400 Gottingen Federal Republic

of Germany

POST-EMBRYONIC CELL LINEAGES OF THE NEMATODE The life cycle of C. elegans is rapid; in 3.5 days (at 20°C) it develops from a fertilized egg through four larval stages to a mature adult. Superficially, the newly hatched larva appears to be quite similar to the adult. The most obvious developmental change is in the size and complexity of the gonad, which contains 4 nuclei in the young larva and increases to about 2500 in the mature adult WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

Many of his ground-breaking papers can be found here. • 1/15/18: A new chapter on the structure and function of Gap Junctions has been released. • 12/15/17: WorrmAtlas annouces a new Handbook of Aging with the release of two chapters: Aging Cuticle and the Aging Pharynx. • 11/01/17: WorrmAtlas now offers an Introduction to Embryo Anatomy

EMBRYO INTRODUCTION

EmbryoIntroFIG 3: Life cycle of C. elegans at 22°C. Fertilization occurs at -50 min. Numbers along the bottom of the arc indicate the time period the animal spends at a certain stage, where "zero time" is the first cleavage event. Eggs are laid outside the mother at about

150 min.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - ASH is the main nociceptor and leads to avoidance responses from noxious stimuli, which include hyperosmolarity, nose touch, volatile repellent chemicals (1-octanol), heavy metals (Cd ++ and Cu ++ ), detergents/SDS, protons, high salt and alkaloids, such as quinine. There is stimulus-specific downstream signaling in ASH; a

mutation

HERMAPHRODITE INTRODUCTION 2 Adult Anatomy 2.1 Body Shape. Similar to other nematodes, C. elegans has an unsegmented, cylindrical body shape that is tapered at the ends (IntroFIG 1; IntroMOVIE 1).This is the typical nematode body plan, with an outer tube and an inner tube separated by the pseudocoelomic space ().The outer tube (body wall) consists of cuticle, hypodermis, excretory system, neurons, and muscles,

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa. Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath ( Doroquez et al., 2014). Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol. 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials. 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C. Pasteur pipet and bulb. 2 glass slides with pieces of labeling tape (for example, Fisher #11-880-5-D) taped over

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

HSN neurons are the only neurons of the egg-laying circuitry, as defined by the synaptic connectivity, that have been shown to be required for normal egg-laying ( Chalfie and White, 1988). Hermaphrodites that lack the HSN motor neurons do lay eggs in response to exogenous serotonin ( Trent et al, 1983) Click pictures for higher

resolution image.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Head, retrovesicular ganglion. Description: SAB neurons send their processes anteriorly within the sublateral cords in the head.The processes leave the ventral cord via the amphid commissures to enter the sublateral cords on each side. SABV processes cross over to the opposite side before entering the amphid commissures ( Durbin, 1987)

SLIDABLE WORM

Slidable Worm

ANTIBODY STAINING OF FORMALDEHYDE-FIXED WORMS BY GARY 600 ul 0.5M PIPES, pH 7.4 (15.1 g/100ml)-goes into solution at pH 7.4 5.0 ml 100% Methanol (50% final) ddH2O up to 10 ml Methanol precipitates proteins, reducing diffusion before cross-linking. WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

Many of his ground-breaking papers can be found here. • 1/15/18: A new chapter on the structure and function of Gap Junctions has been released. • 12/15/17: WorrmAtlas annouces a new Handbook of Aging with the release of two chapters: Aging Cuticle and the Aging Pharynx. • 11/01/17: WorrmAtlas now offers an Introduction to Embryo Anatomy

EMBRYO INTRODUCTION

EmbryoIntroFIG 3: Life cycle of C. elegans at 22°C. Fertilization occurs at -50 min. Numbers along the bottom of the arc indicate the time period the animal spends at a certain stage, where "zero time" is the first cleavage event. Eggs are laid outside the mother at about

