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LYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
Wildlife of Lycia, Conservation, National Parks. Fauna. Lycia once abounded with wildlife. George Sharf, who travelled with Charles Fellows, tells us that in the places the group passed through in Lycia, all the local men carried guns for defense against bears, wolves, leopards and lions.LYCIAN TURKEY
The Discovery of Lycia and Current Research. Sir Charles Fellows is perhaps the most well known early explorer of Lycia - bringing it to the attention of the west, although others had been there before him. One of the first to write about Lycia was the British Rev. Richard Pococke, who travelled to Lycia in 1739-40.Twenty years later the Classical antiquary Dr. Richard Chandlar (also BritishLYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
The Lycian Way For full details of the walk, see the official Lycian Way Website. Also visit the Trekking in Turkey Website, where you can learn about the various treks in Turkey, buy guidebooks (including the Lycian Way Guidebook) and maps, and read blog posts in English and German. The books include maps of the route and history and wildlifeinfo of the area.
LYCIAN TURKEY
Fethiye Museum . The Fethiye Museum is a delightful museum, located off the main street in the center of town next to a school. It has many Lycian artifacts, some of which were found during the excavations of Fethiye (ancient Telmessos).LYCIAN TURKEY
Other structures at Cyaneae include the Stheneleion (a market hall that was later turned into a church) at the northern edge of the agora as well as a poorly preserved triple-bayed triumphal arch at the northeast part of the city wall.. Photos of Cyaneae. Photos of the many tombs. The University of Tuebingen Lycia Project's page aboutCyaneae,
LYCIAN TURKEY
The early Lycians may have been involved in piracy themselves. About 1200 BC the name Sea Peoples began to appear in ancient records, a sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes who raided and critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. . The Lukki or Lukka are mentioned among the peoples of thisLYCIAN TURKEY
What happened to the remaining Lycians in Lycia? The Lycians that remained in Lycia following its decline may have intermarried with the Aegean Greeks who were resettled in Lycia in the early 19th century; both groups were Orthodox Christian and spoke the same language.LYCIAN TURKEY
Pydnai. Pydnai was probably once a small naval and military base fortress and guarded the very west end of Patara. The marshy area around it was once a bay and was probably a deep water harbour. It is made of well-preserved polygonal masonry with 11 rectangular towersLYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
Wildlife of Lycia, Conservation, National Parks. Fauna. Lycia once abounded with wildlife. George Sharf, who travelled with Charles Fellows, tells us that in the places the group passed through in Lycia, all the local men carried guns for defense against bears, wolves, leopards and lions.LYCIAN TURKEY
The Discovery of Lycia and Current Research. Sir Charles Fellows is perhaps the most well known early explorer of Lycia - bringing it to the attention of the west, although others had been there before him. One of the first to write about Lycia was the British Rev. Richard Pococke, who travelled to Lycia in 1739-40.Twenty years later the Classical antiquary Dr. Richard Chandlar (also BritishLYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
The Lycian Way For full details of the walk, see the official Lycian Way Website. Also visit the Trekking in Turkey Website, where you can learn about the various treks in Turkey, buy guidebooks (including the Lycian Way Guidebook) and maps, and read blog posts in English and German. The books include maps of the route and history and wildlifeinfo of the area.
