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about 1700 in
APRIL 2021 - RULERS
Rulers April 2021 1 Aruba: Parliament is dissolved and the elections that were scheduled for September 24 are advanced to June 25. Cayman Islands: Former governor (2002-05) Bruce Dinwiddy (also commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory 1996-98) dies. Congo (Kinshasa): The provincial assembly of Kasaï Oriental adopts a no-confidence motion against Governor Jean Maweja Muteba (13COUNTRIES AB-AM
Albania. 1478 part of Ottoman Empire 28 Nov 1912 independence 7 Mar 1914 Albanian Principality 31 Jan 1925 Albanian Republic (proclaimed 22 Jan 1925) 1 Sep 1928 Albanian Kingdom 7 Apr 1939 invaded by Italy; personal union with Italy to 1943 11 Jan 1946 People's Republic of Albania 28 Dec 1976 People's Socialist Republic of Albania 30 Apr 1991MAY 2021 - RULERS
Rulers May 2021 1 Australia: In parliamentary elections in Tasmania, the Liberal Party wins 48.7% of the vote (13 of 25 seats), the Labor Party 28.2% (9), the Greens 12.4% (2), and independents 6.2% (1). Turnout is 91.2%. Peru: Former foreign minister (2011-13) Rafael Roncagliolo dies. Somalia: Parliament votes (140-0) to nullify the April 12 extension of the term of President Mohamed MAY 2021 - RULERS.ORG Rulers May 2021 1 Australia: In parliamentary elections in Tasmania, the Liberal Party wins 48.7% of the vote (13 of 25 seats), the Labor Party 28.2% (9), the Greens 12.4% (2), and independents 6.2% (1). Turnout is 91.2%. Peru: Former foreign minister (2011-13) Rafael Roncagliolo dies. Somalia: Parliament votes (140-0) to nullify the April 12 extension of the term of President MohamedMARCH 2021 - RULERS
Rulers March 2021 1 Brazil: Former governor of Mato Grosso (1979-83) Frederico Carlos Soares Campos dies. Ukraine: Former foreign minister (1990-94, 2000-03) Anatoliy Zlenko dies. United States: The Senate confirms Miguel Cardona as education secretary (64-33); he is sworn in on March 2, on which date Gina Raimondo is confirmed as commerce secretary (84-15) and resigns as governor of RhodeFEBRUARY 2021
Rulers February 2021 1 Congo (Kinshasa): Former governor of Kasaï Occidental (2006) Gilbert Tshiongo Tshibinkubula wa Ntumba dies. Kyrgyzstan: The ruling coalition nominates Ulukbek Maripov as prime minister. On February 2 his government is announced, including Taalaybek Omuraliyev as defense minister and Ulukbek Karymshakov as finance minister, with Ruslan Kazakbayev remaining foreignCLICKABLE MAP
Clickable map - Rulers ETHIOPIAN BORDER STATES Kafa Kafa 1390 Kafa kingdom (Kafi Tatitino) founded 1700 Kafa empire (Kafi Ageto) proclaimed 10 Sep 1897 incorporated into Ethiopia Emperors (title Kafi Atio; the last three rulers were styled Atiojo, a semi-divine title) 1675 - 1710 Galli Ginocho 1710 - 1742 Gaki Gaocho 1742 - 1775 Galli Gaocho 1775 - 1795 Shagi Sherocho 1795 - 1798 Beshi Ginocho 1798 - 1821 Hoti Gaocho 1821 - 1845 GahaJULY 1999 - RULERS
Germany: Johannes Rau takes office as president. 2 United States: Lawrence Summers is sworn in as treasury secretary. 3 Kuwait: In parliamentary elections, only 16 of the 50 seats are won by known government supporters while opposition liberals win more than 12 seats. Independent Islamists and traditionalist tribal politicians take a total of 18 seats. On July 13 a new cabinet is formed. RULERSBA-BOGA-GIAN-AZBR-BUCI-COCR-CZ This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions) of all countries and territories, going back toabout 1700 in
APRIL 2021 - RULERS
Rulers April 2021 1 Aruba: Parliament is dissolved and the elections that were scheduled for September 24 are advanced to June 25. Cayman Islands: Former governor (2002-05) Bruce Dinwiddy (also commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory 1996-98) dies. Congo (Kinshasa): The provincial assembly of Kasaï Oriental adopts a no-confidence motion against Governor Jean Maweja Muteba (13COUNTRIES AB-AM
Albania. 1478 part of Ottoman Empire 28 Nov 1912 independence 7 Mar 1914 Albanian Principality 31 Jan 1925 Albanian Republic (proclaimed 22 Jan 1925) 1 Sep 1928 Albanian Kingdom 7 Apr 1939 invaded by Italy; personal union with Italy to 1943 11 Jan 1946 People's Republic of Albania 28 Dec 1976 People's Socialist Republic of Albania 30 Apr 1991MAY 2021 - RULERS
Rulers May 2021 1 Australia: In parliamentary elections in Tasmania, the Liberal Party wins 48.7% of the vote (13 of 25 seats), the Labor Party 28.2% (9), the Greens 12.4% (2), and independents 6.2% (1). Turnout is 91.2%. Peru: Former foreign minister (2011-13) Rafael Roncagliolo dies. Somalia: Parliament votes (140-0) to nullify the April 12 extension of the term of President Mohamed MAY 2021 - RULERS.ORG Rulers May 2021 1 Australia: In parliamentary elections in Tasmania, the Liberal Party wins 48.7% of the vote (13 of 25 seats), the Labor Party 28.2% (9), the Greens 12.4% (2), and independents 6.2% (1). Turnout is 91.2%. Peru: Former foreign minister (2011-13) Rafael Roncagliolo dies. Somalia: Parliament votes (140-0) to nullify the April 12 extension of the term of President MohamedMARCH 2021 - RULERS
Rulers March 2021 1 Brazil: Former governor of Mato Grosso (1979-83) Frederico Carlos Soares Campos dies. Ukraine: Former foreign minister (1990-94, 2000-03) Anatoliy Zlenko dies. United States: The Senate confirms Miguel Cardona as education secretary (64-33); he is sworn in on March 2, on which date Gina Raimondo is confirmed as commerce secretary (84-15) and resigns as governor of RhodeFEBRUARY 2021
Rulers February 2021 1 Congo (Kinshasa): Former governor of Kasaï Occidental (2006) Gilbert Tshiongo Tshibinkubula wa Ntumba dies. Kyrgyzstan: The ruling coalition nominates Ulukbek Maripov as prime minister. On February 2 his government is announced, including Taalaybek Omuraliyev as defense minister and Ulukbek Karymshakov as finance minister, with Ruslan Kazakbayev remaining foreignCLICKABLE MAP
Clickable map - Rulers ETHIOPIAN BORDER STATES Kafa Kafa 1390 Kafa kingdom (Kafi Tatitino) founded 1700 Kafa empire (Kafi Ageto) proclaimed 10 Sep 1897 incorporated into Ethiopia Emperors (title Kafi Atio; the last three rulers were styled Atiojo, a semi-divine title) 1675 - 1710 Galli Ginocho 1710 - 1742 Gaki Gaocho 1742 - 1775 Galli Gaocho 1775 - 1795 Shagi Sherocho 1795 - 1798 Beshi Ginocho 1798 - 1821 Hoti Gaocho 1821 - 1845 GahaJULY 1999 - RULERS