150 min.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - ASH is the main nociceptor and leads to avoidance responses from noxious stimuli, which include hyperosmolarity, nose touch, volatile repellent chemicals (1-octanol), heavy metals (Cd ++ and Cu ++ ), detergents/SDS, protons, high salt and alkaloids, such as quinine. There is stimulus-specific downstream signaling in ASH; a

mutation

HERMAPHRODITE INTRODUCTION 2 Adult Anatomy 2.1 Body Shape. Similar to other nematodes, C. elegans has an unsegmented, cylindrical body shape that is tapered at the ends (IntroFIG 1; IntroMOVIE 1).This is the typical nematode body plan, with an outer tube and an inner tube separated by the pseudocoelomic space ().The outer tube (body wall) consists of cuticle, hypodermis, excretory system, neurons, and muscles,

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa. Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath ( Doroquez et al., 2014). Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol. 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials. 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C. Pasteur pipet and bulb. 2 glass slides with pieces of labeling tape (for example, Fisher #11-880-5-D) taped over

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

HSN neurons are the only neurons of the egg-laying circuitry, as defined by the synaptic connectivity, that have been shown to be required for normal egg-laying ( Chalfie and White, 1988). Hermaphrodites that lack the HSN motor neurons do lay eggs in response to exogenous serotonin ( Trent et al, 1983) Click pictures for higher

resolution image.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Head, retrovesicular ganglion. Description: SAB neurons send their processes anteriorly within the sublateral cords in the head.The processes leave the ventral cord via the amphid commissures to enter the sublateral cords on each side. SABV processes cross over to the opposite side before entering the amphid commissures ( Durbin, 1987)

SLIDABLE WORM

Slidable Worm

ANTIBODY STAINING OF FORMALDEHYDE-FIXED WORMS BY GARY 600 ul 0.5M PIPES, pH 7.4 (15.1 g/100ml)-goes into solution at pH 7.4 5.0 ml 100% Methanol (50% final) ddH2O up to 10 ml Methanol precipitates proteins, reducing diffusion before cross-linking. DAUER INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW DIntroFIG 2: Natural habitat for Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans nematodes are found naturally in decaying plant matter, such as fruit orchard floors and compost heaps. This photograph illustrates the habitat diversity of a fruit orchard. As indicated, proliferating C. elegans populations were found in the most decayed fruit (lower at center).). Fruits at a lesser stage of decay (left lower HERMAPHRODITE INTRODUCTION 2 Adult Anatomy 2.1 Body Shape. Similar to other nematodes, C. elegans has an unsegmented, cylindrical body shape that is tapered at the ends (IntroFIG 1; IntroMOVIE 1).This is the typical nematode body plan, with an outer tube and an inner tube separated by the pseudocoelomic space ().The outer tube (body wall) consists of cuticle, hypodermis, excretory system, neurons, and muscles, HANDBOOK - INTRODUCTION TO AGING IN C. ELEGANS 3 Hallmarks of Aging. 3.1 Gut Granules. During aging, C. elegans adults undergo physical changes that reflect waste accumulation and molecular alterations in the body’s cells and tissues. One of the most easily observed aging-related changes is the accumulation of fluorescent compounds in the intestine, referred to as “gut

granules”.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid neurons, single (A s G) ciliated endings. Like all other amphid neurons, ASJ are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

- Function in the locomotion circuit; RIM neurons modulate reversals by two opposing roles.Photostimulation of RIM induces the worm to reverse and this action requires AVA/AVD/AVE neurons (Guo et al., 2009).RIM and AVA activity are correlated through gap juntions, while RIM inhibits AVB (Alkema et al., 2005, Pirri et al., 2009).Anterior touch activates AVA, which, in turn, activates RIM.