LYCIAN TURKEY
Fethiye Museum . The Fethiye Museum is a delightful museum, located off the main street in the center of town next to a school. It has many Lycian artifacts, some of which were found during the excavations of Fethiye (ancient Telmessos).LYCIAN TURKEY
Other structures at Cyaneae include the Stheneleion (a market hall that was later turned into a church) at the northern edge of the agora as well as a poorly preserved triple-bayed triumphal arch at the northeast part of the city wall.. Photos of Cyaneae. Photos of the many tombs. The University of Tuebingen Lycia Project's page aboutCyaneae,
LYCIAN TURKEY
The early Lycians may have been involved in piracy themselves. About 1200 BC the name Sea Peoples began to appear in ancient records, a sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes who raided and critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. . The Lukki or Lukka are mentioned among the peoples of thisLYCIAN TURKEY
What happened to the remaining Lycians in Lycia? The Lycians that remained in Lycia following its decline may have intermarried with the Aegean Greeks who were resettled in Lycia in the early 19th century; both groups were Orthodox Christian and spoke the same language.LYCIAN TURKEY
Pydnai. Pydnai was probably once a small naval and military base fortress and guarded the very west end of Patara. The marshy area around it was once a bay and was probably a deep water harbour. It is made of well-preserved polygonal masonry with 11 rectangular towersLYCIAN TURKEY
Wildlife of Lycia, Conservation, National Parks. Fauna. Lycia once abounded with wildlife. George Sharf, who travelled with Charles Fellows, tells us that in the places the group passed through in Lycia, all the local men carried guns for defense against bears, wolves, leopards and lions.LYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
The early Lycians may have been involved in piracy themselves. About 1200 BC the name Sea Peoples began to appear in ancient records, a sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes who raided and critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. . The Lukki or Lukka are mentioned among the peoples of thisLYCIAN TURKEY
Lycia and the American Constitution. Lycia's system of representative government with privileges and obligations in direct ratio to a city's classification is the outstanding feature of the Lycian Union.LYCIAN TURKEY
Kelebek Vadısı (Butterfly Valley) Patara Beach and Kalkan's Mouse and Snake islands in the distance.. One of the spectacular views from the top of the acropolis of Tlos, overlooking the Xanthos valley. The gold-colored fields are wheat and the light green ones are aniseed.LYCIAN TURKEY
What happened to the remaining Lycians in Lycia? The Lycians that remained in Lycia following its decline may have intermarried with the Aegean Greeks who were resettled in Lycia in the early 19th century; both groups were Orthodox Christian and spoke the same language.LYCIAN TURKEY
Saklikent Gorge. Saklikent (Hidden City) Gorge is the second-largest (20 km-long) gorge in Europe, the longest and deepest gorge in Turkey, about a 40 minutes' drive from Fethiye.LYCIAN TURKEY
Patara - Harbor Bath. The Harbor Bath is one of the four baths of Patara, located in front of the date palms near the Arch of Modestus. Because its rectangular sections are constructed parallel to one another, this puts it in the Lycian baths category (similar earlier examples are found at Pompei).LYCIAN TURKEY
Kekova-Simena Region. Simena is a popular Lycian site, situated upon one of the most attractive spots of the Turkish coast. The name "Kekova" is Turkish for "plain of thyme" and describes the region encompassing the island of Kekova, the villages of Kaleköy and Üçağiz and the three ancient towns of Simena, Teimussa and Tersane (meaning "shipyard", as its bay was the site of an ancientLYCIAN TURKEY
Remains of a bath : Tomb in the village next to a mill stone: This is the corner of the village mosque, largely constructed from blocks andpillars of Sidyma.
LYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
The quality of stonemasonry of the Lycian people is noteworthy and is especially significant in the construction of tombs. Today the entire landscape of Lycia is still dotted with their fascinating funerary monuments. The most recent count has revealed one thousand and eighty-five examples still intact, rock-cut tombs being the mostcommon form.
LYCIAN TURKEY
The Discovery of Lycia and Current Research. Sir Charles Fellows is perhaps the most well known early explorer of Lycia - bringing it to the attention of the west, although others had been there before him. One of the first to write about Lycia was the British Rev. Richard Pococke, who travelled to Lycia in 1739-40.Twenty years later the Classical antiquary Dr. Richard Chandlar (also BritishLYCIAN TURKEY
The Lycian Way For full details of the walk, see the official Lycian Way Website. Also visit the Trekking in Turkey Website, where you can learn about the various treks in Turkey, buy guidebooks (including the Lycian Way Guidebook) and maps, and read blog posts in English and German. The books include maps of the route and history and wildlifeinfo of the area.