Germany: Johannes Rau takes office as president. 2 United States: Lawrence Summers is sworn in as treasury secretary. 3 Kuwait: In parliamentary elections, only 16 of the 50 seats are won by known government supporters while opposition liberals win more than 12 seats. Independent Islamists and traditionalist tribal politicians take a total of 18 seats. On July 13 a new cabinet is formed.COUNTRIES U
Mawanda 1740 - 1741 Mwanga I 1741 - 1750 Namugala 1750 - 1780 Kyabaggu 1780 - 1797 Jjunju 1797 - 1814 Ssemakookiro Wasajja 1814 - 1836 Kamaanya Mukasa 1836 - Oct 1856 Ssuuna II Kalema (b. c. 1800 - d. 1856) Oct 1856 - 19 Oct 1884 Mukaabya Mutesa I (b. c. 1837 - d. 1884) 24 Oct 1884 - 10 Sep 1888 Mwanga II Basammula-Ekkere (1st time) (b.1868
FEBRUARY 2021
Rulers February 2021 1 Congo (Kinshasa): Former governor of Kasaï Occidental (2006) Gilbert Tshiongo Tshibinkubula wa Ntumba dies. Kyrgyzstan: The ruling coalition nominates Ulukbek Maripov as prime minister. On February 2 his government is announced, including Taalaybek Omuraliyev as defense minister and Ulukbek Karymshakov as finance minister, with Ruslan Kazakbayev remaining foreignCOUNTRIES I
India 27 May 1526 Babur founds the Empire of Hind (usually referred to by historians as the Mughal Empire) 17 May 1540 the Mughal rulers are expelled and superseded by the Afghan Suri dynasty 23 Jul 1555 Empire of Hind under the Mughal rulers restored 29 Mar 1858 the last Mughal ruler is deposed 2 Aug 1858 U.K. Act of Parliament annexes the Empire, creating British India (effective 1 Nov 1858MARCH 2020 - RULERS
Rulers March 2020 1 Guinea-Bissau: Cipriano Cassamá renounces the position of interim president. Iraq: Muhammad Tawfiq Allawi withdraws his candidacy for prime minister. On March 17 President Barham Salih names Adnan al-Zurfi as prime minister-designate.FEBRUARY 2020
Turnout is 62.9%. On February 20 Prime Minister Leo Varadkar's government resigns, and in the first votes for a new prime minister, Fine Gael's Varadkar is rejected (107-36), as are Fianna Fáil's Micheál Martin (97-41) and Sinn Féin's Mary Lou McDonald (84-45). Turkmenistan: Ezizgeldi Annamukhammedov is appointed finance minister.JANUARY 2021
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon: Christian Pouget is appointed as prefect. He takes office January 30. 7 Ghana: President Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo begins his second term. He subsequently appoints some of the ministers of his previous term, including Dominic Nitiwul (defence), Ambrose Dery (interior), and Ken Ofori-Atta (finance), as acting ministers pending substantive appointments.JULY 2020 - RULERS
Rulers July 2020 1 China: Liu Ning is appointed acting governor of Liaoning. Congo (Kinshasa): The deputy governor of Kwango, Léopold Kangulumba Kisesele, is appointed acting governor. Madagascar: Former prime minister (1995-96) Emmanuel Rakotovahiny dies. Switzerland: Anton Lauber becomes president of the government of Basel-Land, Reto Wyss president of the government of Luzern, OthmarFRENCH REGIONS
1 Jan 2016 Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine regions merged under provisional name Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine 30 Sep 2016 renamed Grand Est Presidents of the Regional Council 1 Jan 2016 - 30 Sep 2017 Philippe Richert (b. 1953) (acting to 4 Jan 2016) 30 Sep 2017 - 20 Oct 2017 Jean-Luc Bohl (acting) (b. 1959) 20 Oct 2017 - Jean GERMAN STATES BEFORE 1945 Note: The main headings in this record reflect the subdivisions of the German Reich as of 1945 (excluding Austria); states that ceased to exist earlier are listed under their successors.However, the list is only complete for those polities that survived beyond 1815. Within the Holy Roman Empire, there existed also countless minor units (including ecclesiastical states, imperial cities, andJULY 1999 - RULERS
Germany: Johannes Rau takes office as president. 2 United States: Lawrence Summers is sworn in as treasury secretary. 3 Kuwait: In parliamentary elections, only 16 of the 50 seats are won by known government supporters while opposition liberals win more than 12 seats. Independent Islamists and traditionalist tribal politicians take a total of 18 seats. On July 13 a new cabinet is formed. RULERSBA-BOGA-GIAN-AZBR-BUCI-COCR-CZ This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions) of all countries and territories, going back toabout 1700 in
APRIL 2021 - RULERS
Rulers April 2021 1 Aruba: Parliament is dissolved and the elections that were scheduled for September 24 are advanced to June 25. Cayman Islands: Former governor (2002-05) Bruce Dinwiddy (also commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory 1996-98) dies. Congo (Kinshasa): The provincial assembly of Kasaï Oriental adopts a no-confidence motion against Governor Jean Maweja Muteba (13MAY 2021 - RULERS
Rulers May 2021 1 Australia: In parliamentary elections in Tasmania, the Liberal Party wins 48.7% of the vote (13 of 25 seats), the Labor Party 28.2% (9), the Greens 12.4% (2), and independents 6.2% (1). Turnout is 91.2%. Peru: Former foreign minister (2011-13) Rafael Roncagliolo dies. Somalia: Parliament votes (140-0) to nullify the April 12 extension of the term of President MohamedMARCH 2021 - RULERS
