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Feline
VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - - THE WEBSITE FOR Please use the links above to find FREE Online Clinical CPD. If you are looking for FREE Online Business CPD please see our FREE Online Business CPD page. More courses are added all the time so please keep an eye on our CPD page for the latest free CPD courses to be added. The Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) wasrecently
VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE EXOTICS CPD A free recording of a talk given by Molly Varga at the London Vet Show. Guineapig and Rabbit Wellness Programmes. A free webinar by Molly Varga, thanks to Supreme Petfoods and The Webinar Vet. Guinea Pigs Common Diseases and Critical Care. A free lunch and learn webinar by Molly Varga on Thursday 26th April at 1pm. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE BUSINESS CPD - - THE WEBSITE VetBoss.co.uk are currently compiling a library of FREE CPD on a range of business, management and employment topics. Why can't we all just get along? Watch the free recording of this webinar which discusses how as a practice we can get along as a team, imparting useful snippets. Thanks to Ceva Animal Health and TheWebinarVet. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE SMALL ANIMAL VetBoss - CPD - Free Online CPD - FREE online small animal CPD - - the website for veterinary partners VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE EQUINE CPD A recording of an excellent free webinar by Prof. Chris Proudman RCVS Specialist in Equine Gastroenterology at Liverpool University. Please note as this is a recording you wont be able to vote! Thanks to Boehringer Ingelheim. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of Equine Cushing's Disease. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS We look forward to revealing the award winners finalists at the BSAVA conference.”. Winners will be announced during the awards ceremony held in Birmingham, during the same week as the BSAVA congress on 2 April. For information on tickets and availability, please email contactus@cevawelfareawards.com or call 01494 781510. VETBOSS - RESOURCES - CLINICAL - MERCK - - THE WEBSITE FOR Merck Veterinary Manual: Follow the link for free access to the Merck Veterinary Manual online. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Systemic hypertension is a common complication of feline CKD, which may easily go unrecognised (see Figure 1). Untreated it can cause significant damage (ocular bleeding, retinal detachment, intra-cranial bleeding, cardiovascular disease), and will also contribute to the progression of kidney disease. VETBOSS - RESOURCES - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS VetBoss - Resources - - the website for veterinary partners. Welcome to the resources section, we hope to save you precious time by bringing together the most useful resources available on the internet and providing easy access from one place. Please use the menu bar VETBOSS - CPD - FREE CPD COURSES - - THE WEBSITE FOR VetBoss - CPD - Free CPD Courses - - the website for veterinary partners. Here we hope you will find all the FREE CPD COURSES currently available, if you know of a course not featured here, please let us know. You will also find listings of FREE Business CPD Courses on our FREE Business CPD Courses page: ROYAL CANIN® to host freeFeline
VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - - THE WEBSITE FOR Please use the links above to find FREE Online Clinical CPD. If you are looking for FREE Online Business CPD please see our FREE Online Business CPD page. More courses are added all the time so please keep an eye on our CPD page for the latest free CPD courses to be added. The Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) wasrecently
VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE EXOTICS CPD A free recording of a talk given by Molly Varga at the London Vet Show. Guineapig and Rabbit Wellness Programmes. A free webinar by Molly Varga, thanks to Supreme Petfoods and The Webinar Vet. Guinea Pigs Common Diseases and Critical Care. A free lunch and learn webinar by Molly Varga on Thursday 26th April at 1pm. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE BUSINESS CPD - - THE WEBSITE VetBoss.co.uk are currently compiling a library of FREE CPD on a range of business, management and employment topics. Why can't we all just get along? Watch the free recording of this webinar which discusses how as a practice we can get along as a team, imparting useful snippets. Thanks to Ceva Animal Health and TheWebinarVet. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE SMALL ANIMAL VetBoss - CPD - Free Online CPD - FREE online small animal CPD - - the website for veterinary partners VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE EQUINE CPD A recording of an excellent free webinar by Prof. Chris Proudman RCVS Specialist in Equine Gastroenterology at Liverpool University. Please note as this is a recording you wont be able to vote! Thanks to Boehringer Ingelheim. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of Equine Cushing's Disease. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS We look forward to revealing the award winners finalists at the BSAVA conference.”. Winners will be announced during the awards ceremony held in Birmingham, during the same week as the BSAVA congress on 2 April. For information on tickets and availability, please email contactus@cevawelfareawards.com or call 01494 781510. VETBOSS - RESOURCES - CLINICAL - MERCK - - THE WEBSITE FOR Merck Veterinary Manual: Follow the link for free access to the Merck Veterinary Manual online. VETBOSS - RESOURCES - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS VetBoss - Resources - - the website for veterinary partners. Welcome to the resources section, we hope to save you precious time by bringing together the most useful resources available on the internet and providing easy access from one place. Please use the menu bar VETBOSS - CPD - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS VetBoss - CPD - - the website for veterinary partners. Here at VetBoss.co.uk we bring you a range of free business and management CPD courses on our FREE Online Business CPD and FREE Businness CPD pages, as well as offering you full access to over 100 hours of FREE Clinical CPD for you and your employees saving you time and money! VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - - THE WEBSITE FOR Please use the links above to find FREE Online Clinical CPD. If you are looking for FREE Online Business CPD please see our FREE Online Business CPD page. More courses are added all the time so please keep an eye on our CPD page for the latest free CPD courses to be added. The Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) wasrecently
VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS A highly variable, but often predominant, early clinical sign in many dogs and cats with chronic hepatobiliary disease or PSS is the presence of polyuria and/or polydipsia. The aetiology behind this is unknown but several theories have been postulated: Psychogenic polydipsia. Alterations in portal vein osmoreceptors. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS The dose commonly used is 2-5mg/kg bid-tid, although starting at the lower dose range often has an effect and will limit side effects. The drug appears to be highly stable and can be used in its powder form or dispensed into gel capsules for dosing smaller dogs. Additionally, it VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Milk fever, or hypocalcaemia, is the most common metabolic disorder in cattle in the UK with an estimated annual incidence of 4-9% (Husband, 2005), although on some farms the clinical incidence can be as high as 50-60%. However, clinical cases may only be the tip of the iceberg as more cows are likely to be affected by subclinical milk fever. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE EQUINE CPD A recording of an excellent free webinar by Prof. Chris Proudman RCVS Specialist in Equine Gastroenterology at Liverpool University. Please note as this is a recording you wont be able to vote! Thanks to Boehringer Ingelheim. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of Equine Cushing's Disease. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS The canine spine comprises 31 segments of interest; 8 cervical segments, 13 thoracic segments, 7 lumbar and 3 sacral, each of which supplies a lower sensory and motor spinal nerve. The spine can be functionally divided into 5 areas (Figure 5): a corresponds to segments C1-C5, b C6-T2, c T3-L3, d L4-S1 and e S1-S3. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Principles of Fracture Management. Consider mechanical stability and fracture biology. Bone healing relies on: 1. Stability. Stabilising the fracture can reduce the risk of further damage, provide analgesia, and control soft tissue swelling. Orthogonal radiographs of the fractured bone should be taken, and usually also the contralaterallimb.
VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Show all large animal articles. Treating Scour in Calves Steph Small BVSc MRCVS - 13/05/2016. Treating Scour in Calves. Background . Scour is the most common disease in young calves and, as a result, is the greatest single cause of death in calves, accounting for almost 50% of all calf deaths in the UK 1.One in seven dairy breed calves and one in thirteen beef breed calves are believed to die VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Systemic hypertension is a common complication of feline CKD, which may easily go unrecognised (see Figure 1). Untreated it can cause significant damage (ocular bleeding, retinal detachment, intra-cranial bleeding, cardiovascular disease), and will also contribute to the progression of kidney disease. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - - THE WEBSITE FOR Please use the links above to find FREE Online Clinical CPD. If you are looking for FREE Online Business CPD please see our FREE Online Business CPD page. More courses are added all the time so please keep an eye on our CPD page for the latest free CPD courses to be added. The Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) wasrecently
VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS The dose commonly used is 2-5mg/kg bid-tid, although starting at the lower dose range often has an effect and will limit side effects. The drug appears to be highly stable and can be used in its powder form or dispensed into gel capsules for dosing smaller dogs. Additionally, it VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS We look forward to revealing the award winners finalists at the BSAVA conference.”. Winners will be announced during the awards ceremony held in Birmingham, during the same week as the BSAVA congress on 2 April. For information on tickets and availability, please email contactus@cevawelfareawards.com or call 01494 781510. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS The canine spine comprises 31 segments of interest; 8 cervical segments, 13 thoracic segments, 7 lumbar and 3 sacral, each of which supplies a lower sensory and motor spinal nerve. The spine can be functionally divided into 5 areas (Figure 5): a corresponds to segments C1-C5, b C6-T2, c T3-L3, d L4-S1 and e S1-S3. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE SMALL ANIMAL VetBoss - CPD - Free Online CPD - FREE online small animal CPD - - the website for veterinary partners VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Animalcare launches new easy-to-administer oral antifungal for dogs with 4-way split smart-tab for accurate dosing. Animalcare, the York based Animal Health company has launched the UK's only veterinary licenced antifungal tablet for dogs. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE EQUINE CPD A recording of an excellent free webinar by Prof. Chris Proudman RCVS Specialist in Equine Gastroenterology at Liverpool University. Please note as this is a recording you wont be able to vote! Thanks to Boehringer Ingelheim. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of Equine Cushing's Disease. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Show all large animal articles. Treating Scour in Calves Steph Small BVSc MRCVS - 13/05/2016. Treating Scour in Calves. Background . Scour is the most common disease in young calves and, as a result, is the greatest single cause of death in calves, accounting for almost 50% of all calf deaths in the UK 1.One in seven dairy breed calves and one in thirteen beef breed calves are believed to die VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Show all articles. Claiming Tax Relief On Fees And Subscriptions To Professional Bodies And Other Allowable Expenses Lucy Chadwick MVBMRCVS - 25/09/2011
VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Systemic hypertension is a common complication of feline CKD, which may easily go unrecognised (see Figure 1). Untreated it can cause significant damage (ocular bleeding, retinal detachment, intra-cranial bleeding, cardiovascular disease), and will also contribute to the progression of kidney disease. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - - THE WEBSITE FOR Please use the links above to find FREE Online Clinical CPD. If you are looking for FREE Online Business CPD please see our FREE Online Business CPD page. More courses are added all the time so please keep an eye on our CPD page for the latest free CPD courses to be added. The Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) wasrecently
VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS The dose commonly used is 2-5mg/kg bid-tid, although starting at the lower dose range often has an effect and will limit side effects. The drug appears to be highly stable and can be used in its powder form or dispensed into gel capsules for dosing smaller dogs. Additionally, it VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS We look forward to revealing the award winners finalists at the BSAVA conference.”. Winners will be announced during the awards ceremony held in Birmingham, during the same week as the BSAVA congress on 2 April. For information on tickets and availability, please email contactus@cevawelfareawards.com or call 01494 781510. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS The canine spine comprises 31 segments of interest; 8 cervical segments, 13 thoracic segments, 7 lumbar and 3 sacral, each of which supplies a lower sensory and motor spinal nerve. The spine can be functionally divided into 5 areas (Figure 5): a corresponds to segments C1-C5, b C6-T2, c T3-L3, d L4-S1 and e S1-S3. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE SMALL ANIMAL VetBoss - CPD - Free Online CPD - FREE online small animal CPD - - the website for veterinary partners VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Animalcare launches new easy-to-administer oral antifungal for dogs with 4-way split smart-tab for accurate dosing. Animalcare, the York based Animal Health company has launched the UK's only veterinary licenced antifungal tablet for dogs. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE EQUINE CPD A recording of an excellent free webinar by Prof. Chris Proudman RCVS Specialist in Equine Gastroenterology at Liverpool University. Please note as this is a recording you wont be able to vote! Thanks to Boehringer Ingelheim. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of Equine Cushing's Disease. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Show all large animal articles. Treating Scour in Calves Steph Small BVSc MRCVS - 13/05/2016. Treating Scour in Calves. Background . Scour is the most common disease in young calves and, as a result, is the greatest single cause of death in calves, accounting for almost 50% of all calf deaths in the UK 1.One in seven dairy breed calves and one in thirteen beef breed calves are believed to die VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Show all articles. Claiming Tax Relief On Fees And Subscriptions To Professional Bodies And Other Allowable Expenses Lucy Chadwick MVBMRCVS - 25/09/2011
VETBOSS - NEED TO KNOW - PRODUCT NEWS - - THE WEBSITE FOR Ceva Animal Health, manufacturer of the leading range of veterinary strength supplements LOGIC® for cats and dogs, has renamed its supplement to support digestion, LOGIC® Firm. New 50-dose pack size for Bovela®. Boehringer Ingelheim has introduced a new 50-dose pack for its BVD vaccine, Bovela. Novel BVD vaccine, Bovela, used toprotect over
VETBOSS - RESOURCES - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS VetBoss - Resources - - the website for veterinary partners. Welcome to the resources section, we hope to save you precious time by bringing together the most useful resources available on the internet and providing easy access from one place. Please use the menu bar VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Suitable for use during a desensitisation programme to reduce stress. Dosage: Dogs and cats 1-2 tablet per 5kg bid, dependant on severity of the fearful response. For firework phobia administer the second dose 2 hours before dusk. Contraindications: No data is available to support the use of this product in pregnant and lactating animals. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE EXOTICS CPD A free recording of a talk given by Molly Varga at the London Vet Show. Guineapig and Rabbit Wellness Programmes. A free webinar by Molly Varga, thanks to Supreme Petfoods and The Webinar Vet. Guinea Pigs Common Diseases and Critical Care. A free lunch and learn webinar by Molly Varga on Thursday 26th April at 1pm. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Milk fever, or hypocalcaemia, is the most common metabolic disorder in cattle in the UK with an estimated annual incidence of 4-9% (Husband, 2005), although on some farms the clinical incidence can be as high as 50-60%. However, clinical cases may only be the tip of the iceberg as more cows are likely to be affected by subclinical milk fever. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Principles of Fracture Management. Consider mechanical stability and fracture biology. Bone healing relies on: 1. Stability. Stabilising the fracture can reduce the risk of further damage, provide analgesia, and control soft tissue swelling. Orthogonal radiographs of the fractured bone should be taken, and usually also the contralaterallimb.
VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Lameness is known to be one of the most important welfare issues affecting the UK sheep industry. It is estimated that over 80% of flocks contain lame sheep (Winters 2004). There are many causes of lameness, and these causes must be determined in order to instigate effective treatment. A lame sheep does not necessarily mean footrot! VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Show all large animal articles. Treating Scour in Calves Steph Small BVSc MRCVS - 13/05/2016. Treating Scour in Calves. Background . Scour is the most common disease in young calves and, as a result, is the greatest single cause of death in calves, accounting for almost 50% of all calf deaths in the UK 1.One in seven dairy breed calves and one in thirteen beef breed calves are believed to die VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE FARM ANIMAL Foot Trimming: A series of refreshingly short videos on cattle foot trimming. Thanks to BVA's vets.tv. Reducing on Farm Resistance: A recording of a free webinar on VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Clinical signs of acute prostatitis can be severe. They will often include anorexia, pyrexia, stranguria, haematuria, abdominal pain, vomiting, malaise, constipation, obstipation and an unwillingness to breed. In severe cases the blood-prostate barrier may be VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Systemic hypertension is a common complication of feline CKD, which may easily go unrecognised (see Figure 1). Untreated it can cause significant damage (ocular bleeding, retinal detachment, intra-cranial bleeding, cardiovascular disease), and will also contribute to the progression of kidney disease. VETBOSS - NEED TO KNOW - PRODUCT NEWS - - THE WEBSITE FOR Ceva Animal Health, manufacturer of the leading range of veterinary strength supplements LOGIC® for cats and dogs, has renamed its supplement to support digestion, LOGIC® Firm. New 50-dose pack size for Bovela®. Boehringer Ingelheim has introduced a new 50-dose pack for its BVD vaccine, Bovela. Novel BVD vaccine, Bovela, used toprotect over
VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - - THE WEBSITE FOR Please use the links above to find FREE Online Clinical CPD. If you are looking for FREE Online Business CPD please see our FREE Online Business CPD page. More courses are added all the time so please keep an eye on our CPD page for the latest free CPD courses to be added. The Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) wasrecently
VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS The dose commonly used is 2-5mg/kg bid-tid, although starting at the lower dose range often has an effect and will limit side effects. The drug appears to be highly stable and can be used in its powder form or dispensed into gel capsules for dosing smaller dogs. Additionally, it VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS We look forward to revealing the award winners finalists at the BSAVA conference.”. Winners will be announced during the awards ceremony held in Birmingham, during the same week as the BSAVA congress on 2 April. For information on tickets and availability, please email contactus@cevawelfareawards.com or call 01494 781510. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS The canine spine comprises 31 segments of interest; 8 cervical segments, 13 thoracic segments, 7 lumbar and 3 sacral, each of which supplies a lower sensory and motor spinal nerve. The spine can be functionally divided into 5 areas (Figure 5): a corresponds to segments C1-C5, b C6-T2, c T3-L3, d L4-S1 and e S1-S3. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE SMALL ANIMAL VetBoss - CPD - Free Online CPD - FREE online small animal CPD - - the website for veterinary partners VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Animalcare launches new easy-to-administer oral antifungal for dogs with 4-way split smart-tab for accurate dosing. Animalcare, the York based Animal Health company has launched the UK's only veterinary licenced antifungal tablet for dogs. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE EQUINE CPD A recording of an excellent free webinar by Prof. Chris Proudman RCVS Specialist in Equine Gastroenterology at Liverpool University. Please note as this is a recording you wont be able to vote! Thanks to Boehringer Ingelheim. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of Equine Cushing's Disease. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Show all articles. Claiming Tax Relief On Fees And Subscriptions To Professional Bodies And Other Allowable Expenses Lucy Chadwick MVBMRCVS - 25/09/2011
VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Systemic hypertension is a common complication of feline CKD, which may easily go unrecognised (see Figure 1). Untreated it can cause significant damage (ocular bleeding, retinal detachment, intra-cranial bleeding, cardiovascular disease), and will also contribute to the progression of kidney disease. VETBOSS - NEED TO KNOW - PRODUCT NEWS - - THE WEBSITE FOR Ceva Animal Health, manufacturer of the leading range of veterinary strength supplements LOGIC® for cats and dogs, has renamed its supplement to support digestion, LOGIC® Firm. New 50-dose pack size for Bovela®. Boehringer Ingelheim has introduced a new 50-dose pack for its BVD vaccine, Bovela. Novel BVD vaccine, Bovela, used toprotect over
VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - - THE WEBSITE FOR Please use the links above to find FREE Online Clinical CPD. If you are looking for FREE Online Business CPD please see our FREE Online Business CPD page. More courses are added all the time so please keep an eye on our CPD page for the latest free CPD courses to be added. The Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) wasrecently
VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS The dose commonly used is 2-5mg/kg bid-tid, although starting at the lower dose range often has an effect and will limit side effects. The drug appears to be highly stable and can be used in its powder form or dispensed into gel capsules for dosing smaller dogs. Additionally, it VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS We look forward to revealing the award winners finalists at the BSAVA conference.”. Winners will be announced during the awards ceremony held in Birmingham, during the same week as the BSAVA congress on 2 April. For information on tickets and availability, please email contactus@cevawelfareawards.com or call 01494 781510. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS The canine spine comprises 31 segments of interest; 8 cervical segments, 13 thoracic segments, 7 lumbar and 3 sacral, each of which supplies a lower sensory and motor spinal nerve. The spine can be functionally divided into 5 areas (Figure 5): a corresponds to segments C1-C5, b C6-T2, c T3-L3, d L4-S1 and e S1-S3. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE SMALL ANIMAL VetBoss - CPD - Free Online CPD - FREE online small animal CPD - - the website for veterinary partners VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Animalcare launches new easy-to-administer oral antifungal for dogs with 4-way split smart-tab for accurate dosing. Animalcare, the York based Animal Health company has launched the UK's only veterinary licenced antifungal tablet for dogs. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE EQUINE CPD A recording of an excellent free webinar by Prof. Chris Proudman RCVS Specialist in Equine Gastroenterology at Liverpool University. Please note as this is a recording you wont be able to vote! Thanks to Boehringer Ingelheim. Recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of Equine Cushing's Disease. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Show all articles. Claiming Tax Relief On Fees And Subscriptions To Professional Bodies And Other Allowable Expenses Lucy Chadwick MVBMRCVS - 25/09/2011
VETBOSS - RESOURCES - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS VetBoss - Resources - - the website for veterinary partners. Welcome to the resources section, we hope to save you precious time by bringing together the most useful resources available on the internet and providing easy access from one place. Please use the menu bar VETBOSS - NEED TO KNOW - PRODUCT NEWS - - THE WEBSITE FOR Ceva Animal Health, manufacturer of the leading range of veterinary strength supplements LOGIC® for cats and dogs, has renamed its supplement to support digestion, LOGIC® Firm. New 50-dose pack size for Bovela®. Boehringer Ingelheim has introduced a new 50-dose pack for its BVD vaccine, Bovela. Novel BVD vaccine, Bovela, used toprotect over
VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Suitable for use during a desensitisation programme to reduce stress. Dosage: Dogs and cats 1-2 tablet per 5kg bid, dependant on severity of the fearful response. For firework phobia administer the second dose 2 hours before dusk. Contraindications: No data is available to support the use of this product in pregnant and lactating animals. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Milk fever, or hypocalcaemia, is the most common metabolic disorder in cattle in the UK with an estimated annual incidence of 4-9% (Husband, 2005), although on some farms the clinical incidence can be as high as 50-60%. However, clinical cases may only be the tip of the iceberg as more cows are likely to be affected by subclinical milk fever. VETBOSS - CPD - FREE ONLINE CPD - FREE ONLINE EXOTICS CPD A free recording of a talk given by Molly Varga at the London Vet Show. Guineapig and Rabbit Wellness Programmes. A free webinar by Molly Varga, thanks to Supreme Petfoods and The Webinar Vet. Guinea Pigs Common Diseases and Critical Care. A free lunch and learn webinar by Molly Varga on Thursday 26th April at 1pm. VETBOSS - HOME - - THE WEBSITE FOR VETERINARY PARTNERS Principles of Fracture Management. Consider mechanical stability and fracture biology. Bone healing relies on: 1. Stability. Stabilising the fracture can reduce the risk of further damage, provide analgesia, and control soft tissue swelling. Orthogonal radiographs of the fractured bone should be taken, and usually also the contralaterallimb.
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MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN CATS MARTHA CANNON BA VETMB DSAM(FEL) RCVS SPECIALIST IN FELINE MEDICINE CATS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) ARE SEEN EVERY WEEK IN VETERINARY PRACTICES ACROSS THE COUNTRY. THE THIRD PART OF THIS SPECIAL FOCUS ON CHRONIC DISEASE IN CATS DISCUSSES MANAGEMENT OF CKD IN CATS. MARTHA CANNON FROM THE OXFORD CAT CLINIC REVIEWS THE CURRENT MANAGEMENT OPTIONS IN CATS WITH CKD. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder of cats, particularly those in middle to old age, and is a major cause of illness and death in the pet cat population. Previous articles in this series have covered the common causes of CKD in cats and have reviewed the clinically significant aspects of its pathophysiology. This article will look at current recommendations for the management of cats with CKD from the early stages through to more advanced stages ofthe disease.
CONSEQUENCES OF CKD
The kidneys have an important role in a wide range of physiological functions, any or all of which may be deranged once kidney disease is established. The consequences of these derangements contribute to the clinical signs that the cat suffers. However, in many cases they are themselves damaging to the kidneys, contributing to further deterioration in renal function and an inevitable progression ofdisease.