LYCIAN TURKEY
The early Lycians may have been involved in piracy themselves. About 1200 BC the name Sea Peoples began to appear in ancient records, a sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes who raided and critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. . The Lukki or Lukka are mentioned among the peoples of thisLYCIAN TURKEY
Other structures at Cyaneae include the Stheneleion (a market hall that was later turned into a church) at the northern edge of the agora as well as a poorly preserved triple-bayed triumphal arch at the northeast part of the city wall.. Photos of Cyaneae. Photos of the many tombs. The University of Tuebingen Lycia Project's page aboutCyaneae,
LYCIAN TURKEY
Pydnai. Pydnai was probably once a small naval and military base fortress and guarded the very west end of Patara. The marshy area around it was once a bay and was probably a deep water harbour. It is made of well-preserved polygonal masonry with 11 rectangular towersLYCIAN TURKEY
Kekova-Simena Region. Simena is a popular Lycian site, situated upon one of the most attractive spots of the Turkish coast. The name "Kekova" is Turkish for "plain of thyme" and describes the region encompassing the island of Kekova, the villages of Kaleköy and Üçağiz and the three ancient towns of Simena, Teimussa and Tersane (meaning "shipyard", as its bay was the site of an ancientLYCIAN TURKEY
Excerpts from the Federalist Papers Regarding Lycia. The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison in 1787-88.LYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
The quality of stonemasonry of the Lycian people is noteworthy and is especially significant in the construction of tombs. Today the entire landscape of Lycia is still dotted with their fascinating funerary monuments. The most recent count has revealed one thousand and eighty-five examples still intact, rock-cut tombs being the mostcommon form.
LYCIAN TURKEY
The Discovery of Lycia and Current Research. Sir Charles Fellows is perhaps the most well known early explorer of Lycia - bringing it to the attention of the west, although others had been there before him. One of the first to write about Lycia was the British Rev. Richard Pococke, who travelled to Lycia in 1739-40.Twenty years later the Classical antiquary Dr. Richard Chandlar (also BritishLYCIAN TURKEY
The Lycian Way For full details of the walk, see the official Lycian Way Website. Also visit the Trekking in Turkey Website, where you can learn about the various treks in Turkey, buy guidebooks (including the Lycian Way Guidebook) and maps, and read blog posts in English and German. The books include maps of the route and history and wildlifeinfo of the area.
LYCIAN TURKEY
The early Lycians may have been involved in piracy themselves. About 1200 BC the name Sea Peoples began to appear in ancient records, a sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes who raided and critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. . The Lukki or Lukka are mentioned among the peoples of thisLYCIAN TURKEY
Other structures at Cyaneae include the Stheneleion (a market hall that was later turned into a church) at the northern edge of the agora as well as a poorly preserved triple-bayed triumphal arch at the northeast part of the city wall.. Photos of Cyaneae. Photos of the many tombs. The University of Tuebingen Lycia Project's page aboutCyaneae,
LYCIAN TURKEY
Pydnai. Pydnai was probably once a small naval and military base fortress and guarded the very west end of Patara. The marshy area around it was once a bay and was probably a deep water harbour. It is made of well-preserved polygonal masonry with 11 rectangular towersLYCIAN TURKEY
Kekova-Simena Region. Simena is a popular Lycian site, situated upon one of the most attractive spots of the Turkish coast. The name "Kekova" is Turkish for "plain of thyme" and describes the region encompassing the island of Kekova, the villages of Kaleköy and Üçağiz and the three ancient towns of Simena, Teimussa and Tersane (meaning "shipyard", as its bay was the site of an ancientLYCIAN TURKEY
Lycian Sites Around twenty major Lycian sites remain today. Here are some examples that can be visited either independently or on a tour, making for a very nice day out in gorgeous nature.LYCIAN TURKEY
In 190 BC Antiochus was defeated by the Romans at the battle of Magnesia. The Roman historian Livy then tells us that Q. Fabius Labeo, who was in charge of the Roman fleet, went to Patara and had all the the king's ships there (50 of them) broken or burnt up.LYCIAN TURKEY
The Discovery of Lycia and Current Research. Sir Charles Fellows is perhaps the most well known early explorer of Lycia - bringing it to the attention of the west, although others had been there before him. One of the first to write about Lycia was the British Rev. Richard Pococke, who travelled to Lycia in 1739-40.Twenty years later the Classical antiquary Dr. Richard Chandlar (also BritishLYCIAN TURKEY
This scene from a Greek calyx krater (a large Greek urn that holds almost 12 gallons of wine)painted in about 510 B.C., in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York shows the lifeless body of Sarpedon being transported from the battlefield by the twin brothers Hypnos and Thanatos (Sleep and Death), to be prepared for a hero'sfuneral.