Rulers March 2021 1 Brazil: Former governor of Mato Grosso (1979-83) Frederico Carlos Soares Campos dies. Ukraine: Former foreign minister (1990-94, 2000-03) Anatoliy Zlenko dies. United States: The Senate confirms Miguel Cardona as education secretary (64-33); he is sworn in on March 2, on which date Gina Raimondo is confirmed as commerce secretary (84-15) and resigns as governor of Rhode CHINESE MINISTRIES FROM 1949 Vice presidents 18 Jun 1983 - 8 Apr 1988 Ulanhu (b. 1906 - d. 1988) 8 Apr 1988 - 12 Mar 1993 Wang Zhen (b. 1908 - d. 1993) 27 Mar 1993 - 16 Mar 1998 Rong Yiren (b. 1916 - d. 2005) 16 Mar 1998 - 15 Mar 2003 Hu Jintao (b. 1942) 15 Mar 2003 - 15 Mar 2008 Zeng Qinghong (b. 1939) 15 Mar 2008 - 14 Mar 2013 Xi Jinping (b. 1953) 14 Mar 2013 - 17 Mar 2018 Li Yuanchao (b. 1950) 17 Mar 2018 - Wang Qishan SAMMARINESE MINISTRIES Finance Secretaries of state Dec 1969 - 17 Jan 1972 Giancarlo Ghironzi (b. 1932 - d. 2020) 17 Jan 1972 - 27 Mar 1973 Luigi Lonfernini (b. 1938) 27 Mar 1973 - 20 Nov 1975 Remy Giacomini (1st time) (b. 1910? - d. 2001) 11 Mar 1976 - 19 Nov 1977 Remy Giacomini (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Jul 1978 - 26 Jul 1986 Emilio Della Balda (b. 1937) 26 Jul 1986 - 22 Jul 1990 Clara Boscaglia (f) (b. 1930 - d. 1990 CANTONS OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Premiers 1996 - 1997* Hamid Prses (b. 1954) *Aug 2000 - 2000 Zijad Deljo (b. 1959) Oct 2000 - 9 Mar 2001 Mustafa Kurtovic (b. 1951) 9 Mar 2001 - 5 Feb 2003 Ibro Kulin 5 Feb 2003 - 19 Jan 2006 Salko Obhodjas (b. 1964) 19 Jan 2006 - 19 Feb 2007 Nazif Uruci (1st time) (b. 1954) 19 Feb 2007 - 1 Dec 2008 Salem Halilovic (s.a.) 1 Dec 2008 - 23 Dec 2010 Nazif Uruci (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Dec 2010 - 24 NORWEGIAN MINISTRIES, ETC. Foreign Affairs Ministers 7 Jun 1905 - 19 Mar 1908 Jørgen Gunnarson Løvland (b. 1848 - d. 1922) 19 Mar 1908 - 2 Feb 1910 Wilhelm Christopher Christophersen (b. 1832 - d. 1913) 2 Feb 1910 - 31 Jan 1913 Johannes Irgens (b. 1869 - d. 1939) 31 Jan 1913 - 21 Jun 1920 Nils Claus Ihlen (b. 1855 - d. 1925) 21 Jun 1920 - 22 Jun 1921 Christian Fredrik Michelet (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1927) 22 Jun GHANAIAN TRADITIONAL POLITIES Note: This record of a selection of polities is in four parts. (A) Gã (or Nkran), known by Europeans as Accra, which became the Gold Coast Colony. (B) The Akan states, the most prominent of which is the Asanteman Confederation; this group also includes the protectorate authority's attempt, 1868-73, to organize the Fante states into a Fanti Confederation. EAST GERMAN MINISTRIES, POLITICAL PARTIES, ETC. Finance Ministers 12 Oct 1949 - 25 Nov 1955 Hans Loch LDPD (b. 1898 - d. 1960) 25 Nov 1955 - 12 Dec 1966 Willy Rumpf SED (b. 1903 - d. 1982) 12 Dec 1966 - 5 May 1980 Siegfried Böhm SED (b. 1928 - d. 1980) 4 Jun 1980 - 26 Jun 1981 Werner Schmieder SED (b. 1926) 26 Jun 1981 - 18 Nov 1989 Ernst Höfner SED (b. 1929 - d. 2009) 18 Nov 1989 - 12 Apr 1990 Uta Nickel (f) SED (b. 1941) 12 Apr 1990 RULERSBA-BOGA-GIAN-AZBR-BUCI-COCR-CZ This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions) of all countries and territories, going back toabout 1700 in
APRIL 2021 - RULERS
Rulers April 2021 1 Aruba: Parliament is dissolved and the elections that were scheduled for September 24 are advanced to June 25. Cayman Islands: Former governor (2002-05) Bruce Dinwiddy (also commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory 1996-98) dies. Congo (Kinshasa): The provincial assembly of Kasaï Oriental adopts a no-confidence motion against Governor Jean Maweja Muteba (13MAY 2021 - RULERS
Rulers May 2021 1 Australia: In parliamentary elections in Tasmania, the Liberal Party wins 48.7% of the vote (13 of 25 seats), the Labor Party 28.2% (9), the Greens 12.4% (2), and independents 6.2% (1). Turnout is 91.2%. Peru: Former foreign minister (2011-13) Rafael Roncagliolo dies. Somalia: Parliament votes (140-0) to nullify the April 12 extension of the term of President MohamedMARCH 2021 - RULERS
Rulers March 2021 1 Brazil: Former governor of Mato Grosso (1979-83) Frederico Carlos Soares Campos dies. Ukraine: Former foreign minister (1990-94, 2000-03) Anatoliy Zlenko dies. United States: The Senate confirms Miguel Cardona as education secretary (64-33); he is sworn in on March 2, on which date Gina Raimondo is confirmed as commerce secretary (84-15) and resigns as governor of Rhode CHINESE MINISTRIES FROM 1949 Vice presidents 18 Jun 1983 - 8 Apr 1988 Ulanhu (b. 1906 - d. 1988) 8 Apr 1988 - 12 Mar 1993 Wang Zhen (b. 1908 - d. 1993) 27 Mar 1993 - 16 Mar 1998 Rong Yiren (b. 1916 - d. 2005) 16 Mar 1998 - 15 Mar 2003 Hu Jintao (b. 1942) 15 Mar 2003 - 15 Mar 2008 Zeng Qinghong (b. 1939) 15 Mar 2008 - 14 Mar 2013 Xi Jinping (b. 1953) 14 Mar 2013 - 17 Mar 2018 Li Yuanchao (b. 1950) 17 Mar 2018 - Wang Qishan SAMMARINESE MINISTRIES Finance Secretaries of state Dec 1969 - 17 Jan 1972 Giancarlo Ghironzi (b. 1932 - d. 2020) 17 Jan 1972 - 27 Mar 1973 Luigi Lonfernini (b. 1938) 27 Mar 1973 - 20 Nov 1975 Remy Giacomini (1st time) (b. 1910? - d. 2001) 11 Mar 1976 - 19 Nov 1977 Remy Giacomini (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Jul 1978 - 26 Jul 1986 Emilio Della Balda (b. 1937) 26 Jul 1986 - 22 Jul 1990 Clara Boscaglia (f) (b. 1930 - d. 1990 CANTONS OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Premiers 1996 - 1997* Hamid Prses (b. 1954) *Aug 2000 - 2000 Zijad Deljo (b. 1959) Oct 2000 - 9 Mar 2001 Mustafa Kurtovic (b. 1951) 9 Mar 2001 - 5 Feb 2003 Ibro Kulin 5 Feb 2003 - 19 Jan 2006 Salko Obhodjas (b. 1964) 19 Jan 2006 - 19 Feb 2007 Nazif Uruci (1st time) (b. 1954) 19 Feb 2007 - 1 Dec 2008 Salem Halilovic (s.a.) 1 Dec 2008 - 23 Dec 2010 Nazif Uruci (2nd time) (s.a.) 23 Dec 2010 - 24 NORWEGIAN MINISTRIES, ETC. Foreign Affairs Ministers 7 Jun 1905 - 19 Mar 1908 Jørgen Gunnarson Løvland (b. 1848 - d. 1922) 19 Mar 1908 - 2 Feb 1910 Wilhelm Christopher Christophersen (b. 1832 - d. 1913) 2 Feb 1910 - 31 Jan 1913 Johannes Irgens (b. 1869 - d. 1939) 31 Jan 1913 - 21 Jun 1920 Nils Claus Ihlen (b. 1855 - d. 1925) 21 Jun 1920 - 22 Jun 1921 Christian Fredrik Michelet (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1927) 22 Jun GHANAIAN TRADITIONAL POLITIES Note: This record of a selection of polities is in four parts. (A) Gã (or Nkran), known by Europeans as Accra, which became the Gold Coast Colony. (B) The Akan states, the most prominent of which is the Asanteman Confederation; this group also includes the protectorate authority's attempt, 1868-73, to organize the Fante states into a Fanti Confederation. EAST GERMAN MINISTRIES, POLITICAL PARTIES, ETC. Finance Ministers 12 Oct 1949 - 25 Nov 1955 Hans Loch LDPD (b. 1898 - d. 1960) 25 Nov 1955 - 12 Dec 1966 Willy Rumpf SED (b. 1903 - d. 1982) 12 Dec 1966 - 5 May 1980 Siegfried Böhm SED (b. 1928 - d. 1980) 4 Jun 1980 - 26 Jun 1981 Werner Schmieder SED (b. 1926) 26 Jun 1981 - 18 Nov 1989 Ernst Höfner SED (b. 1929 - d. 2009) 18 Nov 1989 - 12 Apr 1990 Uta Nickel (f) SED (b. 1941) 12 Apr 1990 CANADIAN PROVINCES A-N Alberta 1 Sep 1905 province created from part of the Northwest Territories Lieutenant governors 1 Sep 1905 - 20 Oct 1915 George Hedley Vicars Bulyea (b. 1859 - d. 1928) 20 Oct 1915 - 29 Oct 1925 Robert George Brett (b. 1851 - d. 1929) 29 Oct 1925 - 5 May 1931 William Egbert (b. 1857 - d. 1936) 5 May 1931 - 1 Oct 1936 William Legh Walsh (b. 1857 - d. 1938) 1 Oct 1936 - 17 Mar 1937 PhilipMAY 2020 - RULERS