HERMAPHRODITE

1 Overview . The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite nervous system has 56 support cells that fall into three categories: 24 sheath cells, 26 socket cells, and 6 GLR cells (NeuroTABLE 2).The six GLR cells are located on the inner surface of the NR and are closely associated with the development of the arms of the head muscles.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Amphid wing "B" cells. AWB have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath. Like all other amphid neurons, AWB are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell body migrates away, stretching the dendrite out behind

it.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Posterior lateral microtubule cells, aka touch receptor neurons. Send ventrally directed processes to ventral cord. - Along with AVM and ALM, PLM neurons sense gentle (low threshold) mechanical stimulus to the body and provide input to the command (inter) neurons ( PVC, AVB, AVD, AVA) via both synaptic connections and gap junctions THE EMBRYONIC CELL LINEAGE OF THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS The Embryonic Cell Lineage of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. J.E. Sulston *, E. Schierenberg †, J.G. White * and J.N. Thomson * * M.R.C. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, England and † Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 3400 Gottingen Federal Republic

of Germany

AUTOMATED SERIAL SECTIONS TO TAPE (ATUM) EMATUMFIG 1. Description. Work by Jeff Lichtman and colleagues at Harvard has produced several versions of the ATUM microtome, which is designed to automate the collection of serial thin sections based upon a novel microtome configuration ( Hayworth and Lichtman; Kasthuri and Lichtman, 2010 ). A sturdy, continuous transparent tape mechanism WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

Many of his ground-breaking papers can be found here. • 1/15/18: A new chapter on the structure and function of Gap Junctions has been released. • 12/15/17: WorrmAtlas annouces a new Handbook of Aging with the release of two chapters: Aging Cuticle and the Aging Pharynx. • 11/01/17: WorrmAtlas now offers an Introduction to Embryo Anatomy

EMBRYO INTRODUCTION

EmbryoIntroFIG 3: Life cycle of C. elegans at 22°C. Fertilization occurs at -50 min. Numbers along the bottom of the arc indicate the time period the animal spends at a certain stage, where "zero time" is the first cleavage event. Eggs are laid outside the mother at about

150 min.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - ASH is the main nociceptor and leads to avoidance responses from noxious stimuli, which include hyperosmolarity, nose touch, volatile repellent chemicals (1-octanol), heavy metals (Cd ++ and Cu ++ ), detergents/SDS, protons, high salt and alkaloids, such as quinine. There is stimulus-specific downstream signaling in ASH; a

mutation

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa. Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath ( Doroquez et al., 2014). Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born HANDBOOK - MALE INTRODUCTION - WORMATLAS 1.1 Introduction to Males. In addition to hermaphrodites (5AA; XX), C. elegans produces a male sex (5AA; X0). Males differ from hermaphrodites in their gross morphology, many aspects of their anatomy and expression of certain behaviors. Most sex-specific differences are established after hatching, over the course of larval

development.

MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol. 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials. 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C. Pasteur pipet and bulb. 2 glass slides with pieces of labeling tape (for example, Fisher #11-880-5-D) taped over

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Amphid wing "B" cells. AWB have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath. Like all other amphid neurons, AWB are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell body migrates away, stretching the dendrite out behind

it.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

HSN neurons are the only neurons of the egg-laying circuitry, as defined by the synaptic connectivity, that have been shown to be required for normal egg-laying ( Chalfie and White, 1988). Hermaphrodites that lack the HSN motor neurons do lay eggs in response to exogenous serotonin ( Trent et al, 1983) Click pictures for higher

resolution image.

SLIDABLE WORM

Slidable Worm

ANTIBODY STAINING OF FORMALDEHYDE-FIXED WORMS BY GARY 600 ul 0.5M PIPES, pH 7.4 (15.1 g/100ml)-goes into solution at pH 7.4 5.0 ml 100% Methanol (50% final) ddH2O up to 10 ml Methanol precipitates proteins, reducing diffusion before cross-linking. WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

Many of his ground-breaking papers can be found here. • 1/15/18: A new chapter on the structure and function of Gap Junctions has been released. • 12/15/17: WorrmAtlas annouces a new Handbook of Aging with the release of two chapters: Aging Cuticle and the Aging Pharynx. • 11/01/17: WorrmAtlas now offers an Introduction to Embryo Anatomy