LYCIAN TURKEY
The early Lycians may have been involved in piracy themselves. About 1200 BC the name Sea Peoples began to appear in ancient records, a sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes who raided and critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. . The Lukki or Lukka are mentioned among the peoples of thisLYCIAN TURKEY
Fethiye Museum . The Fethiye Museum is a delightful museum, located off the main street in the center of town next to a school. It has many Lycian artifacts, some of which were found during the excavations of Fethiye (ancient Telmessos).LYCIAN TURKEY
Lycia and the American Constitution. Lycia's system of representative government with privileges and obligations in direct ratio to a city's classification is the outstanding feature of the Lycian Union.LYCIAN TURKEY
Kekova-Simena Region. Simena is a popular Lycian site, situated upon one of the most attractive spots of the Turkish coast. The name "Kekova" is Turkish for "plain of thyme" and describes the region encompassing the island of Kekova, the villages of Kaleköy and Üçağiz and the three ancient towns of Simena, Teimussa and Tersane (meaning "shipyard", as its bay was the site of an ancientLYCIAN TURKEY
Saklikent Gorge. Saklikent (Hidden City) Gorge is the second-largest (20 km-long) gorge in Europe, the longest and deepest gorge in Turkey, about a 40 minutes' drive from Fethiye.LYCIAN TURKEY
Patara - Harbor Bath. The Harbor Bath is one of the four baths of Patara, located in front of the date palms near the Arch of Modestus. Because its rectangular sections are constructed parallel to one another, this puts it in the Lycian baths category (similar earlier examples are found at Pompei).LYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
The quality of stonemasonry of the Lycian people is noteworthy and is especially significant in the construction of tombs. Today the entire landscape of Lycia is still dotted with their fascinating funerary monuments. The most recent count has revealed one thousand and eighty-five examples still intact, rock-cut tombs being the mostcommon form.
LYCIAN TURKEY
The Discovery of Lycia and Current Research. Sir Charles Fellows is perhaps the most well known early explorer of Lycia - bringing it to the attention of the west, although others had been there before him. One of the first to write about Lycia was the British Rev. Richard Pococke, who travelled to Lycia in 1739-40.Twenty years later the Classical antiquary Dr. Richard Chandlar (also BritishLYCIAN TURKEY
The Lycian Way For full details of the walk, see the official Lycian Way Website. Also visit the Trekking in Turkey Website, where you can learn about the various treks in Turkey, buy guidebooks (including the Lycian Way Guidebook) and maps, and read blog posts in English and German. The books include maps of the route and history and wildlifeinfo of the area.
LYCIAN TURKEY
The early Lycians may have been involved in piracy themselves. About 1200 BC the name Sea Peoples began to appear in ancient records, a sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes who raided and critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. . The Lukki or Lukka are mentioned among the peoples of thisLYCIAN TURKEY
Other structures at Cyaneae include the Stheneleion (a market hall that was later turned into a church) at the northern edge of the agora as well as a poorly preserved triple-bayed triumphal arch at the northeast part of the city wall.. Photos of Cyaneae. Photos of the many tombs. The University of Tuebingen Lycia Project's page aboutCyaneae,
LYCIAN TURKEY
Pydnai. Pydnai was probably once a small naval and military base fortress and guarded the very west end of Patara. The marshy area around it was once a bay and was probably a deep water harbour. It is made of well-preserved polygonal masonry with 11 rectangular towersLYCIAN TURKEY
Kekova-Simena Region. Simena is a popular Lycian site, situated upon one of the most attractive spots of the Turkish coast. The name "Kekova" is Turkish for "plain of thyme" and describes the region encompassing the island of Kekova, the villages of Kaleköy and Üçağiz and the three ancient towns of Simena, Teimussa and Tersane (meaning "shipyard", as its bay was the site of an ancientLYCIAN TURKEY
Excerpts from the Federalist Papers Regarding Lycia. The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison in 1787-88.LYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
An extensive site regarding the ancient Lycians, a fiercely independent people with unusual customs, and their beautiful land.LYCIAN TURKEY
The quality of stonemasonry of the Lycian people is noteworthy and is especially significant in the construction of tombs. Today the entire landscape of Lycia is still dotted with their fascinating funerary monuments. The most recent count has revealed one thousand and eighty-five examples still intact, rock-cut tombs being the mostcommon form.
