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THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The small intestine is a tube that has two functions —digestion and absorption. The liver makes a substance called bile. The pancreas makes enzymes. Both bile and enzymes are used in the small intestine to break down food even more. Because the small intestine is very long, it takes food hours to move through it. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The main source of energy for most life on Earth is the Sun. Unlike other resources, such as water and carbon, energy does not cycle through ecosystems. Instead, energy flows in one direction, as shown in Figure 1. In most cases, energy flow begins with the Sun, and moves from one organism to another. Many organisms get energy by eatingother
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cloning is a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism. Farmers and scientists often use cloning to make copies of organisms or cells that have desirable traits, such as large flowers. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Phases of the Cell Cycle. There are two main phases in the cell cycle—interphase and the mitotic (mi TAH tihk) phase. Interphase is the period during the cell cycle of a cell’s growth and development. A cell spends most of its life in interphase, as shown in Figure 2. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE This synthetic bone mimics natural bone’s structure. Its porous structure allows a type of cell to grow and develop into new bone tissue. The bioceramic can be shaped into implants that are treated with certain cells from the patient’s bone marrow. It then can be implanted into the patient’s body to replace missing bone. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE A push or pull on an object is a force. Forces affect motion of everyday life. Seedlings emerging through soil or growing towards the sun are examples of how objects around us are affected by forces. You are sitting on Earth due to a very powerful force - gravity! A force has both size and direction. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cell Organelles Structure and Function. Mitochondria - makes food into energy. Golgi is the trucking system. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) packages proteins. Nucleus - DNA the brain. Cytoplasm - holds organelles in place. Ribosomes - make protein. Cell membrane - allows nutrients and waste in and out of cell and protects. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The observations made by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were combined into one theory. As illustrated in Table 1, the cell theory states that all living things are made of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and all new cells come from preexisting cells. After the development of the cell theory, scientists raised more THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE These muscles have distinctive attributes. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone with tendons. They are striated, they apear to have layers. Smooth muscles act together with other smooth muscles to coordinate the movement of stuff through the bowels. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Figure 2 Scientists use the SI system when taking measurements. Table 1 SI Base Units. A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100, as shown in Table 2. For example, one centimeter (1 cm) is one one-hundredth of ameter
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The small intestine is a tube that has two functions —digestion and absorption. The liver makes a substance called bile. The pancreas makes enzymes. Both bile and enzymes are used in the small intestine to break down food even more. Because the small intestine is very long, it takes food hours to move through it. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The main source of energy for most life on Earth is the Sun. Unlike other resources, such as water and carbon, energy does not cycle through ecosystems. Instead, energy flows in one direction, as shown in Figure 1. In most cases, energy flow begins with the Sun, and moves from one organism to another. Many organisms get energy by eatingother
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cloning is a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism. Farmers and scientists often use cloning to make copies of organisms or cells that have desirable traits, such as large flowers. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Figure 2 Scientists use the SI system when taking measurements. Table 1 SI Base Units. A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100, as shown in Table 2. For example, one centimeter (1 cm) is one one-hundredth of ameter
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE These muscles have distinctive attributes. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone with tendons. They are striated, they apear to have layers. Smooth muscles act together with other smooth muscles to coordinate the movement of stuff through the bowels. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The biotic and abiotic parts of an environment together make up an ecosystem. Earth’s continents have many different ecosystems, from deserts to rain forests. Scientists classify similar ecosystems in large geographic areas as biomes. A biome is a geographic area on Earth that contains ecosystems with similar biotic and abioticfeatures.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cells are made of organelles. or the parts of a cell. Mitochondria (the powerhouse) makes the energy (ATP) for the cell. Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance that holds the organelles in place The Cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that allows nutrients and waste in and out of the cell. Plants cells have a hard outer covering called the cell wall that gives a plant is shape THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE 1. Have students observe five different organisms they encounter during the day, such as a dog, a cat, an ant, a fly, and a bird. If students cannot find five organisms, allow them to use the Internet as a search tool for more organisms. 2. Students should draw the organismand