Rulers May 2020 1 Brazil: Former governor of Pará (1961-64) Aurélio Correia do Carmo dies. Kosovo: The Constitutional Court suspends the presidential decree nominating Avdullah Hoti as prime minister-designate. On May 28, however, it rules that the decree was constitutional. Myanmar: Former prime minister (1988) Tun Tin dies. Switzerland: Christophe Darbellay becomes president of the CouncilFEBRUARY 2021
Rulers February 2021 1 Congo (Kinshasa): Former governor of Kasaï Occidental (2006) Gilbert Tshiongo Tshibinkubula wa Ntumba dies. Kyrgyzstan: The ruling coalition nominates Ulukbek Maripov as prime minister. On February 2 his government is announced, including Taalaybek Omuraliyev as defense minister and Ulukbek Karymshakov as finance minister, with Ruslan Kazakbayev remaining foreignJANUARY 2021
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon: Christian Pouget is appointed as prefect. He takes office January 30. 7 Ghana: President Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo begins his second term. He subsequently appoints some of the ministers of his previous term, including Dominic Nitiwul (defence), Ambrose Dery (interior), and Ken Ofori-Atta (finance), as acting ministers pending substantive appointments. ETHIOPIAN BORDER STATES Kafa Kafa 1390 Kafa kingdom (Kafi Tatitino) founded 1700 Kafa empire (Kafi Ageto) proclaimed 10 Sep 1897 incorporated into Ethiopia Emperors (title Kafi Atio; the last three rulers were styled Atiojo, a semi-divine title) 1675 - 1710 Galli Ginocho 1710 - 1742 Gaki Gaocho 1742 - 1775 Galli Gaocho 1775 - 1795 Shagi Sherocho 1795 - 1798 Beshi Ginocho 1798 - 1821 Hoti Gaocho 1821 - 1845 Gaha AUSTRIAN STATES AFTER 1918 Kärnten Administrator (Landesverweser) 11 Nov 1918 - 22 Jul 1921 Arthur Lemisch (b. 1865 - d. 1953) Premiers 22 Jul 1921 - 6 Nov 1923 Florian Gröger SDAP (b. 1871 - d. 1927) 6 Nov 1923 - 15 Jun 1927 Vinzenz Schumy LB (b. 1878 - d. 1962) 15 Jun 1927 - 21 Jan 1931 Arthur Lemisch - (s.a.) 22 Jan 1931 - 16 Feb 1934 Ferdinand Kernmaier LB (b. 1884 - d. 1941) 16 Feb 1934 - 7 Mar 1934 Silvester GHANAIAN TRADITIONAL POLITIES Note: This record of a selection of polities is in four parts. (A) Gã (or Nkran), known by Europeans as Accra, which became the Gold Coast Colony. (B) The Akan states, the most prominent of which is the Asanteman Confederation; this group also includes the protectorate authority's attempt, 1868-73, to organize the Fante states into a Fanti Confederation. BELGIAN REGIONS AND COMMUNITIES Note: In the 1970s Belgium was divided in three regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia) and three communities (Flemish, French, German). On 8 Aug 1980 the Flemish and Walloon regions and the Flemish and French communities were granted autonomy. On 22 Dec 1981 separate governments were constituted for the Flemish and Walloon regions and for the French community, the government of the NIGERIAN REGIONS 1954-67 Eastern Governors 1 Oct 1954 - Nov 1956 Sir Clement Pleass (b. 1901 - d. 1988) 1956 - May 1960 Sir Robert Stapledon (b. 1909 - d. 1975) 15 Dec 1960 - 16 Jan 1966 Sir Francis Ibiam (b. 1906 - d. 1995) 19 Jan 1966 - May 1967 Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu (b. 1933 - d. 2011) SLOVENIAN MINISTRIES, ETC. Interior Ministers 16 May 1990 - 25 Jan 1993 Igor Bavcar (b. 1955) 25 Jan 1993 - 8 Jun 1994 Ivan Bizjak (b. 1956) 8 Jun 1994 - 27 Feb 1997 Andrej Ster (b. 1958) 27 Feb 1997 - 24 Mar 1999 Mirko Bandelj (b. 1958) 24 Mar 1999 - 7 Jun 2000 Borut Suklje (b. 1958) 7 Jun 2000 - 30 Nov 2000 Peter Jambrek (b. 1940) 30 Nov 2000 - 3 Dec 2004 Rado Bohinc (b. 1949) 3 Dec 2004 - 21 Nov 2008 Dragutin Mate (b RULERSBA-BOGA-GIAN-AZBR-BUCI-COCR-CZ This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions) of all countries and territories, going back toabout 1700 in
CANADIAN PROVINCES A-N Newfoundland and Labrador. 5 Aug 1583 English colony (Newfoundland) Dec 1917 - 30 Jan 1934 dominion 1 Apr 1949 province of Canada 6 Dec 2001 renamed Newfoundland and Labrador Commodores of the Fishing Convoys 1699 - 1700 Andrews (commander) 1700 Sir Stafford Fairborne (b. 1666 - d. 1742) 1701 John Graydon (b. c. 1666 - d. 1726) 1702 JohnLeake
COUNTRIES AB-AM
Albania. 1478 part of Ottoman Empire 28 Nov 1912 independence 7 Mar 1914 Albanian Principality 31 Jan 1925 Albanian Republic (proclaimed 22 Jan 1925) 1 Sep 1928 Albanian Kingdom 7 Apr 1939 invaded by Italy; personal union with Italy to 1943 11 Jan 1946 People's Republic of Albania 28 Dec 1976 People's Socialist Republic of Albania 30 Apr 1991 NORWEGIAN MINISTRIES, ETC. Ministers 11 Mar 1905 - 7 Jun 1905 Christian Michelsen (b. 1857 - d. 1925) 7 Jun 1905 - 27 Nov 1905 Edvard Hagerup Bull (b. 1855 - d. 1938) 27 Nov 1905 - 23 Oct 1907 Harald Bothner (b. 1850 - d. 1924) 23 Oct 1907 - 19 Mar 1908 Johan Olaf Bredal (b. 1862 - d. 1948) 19 Mar 1908 - 2 Feb 1910 Johan Castberg (b. 1862 - d. 1926) 2 Feb 1910 - 20 Feb ITALIAN STATES BEFORE 1861 Guastalla. 2 Jul 1621 Duchy of Guastalla 16 Aug 1746 occupied by Austria 18 Oct 1748 part of Parma 21 Mar 1801 occupied by France 30 Mar 1806 Principality of Guastalla 24 May 1806 part of Kingdom of Italy (see under Lombardy) 6 Jun 1814 Duchy of Guastalla restored 16 Jun 1848 administered by Kingdom of Sardinia 10 Aug 1848 Duchy ofGuastalla
COUNTRIES NA-NE