LYCIAN TURKEY
The Discovery of Lycia and Current Research. Sir Charles Fellows is perhaps the most well known early explorer of Lycia - bringing it to the attention of the west, although others had been there before him. One of the first to write about Lycia was the British Rev. Richard Pococke, who travelled to Lycia in 1739-40.Twenty years later the Classical antiquary Dr. Richard Chandlar (also BritishLYCIAN TURKEY
The Lycian Way For full details of the walk, see the official Lycian Way Website. Also visit the Trekking in Turkey Website, where you can learn about the various treks in Turkey, buy guidebooks (including the Lycian Way Guidebook) and maps, and read blog posts in English and German. The books include maps of the route and history and wildlifeinfo of the area.
LYCIAN TURKEY
The early Lycians may have been involved in piracy themselves. About 1200 BC the name Sea Peoples began to appear in ancient records, a sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes who raided and critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. . The Lukki or Lukka are mentioned among the peoples of thisLYCIAN TURKEY
Other structures at Cyaneae include the Stheneleion (a market hall that was later turned into a church) at the northern edge of the agora as well as a poorly preserved triple-bayed triumphal arch at the northeast part of the city wall.. Photos of Cyaneae. Photos of the many tombs. The University of Tuebingen Lycia Project's page aboutCyaneae,
LYCIAN TURKEY
Pydnai. Pydnai was probably once a small naval and military base fortress and guarded the very west end of Patara. The marshy area around it was once a bay and was probably a deep water harbour. It is made of well-preserved polygonal masonry with 11 rectangular towersLYCIAN TURKEY
Kekova-Simena Region. Simena is a popular Lycian site, situated upon one of the most attractive spots of the Turkish coast. The name "Kekova" is Turkish for "plain of thyme" and describes the region encompassing the island of Kekova, the villages of Kaleköy and Üçağiz and the three ancient towns of Simena, Teimussa and Tersane (meaning "shipyard", as its bay was the site of an ancientLYCIAN TURKEY
Excerpts from the Federalist Papers Regarding Lycia. The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison in 1787-88.LYCIAN TURKEY
Lycian Sites Around twenty major Lycian sites remain today. Here are some examples that can be visited either independently or on a tour, making for a very nice day out in gorgeous nature.LYCIAN TURKEY
In 190 BC Antiochus was defeated by the Romans at the battle of Magnesia. The Roman historian Livy then tells us that Q. Fabius Labeo, who was in charge of the Roman fleet, went to Patara and had all the the king's ships there (50 of them) broken or burnt up.LYCIAN TURKEY
The Discovery of Lycia and Current Research. Sir Charles Fellows is perhaps the most well known early explorer of Lycia - bringing it to the attention of the west, although others had been there before him. One of the first to write about Lycia was the British Rev. Richard Pococke, who travelled to Lycia in 1739-40.Twenty years later the Classical antiquary Dr. Richard Chandlar (also BritishLYCIAN TURKEY
This scene from a Greek calyx krater (a large Greek urn that holds almost 12 gallons of wine)painted in about 510 B.C., in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York shows the lifeless body of Sarpedon being transported from the battlefield by the twin brothers Hypnos and Thanatos (Sleep and Death), to be prepared for a hero'sfuneral.