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The Sun is the source of almost all energy on Earth. Sunlight provides light and thermal energy. It also provides energy for plants, which are at the base of most food chains. However, a small percentage of organisms on Earth receive energy from chemicals or from Earth itself, such as the animals shown in Figure 1. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Tissue combine to make organs Both plants and animals have organs and organ systems. The organs of a plant are leaves, xylem and phloem. The root system is an organ system that deliver nutrients. Xylem delivers water to the plant, while phloem delivers nutrients from the soil tothe cells.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 decreases inflammation and improves skin firming and elasticity. Dipeptide-2 improves lymphatic circulation. Pal-tetrapeptide-3(7)+ Dipeptide-2 THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Astronaut Under Water ? Games NASA When you are in water , you float . Astronauts in space float , too . Because THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE (l) Amos Magliocco/cycloneroad.com, (c) Jeremy Woodhouse/Getty Images, (r) JP Laffont/Sygma/Corbis THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The small intestine is a tube that has two functions —digestion and absorption. The liver makes a substance called bile. The pancreas makes enzymes. Both bile and enzymes are used in the small intestine to break down food even more. Because the small intestine is very long, it takes food hours to move through it. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Phases of the Cell Cycle. There are two main phases in the cell cycle—interphase and the mitotic (mi TAH tihk) phase. Interphase is the period during the cell cycle of a cell’s growth and development. A cell spends most of its life in interphase, as shown in Figure 2. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cell Organelles Structure and Function. Mitochondria - makes food into energy. Golgi is the trucking system. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) packages proteins. Nucleus - DNA the brain. Cytoplasm - holds organelles in place. Ribosomes - make protein. Cell membrane - allows nutrients and waste in and out of cell and protects. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The observations made by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were combined into one theory. As illustrated in Table 1, the cell theory states that all living things are made of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and all new cells come from preexisting cells. After the development of the cell theory, scientists raised more THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE This synthetic bone mimics natural bone’s structure. Its porous structure allows a type of cell to grow and develop into new bone tissue. The bioceramic can be shaped into implants that are treated with certain cells from the patient’s bone marrow. It then can be implanted into the patient’s body to replace missing bone. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Figure 2 Scientists use the SI system when taking measurements. Table 1 SI Base Units. A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100, as shown in Table 2. For example, one centimeter (1 cm) is one one-hundredth of ameter
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE These muscles have distinctive attributes. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone with tendons. They are striated, they apear to have layers. Smooth muscles act together with other smooth muscles to coordinate the movement of stuff through the bowels. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE A push or pull on an object is a force. Forces affect motion of everyday life. Seedlings emerging through soil or growing towards the sun are examples of how objects around us are affected by forces. You are sitting on Earth due to a very powerful force - gravity! A force has both size and direction. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition. As water, wind, and ice move across Earth, they can break down rock in a process called weathering. The rate of weathering depends on the temperature and humidity in an area. Typically, weathering occurs more quickly in hot, humid areas, such as a rain forest. Weathering occurs more slowly in cold, dryareas.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cloning is a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism. Farmers and scientists often use cloning to make copies of organisms or cells that have desirable traits, such as large flowers. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The small intestine is a tube that has two functions —digestion and absorption. The liver makes a substance called bile. The pancreas makes enzymes. Both bile and enzymes are used in the small intestine to break down food even more. Because the small intestine is very long, it takes food hours to move through it. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Phases of the Cell Cycle. There are two main phases in the cell cycle—interphase and the mitotic (mi TAH tihk) phase. Interphase is the period during the cell cycle of a cell’s growth and development. A cell spends most of its life in interphase, as shown in Figure 2. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cell Organelles Structure and Function. Mitochondria - makes food into energy. Golgi is the trucking system. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) packages proteins. Nucleus - DNA the brain. Cytoplasm - holds organelles in place. Ribosomes - make protein. Cell membrane - allows nutrients and waste in and out of cell and protects. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The observations made by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were combined into one theory. As illustrated in Table 1, the cell theory states that all living things are made of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and all new cells come from preexisting cells. After the development of the cell theory, scientists raised more THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE This synthetic bone mimics natural bone’s structure. Its porous structure allows a type of cell to grow and develop into new bone tissue. The bioceramic can be shaped into implants that are treated with certain cells from the patient’s bone marrow. It then can be implanted into the patient’s body to replace missing bone. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Figure 2 Scientists use the SI system when taking measurements. Table 1 SI Base Units. A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100, as shown in Table 2. For example, one centimeter (1 cm) is one one-hundredth of ameter