1843) 1837 - 1838 Ranganath Poudel (1st time) 1838 - 1839 Puskar Shah 1839 - 1840 Rana Jang Pande (2nd time) (s.a.) 1840 Ranganath Poudel (2nd time) 1840 - 1843 Fateh Jang Chautaria (1st time) (b. 1805 - d. 1846) 28 Nov 1843 - 17 May 1845 Madhabar Singh Thapa (b. 1798 - d. 1845) Sep 1845 - 14 Sep 1846 Fateh Jang Chautaria (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 ETHIOPIAN BORDER STATES Kafa Kafa 1390 Kafa kingdom (Kafi Tatitino) founded 1700 Kafa empire (Kafi Ageto) proclaimed 10 Sep 1897 incorporated into Ethiopia Emperors (title Kafi Atio; the last three rulers were styled Atiojo, a semi-divine title) 1675 - 1710 Galli Ginocho 1710 - 1742 Gaki Gaocho 1742 - 1775 Galli Gaocho 1775 - 1795 Shagi Sherocho 1795 - 1798 Beshi Ginocho 1798 - 1821 Hoti Gaocho 1821 - 1845 Gaha CANTONS OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Tuzla. Feb 1999 Tuzla-Podrinje canton renamed Tuzla Governors 22 Aug 1994 - 14 Nov 1996 Izet Hadzic (b. 1963) 14 Nov 1996 - 2 Nov 1998 Sead Jamakosmanovic (b. 1949) 2 Nov 1998 - 18 Jan 2001 Tarik Arapcic (b. 1959) 18 Jan 2001 - 6 Oct 2002 Selim Beslagic (b. 1942) BELGIAN REGIONS AND COMMUNITIES Note: In the 1970s Belgium was divided in three regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia) and three communities (Flemish, French, German). On 8 Aug 1980 the Flemish and Walloon regions and the Flemish and French communities were granted autonomy. On 22 Dec 1981 separate governments were constituted for the Flemish and Walloon regions and for the French community, the government of theJULY 1999 - RULERS
Germany: Johannes Rau takes office as president. 2 United States: Lawrence Summers is sworn in as treasury secretary. 3 Kuwait: In parliamentary elections, only 16 of the 50 seats are won by known government supporters while opposition liberals win more than 12 seats. Independent Islamists and traditionalist tribal politicians take a total of 18 seats. On July 13 a new cabinet is formed. RULERSBA-BOGA-GIAN-AZBR-BUCI-COCR-CZ This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions) of all countries and territories, going back toabout 1700 in
CANADIAN PROVINCES A-N Newfoundland and Labrador. 5 Aug 1583 English colony (Newfoundland) Dec 1917 - 30 Jan 1934 dominion 1 Apr 1949 province of Canada 6 Dec 2001 renamed Newfoundland and Labrador Commodores of the Fishing Convoys 1699 - 1700 Andrews (commander) 1700 Sir Stafford Fairborne (b. 1666 - d. 1742) 1701 John Graydon (b. c. 1666 - d. 1726) 1702 JohnLeake
COUNTRIES AB-AM
Albania. 1478 part of Ottoman Empire 28 Nov 1912 independence 7 Mar 1914 Albanian Principality 31 Jan 1925 Albanian Republic (proclaimed 22 Jan 1925) 1 Sep 1928 Albanian Kingdom 7 Apr 1939 invaded by Italy; personal union with Italy to 1943 11 Jan 1946 People's Republic of Albania 28 Dec 1976 People's Socialist Republic of Albania 30 Apr 1991 NORWEGIAN MINISTRIES, ETC. Ministers 11 Mar 1905 - 7 Jun 1905 Christian Michelsen (b. 1857 - d. 1925) 7 Jun 1905 - 27 Nov 1905 Edvard Hagerup Bull (b. 1855 - d. 1938) 27 Nov 1905 - 23 Oct 1907 Harald Bothner (b. 1850 - d. 1924) 23 Oct 1907 - 19 Mar 1908 Johan Olaf Bredal (b. 1862 - d. 1948) 19 Mar 1908 - 2 Feb 1910 Johan Castberg (b. 1862 - d. 1926) 2 Feb 1910 - 20 Feb ITALIAN STATES BEFORE 1861 Guastalla. 2 Jul 1621 Duchy of Guastalla 16 Aug 1746 occupied by Austria 18 Oct 1748 part of Parma 21 Mar 1801 occupied by France 30 Mar 1806 Principality of Guastalla 24 May 1806 part of Kingdom of Italy (see under Lombardy) 6 Jun 1814 Duchy of Guastalla restored 16 Jun 1848 administered by Kingdom of Sardinia 10 Aug 1848 Duchy ofGuastalla
COUNTRIES NA-NE
1843) 1837 - 1838 Ranganath Poudel (1st time) 1838 - 1839 Puskar Shah 1839 - 1840 Rana Jang Pande (2nd time) (s.a.) 1840 Ranganath Poudel (2nd time) 1840 - 1843 Fateh Jang Chautaria (1st time) (b. 1805 - d. 1846) 28 Nov 1843 - 17 May 1845 Madhabar Singh Thapa (b. 1798 - d. 1845) Sep 1845 - 14 Sep 1846 Fateh Jang Chautaria (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 ETHIOPIAN BORDER STATES Kafa Kafa 1390 Kafa kingdom (Kafi Tatitino) founded 1700 Kafa empire (Kafi Ageto) proclaimed 10 Sep 1897 incorporated into Ethiopia Emperors (title Kafi Atio; the last three rulers were styled Atiojo, a semi-divine title) 1675 - 1710 Galli Ginocho 1710 - 1742 Gaki Gaocho 1742 - 1775 Galli Gaocho 1775 - 1795 Shagi Sherocho 1795 - 1798 Beshi Ginocho 1798 - 1821 Hoti Gaocho 1821 - 1845 Gaha CANTONS OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Tuzla. Feb 1999 Tuzla-Podrinje canton renamed Tuzla Governors 22 Aug 1994 - 14 Nov 1996 Izet Hadzic (b. 1963) 14 Nov 1996 - 2 Nov 1998 Sead Jamakosmanovic (b. 1949) 2 Nov 1998 - 18 Jan 2001 Tarik Arapcic (b. 1959) 18 Jan 2001 - 6 Oct 2002 Selim Beslagic (b. 1942) BELGIAN REGIONS AND COMMUNITIES Note: In the 1970s Belgium was divided in three regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia) and three communities (Flemish, French, German). On 8 Aug 1980 the Flemish and Walloon regions and the Flemish and French communities were granted autonomy. On 22 Dec 1981 separate governments were constituted for the Flemish and Walloon regions and for the French community, the government of theJULY 1999 - RULERS
Germany: Johannes Rau takes office as president. 2 United States: Lawrence Summers is sworn in as treasury secretary. 3 Kuwait: In parliamentary elections, only 16 of the 50 seats are won by known government supporters while opposition liberals win more than 12 seats. Independent Islamists and traditionalist tribal politicians take a total of 18 seats. On July 13 a new cabinet is formed.COUNTRIES I
India 27 May 1526 Babur founds the Empire of Hind (usually referred to by historians as the Mughal Empire) 17 May 1540 the Mughal rulers are expelled and superseded by the Afghan Suri dynasty 23 Jul 1555 Empire of Hind under the Mughal rulers restored 29 Mar 1858 the last Mughal ruler is deposed 2 Aug 1858 U.K. Act of Parliament annexes the Empire, creating British India (effective 1 Nov 1858MARCH 2020 - RULERS
Rulers March 2020 1 Guinea-Bissau: Cipriano Cassamá renounces the position of interim president. Iraq: Muhammad Tawfiq Allawi withdraws his candidacy for prime minister. On March 17 President Barham Salih names Adnan al-Zurfi as prime minister-designate.MAY 2020 - RULERS