LYCIAN TURKEY
The early Lycians may have been involved in piracy themselves. About 1200 BC the name Sea Peoples began to appear in ancient records, a sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes who raided and critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. . The Lukki or Lukka are mentioned among the peoples of thisLYCIAN TURKEY
Fethiye Museum . The Fethiye Museum is a delightful museum, located off the main street in the center of town next to a school. It has many Lycian artifacts, some of which were found during the excavations of Fethiye (ancient Telmessos).LYCIAN TURKEY
Lycia and the American Constitution. Lycia's system of representative government with privileges and obligations in direct ratio to a city's classification is the outstanding feature of the Lycian Union.LYCIAN TURKEY
Kekova-Simena Region. Simena is a popular Lycian site, situated upon one of the most attractive spots of the Turkish coast. The name "Kekova" is Turkish for "plain of thyme" and describes the region encompassing the island of Kekova, the villages of Kaleköy and Üçağiz and the three ancient towns of Simena, Teimussa and Tersane (meaning "shipyard", as its bay was the site of an ancientLYCIAN TURKEY
Saklikent Gorge. Saklikent (Hidden City) Gorge is the second-largest (20 km-long) gorge in Europe, the longest and deepest gorge in Turkey, about a 40 minutes' drive from Fethiye.LYCIAN TURKEY
Patara - Harbor Bath. The Harbor Bath is one of the four baths of Patara, located in front of the date palms near the Arch of Modestus. Because its rectangular sections are constructed parallel to one another, this puts it in the Lycian baths category (similar earlier examples are found at Pompei). LYCIAN TURKEY - DISCOVER THE BEAUTY OF ANCIENT LYCIA* Home
* Who Were the Lycians* Lycian History
* Discovery of Lycia by the West* Geography
* Lycian Sites
* Lycian Tombs
* Language
* Lycia's Unique Government * Lycia and the American Constitution* Cults and Deities
* Legendary Heroes
* Piracy and the Lycian Coast * Famous Lycian Citizens * Art and Literature About Lycia * Museums and Lycian Artifacts * Treasures Found in Lycia * Photo Gallery: Scenes of Lycia * Activities / Places to Visit * Wildlife / National Parks * Retreat Centres / Alternative Tourism / Hotels * The Lycian Way Long Distance Footpath* Maps
* Satellite Images
* Property For Sale in Kalkan * Kalkan Rental Properties THE LYCIAN COAST AND THE SCOURGE OF PIRACY Pirates were the scourge of the ancient Mediterranean and the Lycian coast justly gained the reputation as the "Pirate Coast". This coast is dotted with many strategically placed coves and islands where the sea-raiders would hide themselves and pounce upon the many heavily-laden merchant ships sailing by. Numerous efforts were continually necessary to clean up the coast from as early as 1194 BC until it was cleared in the 19th century.Lycian coast, Kabak
The early Lycians may have been involved in piracy themselves. About 1200 BC the name _Sea Peoples_ began to appear in ancient records, a sudden emergence of a group of barbarian tribes who raided and critically damaged the ancient civilizations of Greece, Anatolia and Syria, and seriously threatened the southern Levant and Egypt. The Lukki or Lukka are mentioned among the peoples of this group and are thought perhaps to be the name of the early Lycians. Ramses III of Egypt put together a great fleet to take on the Lukki. He was successful and the coast was free of pirates for a while. The king of Alasiya (part of Cyprus) also had problems with the Lukki, he complained that "men of Lukki, year by year, seize villages in my owncountry."
Lycian coastline, Kalkan There were always pirates in the ancient world, but by the late second and early first centuries BC (following the fall of the Seleucid dynasty), the infamous Cicilian pirates had become a destabilizing force in the eastern Mediterranean world, commanding huge fleets and immense amounts of wealth. By this time, Rome had replaced many of the regional powers who had previously suppressed piracy, but had not taken over their responsibilities in curbing piracy. Thus it grew from a nuisance to a regional threat. The Ciclilian pirates were all over the Mediterranean (including coastal Lycia which had plently of islands and small coves to hide amongst), and they concentrated their attacks on major shipping lanes where goods were transported between the far western provinces of Spain and Africa, Italy, and the eastern provinces out to Egypt. They were based in Cilicia Tracheia ("Rugged or Rough Cilicia") in eastern coastal Turkey, north of Cyprus, and desperados from many countries flocked there to start new lives as pirates. This area was great for its protection - the land was indeed "rugged" - its coastline is full of rocky headlands with small hidden sheltered harbours which made the coast a string of havens for pirates. The land is locked off from the rest of Anatolia by the steep Taurus Mountains, which also had huge forests of oak and pine available forship construction.