EMBRYO INTRODUCTION

EmbryoIntroFIG 3: Life cycle of C. elegans at 22°C. Fertilization occurs at -50 min. Numbers along the bottom of the arc indicate the time period the animal spends at a certain stage, where "zero time" is the first cleavage event. Eggs are laid outside the mother at about

150 min.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - ASH is the main nociceptor and leads to avoidance responses from noxious stimuli, which include hyperosmolarity, nose touch, volatile repellent chemicals (1-octanol), heavy metals (Cd ++ and Cu ++ ), detergents/SDS, protons, high salt and alkaloids, such as quinine. There is stimulus-specific downstream signaling in ASH; a

mutation

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa. Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath ( Doroquez et al., 2014). Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born HANDBOOK - MALE INTRODUCTION - WORMATLAS 1.1 Introduction to Males. In addition to hermaphrodites (5AA; XX), C. elegans produces a male sex (5AA; X0). Males differ from hermaphrodites in their gross morphology, many aspects of their anatomy and expression of certain behaviors. Most sex-specific differences are established after hatching, over the course of larval

development.

MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol. 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials. 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C. Pasteur pipet and bulb. 2 glass slides with pieces of labeling tape (for example, Fisher #11-880-5-D) taped over

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Amphid wing "B" cells. AWB have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath. Like all other amphid neurons, AWB are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell body migrates away, stretching the dendrite out behind

it.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

HSN neurons are the only neurons of the egg-laying circuitry, as defined by the synaptic connectivity, that have been shown to be required for normal egg-laying ( Chalfie and White, 1988). Hermaphrodites that lack the HSN motor neurons do lay eggs in response to exogenous serotonin ( Trent et al, 1983) Click pictures for higher

resolution image.

SLIDABLE WORM

Slidable Worm

ANTIBODY STAINING OF FORMALDEHYDE-FIXED WORMS BY GARY 600 ul 0.5M PIPES, pH 7.4 (15.1 g/100ml)-goes into solution at pH 7.4 5.0 ml 100% Methanol (50% final) ddH2O up to 10 ml Methanol precipitates proteins, reducing diffusion before cross-linking. HANDBOOK - MALE INTRODUCTION - WORMATLAS MaleIntroFIG 2B: SEM image of male copulatory apparatus. 1.3 Male Behavior . Males differ from hermaphrodites in their expression of a number of behaviors including regulation of defecation (Reiner and Thomas, 1995), response to media conditioned by the same- versus opposite sex (Simon and Sternberg, 2002; White et al., 2003), mate-searching (Emmons and Lipton, 2003) and perhaps most

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Sensory neuron (mechanosensory, possible pheromone-sensory) In MoW: ADE In WormWiring: ADEL h, ADER h, ADEL m, ADER m In Wormbase: ADE, ADEL, ADER Lineage: AB plapaaaapa, AB prapaaaapa Location: Located laterally in the head, behind the second bulb of the pharynx Description: Anterior deirids. The sensillar branch from the dorsal process of each ADE neuron follows a dorsal and GLOSSARY U - WORMATLAS Bending back and forth in a smooth, sinusoidal, wave-like motion. This term well describes the locomotion of C. elegans and other nematodes which is similar to the movement of a snake or eel. Unipolar. Multipolar (A) A neuron with only a single extension from MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol. 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials. 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C. Pasteur pipet and bulb. 2 glass slides with pieces of labeling tape (for example, Fisher #11-880-5-D) taped over

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - AWC olfactory neurons are critical for chemotaxis to volatile odorants, (e.g. chemotaxis to benzaldehyde, butanone, isoamylalcohol, 2,3 pentanedione and 2,4,5 trimethylthiazole) - They function in induction of local search behavior and promoting turns. After animals are removed from bacterial food, they initiate a local

search

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Sensory neuron (dauer entry, electrosensory and photosensory) In MoW: ASJ Male Wiring Project: ASJL h, ASJR h, ASJL m, ASJR m In Wormbase: ASJ, ASJL, ASJR Lineage: AB alpppppppa, AB praaappppa Location: Lateral ganglia of head Description: Amphid neurons, single (AsG) ciliated endings.Like all other amphid neurons, ASJ are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during