Rulers May 2020 1 Brazil: Former governor of Pará (1961-64) Aurélio Correia do Carmo dies. Kosovo: The Constitutional Court suspends the presidential decree nominating Avdullah Hoti as prime minister-designate. On May 28, however, it rules that the decree was constitutional. Myanmar: Former prime minister (1988) Tun Tin dies. Switzerland: Christophe Darbellay becomes president of the CouncilFEBRUARY 2020
Turnout is 62.9%. On February 20 Prime Minister Leo Varadkar's government resigns, and in the first votes for a new prime minister, Fine Gael's Varadkar is rejected (107-36), as are Fianna Fáil's Micheál Martin (97-41) and Sinn Féin's Mary Lou McDonald (84-45). Turkmenistan: Ezizgeldi Annamukhammedov is appointed finance minister. CHINESE MINISTRIES FROM 1949 Vice presidents 18 Jun 1983 - 8 Apr 1988 Ulanhu (b. 1906 - d. 1988) 8 Apr 1988 - 12 Mar 1993 Wang Zhen (b. 1908 - d. 1993) 27 Mar 1993 - 16 Mar 1998 Rong Yiren (b. 1916 - d. 2005) 16 Mar 1998 - 15 Mar 2003 Hu Jintao (b. 1942) 15 Mar 2003 - 15 Mar 2008 Zeng Qinghong (b. 1939) 15 Mar 2008 - 14 Mar 2013 Xi Jinping (b. 1953) 14 Mar 2013 - 17 Mar 2018 Li Yuanchao (b. 1950) 17 Mar 2018 - Wang Qishan SERBIAN MINISTRIES, ETC. Ministries, etc. Deputy prime ministers 11 Feb 1991 - 31 Jul 1991 Slobodan Prohaska (b. 1943) 11 Feb 1991 - 23 Dec 1991 Velimir Radivojevic (b. 1938) 11 Feb 1991 - 23 Dec 1991 Nikola Stanic (b. 1937) 11 Feb 1991 - 10 Feb 1993 Jovan Zebic (b. 1939 - d. 2007) 31 Jul 1991 - 23 Dec 1991 Budimir Kosutic (b. 1941) 23 Dec 1991 - 10 Feb 1993Nebojsa
NAMIBIAN MINISTRIES, ETC. Ministers 21 Mar 1990 - 21 Mar 1995 Peter Mueshihange (b. 1930 - d. 1998) 21 Mar 1995 - 11 Dec 1997 Philemon Malima (b. 1946) 11 Dec 1997 - 21 Mar 2005 Erkki Nghimtina (b. 1948) 21 Mar 2005 - 6 Apr 2005 Peter Tshirumbu Tsheehama (acting) (b. 1941 - d. 2010) 6 Apr 2005 - 4 Dec 2012 Charles Namoloh (b. 1950) 4 Dec 2012 - 21 Mar 2015 Nahas Angula BELGIAN REGIONS AND COMMUNITIES Note: In the 1970s Belgium was divided in three regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia) and three communities (Flemish, French, German). On 8 Aug 1980 the Flemish and Walloon regions and the Flemish and French communities were granted autonomy. On 22 Dec 1981 separate governments were constituted for the Flemish and Walloon regions and for the French community, the government of the SAMMARINESE MINISTRIES Finance Secretaries of state Dec 1969 - 17 Jan 1972 Giancarlo Ghironzi (b. 1932 - d. 2020) 17 Jan 1972 - 27 Mar 1973 Luigi Lonfernini (b. 1938) 27 Mar 1973 - 20 Nov 1975 Remy Giacomini (1st time) (b. 1910? - d. 2001) 11 Mar 1976 - 19 Nov 1977 Remy Giacomini (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Jul 1978 - 26 Jul 1986 Emilio Della Balda (b. 1937) 26 Jul 1986 - 22 Jul 1990 Clara Boscaglia (f) (b. 1930 - d. 1990GERMAN MAJOR CITIES
Cologne 1794 occupied by France 1801 annexed to France 1814 part of Prussia Mayors 28 May 1796 - 23 Jun 1797 Johann Jakob von Wittgenstein (1st time) (b. 1754 - d. 1823) (president of the municipal administration to 21 Mar 1797) 21 Mar 1797 - 23 Jun 1797 Heinrich Josef von Groote 23 Jun 1797 - 5 Sep 1797 Franz Jacob von Hilgers 23 Jun 1797 - 23 Jul 1797 Johann Arnold Theodor von Stattlohn (b. RULERSBA-BOGA-GIAN-AZBR-BUCI-COCR-CZ This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions) of all countries and territories, going back toabout 1700 in
CANADIAN PROVINCES A-N Newfoundland and Labrador. 5 Aug 1583 English colony (Newfoundland) Dec 1917 - 30 Jan 1934 dominion 1 Apr 1949 province of Canada 6 Dec 2001 renamed Newfoundland and Labrador Commodores of the Fishing Convoys 1699 - 1700 Andrews (commander) 1700 Sir Stafford Fairborne (b. 1666 - d. 1742) 1701 John Graydon (b. c. 1666 - d. 1726) 1702 JohnLeake
COUNTRIES AB-AM
Albania. 1478 part of Ottoman Empire 28 Nov 1912 independence 7 Mar 1914 Albanian Principality 31 Jan 1925 Albanian Republic (proclaimed 22 Jan 1925) 1 Sep 1928 Albanian Kingdom 7 Apr 1939 invaded by Italy; personal union with Italy to 1943 11 Jan 1946 People's Republic of Albania 28 Dec 1976 People's Socialist Republic of Albania 30 Apr 1991 NORWEGIAN MINISTRIES, ETC. Ministers 11 Mar 1905 - 7 Jun 1905 Christian Michelsen (b. 1857 - d. 1925) 7 Jun 1905 - 27 Nov 1905 Edvard Hagerup Bull (b. 1855 - d. 1938) 27 Nov 1905 - 23 Oct 1907 Harald Bothner (b. 1850 - d. 1924) 23 Oct 1907 - 19 Mar 1908 Johan Olaf Bredal (b. 1862 - d. 1948) 19 Mar 1908 - 2 Feb 1910 Johan Castberg (b. 1862 - d. 1926) 2 Feb 1910 - 20 Feb ITALIAN STATES BEFORE 1861 Guastalla. 2 Jul 1621 Duchy of Guastalla 16 Aug 1746 occupied by Austria 18 Oct 1748 part of Parma 21 Mar 1801 occupied by France 30 Mar 1806 Principality of Guastalla 24 May 1806 part of Kingdom of Italy (see under Lombardy) 6 Jun 1814 Duchy of Guastalla restored 16 Jun 1848 administered by Kingdom of Sardinia 10 Aug 1848 Duchy ofGuastalla
COUNTRIES NA-NE
1843) 1837 - 1838 Ranganath Poudel (1st time) 1838 - 1839 Puskar Shah 1839 - 1840 Rana Jang Pande (2nd time) (s.a.) 1840 Ranganath Poudel (2nd time) 1840 - 1843 Fateh Jang Chautaria (1st time) (b. 1805 - d. 1846) 28 Nov 1843 - 17 May 1845 Madhabar Singh Thapa (b. 1798 - d. 1845) Sep 1845 - 14 Sep 1846 Fateh Jang Chautaria (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 ETHIOPIAN BORDER STATES Kafa Kafa 1390 Kafa kingdom (Kafi Tatitino) founded 1700 Kafa empire (Kafi Ageto) proclaimed 10 Sep 1897 incorporated into Ethiopia Emperors (title Kafi Atio; the last three rulers were styled Atiojo, a semi-divine title) 1675 - 1710 Galli Ginocho 1710 - 1742 Gaki Gaocho 1742 - 1775 Galli Gaocho 1775 - 1795 Shagi Sherocho 1795 - 1798 Beshi Ginocho 1798 - 1821 Hoti Gaocho 1821 - 1845 Gaha CANTONS OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Tuzla. Feb 1999 Tuzla-Podrinje canton renamed Tuzla Governors 22 Aug 1994 - 14 Nov 1996 Izet Hadzic (b. 1963) 14 Nov 1996 - 2 Nov 1998 Sead Jamakosmanovic (b. 1949) 2 Nov 1998 - 18 Jan 2001 Tarik Arapcic (b. 1959) 18 Jan 2001 - 6 Oct 2002 Selim Beslagic (b. 1942) BELGIAN REGIONS AND COMMUNITIES Note: In the 1970s Belgium was divided in three regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia) and three communities (Flemish, French, German). On 8 Aug 1980 the Flemish and Walloon regions and the Flemish and French communities were granted autonomy. On 22 Dec 1981 separate governments were constituted for the Flemish and Walloon regions and for the French community, the government of theJULY 1999 - RULERS