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE These muscles have distinctive attributes. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone with tendons. They are striated, they apear to have layers. Smooth muscles act together with other smooth muscles to coordinate the movement of stuff through the bowels. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE A push or pull on an object is a force. Forces affect motion of everyday life. Seedlings emerging through soil or growing towards the sun are examples of how objects around us are affected by forces. You are sitting on Earth due to a very powerful force - gravity! A force has both size and direction. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition. As water, wind, and ice move across Earth, they can break down rock in a process called weathering. The rate of weathering depends on the temperature and humidity in an area. Typically, weathering occurs more quickly in hot, humid areas, such as a rain forest. Weathering occurs more slowly in cold, dryareas.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cloning is a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism. Farmers and scientists often use cloning to make copies of organisms or cells that have desirable traits, such as large flowers. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Plant root adaptations: 1. Adventitious roots = roots arising from non-root origins. a) Prop roots = absorb water and minerals and supports the shoot system. (corn, mangrove. tree) 2. Edible roots: storage of carbohydrates and water. (carrots and sweet potato) 3. Parasitic roots = relationship between two species in which onebenefits while the
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE These muscles have distinctive attributes. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone with tendons. They are striated, they apear to have layers. Smooth muscles act together with other smooth muscles to coordinate the movement of stuff through the bowels. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Figure 2 Scientists use the SI system when taking measurements. Table 1 SI Base Units. A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100, as shown in Table 2. For example, one centimeter (1 cm) is one one-hundredth of ameter
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE A push or pull on an object is a force. Forces affect motion of everyday life. Seedlings emerging through soil or growing towards the sun are examples of how objects around us are affected by forces. You are sitting on Earth due to a very powerful force - gravity! A force has both size and direction. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The main source of energy for most life on Earth is the Sun. Unlike other resources, such as water and carbon, energy does not cycle through ecosystems. Instead, energy flows in one direction, as shown in Figure 1. In most cases, energy flow begins with the Sun, and moves from one organism to another. Many organisms get energy by eatingother
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Tissue combine to make organs Both plants and animals have organs and organ systems. The organs of a plant are leaves, xylem and phloem. The root system is an organ system that deliver nutrients. Xylem delivers water to the plant, while phloem delivers nutrients from the soil tothe cells.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cells are made of organelles. or the parts of a cell. Mitochondria (the powerhouse) makes the energy (ATP) for the cell. Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance that holds the organelles in place The Cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that allows nutrients and waste in and out of the cell. Plants cells have a hard outer covering called the cell wall that gives a plant is shape THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The Sun is the source of almost all energy on Earth. Sunlight provides light and thermal energy. It also provides energy for plants, which are at the base of most food chains. However, a small percentage of organisms on Earth receive energy from chemicals or from Earth itself, such as the animals shown in Figure 1. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Genetic information is encoded as a sequence of nucleotides (guanine, adenine, thymine, and cytosine) recorded using the letters G, A, T, and C.Most DNA molecules are double-stranded helices, consisting of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, molecules with backbones made of alternating sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid), with the THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Astronaut Under Water ? Games NASA When you are in water , you float . Astronauts in space float , too . Because THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The small intestine is a tube that has two functions —digestion and absorption. The liver makes a substance called bile. The pancreas makes enzymes. Both bile and enzymes are used in the small intestine to break down food even more. Because the small intestine is very long, it takes food hours to move through it. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Phases of the Cell Cycle. There are two main phases in the cell cycle—interphase and the mitotic (mi TAH tihk) phase. Interphase is the period during the cell cycle of a cell’s growth and development. A cell spends most of its life in interphase, as shown in Figure 2. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The observations made by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were combined into one theory. As illustrated in Table 1, the cell theory states that all living things are made of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and all new cells come from preexisting cells. After the development of the cell theory, scientists raised more THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE This synthetic bone mimics natural bone’s structure. Its porous structure allows a type of cell to grow and develop into new bone tissue. The bioceramic can be shaped into implants that are treated with certain cells from the patient’s bone marrow. It then can be implanted into the patient’s body to replace missing bone. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE These muscles have distinctive attributes. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone with tendons. They are striated, they apear to have layers. Smooth muscles act together with other smooth muscles to coordinate the movement of stuff through the bowels. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The biotic and abiotic parts of an environment together make up an ecosystem. Earth’s continents have many different ecosystems, from deserts to rain forests. Scientists classify similar ecosystems in large geographic areas as biomes. A biome is a geographic area on Earth that contains ecosystems with similar biotic and abioticfeatures.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Figure 2 Scientists use the SI system when taking measurements. Table 1 SI Base Units. A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100, as shown in Table 2. For example, one centimeter (1 cm) is one one-hundredth of ameter
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE A push or pull on an object is a force. Forces affect motion of everyday life. Seedlings emerging through soil or growing towards the sun are examples of how objects around us are affected by forces. You are sitting on Earth due to a very powerful force - gravity! A force has both size and direction. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition. As water, wind, and ice move across Earth, they can break down rock in a process called weathering. The rate of weathering depends on the temperature and humidity in an area. Typically, weathering occurs more quickly in hot, humid areas, such as a rain forest. Weathering occurs more slowly in cold, dryareas.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cloning is a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism. Farmers and scientists often use cloning to make copies of organisms or cells that have desirable traits, such as large flowers. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The small intestine is a tube that has two functions —digestion and absorption. The liver makes a substance called bile. The pancreas makes enzymes. Both bile and enzymes are used in the small intestine to break down food even more. Because the small intestine is very long, it takes food hours to move through it. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Phases of the Cell Cycle. There are two main phases in the cell cycle—interphase and the mitotic (mi TAH tihk) phase. Interphase is the period during the cell cycle of a cell’s growth and development. A cell spends most of its life in interphase, as shown in Figure 2. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The observations made by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were combined into one theory. As illustrated in Table 1, the cell theory states that all living things are made of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and all new cells come from preexisting cells. After the development of the cell theory, scientists raised more THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE This synthetic bone mimics natural bone’s structure. Its porous structure allows a type of cell to grow and develop into new bone tissue. The bioceramic can be shaped into implants that are treated with certain cells from the patient’s bone marrow. It then can be implanted into the patient’s body to replace missing bone. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE These muscles have distinctive attributes. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone with tendons. They are striated, they apear to have layers. Smooth muscles act together with other smooth muscles to coordinate the movement of stuff through the bowels. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The biotic and abiotic parts of an environment together make up an ecosystem. Earth’s continents have many different ecosystems, from deserts to rain forests. Scientists classify similar ecosystems in large geographic areas as biomes. A biome is a geographic area on Earth that contains ecosystems with similar biotic and abioticfeatures.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Figure 2 Scientists use the SI system when taking measurements. Table 1 SI Base Units. A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100, as shown in Table 2. For example, one centimeter (1 cm) is one one-hundredth of ameter
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE A push or pull on an object is a force. Forces affect motion of everyday life. Seedlings emerging through soil or growing towards the sun are examples of how objects around us are affected by forces. You are sitting on Earth due to a very powerful force - gravity! A force has both size and direction. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition. As water, wind, and ice move across Earth, they can break down rock in a process called weathering. The rate of weathering depends on the temperature and humidity in an area. Typically, weathering occurs more quickly in hot, humid areas, such as a rain forest. Weathering occurs more slowly in cold, dryareas.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cloning is a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism. Farmers and scientists often use cloning to make copies of organisms or cells that have desirable traits, such as large flowers. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Plant root adaptations: 1. Adventitious roots = roots arising from non-root origins. a) Prop roots = absorb water and minerals and supports the shoot system. (corn, mangrove. tree) 2. Edible roots: storage of carbohydrates and water. (carrots and sweet potato) 3. Parasitic roots = relationship between two species in which onebenefits while the
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE These muscles have distinctive attributes. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone with tendons. They are striated, they apear to have layers. Smooth muscles act together with other smooth muscles to coordinate the movement of stuff through the bowels. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Figure 2 Scientists use the SI system when taking measurements. Table 1 SI Base Units. A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100, as shown in Table 2. For example, one centimeter (1 cm) is one one-hundredth of ameter