AVM - WORMATLAS

Innexin expression: - INX-7 - UNC-9 (Altun et al., 2009)Receptor expression: - PDFR-1; pigment dispersing factor receptor (Barrios et al., 2012) Function: - Along with ALM and PLM, AVM neurons sense gentle (low threshold) mechanical stimulus to the body and provide input to the command (inter) neurons (PVC, AVB, AVD, AVA) via both synaptic connections and gap junctions (see mechanosensory

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Postembryonically born neuron with rudimentary cilium. AQR and its ciliated dendrite are directly exposed to the pseudocoelomic body fluid. AQR axonal process projects into the ring. - GCY-35; soluble guanylate cyclase, binds molecular oxygen and mediates oxygen sensation. Heterodimerizes with GCY-36.

COPYRIGHT AND USE

All contents of this website are copyright ©2002-2021 by Wormatlas, except for submitted material, previously published literature and data originally created by other sources. POST-EMBRYONIC CELL LINEAGES OF THE NEMATODE The life cycle of C. elegans is rapid; in 3.5 days (at 20°C) it develops from a fertilized egg through four larval stages to a mature adult. Superficially, the newly hatched larva appears to be quite similar to the adult. The most obvious developmental change is in the size and complexity of the gonad, which contains 4 nuclei in the young larva and increases to about 2500 in the mature adult WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

Many of his ground-breaking papers can be found here. • 1/15/18: A new chapter on the structure and function of Gap Junctions has been released. • 12/15/17: WorrmAtlas annouces a new Handbook of Aging with the release of two chapters: Aging Cuticle and the Aging Pharynx. • 11/01/17: WorrmAtlas now offers an Introduction to Embryo Anatomy

EMBRYO INTRODUCTION

EmbryoIntroFIG 3: Life cycle of C. elegans at 22°C. Fertilization occurs at -50 min. Numbers along the bottom of the arc indicate the time period the animal spends at a certain stage, where "zero time" is the first cleavage event. Eggs are laid outside the mother at about

150 min.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa. Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath ( Doroquez et al., 2014). Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - ASH is the main nociceptor and leads to avoidance responses from noxious stimuli, which include hyperosmolarity, nose touch, volatile repellent chemicals (1-octanol), heavy metals (Cd ++ and Cu ++ ), detergents/SDS, protons, high salt and alkaloids, such as quinine. There is stimulus-specific downstream signaling in ASH; a

mutation

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

HSN neurons are the only neurons of the egg-laying circuitry, as defined by the synaptic connectivity, that have been shown to be required for normal egg-laying ( Chalfie and White, 1988). Hermaphrodites that lack the HSN motor neurons do lay eggs in response to exogenous serotonin ( Trent et al, 1983) Click pictures for higher

resolution image.

HERMAPHRODITE INTRODUCTION 2 Adult Anatomy 2.1 Body Shape. Similar to other nematodes, C. elegans has an unsegmented, cylindrical body shape that is tapered at the ends (IntroFIG 1; IntroMOVIE 1).This is the typical nematode body plan, with an outer tube and an inner tube separated by the pseudocoelomic space ().The outer tube (body wall) consists of cuticle, hypodermis, excretory system, neurons, and muscles, HANDBOOK - MALE INTRODUCTION - WORMATLAS 1.1 Introduction to Males. In addition to hermaphrodites (5AA; XX), C. elegans produces a male sex (5AA; X0). Males differ from hermaphrodites in their gross morphology, many aspects of their anatomy and expression of certain behaviors. Most sex-specific differences are established after hatching, over the course of larval

development.

