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JOUKOWSKY EQUATION
CALCULATING THERMAL RELIEF FLOW RATES PRESSURE LOSS CV AND KV METHOD DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR NOZZLES AND ORIFICES PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGS PRESSURE LOSS FROM PIPE ENTRANCES AND EXITS PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGS ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS OF PIPE MATERIAL Absolute roughness is a measure of the surface roughness of a material which a fluid may flow over. Absolute roughness is important when calculating pressure drop particularly in the turbulent flow regime. This article provides some typical absolute roughness values for common conduit materials. CONVERTING BETWEEN CV, KV AND K There are several common ways to express the losses caused by pipe fittings and equipment. Depending on the calculation programs or methods available and engineer may require to convert between one form or another. This article details the equations required to convert between the resistance coefficient and flow coefficient methods (K, Cvand Kv).
CALCULATION OF FLOW THROUGH NOZZLES AND ORIFICES This article provides calculation methods for correlating design, flow rate and pressure loss as a fluid passes through a nozzle or orifice. Nozzles and orifices are often used to deliberately reduce pressure, restrict flow or to measure flow rate.JOUKOWSKY EQUATION
CALCULATING THERMAL RELIEF FLOW RATES PRESSURE LOSS CV AND KV METHOD DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR NOZZLES AND ORIFICES PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGS PRESSURE LOSS FROM PIPE ENTRANCES AND EXITS PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGS ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS OF PIPE MATERIAL Absolute roughness is a measure of the surface roughness of a material which a fluid may flow over. Absolute roughness is important when calculating pressure drop particularly in the turbulent flow regime. This article provides some typical absolute roughness values for common conduit materials. CONVERTING BETWEEN CV, KV AND K There are several common ways to express the losses caused by pipe fittings and equipment. Depending on the calculation programs or methods available and engineer may require to convert between one form or another. This article details the equations required to convert between the resistance coefficient and flow coefficient methods (K, Cvand Kv).
SPECIFIC ENERGY AND ENERGY DENSITY OF FUELS Introduction. The Heat of Combustion of a product measures the energy released when that substance is burned in air, this information is often presented in units of .. The specific energy and energy density of a fuel provide practical measures of the energy content of a fuel in units more commonly used in the storage and handling of these substances (energy per weight and volume). HYDRATE FORMATION IN GAS SYSTEMS Hydrate formation represents a significant risk to process safety as it can result in the plugging of both pipes and instruments. Hydrates typically form in process where light hydrocarbons, water vapor and low temperatures or high pressures are present. This article describes the conditions under which hydrates form, how formation may be prevented and what can be done once hydrates have formed. NOMINAL PIPE CHARACTERISTICS IN METRIC UNITS Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a defined set of standard pipe sizes commonly used for process piping. NPS piping is defined in terms of a nominal diameter and wall thickness (defined by the pipe schedule). This article provides characteristics for NPS piping in metric units. PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGS Introduction. The 3K method allows the user to characterise the pressure loss for flow through fittings in a pipe. As the name suggests, three K coefficients are used to characterise the fitting, which when combined with the flow conditions and the pipe diameter may be used to calculate the fitting K value.Once the K value has been determined the head or pressure loss through the fitting may PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGS Introduction. The 2K method allows the user to characterise the pressure loss through fittings in a pipe. As the name suggests, two K coefficients are used to characterise the fitting, which when combined with the flow conditions and pipe diameter may be used to calculate the K-value (excess head), which is in turn used to calculate the head or pressure loss through the fitting via the excess ESTIMATION OF PUMP MOMENT OF INERTIA The moment of inertia of a pump is its resistance to changes in angular velocity as it rotates about its shaft. Knowledge of the moment of inertia of a pump, motor and associated components is typically required for transient analysis of a pumped system. This article presents methods by which pump and motor moment of inertia maybe estimated.
ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS OF PIPE MATERIAL Absolute roughness is a measure of the surface roughness of a material which a fluid may flow over. Absolute roughness is important when calculating pressure drop particularly in the turbulent flow regime. This article provides some typical absolute roughness values for common conduit materials. PRESSURE DROP THROUGH A PACKED BED Introduction. As a fluid passes through a packed bed it experiences pressure loss due to factors such as friction. The relationships required to predict the pressure drop for a fluid flowing through a packed bed have been known for some time, with Darcy observing in 1896 that the laminar flow of water through a bed of sand was governed by the following relationship: CONVERTING BETWEEN CV, KV AND K There are several common ways to express the losses caused by pipe fittings and equipment. Depending on the calculation programs or methods available and engineer may require to convert between one form or another. This article details the equations required to convert between the resistance coefficient and flow coefficient methods (K, Cvand Kv).
CALCULATING INTERFACE VOLUMES FOR MULTI-PRODUCT PIPELINES Due to their large capital expense, pipelines are often utilized for the transfer of multiple products. During operation of these multi-product pipelines, the interface between two adjacent products extends (referred to as interface mixing), resulting in the contamination of each product. This interface is typically sent to slops collection for reprocessing or disposal at additional cost to PRESSURE LOSS CV AND KV METHOD PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGSTHERMAL RESISTANCE
SPECIFIC ENERGY AND ENERGY DENSITY OF FUELS Introduction. The Heat of Combustion of a product measures the energy released when that substance is burned in air, this information is often presented in units of .. The specific energy and energy density of a fuel provide practical measures of the energy content of a fuel in units more commonly used in the storage and handling of these substances (energy per weight and volume).JOUKOWSKY EQUATION
PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGS HYDRATE FORMATION IN GAS SYSTEMS PRESSURE LOSS FROM PIPE ENTRANCES AND EXITS PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGS DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR NOZZLES AND ORIFICES PRESSURE LOSS CV AND KV METHOD PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGSTHERMAL RESISTANCE
SPECIFIC ENERGY AND ENERGY DENSITY OF FUELS Introduction. The Heat of Combustion of a product measures the energy released when that substance is burned in air, this information is often presented in units of .. The specific energy and energy density of a fuel provide practical measures of the energy content of a fuel in units more commonly used in the storage and handling of these substances (energy per weight and volume).JOUKOWSKY EQUATION
PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGS HYDRATE FORMATION IN GAS SYSTEMS PRESSURE LOSS FROM PIPE ENTRANCES AND EXITS PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGS DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR NOZZLES AND ORIFICES CALCULATION OF FLOW THROUGH NOZZLES AND ORIFICES Calculations. The relationships for flow rate, pressure loss and head loss through orifices and nozzles are presented in the subsequent section. These relationships all utilise the parameter. β. \beta β, the ratio of orifice to pipe diameter which is defined as: β = D o D1.
PRESSURE LOSS FROM PIPE ENTRANCES AND EXITS When a fluid moves from a tank or vessel into a pipe system or vice versa there are pressure losses. This article provides K-values for pipe entrances and exits of various geometries. These K-values may be used to determine the pressure loss from a fluid flowing through these entrances and exits. DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT FOR NOZZLES AND ORIFICES The discharge coefficient is a dimensionless number used to characterise the flow and pressure loss behaviour of nozzles and orifices in fluid systems. Orifices and nozzles are typically used to deliberately reduce pressure, restrict flow or to measure flow rate. This article gives typical values of the discharge coefficient for common orifice and nozzle designs. PRESSURE DROP THROUGH A PACKED BED Introduction. As a fluid passes through a packed bed it experiences pressure loss due to factors such as friction. The relationships required to predict the pressure drop for a fluid flowing through a packed bed have been known for some time, with Darcy observing in 1896 that the laminar flow of water through a bed of sand was governed by the following relationship: ESTIMATING THE VISCOSITY OF MIXTURES For some engineering calculations, particularly in hydrocarbon processing, it is necessary to estimate the viscosity of a mixture (blend) of two or more components. This article presents the Gambill and Refutas methods, which are commonly used in petroleum refining for predicting the viscosity of oil blends. CALCULATING THERMAL RELIEF FLOW RATES For long sections of pipe, the thermal expansion of trapped liquid can be significant. It is often required that the increase in volume of the fluid be determined in order to select suitable thermal relief valves to protect the integrity of the pipework. This article details how to calculate the required relief flow rate to prevent over pressure due to thermal expansion.HYDRAULIC DIAMETER
Hydraulic mean diameter provides a method by which non-circular pipe work and ducting may be treated as circular for the purpose of pressure drop and fluid flow rate calculations. This article provides the equations required to determine the hydraulic diameter for a range of non-circular geometries. ESTIMATION OF PUMP MOMENT OF INERTIA The moment of inertia of a pump is its resistance to changes in angular velocity as it rotates about its shaft. Knowledge of the moment of inertia of a pump, motor and associated components is typically required for transient analysis of a pumped system. This article presents methods by which pump and motor moment of inertia maybe estimated.