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE A push or pull on an object is a force. Forces affect motion of everyday life. Seedlings emerging through soil or growing towards the sun are examples of how objects around us are affected by forces. You are sitting on Earth due to a very powerful force - gravity! A force has both size and direction. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The main source of energy for most life on Earth is the Sun. Unlike other resources, such as water and carbon, energy does not cycle through ecosystems. Instead, energy flows in one direction, as shown in Figure 1. In most cases, energy flow begins with the Sun, and moves from one organism to another. Many organisms get energy by eatingother
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Tissue combine to make organs Both plants and animals have organs and organ systems. The organs of a plant are leaves, xylem and phloem. The root system is an organ system that deliver nutrients. Xylem delivers water to the plant, while phloem delivers nutrients from the soil tothe cells.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cells are made of organelles. or the parts of a cell. Mitochondria (the powerhouse) makes the energy (ATP) for the cell. Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance that holds the organelles in place The Cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that allows nutrients and waste in and out of the cell. Plants cells have a hard outer covering called the cell wall that gives a plant is shape THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 decreases inflammation and improves skin firming and elasticity. Dipeptide-2 improves lymphatic circulation. Pal-tetrapeptide-3(7)+ Dipeptide-2 THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The Sun is the source of almost all energy on Earth. Sunlight provides light and thermal energy. It also provides energy for plants, which are at the base of most food chains. However, a small percentage of organisms on Earth receive energy from chemicals or from Earth itself, such as the animals shown in Figure 1. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Astronaut Under Water ? Games NASA When you are in water , you float . Astronauts in space float , too . Because THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Phases of the Cell Cycle. There are two main phases in the cell cycle—interphase and the mitotic (mi TAH tihk) phase. Interphase is the period during the cell cycle of a cell’s growth and development. A cell spends most of its life in interphase, as shown in Figure 2. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE This synthetic bone mimics natural bone’s structure. Its porous structure allows a type of cell to grow and develop into new bone tissue. The bioceramic can be shaped into implants that are treated with certain cells from the patient’s bone marrow. It then can be implanted into the patient’s body to replace missing bone. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE A push or pull on an object is a force. Forces affect motion of everyday life. Seedlings emerging through soil or growing towards the sun are examples of how objects around us are affected by forces. You are sitting on Earth due to a very powerful force - gravity! A force has both size and direction. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The observations made by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were combined into one theory. As illustrated in Table 1, the cell theory states that all living things are made of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and all new cells come from preexisting cells. After the development of the cell theory, scientists raised more THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE These muscles have distinctive attributes. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone with tendons. They are striated, they apear to have layers. Smooth muscles act together with other smooth muscles to coordinate the movement of stuff through the bowels. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Figure 2 Scientists use the SI system when taking measurements. Table 1 SI Base Units. A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100, as shown in Table 2. For example, one centimeter (1 cm) is one one-hundredth of ameter
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The small intestine is a tube that has two functions —digestion and absorption. The liver makes a substance called bile. The pancreas makes enzymes. Both bile and enzymes are used in the small intestine to break down food even more. Because the small intestine is very long, it takes food hours to move through it. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition. As water, wind, and ice move across Earth, they can break down rock in a process called weathering. The rate of weathering depends on the temperature and humidity in an area. Typically, weathering occurs more quickly in hot, humid areas, such as a rain forest. Weathering occurs more slowly in cold, dryareas.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cloning is a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism. Farmers and scientists often use cloning to make copies of organisms or cells that have desirable traits, such as large flowers. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The Sun is the source of almost all energy on Earth. Sunlight provides light and thermal energy. It also provides energy for plants, which are at the base of most food chains. However, a small percentage of organisms on Earth receive energy from chemicals or from Earth itself, such as the animals shown in Figure 1. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Phases of the Cell Cycle. There are two main phases in the cell cycle—interphase and the mitotic (mi TAH tihk) phase. Interphase is the period during the cell cycle of a cell’s growth and development. A cell spends most of its life in interphase, as shown in Figure 2. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE This synthetic bone mimics natural bone’s structure. Its porous structure allows a type of cell to grow and develop into new bone tissue. The bioceramic can be shaped into implants that are treated with certain cells from the patient’s bone marrow. It then can be implanted into the patient’s body to replace missing bone. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE A push or pull on an object is a force. Forces affect motion of everyday life. Seedlings emerging through soil or growing towards the sun are examples of how objects around us are affected by forces. You are sitting on Earth due to a very powerful force - gravity! A force has both size and direction. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The observations made by Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were combined into one theory. As illustrated in Table 1, the cell theory states that all living things are made of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, and all new cells come from preexisting cells. After the development of the cell theory, scientists raised more THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE These muscles have distinctive attributes. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone with tendons. They are striated, they apear to have layers. Smooth muscles act together with other smooth muscles to coordinate the movement of stuff through the bowels. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Figure 2 Scientists use the SI system when taking measurements. Table 1 SI Base Units. A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100, as shown in Table 2. For example, one centimeter (1 cm) is one one-hundredth of ameter
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The small intestine is a tube that has two functions —digestion and absorption. The liver makes a substance called bile. The pancreas makes enzymes. Both bile and enzymes are used in the small intestine to break down food even more. Because the small intestine is very long, it takes food hours to move through it. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition. As water, wind, and ice move across Earth, they can break down rock in a process called weathering. The rate of weathering depends on the temperature and humidity in an area. Typically, weathering occurs more quickly in hot, humid areas, such as a rain forest. Weathering occurs more slowly in cold, dryareas.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cloning is a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism. Farmers and scientists often use cloning to make copies of organisms or cells that have desirable traits, such as large flowers. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The Sun is the source of almost all energy on Earth. Sunlight provides light and thermal energy. It also provides energy for plants, which are at the base of most food chains. However, a small percentage of organisms on Earth receive energy from chemicals or from Earth itself, such as the animals shown in Figure 1. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cell Organelles Structure and Function. Mitochondria - makes food into energy. Golgi is the trucking system. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) packages proteins. Nucleus - DNA the brain. Cytoplasm - holds organelles in place. Ribosomes - make protein. Cell membrane - allows nutrients and waste in and out of cell and protects. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Plant root adaptations: 1. Adventitious roots = roots arising from non-root origins. a) Prop roots = absorb water and minerals and supports the shoot system. (corn, mangrove. tree) 2. Edible roots: storage of carbohydrates and water. (carrots and sweet potato) 3. Parasitic roots = relationship between two species in which onebenefits while the
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE These muscles have distinctive attributes. Skeletal muscles are attached to bone with tendons. They are striated, they apear to have layers. Smooth muscles act together with other smooth muscles to coordinate the movement of stuff through the bowels. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Figure 2 Scientists use the SI system when taking measurements. Table 1 SI Base Units. A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. The prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100, as shown in Table 2. For example, one centimeter (1 cm) is one one-hundredth of ameter
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE The Sun is the source of almost all energy on Earth. Sunlight provides light and thermal energy. It also provides energy for plants, which are at the base of most food chains. However, a small percentage of organisms on Earth receive energy from chemicals or from Earth itself, such as the animals shown in Figure 1. THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Tissue combine to make organs Both plants and animals have organs and organ systems. The organs of a plant are leaves, xylem and phloem. The root system is an organ system that deliver nutrients. Xylem delivers water to the plant, while phloem delivers nutrients from the soil tothe cells.
THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Cells are made of organelles. or the parts of a cell. Mitochondria (the powerhouse) makes the energy (ATP) for the cell. Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance that holds the organelles in place The Cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that allows nutrients and waste in and out of the cell. Plants cells have a hard outer covering called the cell wall that gives a plant is shape THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 decreases inflammation and improves skin firming and elasticity. Dipeptide-2 improves lymphatic circulation. Pal-tetrapeptide-3(7)+ Dipeptide-2 THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE Genetic information is encoded as a sequence of nucleotides (guanine, adenine, thymine, and cytosine) recorded using the letters G, A, T, and C.Most DNA molecules are double-stranded helices, consisting of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, molecules with backbones made of alternating sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid), with the THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE (t) Hiroya Minakuchi/Minden Pictures, (c) Images&Stories/Alamy, (b) Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures/Getty Images THOMAS C. MARSH PREPARATORY MIDDLE SCHOOL 7TH GRADE SCIENCE!TRANSLATE
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SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2015ASEXUAL OR SEXUAL
Asexual or Sexual
Mitosis and Meiosis Complete the the table below using the slides below.Today's Powerpoint
Plants on Plants?