Cilicia Tracheia's rugged coastline By 102 BC, Rome's allies were begging it to stop the pirates. Although Rome made limited ineffectual strikes against pirate bases on land (as early as 104 BC) it refused to take any real measures. It needed the pirates, for they supplied the Roman elite with slaves to work their large plantations. Captives, usually crew taken from captured ships, were usually taken to the island of Delos in the Aegean Sea, the centre of international slave trade and from there were transported on. Rich captives were not sold, but kept as hostages to be sold for ransom. Julius Ceasar was twice captured by pirates for this reason. Mountains over Cilicia Tracheia's coastline Later, the wars between the Romans and Mithridates VI of Pontus in the 80's BC destabilized Anatolia, gave the Cilician pirates extra power (they enjoyed the sponsorship of the king of Pontus), and sent fugitives flocking to join the pirates. In the 70's the Roman general Servilius Vatia was sent against the pirates by Rome. He had some successes: he defeated the pirates at sea and cleared the pirates out of Lycia and Pamphylia in 77 BC. In 76 BC he invaded Cilicia itself and had forces ready to strike against the pirate's base in modern Alanya when the Third Mithridatic War broke out and ruined all the gains he had made. The Lycian city of Phaselis especially suffered from the Cilician pirates. During its brief independence from Lycia (c. 100 BC) it was overrun (along with neighbouring Olympos and some cities in Pamphylia) by pirates led by the leader Zeniketes. Phaselis then became their base until they were driven out by Servilius Vatia in 77 BC. The city had quickly became smaller with a diminished population. According to Cicero, because Phaselis, Olympos and Attalaia (Antalya) were found to have been in collusion with the pirates, they were made into "public land" meaning their private property was confiscated. The pirates had a brief respite during Rome's third war with Mithridates, becoming so powerful and bold that they even went so far as to attack the coast of Italy, demonstrating their contempt for theRomans.
By 69 BC piracy had brought commerce over the whole of the Mediterranean to a virtual stand-still and controlled an estimated 400 coastal towns and cities. Wheat from Egypt was the principal item being traded by sea (in large, easily-attacked ships) and Egypt was the "bread basket" of the Roman Empire. Without this wheat, Rome could not feed her herself or her subject populations. Finally, facing near famine conditions and provoked by the capture of two Roman praetors, the Senate commissioned Roman general Cnaeus Pompey to wipe out the pirates. He was given extraordinary powers to fight against the pirates as well as 120,000 troops, 4,000 cavalry, 6000 talents of money and 270 ships to do so. The immediate effect was the return of the price in wheat in Rome to normal levels for Pompey was expected to finish the pirates' activities. He did. Pompey's campaign was a huge success and he later claimed that he had liberated the western Mediterranean in only forty days (this is probably true as most of the pirates had returned to the east). Under Pompey's command, Metellus Nepos cleared the pirates out of Lycia, Pamphylia, Cyprus, and Phoenicia. Next, Pompey followed the pirates east to Cilicia proper. He defeated the pirates near their capital Coracesium and after three months was in total control. The pirates' captives were returned to their homes and the pirate leaders executed. Pompey reorganized the surviving pirates into productive Roman subjects. He established inland towns in the areas of Malla, Adana, Epiphaneia, and Dyme, with fertile land for farming and the former pirates soon abandoned their old ways. This merciful act made Pompey the patron of a large area of Asia Minor. He returned to Rome a hero but met an unfortunate end when, at war with Julius Caesar, he fled to Egypt in 48 BC and wasmurdered.
