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6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION The “wavy root” syndrome, first described by Charles Darwin in The Power of Movement in Plants, is a good example of the integration of gravitropism, thigmotropism, and circumnutation signaling. When Arabidopsis seedlings are grown on an agar plate inclined at 60 degrees, the roots develop a wavy pattern due to these three signals(Web
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chloride. These leaves (Web Figure 5.1.J) have abnormal shapes, with distinct interveinal chlorosis.Plants require relatively high chlorine concentration in their tissues. Chlorine is very abundant in soils, and reaches high concentrations in saline areas, but PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358. Nitrogen is taken up as NO 3 – by roots and converted first into NO 2 –, and then to NH 4 +, and the amide nitrogen of glutamine. What are the main enzymatic steps of this assimilatory process? How much ATP is consumed, and in which steps PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Measuring Water Potential. Plant scientists have expended considerable effort in devising accurate and reliable methods for evaluating the water status of a plant. Four instruments that have been used extensively to measure Ψ , Ψs , and Ψp are described here: psychrometer, pressure chamber, cryoscopic osmometer, and pressureprobe.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 17.2 Rice Embryogenesis. Rice illustrates a distinct pattern of embryogenesis that is typical of many monocots (Web Figure 17.2.A).Like many plants, the patterns of division associated with embryogenesis in rice are more variable than those in Arabidopsis.Nevertheless, it is possible to describe embryogenesis in rice in terms of five morphologically defined developmental stages(Itoh et
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 10 Study Questions. Leaves of aquatic plants living under water are devoid of stomata. Leaves that float in water have stomata in the upper surface growing in contact with air, but lack them in the surfaces that are in contact with water. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Posttranslational insertion of protein. No consensus sequence. Outer membrane transporter – TOC159 and other polypeptides. Chloroplast. Cotranslational insertion in ER followed by transfer to chloroplast at adhesion sites. N-terminal hydrophobic domain for ER targeting, unknown domain for association with chloroplast (example: Carbonic PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The carboxysome is a unique microbody surrounded by a protein coat that contains most of the cellular rubisco and is distinct from the thylakoid membranes. At low levels of atmospheric CO 2, cyanobacteria accumulate inorganic carbon in the cytosol using HCO 3– and CO 2 pumps associated with plasma and thylakoid membranes, respectively. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITIONSEE MORE ON6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION The “wavy root” syndrome, first described by Charles Darwin in The Power of Movement in Plants, is a good example of the integration of gravitropism, thigmotropism, and circumnutation signaling. When Arabidopsis seedlings are grown on an agar plate inclined at 60 degrees, the roots develop a wavy pattern due to these three signals(Web
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chloride. These leaves (Web Figure 5.1.J) have abnormal shapes, with distinct interveinal chlorosis.Plants require relatively high chlorine concentration in their tissues. Chlorine is very abundant in soils, and reaches high concentrations in saline areas, but PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358. Nitrogen is taken up as NO 3 – by roots and converted first into NO 2 –, and then to NH 4 +, and the amide nitrogen of glutamine. What are the main enzymatic steps of this assimilatory process? How much ATP is consumed, and in which steps PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Measuring Water Potential. Plant scientists have expended considerable effort in devising accurate and reliable methods for evaluating the water status of a plant. Four instruments that have been used extensively to measure Ψ , Ψs , and Ψp are described here: psychrometer, pressure chamber, cryoscopic osmometer, and pressureprobe.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 17.2 Rice Embryogenesis. Rice illustrates a distinct pattern of embryogenesis that is typical of many monocots (Web Figure 17.2.A).Like many plants, the patterns of division associated with embryogenesis in rice are more variable than those in Arabidopsis.Nevertheless, it is possible to describe embryogenesis in rice in terms of five morphologically defined developmental stages(Itoh et
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 10 Study Questions. Leaves of aquatic plants living under water are devoid of stomata. Leaves that float in water have stomata in the upper surface growing in contact with air, but lack them in the surfaces that are in contact with water. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chloride. These leaves (Web Figure 5.1.J) have abnormal shapes, with distinct interveinal chlorosis.Plants require relatively high chlorine concentration in their tissues. Chlorine is very abundant in soils, and reaches high concentrations in saline areas, but PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 3. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 3.1 Calculating Capillary Rise; Topic 3.2 Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion; Topic 3.3 Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential; Topic 3.4 Temperature and Water Potential; Topic 3.5 Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells?; Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential; Topic 3.7 The Matric Potential PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION New Phytol. 173: 11–26. Burns, I. G. (1991) Short- and long-term effects of a change in the spatial distribution of nitrate in the root zone on N uptake, growth and root development of young lettuce plants. Plant Cell Environ. 14: 21–33. Clarkson, D. T. (1985) Factors PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION In our example, Jv has a value of 0.2 × 10 –6 m s –1. Note that Jv has the physical meaning of a velocity. We can calculate the flow rate in volumetric terms (m 3 s –1) by multiplying Jv by the surface area of the cell. The resulting value is the initial rate of watertransport. As