Dr. Brad Mogen/Visuals Unlimited Look closely at the edges of this plant’s leaves. Tiny plants are growing there. This type of plant can reproduce without meiosis and fertilization. WHAT IS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION?14.B
_In_ ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION, _one parent organism produces offspring without meiosis and fertilization_. Because the offspring inherit all their DNA from one parent, they are genetically identical to each other and to their parent. TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION14.B
There are many different types of organisms that reproduce by asexual reproduction, including fungi, bacteria, protists, plants, and animals.FISSION
Recall that prokaryotes have a simpler cell structure than eukaryotes. A prokaryote’s DNA is not contained in a nucleus. For this reason, mitosis does not occur and cell division in a prokaryote is a simpler process than in a eukaryote. _Cell division in prokaryotes that forms two genetically identical cells is known as_ FISSION. Fission begins when a prokaryote’s DNA molecule is copied. Each copy attaches to the cell membrane. Then the cell begins to grow longer, pulling the two copies of DNA apart. At the same time, the cell membrane begins to pinch inward along the middle of the cell. Finally the cell splits and forms two new identical offspring. The original cell no longer exists. As shown in Figure 1, _E. coli_, a common bacterium, divides through fission. Some bacteria can divide every 20 minutes. At that rate, 512 bacteria can be produced from one original bacterium in about three hours. (r) CNRI/Photo Researchers FIGURE 1 Bacteria can divide very rapidly through fission. MITOSIS CELL DIVISION Many unicellular eukaryotes reproduce by mitotic cell division. In this type of asexual reproduction, an organism forms two offspring through mitosis and cell division. In Figure 2, an amoeba’s nucleus has divided by mitosis. Next, the cytoplasm and its contents divide through cytokinesis and two new amoebas form.BUDDING
_In_ BUDDING, _a new organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its parent_. The bud, or offspring, is genetically identical to its parent. When the bud becomes large enough, it can break from the parent and live on its own. In some cases, an offspring remains attached to its parent and starts to form a colony.Figure
3 shows a hydra in the process of budding. The hydra is an example of a multicellular organism that can reproduce asexually. Unicellular eukaryotes, such as yeast, can also reproduce through budding, as you saw in the Launch Lab. (l and r) Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers FIGURE 3 The hydra bud has the same genetic makeup as its parent. ANINAL REGENERATION _Another type of asexual reproduction_, REGENERATION, _occurs when an offspring grows from a piece of its parent_. The ability to regenerate a new organism varies greatly among animals. PRODUCING NEW ORGANISMS Some sea stars have five arms. If separated from the parent sea star, each arm has the potential to grow into a new organism. To regenerate a new sea star, the arm must contain a part of the central disk of the parent. If conditions are right, one five-armed sea star can produce as many as five new organisms. Sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sponges, and planarians, such as the one shown in Figure 4, can also reproduce through regeneration. Notice that each piece of the original planarian becomes a new organism. As with all types of asexual reproduction, the offspring is genetically identical to the parent. FIGURE 4 A planarian can reproduce through regeneration. PRODUCING NEW PARTS When you hear the term _regeneration_, you might think about a salamander regrowing a lost tail or leg. Regeneration of damaged or lost body parts is common in many animals. Newts, tadpoles, crabs, hydra, and zebra fish are all able to regenerate body parts. Even humans are able to regenerate some damaged body parts, such as the skin and the liver. This type of regeneration, however, is not considered asexual reproduction. It does not produce a new organism. Vegetative Reproduction Plants can also reproduce asexually in a process similar to regeneration. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION _is a form of asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from a part of a parent plant_. For example, the strawberry plants shown in Figure 5 send out long horizontal stems called stolons. Wherever a stolon touches the ground, it can produce roots. Once the stolons have grown roots, a new plant can grow—even if the stolons have broken off the parent plant. Each new plant grown from a stolon is genetically identical to the parent plant. Vegetative reproduction usually involves structures such as the roots, the stems, and the leaves of plants. In addition to strawberries, many other plants can reproduce by this method, including raspberries, potatoes, and geraniums. Wally Eberhart/Visuals UnlimitedCLONING
Fission, budding, and regeneration are all types of asexual reproduction that can produce genetically identical offspring in nature. In the past, the term _cloning_ described any process that produced genetically identical offspring. Today, however, the word usually refers to a technique developed by scientists and performed in laboratories. CLONING _is a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a cell or from a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism_. Farmers and scientists often use cloning to make copies of organisms or cells that have desirable traits, such as large flowers. FIGURE 6 New carrot plants can be produced from cells of a carrot root using tissue culture techniques. ANIMAL CLONING In addition to cloning plants, scientists have been able to clone many animals. Because all of a clone’s chromosomes come from one parent (the donor of the nucleus), the clone is a genetic copy of its parent. The first mammal cloned was a sheep named Dolly. Figure 7 illustrates how this was done. Scientists are currently working to save some endangered species from extinction by cloning. Although cloning is an exciting advancement in science, some people are concerned about the high cost and the ethics of this technique. Ethical issues include the possibility of human cloning. You might be asked to consider issues like this during your lifetime. (l) Roslin Institute FIGURE 7 Scientists used two different sheep to produce the cloned sheep known as Dolly. ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION What are the advantages to organisms of reproducing asexually? ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ENABLES ORGANISMS TO REPRODUCE WITHOUT A MATE. Recall that searching for a mate takes time and energy. Asexual reproduction also enables some organisms to rapidly produce a large number of offspring. For example, the crabgrass shown in Figure 8 reproduces asexually by underground stems called stolons. THIS ENABLES ONE PLANT TO SPREAD AND COLONIZE AN AREA IN A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME.\
(l) Mark Steinmetz
FIGURE 8 Crabgrass can spread quickly because it reproduces asexually. DISADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Although asexual reproduction usually enables organisms to reproduce quickly, it does have some disadvantages. Asexual reproduction PRODUCES OFFSPRING THAT ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO THEIR PARENT. THIS RESULTS IN LITTLE GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN A POPULATION. WHY IS GENETIC VARIATION IMPORTANT? RECALL THAT GENETIC VARIATION CAN GIVE ORGANISMS A BETTER CHANCE OF SURVIVING IF THE ENVIRONMENT CHANGES. Adaptation ispossible.