In the early stages of disease (IRIS Stages 1 and 2), clinical signs of kidney disease may be minimal but identification and effective management of some of the metabolic consequences of CKD can have a significant effect in slowing down the progression of disease. In the later stages (IRIS Stages 3 and 4), azotaemia becomes more severe and clinical signs become apparent: nausea and uraemic gastritis cause diminished appetite and polyuria exceeds polydipsia causing dehydration. Weight loss due to muscle catabolism contributes to the azotaemia and promotes further deterioration in both wellbeing and renal function. Maintaining fluid balance and appetite, and diminishing nausea become important aims of management and contribute to both quality of life and longevity. MANAGEMENT OF EARLY CKD TO LIMIT THE PROGRESSION OF DISEASE If the presence of CKD can be identified early in its course, while the cat remains relatively asymptomatic, much may be done to limit the progression of disease and maintain good quality of life. Early diagnosis requires regular screening of older cats, particularly with regard to their urine specific gravity (SG) and serum creatinine levels. A decline in urine SG to below 1.030 and an upward trend in serum creatinine, even if it remains within the reference range, may be indications of kidney disease. If these changes are consistent over several months, and if no other contributing cause such as hyperthyroidism can be identified, CKD should be suspected. Once CKD is identified, further investigations will identify the range of metabolic consequences currently present, allowing a treatment plan to be tailored to the specific needs of the individual cat. Important factors that must be identified and treated include:* Proteinuria
* Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism causing hyperphosphataemia* Hypertension
* Hypokalaemia
* Urinary tract infections Proteinuria Healthy cats have very low levels of protein in their urine, but proteinuria can develop as a consequence of CKD. The presence of significant proteinuria also appears to be a predictor of more rapid progression of CKD and of poorer survival time in affected cats (Elliot and Syme, 2006). Screening all cats with CKD for the presence of renal proteinuria is important, and treatment is recommended if the urine protein:creatinine ratio (UP:C) is persistently elevated in the absence of evidence of urinary tract infection or lower urinary tractdisease.
* UP:C >0.4 indicates proteinuria and treatment should be started * UP:C 0.2–0.4 is “borderline” proteinuria: monitor closely,or start treatment
* UP:C <0.2 is non-proteinuric: treatment is not currently required but UP:C should be monitored every3–6 months ACE inhibitors have been the only available treatment for renal proteinuria and are effective in reducing the UP:C in most cases. However, they must be used with care in cats with advanced CKD as they may reduce glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which will promote worsening azotaemia (see Box 1). SERUM PHOSPHATE /HYPERPHOSPHATAEMIA Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common consequence of CKD and is itself a significant cause of progression of renal disease. To adequately control parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, serumphosphate
must be maintained within the lower half of the reference range. Currently recommended targets for serum phosphate are: * IRIS Stage 1 and 2 CKD: Maintain serum phosphate between0.81–1.45 mmol/l
* IRIS Stage 3 CKD: Maintain serum phosphate between 0.81–1.61mmol/l
* IRIS 4 CKD : Maintain serum phosphate between 0.81–1.94 mmol/l Controlling hyperphosphataemia is a long-term strategy, and a stagedprocess:
* Reduce dietary phosphate intake by introducing a protein restricted diet (see Box 2). Monitor the response after 4–6 weeks. * If compliance with the diet is poor, or if hyperphosphataemia persists despite use of a phosphate restricted diet, use additional intestinal phosphate binders; monitor the response over the first 4–6 weeks and titrate the amount given according to individualresponse.
* Phosphate binders must be given at the time of feeding and should be given with every meal. * Phosphate binders mixed with normal cat food may reduce serum phosphate by up to 10%, but this is rarely sufficient to achieve the target range. They are best used as an adjunct to a phosphaterestricted diet.
Changes should be introduced gradually: take 2–3 weeks to alter the diet and, if using phosphate binders, introduce them slowly and increase to the recommended starting dose over 2–3 weeks. Restricting phosphate intake causes hypercalcaemia in a small proportion of cats. Serum calcium should be monitored and if hypercalcaemia occurs it will be necessary to allow a higher serum phosphate level in order to correct the hypercalcaemia.HYPERTENSION
Systemic hypertension is a common complication of feline CKD, which may easily go unrecognised (see Figure 1). Untreated it can cause significant damage (ocular bleeding, retinal detachment, intra-cranial bleeding, cardiovascular disease), and will also contribute to the progression of kidney disease. FIGURE 1: BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT IN A CAT WITH CHRONIC KIDNEYDISEASE.
In cats with CKD, hypertension is defined according to the “risk of causing end organ damage”: a continuum rather than “normal”versus “high”.
* Minimal risk: Systolic pressure <150 mmHg (diastolic <95 mmHg) * Low risk: Systolic pressure 150–159 mmHg (diastolic 95–99mmHg)
* Moderate risk: Systolic pressure 160–179 mmHg (diastolic100–119 mmHg)
* High risk: Systolic pressure ≥180 mmHg (diastolic ≥120 mmHg) Anti-hypertensive treatment is recommended if there are clinical signs of hypertension, or if blood pressure is persistently >160 mmHg. Initial treatment is with amlodipine (0.625–1.25 mg once daily), though amlodipine is not licensed in cats, with additional use of anACE inhibitor if:*
* BP remains >160 mmHg after a few weeks of treatment * There is persistent proteinuria (UP:C>0.4) * There is concurrent hypokalaemia (serum potassium <3.5 mmol/l)HYPOKALAEMIA
Cats with CKD may also develop hypokalaemia, probably due to a combination of increased urinary potassium excretion and the presence of metabolic acidosis. Hypokalaemia causes a myopathy that is seen initially as a stiff, stilted gait (sometimes mistaken for arthritis in elderly cats) and a poor hair coat. In more severe cases there is marked muscle weakness causing ventroflexion of the neck. Serum potassium should be maintained at or above 3.5 mmol/l. Renal diets are moderately potassium supplemented and will help to prevent hypokalaemia. Additional oral potassium supplementation may also berequired.