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Measuring Water Potential. Plant scientists have expended considerable effort in devising accurate and reliable methods for evaluating the water status of a plant. Four instruments that have been used extensively to measure Ψ , Ψs , and Ψp are described here: psychrometer, pressure chamber, cryoscopic osmometer, and pressureprobe.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The primary mechanism for cavitation in plants is air seeding (see textbook Chapter 4), reflecting the fact that the probability of the de novo formation of gas voids in water (either by homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation) is extremely low (Pickard 1983). In air seeding, air is sucked in through the cell wall, where it then“nucleates
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Define the following terms: mutualism, coevolution, commensalism, constitutive defense, and inducible defense. Compare and contrast the mechanisms of the symbiotic interactions between plants and nitrogen–fixing bacteria, plants and arbuscular mycorrhizae, and plants and rhizobacteria. Textbook Reference: Beneficial Interactionsbetween
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION A version of Poiseuille’s equation (see textbook Equation 4.2) can be used to estimate the pressure gradient (Δ Ψp /Δ x) needed to move water at this velocity (4 × 10 –3 m s –1) through a pipe of radius ( r) 40 µm. By dividing textbook Equation 4.2 by the cross-sectional area (π r2 ) of the xylem vessel, we find that therate of
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION In the range of 10 to 35°C, an increase in air temperature of 12°C doubles the water vapor concentration of saturated air. This is an important observation. If our leaf with a water potential of –1.0 MPa warms up abruptly from 20 to 32°C, the relative humidity in theleaf air
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Plant Physiology 120, 7–10. Konrad Wand Roth-Nebelsick A. (2005) The significance of pit shape for hydraulic isolation of embolized conduits of vascular plants during novel refilling. Journal of Biological Physics 31, 57–71. Marvin J W and Greene M T. (1951) Temperature-induced sap flow in PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 8.1 CO 2 Pumps. Oxygenic photosynthesis invariably utilizes rubisco as the core enzyme involved in the incorporation of inorganic carbon into the skeletons of organic compounds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION Topic 18.5 Thigmotropism, Gravitropism, and Circumnutation are Integrated Signals. When the radicle emerges from the seed coat, gravity may be the first force that it encounters, but the root will also encounter forces imposed by the soil. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITIONSEE MORE ON6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 3. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 3.1 Calculating Capillary Rise; Topic 3.2 Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion; Topic 3.3 Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential; Topic 3.4 Temperature and Water Potential; Topic 3.5 Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells?; Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential; Topic 3.7 The Matric Potential PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 9.3 The Geographic Distributions of C 3 and C 4 Plants. Among the 15,000+ species with C 4 photosynthesis, it is most common in grasses and sedges, less common in herbs and shrubs, and not found in trees (with a single Hawaiian tree exception, Euphorbia forbesii).Climate is a major factor influencing the natural distributions of C 3 plants and C 4 grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 13 Study Questions. What is the source of NH 4 + in plant cells? Explain how NH 4; + can be toxic to cells.; How is this toxicity avoided? Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Organelle. Function of signal. Protein signal sequence. Receptor for signal. ER . Cotranslational insertion of protein. N-terminal hydrophobic domain of 6-12 AA PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 20 Study Questions. Define the terms “floral evocation” and “phase change.” How is phase change regulated by microRNAs? Textbook Reference: Floral Evocation: Integrating Environmental Cues, p. 592; The Shoot Apex and Phase Changes, pp. 592–594 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 10 Study Questions. Leaves of aquatic plants living under water are devoid of stomata. Leaves that float in water have stomata in the upper surface growing in contact with air, but lack them in the surfaces that are in contact with water. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 8.1 CO 2 Pumps. Oxygenic photosynthesis invariably utilizes rubisco as the core enzyme involved in the incorporation of inorganic carbon into the skeletons of organic compounds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION Topic 18.5 Thigmotropism, Gravitropism, and Circumnutation are Integrated Signals. When the radicle emerges from the seed coat, gravity may be the first force that it encounters, but the root will also encounter forces imposed by the soil. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITIONSEE MORE ON6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 3. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 3.1 Calculating Capillary Rise; Topic 3.2 Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion; Topic 3.3 Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential; Topic 3.4 Temperature and Water Potential; Topic 3.5 Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells?; Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential; Topic 3.7 The Matric Potential PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 9.3 The Geographic Distributions of C 3 and C 4 Plants. Among the 15,000+ species with C 4 photosynthesis, it is most common in grasses and sedges, less common in herbs and shrubs, and not found in trees (with a single Hawaiian tree exception, Euphorbia forbesii).Climate is a major factor influencing the natural distributions of C 3 plants and C 4 grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 13 Study Questions. What is the source of NH 4 + in plant cells? Explain how NH 4; + can be toxic to cells.; How is this toxicity avoided? Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Organelle. Function of signal. Protein signal sequence. Receptor for signal. ER . Cotranslational insertion of protein. N-terminal hydrophobic domain of 6-12 AA PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 20 Study Questions. Define the terms “floral evocation” and “phase change.” How is phase change regulated by microRNAs? Textbook Reference: Floral Evocation: Integrating Environmental Cues, p. 592; The Shoot Apex and Phase Changes, pp. 592–594 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 10 Study Questions. Leaves of aquatic plants living under water are devoid of stomata. Leaves that float in water have stomata in the upper surface growing in contact with air, but lack them in the surfaces that are in contact with water. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 1.2 Plant Classification and Evolution. Since the time of Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.), biologists have sought to classify organisms. Many early classifications of plants, as in Historia Plantarum by Aristotle’s student Theophrastus (371–287 B.C.E.) and in De Materia Medica by Dioscorides (40–90 A.D.), sorted plants by name, size, where they were commonly found, and their PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 12. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 12.1 Isolation of Mitochondria; Topic 12.2 The Q Cycle Explains How Complex III Pumps Protons across the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane; Topic 12.3 Multiple Energy Conservation Bypasses in Oxidative Phosphorylation of Plant Mitochondria; Topic 12.4 FoF 1-ATP Synthases: The World’s Smallest Rotary Motors PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 4.4 Leaf Transpiration and Water Vapor Gradients. Transpiration from the leaf depends on two major factors: the difference in water vapor concentration between the leaf air spaces and the the external air and, the diffusional resisitance (r) of this pathway. This concept of transpiration is analogous to the flow of electrons in an electriccircuit.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 15 Study Questions. Signal transduction involves both signal perception and signal amplification. Discuss the roles of at least three types of second messengers during signal amplification inplants.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 11.1 Sieve Elements as the Transport Cells between Sources and Sinks Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Methods for demonstrating that sugar is transported in sieve elements PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Essay 4.5 Cavitation and Refilling James K. Wheeler and N. Michele Holbrook, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, HarvardUniversity
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential. Plant scientists have expended considerable effort in devising accurate and reliable methods for evaluating the water status of a plant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Essay 4.3 The Cohesion–Tension Theory at Work Pierre Cruiziat, PIAF-INRA-UBP, France, and Hanno Richter, University of AgriculturalSciences, Vienna
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 9.4 Calculating Important Parameters in Leaf Gas Exchange. Evaporation (E) can be defined using Fick’s law (see textbook Chapter 3): Web Equation 9.4.1 . where E is the evaporation rate; e i and e a are the partial pressures of water inside the leaf and in the ambient air, respectively; P is the atmospheric pressure; and r is the stomatal resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 8.1 CO 2 Pumps. Oxygenic photosynthesis invariably utilizes rubisco as the core enzyme involved in the incorporation of inorganic carbon into the skeletons of organic compounds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION Topic 18.5 Thigmotropism, Gravitropism, and Circumnutation are Integrated Signals. When the radicle emerges from the seed coat, gravity may be the first force that it encounters, but the root will also encounter forces imposed by the soil. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITIONSEE MORE ON6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 3. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 3.1 Calculating Capillary Rise; Topic 3.2 Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion; Topic 3.3 Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential; Topic 3.4 Temperature and Water Potential; Topic 3.5 Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells?; Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential; Topic 3.7 The Matric Potential PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 9.3 The Geographic Distributions of C 3 and C 4 Plants. Among the 15,000+ species with C 4 photosynthesis, it is most common in grasses and sedges, less common in herbs and shrubs, and not found in trees (with a single Hawaiian tree exception, Euphorbia forbesii).Climate is a major factor influencing the natural distributions of C 3 plants and C 4 grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 13 Study Questions. What is the source of NH 4 + in plant cells? Explain how NH 4; + can be toxic to cells.; How is this toxicity avoided? Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Organelle. Function of signal. Protein signal sequence. Receptor for signal. ER . Cotranslational insertion of protein. N-terminal hydrophobic domain of 6-12 AA PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 20 Study Questions. Define the terms “floral evocation” and “phase change.” How is phase change regulated by microRNAs? Textbook Reference: Floral Evocation: Integrating Environmental Cues, p. 592; The Shoot Apex and Phase Changes, pp. 592–594 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 10 Study Questions. Leaves of aquatic plants living under water are devoid of stomata. Leaves that float in water have stomata in the upper surface growing in contact with air, but lack them in the surfaces that are in contact with water. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 8.1 CO 2 Pumps. Oxygenic photosynthesis invariably utilizes rubisco as the core enzyme involved in the incorporation of inorganic carbon into the skeletons of organic compounds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION Topic 18.5 Thigmotropism, Gravitropism, and Circumnutation are Integrated Signals. When the radicle emerges from the seed coat, gravity may be the first force that it encounters, but the root will also encounter forces imposed by the soil. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITIONSEE MORE ON6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 3. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 3.1 Calculating Capillary Rise; Topic 3.2 Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion; Topic 3.3 Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential; Topic 3.4 Temperature and Water Potential; Topic 3.5 Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells?; Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential; Topic 3.7 The Matric Potential PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 9.3 The Geographic Distributions of C 3 and C 4 Plants. Among the 15,000+ species with C 4 photosynthesis, it is most common in grasses and sedges, less common in herbs and shrubs, and not found in trees (with a single Hawaiian tree exception, Euphorbia forbesii).Climate is a major factor influencing the natural distributions of C 3 plants and C 4 grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 13 Study Questions. What is the source of NH 4 + in plant cells? Explain how NH 4; + can be toxic to cells.; How is this toxicity avoided? Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Organelle. Function of signal. Protein signal sequence. Receptor for signal. ER . Cotranslational insertion of protein. N-terminal hydrophobic domain of 6-12 AA PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 20 Study Questions. Define the terms “floral evocation” and “phase change.” How is phase change regulated by microRNAs? Textbook Reference: Floral Evocation: Integrating Environmental Cues, p. 592; The Shoot Apex and Phase Changes, pp. 592–594 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 10 Study Questions. Leaves of aquatic plants living under water are devoid of stomata. Leaves that float in water have stomata in the upper surface growing in contact with air, but lack them in the surfaces that are in contact with water. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 1.2 Plant Classification and Evolution. Since the time of Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.), biologists have sought to classify organisms. Many early classifications of plants, as in Historia Plantarum by Aristotle’s student Theophrastus (371–287 B.C.E.) and in De Materia Medica by Dioscorides (40–90 A.D.), sorted plants by name, size, where they were commonly found, and their PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 12. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 12.1 Isolation of Mitochondria; Topic 12.2 The Q Cycle Explains How Complex III Pumps Protons across the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane; Topic 12.3 Multiple Energy Conservation Bypasses in Oxidative Phosphorylation of Plant Mitochondria; Topic 12.4 FoF 1-ATP Synthases: The World’s Smallest Rotary Motors PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 4.4 Leaf Transpiration and Water Vapor Gradients. Transpiration from the leaf depends on two major factors: the difference in water vapor concentration between the leaf air spaces and the the external air and, the diffusional resisitance (r) of this pathway. This concept of transpiration is analogous to the flow of electrons in an electriccircuit.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 15 Study Questions. Signal transduction involves both signal perception and signal amplification. Discuss the roles of at least three types of second messengers during signal amplification inplants.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 11.1 Sieve Elements as the Transport Cells between Sources and Sinks Susan Dunford, University of Cincinnati Methods for demonstrating that sugar is transported in sieve elements PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Essay 4.5 Cavitation and Refilling James K. Wheeler and N. Michele Holbrook, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, HarvardUniversity
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential. Plant scientists have expended considerable effort in devising accurate and reliable methods for evaluating the water status of a plant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Essay 4.3 The Cohesion–Tension Theory at Work Pierre Cruiziat, PIAF-INRA-UBP, France, and Hanno Richter, University of AgriculturalSciences, Vienna