HERMAPHRODITE

1 Overview . The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has 302 neurons that belong to two distinct and independent nervous systems: a large somatic nervous system (282 neurons) and a small pharyngeal nervous system (20 neurons).These systems communicate through a single pair of RIP interneurons (Ward et al., 1975; Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1983; White et al., 1986).

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Amphid wing "B" cells. AWB have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath. Like all other amphid neurons, AWB are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell body migrates away, stretching the dendrite out behind

it.

POST-EMBRYONIC CELL LINEAGES OF THE NEMATODE The life cycle of C. elegans is rapid; in 3.5 days (at 20°C) it develops from a fertilized egg through four larval stages to a mature adult. Superficially, the newly hatched larva appears to be quite similar to the adult. The most obvious developmental change is in the size and complexity of the gonad, which contains 4 nuclei in the young larva and increases to about 2500 in the mature adult WORMATLAS HOMEPAGECELL IDMOVIESEMBRYOCELL LISTSNEURONS AND

CIRCUITSCOLOR CODE

Many of his ground-breaking papers can be found here. • 1/15/18: A new chapter on the structure and function of Gap Junctions has been released. • 12/15/17: WorrmAtlas annouces a new Handbook of Aging with the release of two chapters: Aging Cuticle and the Aging Pharynx. • 11/01/17: WorrmAtlas now offers an Introduction to Embryo Anatomy

EMBRYO INTRODUCTION

EmbryoIntroFIG 3: Life cycle of C. elegans at 22°C. Fertilization occurs at -50 min. Numbers along the bottom of the arc indicate the time period the animal spends at a certain stage, where "zero time" is the first cleavage event. Eggs are laid outside the mother at about

150 min.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Lineage: AB plaapapaa, AB praapapaa. Location: Lateral ganglia of head. Description: Amphid wing "A" cells. AWA have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath ( Doroquez et al., 2014). Like all other amphid neurons, AWA are born

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Function: - ASH is the main nociceptor and leads to avoidance responses from noxious stimuli, which include hyperosmolarity, nose touch, volatile repellent chemicals (1-octanol), heavy metals (Cd ++ and Cu ++ ), detergents/SDS, protons, high salt and alkaloids, such as quinine. There is stimulus-specific downstream signaling in ASH; a

mutation

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

HSN neurons are the only neurons of the egg-laying circuitry, as defined by the synaptic connectivity, that have been shown to be required for normal egg-laying ( Chalfie and White, 1988). Hermaphrodites that lack the HSN motor neurons do lay eggs in response to exogenous serotonin ( Trent et al, 1983) Click pictures for higher

resolution image.

HERMAPHRODITE INTRODUCTION 2 Adult Anatomy 2.1 Body Shape. Similar to other nematodes, C. elegans has an unsegmented, cylindrical body shape that is tapered at the ends (IntroFIG 1; IntroMOVIE 1).This is the typical nematode body plan, with an outer tube and an inner tube separated by the pseudocoelomic space ().The outer tube (body wall) consists of cuticle, hypodermis, excretory system, neurons, and muscles, HANDBOOK - MALE INTRODUCTION - WORMATLAS 1.1 Introduction to Males. In addition to hermaphrodites (5AA; XX), C. elegans produces a male sex (5AA; X0). Males differ from hermaphrodites in their gross morphology, many aspects of their anatomy and expression of certain behaviors. Most sex-specific differences are established after hatching, over the course of larval

development.

HERMAPHRODITE

1 Overview . The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has 302 neurons that belong to two distinct and independent nervous systems: a large somatic nervous system (282 neurons) and a small pharyngeal nervous system (20 neurons).These systems communicate through a single pair of RIP interneurons (Ward et al., 1975; Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1983; White et al., 1986).

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Amphid wing "B" cells. AWB have ciliated sheet-like sensory endings closely associated with amphid sheath. Like all other amphid neurons, AWB are born near the presumptive nose of the embryo during development. They then anchor a short projection there, after which the cell body migrates away, stretching the dendrite out behind

it.