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are rare in healthy cats but are a common complication of CKD, especially in female cats. These infections are usually asymptomatic and will not be identified unless urinalysis is routinely performed as part of the regular screening of cats with CKD (see Figure 2). Treatment of UTIs in cats with CKD should be aggressive to prevent oreliminate
pyelonephritis; a 4–6 week course of antibiotic treatment is required, and the choice of antibiotic should be based on culture and sensitivity results. Urine sediment should be clear of signs of infection within 4 days of starting treatment, and repeat urinalysis and culture is indicated 10 days after the end of the course of treatment to ensure that the UTI hasfully resolved.
FIGURE 2: MICROSCOPIC EVALUATION OF A URINE SAMPLE SHOWING EVIDENCE OF BACTERIAL RODS INDICATIVE OF A URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI). MANAGEMENT OF ADVANCED CKD TO MODERATE AZOTAEMIA PREVENTING DEHYDRATION Inadequate fluid intake causing sub-clinical dehydration is a common problem in cats with CKD. The approach to management will depend on the severity of the dehydration: * Cats presenting with clinical evidence of dehydration need intravenous fluid therapy (see Figure 3). Aggressive initial management should make the cat feel significantly better; appetite will tend to improve as the uraemic toxins are cleared and this will also enhance the acceptance of future dietary changes (see Box 2). FIGURE 3: A CAT WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND CLINICAL EVIDENCE OF DEHYDRATION RECEIVING INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS. Cats that fail to maintain adequate fluid intake over the longer term will tend to suffer cycles of deteriorating appetite and decompensation of clinical signs requiring admission to the veterinary practice for intravenous fluid treatment. This can be avoided by: * Encouraging increased daily oral fluid intake – feeding wet food, offering tasty fluids to drink, adding extra water to the food etc. o Regular administration of subcutaneous fluids at home. The volume of fluid required and the frequency of administration will vary considerably and will depend on the individual case. For most cases a volume of between 80 and 150 ml of normal saline given between once a week to three times a week will help to maintain good fluid balance. Fluid is administered into a single site, via a fluid bag, giving set and 21 gauge hypodermic needle. Most cats tolerate the procedure well and complications (e.g. local infection) are very rare even withlong-term use.
------------------------- BOX 1: USE OF ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS IN CKD EFFECT ON PROGRESSION OF KIDNEY DISEASE Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors reduce vasoconstriction and promote sodium and water excretion. They also appear to have renoprotective effects in some species (humans and rats) by reducing glomerular hypertension, reducing proteinuria and possibly by additional effects on the glomerular basement membrane. In humans it appears that the use of ACE inhibitors early in the course of CKD may slow down the progression of tubulointerstitial injury, but studies into this potential effect in cats are currently lacking. USE IN CATS WITH PROTEINURIA In a study of 61 cats with naturally occurring CKD (Mizutani _et al. _2006), use of benazepril significantly reduced the level of proteinuria in treated cats. However, while there also appeared to be a reduced rate of progression from IRIS Stage 2 and 3 CKD to Stage 4 CKD, there was no significant effect on longevity. Similarly in a study of 153 cats (King _et al._ 2006) proteinuric cats treated with benazepril showed a reduction in the level of proteinuria and some improvement in subjective markers of quality of life such as improved appetite, but there was no significant effect on longevity. It appears then that administration of an ACE inhibitor lessens proteinuria in cats with CKD and proteinuria is recognised as a poor prognostic indicator for cats with CKD. However it has yet to be established whether reduction of proteinuria with use of ACE inhibitors improves the long-term prognosis in these cats (Elliot and Syme, 2006). USE IN CATS WITH NON-PROTEINURIC CKD The role of ACE inhibitors in non-proteinuric, non-hypertensive cats with CKD is less clear. Extrapolation from human medicine would suggest that their use is indicated early in the course of disease, but studies in cats have not to date shown evidence of beneficialeffect.
FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS WITH ACE INHIBITOR USE IN CATS ACE inhibitors reduce glomerular hypertension by causing more profound vasodilation in the efferent glomerular arteriole than in the afferent arteriole. In studies on cats with surgically induced kidney disease (Brown _et al. _2001, King _et_ _al_. 2002), use of an ACE inhibitor reduced glomerular intracapillary pressure and increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In some patients however, serum creatinine concentrations can increase following administration of ACE inhibitors. This is normally caused by a reduction in glomerular hypertension and not normally clinically significant, but use of ACE inhibitors in cats with acute renal failure is contraindicated. In all cases, renal parameters should be monitored following initiation of treatment and use of an ACE inhibitor should be stopped if the patient goes into acute renal failure. ------------------------- MAINTAINING ADEQUATE FOOD INTAKE Feeding a low protein, low phosphate diet is an important tool in the management of CKD (see Box 2). However, at the time of first diagnosis, cats with advanced CKD are likely to be inappetent, uraemic and nauseated with poor appetite and little inclination to accept a new diet. In these cases, dietary change is not the first priority in treatment and should be avoided until the cat’s appetite has improved. Offering a new diet to a cat that is suffering nausea and inappetence may induce a learned food aversion to that diet. Treatment to reduce azotaemia and improve wellbeing should be allowed to take effect before trying to change the cat’s diet. In the meantime offering small amounts of the cat’s favourite foods and treats will help to encourage food intake. Using foods with a higher fat content or adding flavourings (e.g. tuna juice, chicken broth) mayhelp.
------------------------- BOX 2: NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF CKD Dietary modification is essential in the management of CKD. Feeding a low protein, low phosphate diet improves the cat’s wellbeing, reduces the speed of clinical deterioration, and increases life span by delaying the decision for euthanasia. In a study of cats with naturally occurring CKD, cats fed an appropriate “renal diet” survived an average of 633 days compared to 264 days for cats fed a normal diet (Elliott _et al_. 2000). Appropriate diets have restricted levels of protein, phosphorous and sodium, and are supplemented with potassium and water soluble vitamins. In general, canned diets are preferred to equivalent dry diets as they have significantly higher water content and provide calories as fats rather than carbohydrates. Excessive protein restriction can have serious negative consequences, leading to weight loss, hypoalbuminaemia, anaemia and metabolic acidosis. Using a commercial “renal” diet and ensuring adequate food intake avoids this. Having recommended a diet change, it is essential to ensure that food intake is adequate for the cat’s needs. Owners must introduce the new food gradually, over a 2–3 week period, monitoring their cat’s food intake to ensure that it is eating the new food before the familiar food is withdrawn. The cat should also be re-examined and weighed regularly so that any weight loss can be identified early. NB: IF A CAT WITH CKD WILL NOT EAT AN APPROPRIATE “RENAL” DIET THEN THE DIET MUST BE CHANGED TO AN ALTERNATIVE FOOD THAT THE CAT WILL EAT. ANY FOOD IS BETTER THAN NO FOOD: BODY PROTEIN CATABOLISM WILL HAVE MORE SERIOUS ADVERSE EFFECTS THAN ALMOST ANY DIET. ------------------------- MANAGEMENT OF NAUSEA AND VOMITING Many cats with CKD suffer nausea and/or vomiting due to uraemia and uraemic gastritis, and this will contribute significantly to poor appetite even if the cat is not actively vomiting. In addition to using intravenous or subcutaneous fluids to minimise azotaemia, long-term use of H2 receptor antagonists and short-term use of anti-emetics may help. MANAGEMENT OF ANAEMIA Anaemia is a common complication of advanced CKD. The anaemia is usually non-regenerative, slowly progressive, and difficult toreverse:
* Inadequate food intake and iron deficiency should be addressed inthe first instance.
* Androgens have been suggested as a means of treating CKD induced anaemia, but response is often poor. * Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) can be effective if the anaemia becomes severe, although this is not a veterinary licenseddrug.
* Blood transfusions provide only short-term improvement THIS ARTICLE WAS KINDLY PROVIDED BY BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM, MAKERS OFSEMINTRA®:
REFERENCES
Brown SA, Brown CA, Jacobs G, Stiles J, Hendi RS, Wilson S. Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril in cats with induced renal insufficiency. _Am J Vet Res _2001; 62: 375–83. Elliott J, Rawlings JM, Markwell PJ and Barber PJ. Survival of cats with naturally occurring chronic renal failure: Effect of dietary management. _J Small Anim Pract _2000; 41: 235-242. Elliott J, Syme HM. Proteinuria in chronic kidney disease in cats — prognostic marker or therapeutic target? _J Vet Intern Med _2006; 20:1052–53.
King JN, Strehlau G, Wernsing J, Brown SA. Effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of benazepril in cats. _J Vet Pharmacol Ther _2002; 25: 371–78. King JN, Gunn-Moore DA, Tasker S, Gleadhill A, Stehlau G, BENRIC Study Group. Tolerability and efficacy of benazepril in cats with chronic kidney disease. _J Vet Intern Med _2006; 20: 1054–64. Mizutani H, Koyama H, Watanabe T, _et al. _Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of benazepril in the treatment of chronic renal insufficiency in cats. _J Vet Intern Med _2006; 20: 1074–79. *Not licensed for management of hypertension in cats This article was previously published in 2014 See the complete article Advertise VET Jobs for FREE PRACTICE WEBSITE DEAL GET THE VETBOSS DEAL _for a competitive edge on everyday products_ Get The VetBoss Deal for FREE CENTRIFUGE & Great Rates SAVE 20% JUST FOR VETBOSS MEMBERS GET THE VETBOSS DEAL _for a competitive edge on everyday products_HAPPY NEW YEAR
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