PRESSURE LOSS FROM FITTINGS This article provides methods to calculate the K-value (Resistance Coefficient) for determining the pressure loss cause by changes in the area of a fluid flow path. These types of pressure drops are highly dependent on the geometry and are not usually covered in simple pressure loss estimation schemes (such as a single k-value, equivalentlength etc.)
ABSOLUTE ROUGHNESS OF PIPE MATERIAL Absolute roughness is a measure of the surface roughness of a material which a fluid may flow over. Absolute roughness is important when calculating pressure drop particularly in the turbulent flow regime. This article provides some typical absolute roughness valuesf
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Neutrium is a knowledge base of engineering topics, centred mainly around chemical engineering design challenges faced by engineers in their daily work. We created Neutrium to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Feel free to ask a question, leave feedback or take a look at one of our in-depth articles. -------------------------Sherwood Number
The Sherwood number is a dimensionless number that represents the ratio of convective mass transfer to the rate of diffusive mass transport and is used in the analysis of mass transfer systems such as liquid-liquid extraction. This article describes the Sherwood number and typical formulations. -------------------------Schmidt Number
The Schmidt number is a dimensionless number that describes the ratio of momentum diffusivity to mass diffusivity that is commonly used in analysis of mass transfer systems. This article describes the Schmidt Number and typical formulations. ------------------------- Total Normal Emissivities of Selected Materials Radiative heat transfer between two or more surfaces can be approximated using the total, normal emissivity. This article provides empirically determined total normal emissivities for a number of materials including metals, metal oxides, common building materialsand paints.
------------------------- Calculation of Emissivity for Metals At any given temperature, real materials emit less energy than that of a black body. The effectiveness of a material at emitting energy is represented by a radiative property called emissivity, which is the ratio of the actual energy emitted by the material to that of a black body at the same temperature. This article will provide an overview of the methods available for calculating the spectral, spectral-directional, hemispherical and total hemispherical emissivityfor metals.
------------------------- Distillation Tray Efficiency Tray efficiency measures the performance of a distillation tray or trays against the maximum theoretical performance. Similarly, a concept called Height Equivalent to Theoretical Plate (HETP) is used to measure the performance in a packed column. This article describes methods of quantifying tray efficiency in distillation tray analysis. ------------------------- Relative Volatility and Activity Coefficients Relative volatility is a comparative measure of the vapour pressures of components in a liquid mixture. It is commonly used in the design of absorption and separation processes such as distillation as it allows the difficulty of separating components to be quickly assessed. -------------------------Emissivity
At any given temperature, real materials emit less energy than that of a black body. The effectiveness of a material at emitting energy is represented by a radiative property called the emissivity factor, which is the ratio of the actual energy emission of the material to that of a blackbody at the same temperature. This article will provide an overview of emissivity and its many formulations. -------------------------McCabe-Thiele Plot
A McCabe-Thiele plot is a simplified tool to assist in understanding distillation. It is a method for calculating the number of theoretical trays required for the distillation of a binary mixture. This article describes how to apply the McCabe-Thiele method. ------------------------- Distillation Fundamentals Distillation is a process by which a liquid mixture is separated into fractions with higher concentrations of certain components by exploiting differences in relative volatility. In industrial settings such as oil refineries and natural gas processing plants this separation process is undertaken using a distillation column. This article describes the basic principles and operation of a distillation column and the equipment and terminology used when discussingdistillation.
-------------------------Henry’s Law
Henry's Law describes the relationship between the solubility of a gas in a liquid and the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid surface. A range of experimentally determined Henry's constants are tabulated and can be used to determine the solubility of various gasspecies in water.
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