Germany: Johannes Rau takes office as president. 2 United States: Lawrence Summers is sworn in as treasury secretary. 3 Kuwait: In parliamentary elections, only 16 of the 50 seats are won by known government supporters while opposition liberals win more than 12 seats. Independent Islamists and traditionalist tribal politicians take a total of 18 seats. On July 13 a new cabinet is formed. RULERSBA-BOGA-GIAN-AZBR-BUCI-COCR-CZ This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions) of all countries and territories, going back toabout 1700 in
CANADIAN PROVINCES A-N Newfoundland and Labrador. 5 Aug 1583 English colony (Newfoundland) Dec 1917 - 30 Jan 1934 dominion 1 Apr 1949 province of Canada 6 Dec 2001 renamed Newfoundland and Labrador Commodores of the Fishing Convoys 1699 - 1700 Andrews (commander) 1700 Sir Stafford Fairborne (b. 1666 - d. 1742) 1701 John Graydon (b. c. 1666 - d. 1726) 1702 JohnLeake
COUNTRIES AB-AM
Albania. 1478 part of Ottoman Empire 28 Nov 1912 independence 7 Mar 1914 Albanian Principality 31 Jan 1925 Albanian Republic (proclaimed 22 Jan 1925) 1 Sep 1928 Albanian Kingdom 7 Apr 1939 invaded by Italy; personal union with Italy to 1943 11 Jan 1946 People's Republic of Albania 28 Dec 1976 People's Socialist Republic of Albania 30 Apr 1991 NORWEGIAN MINISTRIES, ETC. Ministers 11 Mar 1905 - 7 Jun 1905 Christian Michelsen (b. 1857 - d. 1925) 7 Jun 1905 - 27 Nov 1905 Edvard Hagerup Bull (b. 1855 - d. 1938) 27 Nov 1905 - 23 Oct 1907 Harald Bothner (b. 1850 - d. 1924) 23 Oct 1907 - 19 Mar 1908 Johan Olaf Bredal (b. 1862 - d. 1948) 19 Mar 1908 - 2 Feb 1910 Johan Castberg (b. 1862 - d. 1926) 2 Feb 1910 - 20 Feb ITALIAN STATES BEFORE 1861 Guastalla. 2 Jul 1621 Duchy of Guastalla 16 Aug 1746 occupied by Austria 18 Oct 1748 part of Parma 21 Mar 1801 occupied by France 30 Mar 1806 Principality of Guastalla 24 May 1806 part of Kingdom of Italy (see under Lombardy) 6 Jun 1814 Duchy of Guastalla restored 16 Jun 1848 administered by Kingdom of Sardinia 10 Aug 1848 Duchy ofGuastalla
COUNTRIES NA-NE
1843) 1837 - 1838 Ranganath Poudel (1st time) 1838 - 1839 Puskar Shah 1839 - 1840 Rana Jang Pande (2nd time) (s.a.) 1840 Ranganath Poudel (2nd time) 1840 - 1843 Fateh Jang Chautaria (1st time) (b. 1805 - d. 1846) 28 Nov 1843 - 17 May 1845 Madhabar Singh Thapa (b. 1798 - d. 1845) Sep 1845 - 14 Sep 1846 Fateh Jang Chautaria (2nd time) (s.a.) 15 ETHIOPIAN BORDER STATES Kafa Kafa 1390 Kafa kingdom (Kafi Tatitino) founded 1700 Kafa empire (Kafi Ageto) proclaimed 10 Sep 1897 incorporated into Ethiopia Emperors (title Kafi Atio; the last three rulers were styled Atiojo, a semi-divine title) 1675 - 1710 Galli Ginocho 1710 - 1742 Gaki Gaocho 1742 - 1775 Galli Gaocho 1775 - 1795 Shagi Sherocho 1795 - 1798 Beshi Ginocho 1798 - 1821 Hoti Gaocho 1821 - 1845 Gaha CANTONS OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Tuzla. Feb 1999 Tuzla-Podrinje canton renamed Tuzla Governors 22 Aug 1994 - 14 Nov 1996 Izet Hadzic (b. 1963) 14 Nov 1996 - 2 Nov 1998 Sead Jamakosmanovic (b. 1949) 2 Nov 1998 - 18 Jan 2001 Tarik Arapcic (b. 1959) 18 Jan 2001 - 6 Oct 2002 Selim Beslagic (b. 1942) BELGIAN REGIONS AND COMMUNITIES Note: In the 1970s Belgium was divided in three regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia) and three communities (Flemish, French, German). On 8 Aug 1980 the Flemish and Walloon regions and the Flemish and French communities were granted autonomy. On 22 Dec 1981 separate governments were constituted for the Flemish and Walloon regions and for the French community, the government of theJULY 1999 - RULERS
Germany: Johannes Rau takes office as president. 2 United States: Lawrence Summers is sworn in as treasury secretary. 3 Kuwait: In parliamentary elections, only 16 of the 50 seats are won by known government supporters while opposition liberals win more than 12 seats. Independent Islamists and traditionalist tribal politicians take a total of 18 seats. On July 13 a new cabinet is formed.COUNTRIES I
India 27 May 1526 Babur founds the Empire of Hind (usually referred to by historians as the Mughal Empire) 17 May 1540 the Mughal rulers are expelled and superseded by the Afghan Suri dynasty 23 Jul 1555 Empire of Hind under the Mughal rulers restored 29 Mar 1858 the last Mughal ruler is deposed 2 Aug 1858 U.K. Act of Parliament annexes the Empire, creating British India (effective 1 Nov 1858MARCH 2020 - RULERS
Rulers March 2020 1 Guinea-Bissau: Cipriano Cassamá renounces the position of interim president. Iraq: Muhammad Tawfiq Allawi withdraws his candidacy for prime minister. On March 17 President Barham Salih names Adnan al-Zurfi as prime minister-designate.MAY 2020 - RULERS
Rulers May 2020 1 Brazil: Former governor of Pará (1961-64) Aurélio Correia do Carmo dies. Kosovo: The Constitutional Court suspends the presidential decree nominating Avdullah Hoti as prime minister-designate. On May 28, however, it rules that the decree was constitutional. Myanmar: Former prime minister (1988) Tun Tin dies. Switzerland: Christophe Darbellay becomes president of the CouncilFEBRUARY 2020
Turnout is 62.9%. On February 20 Prime Minister Leo Varadkar's government resigns, and in the first votes for a new prime minister, Fine Gael's Varadkar is rejected (107-36), as are Fianna Fáil's Micheál Martin (97-41) and Sinn Féin's Mary Lou McDonald (84-45). Turkmenistan: Ezizgeldi Annamukhammedov is appointed finance minister. CHINESE MINISTRIES FROM 1949 Vice presidents 18 Jun 1983 - 8 Apr 1988 Ulanhu (b. 1906 - d. 1988) 8 Apr 1988 - 12 Mar 1993 Wang Zhen (b. 1908 - d. 1993) 27 Mar 1993 - 16 Mar 1998 Rong Yiren (b. 1916 - d. 2005) 16 Mar 1998 - 15 Mar 2003 Hu Jintao (b. 1942) 15 Mar 2003 - 15 Mar 2008 Zeng Qinghong (b. 1939) 15 Mar 2008 - 14 Mar 2013 Xi Jinping (b. 1953) 14 Mar 2013 - 17 Mar 2018 Li Yuanchao (b. 1950) 17 Mar 2018 - Wang Qishan SERBIAN MINISTRIES, ETC. Ministries, etc. Deputy prime ministers 11 Feb 1991 - 31 Jul 1991 Slobodan Prohaska (b. 1943) 11 Feb 1991 - 23 Dec 1991 Velimir Radivojevic (b. 1938) 11 Feb 1991 - 23 Dec 1991 Nikola Stanic (b. 1937) 11 Feb 1991 - 10 Feb 1993 Jovan Zebic (b. 1939 - d. 2007) 31 Jul 1991 - 23 Dec 1991 Budimir Kosutic (b. 1941) 23 Dec 1991 - 10 Feb 1993Nebojsa