Plutarch, the Roman historian, tells us in _The Life of Pompey_ that the Romans became aquainted with Mithraism from the Cilician pirates along the southwest coast of Anatolia. In this passage he speaks of their activities at the pirate-overrun city of Olympos: 'They themselves offered strange sacrifices upon Mount Olympus, and performed certain secret rites or religious mysteries, among which those of Mithras have been preserved to our own time having received their previous institution from them.' The pirates conducted communal worship of Mithras, whose cult was an exclusive one. It is possible that the pirates introduced the Mithraic mysteries into Italy after their defeat and the subsequent transportation of some of them there. In the middle of the second century AD the historian Appian adds that the pirates came to know of the mysteries from the troops who were left behind by the defeated army of Mithridates Eupator. It is well established that all kinds of Eastern races were represented in that army (Mithraism origniated in Persia). Aside from Phaselis and Olympos, the Lycians seem to have refrained from participating in piracy during the time of the Cilician pirate attacks. According to Strabo they "conducted themselves in a civilized and decent manner even as the Pamphylians seized control of the seas as far as Italy." He adds that they were “unmoved by the opportunities for disreputable profits, the Lycians remained within the ancestral boundaries of their league." But were Lycians always so law-abiding? It seems perhaps not. Earlier in history, following the Syrian War in 190 BC, victorious Rome generously granted the request of their Rhodian allies for control of the nearby regions of Lycia and Caria. It has been suggested by the historian Rob S. Rice that this request was not made with a desire for revenue but rather to control the piracy originating from these regions that Rhodes had been fighting against for centuries. With Seleucid control gone from Lycia and Caria, areas already notoriously rife with piracy, the Rhodians anticipated a greater increase in lawlessness and sought to contain the pirates to their lands. This resulted in a time of great unhappiness for the Lycians, for Rhodes treated Lycia very harshly and made great tax demands upon it in order to set up outposts in Lycia and Caria manned by mercenaries against pirates. This was exacerbated by a large misunderstanding in which the Lycians first believed that they were to be allies with Rhodes, friends rather than subjects. The harsh reaction of Rhodes caused the Lycians to revolt and to plead with Rome for help, complaining of Rhodian cruelty. Both sides sent embassy after embassy to Rome and Lycia spent the next two decades fiercely fighting the Rhodesians and petitioning the Roman Senate. Finally, Rome, wearied of the trouble and baffled that Rhodes was not able to control Lycia through such means as Rome's own "friends and allies" system (something impossible for the small island republic), eventually soured towards Rhodes and granted semi-self rule to Lycia in 167 BC. After the clean-up of the Cilician pirates, piracy was again relegated to a nuisance, although it continued to exist at a low level for the rest of Roman history. After the decline of Rome, the Bzyantine Empire remained a force of maritime law until its capitol, Constantinople, was sacked by Christian crusaders in 1204 AD. The Eastern Orthodox Byzantines were eventually able to take back control of their land, but never the sea. From this point on, pirates were once again able to prey upon trade routes in the Mediterranean and out of need, many former Byzantine naval sailors became piratesthemselves.
Soon a new problem
was to enter the waters around Lycia. When the Crusades ended, the Order of the Hospitallers remained in the east and dreamed of launching new Crusades from their newly aquired headquarters on the island of Rhodes. These Knights of Rhodes built a powerful fleet and entered a continual economic war with the Turks but often degenerated to piracy. Their military operations expanded fast and they set up many outposts along the Aegean and Mediterranean coast. Some of these outposts are in Lycian region. They took the nearby island of Castellorizo (Meis) opposite today's Kaş and built a great castle upon it and a fortress was built on Sovalye "Knight's Island" in the bay of Termessos (now Fethiye, where another of what is believed to be one of their fortresses sits perched above the town overlooking the bay - see photo at right) from where it controlled the town. The island of Kaleköy at Kekova-Simena is also topped by a castle of the Knights of Rhodes. Though their motives may have been chivalrous, the Knight's activities were seen by unfortunate Turks and Anatolian Greeks as no better than piracy. Many locals along the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts followed suit and began attacking Christian ships for honor, religion and profits. Soon these new pirates had created a force equal in strength to that of the Knights and were called upon by Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent to expel the Knights first from Bodrum and then from all of their Aegean possessions in the 1520's. In 1522 the Knights were ousted from Rhodes by the Turks; they then moved on to Malta which they turned into a slave trade center that lasted well into the 18th century. By about the end of the 8th century AD, former cities of Lycia had been pretty much finished off by natural disasters and Arab raids. Most coastal towns had been very much reduced in size as people fled from the threat of piracy. Some towns still hung on, such as Patara, though it was a mere village next to the harbor by that time and protected by high walls. The area of former Lycia lay almost uninhabited for hundreds of years until it was settled by a small number of Turks in the 13th century. However, they too kept away from the coast and settled in the high plateaus, leaving the coast to pirates where they had semi-permanent settlements. In fact, it was not until the presence of the British Navy in the 18th and 19th centuries that the Lycian coast was finally cleared of piracy forgood.
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