POST-EMBRYONIC CELL LINEAGES OF THE NEMATODE The life cycle of C. elegans is rapid; in 3.5 days (at 20°C) it develops from a fertilized egg through four larval stages to a mature adult. Superficially, the newly hatched larva appears to be quite similar to the adult. The most obvious developmental change is in the size and complexity of the gonad, which contains 4 nuclei in the young larva and increases to about 2500 in the mature adult HANDBOOK - MALE INTRODUCTION - WORMATLAS MaleIntroFIG 2B: SEM image of male copulatory apparatus. 1.3 Male Behavior . Males differ from hermaphrodites in their expression of a number of behaviors including regulation of defecation (Reiner and Thomas, 1995), response to media conditioned by the same- versus opposite sex (Simon and Sternberg, 2002; White et al., 2003), mate-searching (Emmons and Lipton, 2003) and perhaps most HERMAPHRODITE INTRODUCTION 2 Adult Anatomy 2.1 Body Shape. Similar to other nematodes, C. elegans has an unsegmented, cylindrical body shape that is tapered at the ends (IntroFIG 1; IntroMOVIE 1).This is the typical nematode body plan, with an outer tube and an inner tube separated by the pseudocoelomic space ().The outer tube (body wall) consists of cuticle, hypodermis, excretory system, neurons, and muscles,

HERMAPHRODITE

1 Overview . The adult C. elegans hermaphrodite has 302 neurons that belong to two distinct and independent nervous systems: a large somatic nervous system (282 neurons) and a small pharyngeal nervous system (20 neurons).These systems communicate through a single pair of RIP interneurons (Ward et al., 1975; Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1983; White et al., 1986). DAUER INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW DIntroFIG 2: Natural habitat for Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans nematodes are found naturally in decaying plant matter, such as fruit orchard floors and compost heaps. This photograph illustrates the habitat diversity of a fruit orchard. As indicated, proliferating C. elegans populations were found in the most decayed fruit (lower at center).). Fruits at a lesser stage of decay (left lower HANDBOOK - INTRODUCTION TO AGING IN C. ELEGANS 3 Hallmarks of Aging. 3.1 Gut Granules. During aging, C. elegans adults undergo physical changes that reflect waste accumulation and molecular alterations in the body’s cells and tissues. One of the most easily observed aging-related changes is the accumulation of fluorescent compounds in the intestine, referred to as “gut

granules”.

MOUNTING ANIMALS WITH AGAR PADS BY MONICA DRISCOLL PDF version of this protocol. 1 Preparation of Agar Pads: Materials. 5% agar solution in water, melted and kept molten by placing the tube in a heat block at 65°C. Pasteur pipet and bulb. 2 glass slides with pieces of labeling tape (for example, Fisher #11-880-5-D) taped over

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Type: Sensory neuron (oxygen- and minor CO 2-sensory) In MoW: PQR Male Wiring Project: PQR In Wormbase: PQR Lineage: QL.ap Location: Left Lumbar ganglia Description: Postembryonically born from the left Q neuroblast (QL) and migrates posteriorly to a position near the phasmid neurons in the left lumbar ganglion. Single neuron with basal body. It is directly exposed to the pseudocoelomic body

AVH - WORMATLAS

Click here for larger version AVHL (AB alapaaaaa) development in the embryo. Dorsal view. Bottom is left side of the embryo. Spheres indicate individual nuclei.

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Location: Head, retrovesicular ganglion. Description: SAB neurons send their processes anteriorly within the sublateral cords in the head.The processes leave the ventral cord via the amphid commissures to enter the sublateral cords on each side. SABV processes cross over to the opposite side before entering the amphid commissures ( Durbin, 1987)

INDIVIDUAL NEURONS

Description: Posterior lateral microtubule cells, aka touch receptor neurons. Send ventrally directed processes to ventral cord. - Along with AVM and ALM, PLM neurons sense gentle (low threshold) mechanical stimulus to the body and provide input to the command (inter) neurons ( PVC, AVB, AVD, AVA) via both synaptic connections and gap junctions

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