Another disadvantage of asexual reproduction involves genetic changes, called mutations, that can occur. IF AN ORGANISM HAS A HARMFUL MUTATION IN ITS CELLS, THE MUTATION WILL BE PASSED TO ASEXUALLY REPRODUCED OFFSPRING. This could affect the offspring’s ability to survive. You probably know that plants can grow from seeds. But you might be surprised to learn that other parts of plants can grow and produce a new plant. (tl) sciencephotos / Alamy, (tr) DEA/G.CIGOLINI/Getty Images, (b) Jerome Wexler / Photo Researchers, Inc.LESSON REVIEW
VISUAL SUMMARY
IN ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION, OFFSPRING ARE PRODUCED WITH MITOSIS. Dr. Brad Mogen/Visuals Unlimited CLONING IS ONE TYPE OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION.Roslin Institute
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ENABLES ORGANISMS TO REPRODUCE QUICKLY.Mark Steinmetz
LESSON ASSESSMEN14.BUSE VOCABULARY
1. In ________ ________, only one parent organism produces offspring. 2. DEFINE the term _cloning_ in your own words. 3. USE THE TERM _regeneration_ in a sentence. UNDERSTAND KEY CONCEPTS 4. STATE two reasons why asexual reproduction is beneficial. 5. Which is an example of asexual reproduction by regeneration?A.cloning sheep
B.lizard regrowing a tail C.sea star arm producing a new organism D.strawberry plant producing stolons 6. CONSTRUCT a chart that includes an example of each type of asexual reproduction. 7. Tissue culture is an example of which type of reproduction?A.budding
B.cloning
C.fission
D.regeneration
8. Which type of asexual reproduction is shown in the figure below?A.budding
B.cloning
C.fission
D.regeneration
9. A bacterium can reproduce by which method?A.budding
B.cloning
C.fission
D.regeneration
INTERPRET GRAPHICS
10. EXAMINE the diagram below and write a short paragraph describing the process of tissue culture. 11. ORGANIZE Copy and fill in the graphic organizer below to list the different types of asexual reproduction that occur in multicellular organisms. Bill Coster/Getty Images Copyright © 2011-2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All RightsReserved.
Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills Copyright © 2011. Texas Education Agency. All Rights Reserved.SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Results in increasing genetic diversity of the offspring Characterized by two processes: meiosis, halving of the number ofchromosomes
fertilization, combination of two gametes and the restoration of the original number of chromosomes During meiosis, chromosomes usually cross over = genetic recombination. Primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of visible organisms, including almost all animals and plants. Spider Mating Dance Mitosis describes the process by which the nucleus of a cell divides to create two new nuclei, each containing an identical copy of DNA. ALMOST ALL OF THE DNA DUPLICATION IN YOUR BODY IS CARRIED OUT THROUGHMITOSIS.
Body cells like blood cells and skin cells aare created by mitosis. Great Video about Mitosis and MeiosisClick Here
to
learn more about Mitosis and Meiosis Meiosis, as described above, is the process by which certain sex cells are created. If you're male, your body uses meiosisto
create sperm cells; if you're female, it uses meiosis to create eggcells.
Others cells in your body contain 46 chromosomes: 23 from your father and 23 from your mother. DIPLOID CELLS! Your egg (or sperm) cells contain only half that number (HAPLOID CELLS) —a total of 23 chromosomes. When an egg and sperm unite to make a fertilized egg, the chromosomes add up to equal 46.Posted by Unknown
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