NAMIBIAN MINISTRIES, ETC. Ministers 21 Mar 1990 - 21 Mar 1995 Peter Mueshihange (b. 1930 - d. 1998) 21 Mar 1995 - 11 Dec 1997 Philemon Malima (b. 1946) 11 Dec 1997 - 21 Mar 2005 Erkki Nghimtina (b. 1948) 21 Mar 2005 - 6 Apr 2005 Peter Tshirumbu Tsheehama (acting) (b. 1941 - d. 2010) 6 Apr 2005 - 4 Dec 2012 Charles Namoloh (b. 1950) 4 Dec 2012 - 21 Mar 2015 Nahas Angula BELGIAN REGIONS AND COMMUNITIES Note: In the 1970s Belgium was divided in three regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia) and three communities (Flemish, French, German). On 8 Aug 1980 the Flemish and Walloon regions and the Flemish and French communities were granted autonomy. On 22 Dec 1981 separate governments were constituted for the Flemish and Walloon regions and for the French community, the government of the SAMMARINESE MINISTRIES Finance Secretaries of state Dec 1969 - 17 Jan 1972 Giancarlo Ghironzi (b. 1932 - d. 2020) 17 Jan 1972 - 27 Mar 1973 Luigi Lonfernini (b. 1938) 27 Mar 1973 - 20 Nov 1975 Remy Giacomini (1st time) (b. 1910? - d. 2001) 11 Mar 1976 - 19 Nov 1977 Remy Giacomini (2nd time) (s.a.) 18 Jul 1978 - 26 Jul 1986 Emilio Della Balda (b. 1937) 26 Jul 1986 - 22 Jul 1990 Clara Boscaglia (f) (b. 1930 - d. 1990GERMAN MAJOR CITIES
Cologne 1794 occupied by France 1801 annexed to France 1814 part of Prussia Mayors 28 May 1796 - 23 Jun 1797 Johann Jakob von Wittgenstein (1st time) (b. 1754 - d. 1823) (president of the municipal administration to 21 Mar 1797) 21 Mar 1797 - 23 Jun 1797 Heinrich Josef von Groote 23 Jun 1797 - 5 Sep 1797 Franz Jacob von Hilgers 23 Jun 1797 - 23 Jul 1797 Johann Arnold Theodor von Stattlohn (b. This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions) of all countries and territories, going back to about 1700 in most cases. Also included are the subdivisions of various countries (the links are at the bottom of the respective country entries), as well as a selection of international organizations. Foreign ministers of all countries are listed separately, while for selected countries all key ministers or even all ministers are covered (also linked at bottom of country sections). In cases where not even the exact year of the beginning or end of a ruler's term is known, the asterisk (*) is used to indicate dates at which the person is known to have been in office, _e.g._, *1924 - 1925* means the term began in 1924 or earlier and ended in 1925 or later. All dates are New Style (Gregorian). (f) indicates female rulers. Birth and death years are also provided (b. = born, d. = died, s.a. = see above), but note that the given birth years may be questionable, as different sources often give contradictory information. In cases where it is particularly unclear, the birth year is followed by a question mark (_e.g._, 1923?) but that does not mean that the year is guaranteed to be correct when there is no question mark. Also, when no death year is given, it should not be taken for granted that the person is indeed still alive. More detailed birth and death information, along with full and alternative names, other positions held, etc., may be found in the Index, which, while not including every name occurring in the lists, contains over 25,000 entries, including a number of politically relevant persons not appearing in the lists. Some 3,000 larger biographical entries in the Index are directly linked in the lists. COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES: Ab-Am - An-Az - Ba-Bo - Br-Bu - Ca-Ce - Ch - Ci-Co - Cr-Cz - D - E - F - Ga-Gi - Go-Gu - H - I - JK- L - Ma - Me-My
- Na-Ne - Ni-O - Pa-Pe- Ph-Pu - QR - Sa
- Se-So - Sp-Sy - T- U - VW - YZ -
Synopsis - Clickable map INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: A-N - O-W -- FOREIGN MINISTERS: A-D - E-K - L-R - S-Z -- RELIGIOUS LEADERS ------------------------- CHRONICLE OF RELEVANT EVENTS SINCE 1996 1996: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
1997: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
1998: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
1999: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2000: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2001: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2002: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2003: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2004: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2005: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2006: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2007: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2008: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2009: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2010: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2011: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2012: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2013: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2014: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2015: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2016: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2017: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2018: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September - October - November- December
2019: January - February - March - April - May - June- July - August -
September
-------------------------INDEX
Aa-Ag - Ah-Al - Am-Aq - Ar-As - At-Az - Ba - Bb-Bh - Bi-Bn - Bo - Br-By - Ca-Ce - Ch - Ci-Cl - Co-Cz - Da - De-Dh - Di-Do - Dr-Dz - E - Fa-Fl - Fo-Fy - Ga-Gb - Ge-Gj - Gl-Gq - Gr-Gy - Ha - He-Hn - Ho-Hy - I - J - Ka - Ke-Kj - Kl-Ky - La- Le-Lh - Li-Ll -
Lo-Ly - Ma-Mam - Man-Maz - Mb-Me - Mf-Mn - Mo- Mp-Mz - Na-Ne -
Ng-Nz - O - Pa - Pe-Ph- Pi-Py - Q - Ra
- Re-Ri - Ro-Ry - Sa- Sc-Sf - Sh-Sl -
Sm-Ss - St-Sz - Ta-Ti - Tj-Tz - U - V - Wa-We- Wh-Wy - X - Y
- Z
Frames version
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