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 9.4 Calculating Important Parameters in Leaf Gas Exchange. Evaporation (E) can be defined using Fick’s law (see textbook Chapter 3): Web Equation 9.4.1 . where E is the evaporation rate; e i and e a are the partial pressures of water inside the leaf and in the ambient air, respectively; P is the atmospheric pressure; and r is the stomatal resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The carboxysome is a unique microbody surrounded by a protein coat that contains most of the cellular rubisco and is distinct from the thylakoid membranes. At low levels of atmospheric CO 2, cyanobacteria accumulate inorganic carbon in the cytosol using HCO 3– and CO 2 pumps associated with plasma and thylakoid membranes, respectively. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 3. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 3.1 Calculating Capillary Rise; Topic 3.2 Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion; Topic 3.3 Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential; Topic 3.4 Temperature and Water Potential; Topic 3.5 Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells?; Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential; Topic 3.7 The Matric Potential PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Posttranslational insertion of protein. No consensus sequence. Outer membrane transporter – TOC159 and other polypeptides. Chloroplast. Cotranslational insertion in ER followed by transfer to chloroplast at adhesion sites. N-terminal hydrophobic domain for ER targeting, unknown domain for association with chloroplast (example: Carbonic PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Define “vernalization” and discuss the role of epigenetic changes in gene expression. Textbook Reference: Vernalization: Promoting Flowering with Cold, pp. 605–608. Discuss how grafting studies led to the hypothesis of a phloem-transmissible floral stimulus called “florigen.”. Discuss the mechanism of action of florigen instimulating
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION The “wavy root” syndrome, first described by Charles Darwin in The Power of Movement in Plants, is a good example of the integration of gravitropism, thigmotropism, and circumnutation signaling. When Arabidopsis seedlings are grown on an agar plate inclined at 60 degrees, the roots develop a wavy pattern due to these three signals(Web
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITIONSEE MORE ON6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358. Nitrogen is taken up as NO 3 – by roots and converted first into NO 2 –, and then to NH 4 +, and the amide nitrogen of glutamine. What are the main enzymatic steps of this assimilatory process? How much ATP is consumed, and in which steps PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 10 Study Questions. Leaves of aquatic plants living under water are devoid of stomata. Leaves that float in water have stomata in the upper surface growing in contact with air, but lack them in the surfaces that are in contact with water. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION May, 2006. The cohesion-tension theory (CTT) has been advanced to explain the ascent of sap in plants, and especially, in trees. It relies on the physical properties of water, on mechanisms of liquid transport, and on the anatomical features of the xylem, the sap conducting system (see textbook Chapter 4). The CTT embodies the workof several
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The carboxysome is a unique microbody surrounded by a protein coat that contains most of the cellular rubisco and is distinct from the thylakoid membranes. At low levels of atmospheric CO 2, cyanobacteria accumulate inorganic carbon in the cytosol using HCO 3– and CO 2 pumps associated with plasma and thylakoid membranes, respectively. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 3. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 3.1 Calculating Capillary Rise; Topic 3.2 Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion; Topic 3.3 Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential; Topic 3.4 Temperature and Water Potential; Topic 3.5 Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells?; Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential; Topic 3.7 The Matric Potential PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Posttranslational insertion of protein. No consensus sequence. Outer membrane transporter – TOC159 and other polypeptides. Chloroplast. Cotranslational insertion in ER followed by transfer to chloroplast at adhesion sites. N-terminal hydrophobic domain for ER targeting, unknown domain for association with chloroplast (example: Carbonic PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Define “vernalization” and discuss the role of epigenetic changes in gene expression. Textbook Reference: Vernalization: Promoting Flowering with Cold, pp. 605–608. Discuss how grafting studies led to the hypothesis of a phloem-transmissible floral stimulus called “florigen.”. Discuss the mechanism of action of florigen instimulating
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION The “wavy root” syndrome, first described by Charles Darwin in The Power of Movement in Plants, is a good example of the integration of gravitropism, thigmotropism, and circumnutation signaling. When Arabidopsis seedlings are grown on an agar plate inclined at 60 degrees, the roots develop a wavy pattern due to these three signals(Web
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITIONSEE MORE ON6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358. Nitrogen is taken up as NO 3 – by roots and converted first into NO 2 –, and then to NH 4 +, and the amide nitrogen of glutamine. What are the main enzymatic steps of this assimilatory process? How much ATP is consumed, and in which steps PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 10 Study Questions. Leaves of aquatic plants living under water are devoid of stomata. Leaves that float in water have stomata in the upper surface growing in contact with air, but lack them in the surfaces that are in contact with water. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION May, 2006. The cohesion-tension theory (CTT) has been advanced to explain the ascent of sap in plants, and especially, in trees. It relies on the physical properties of water, on mechanisms of liquid transport, and on the anatomical features of the xylem, the sap conducting system (see textbook Chapter 4). The CTT embodies the workof several
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Vacuoles are the end-point for plant storage and, hence, the organelle that contains the proteins in seeds for human nutrition. As can be seen in Web Table 1.8.A, some of these “protein bodies,” or seed protein storage vacuoles, arise directly from the ER, while others arise from the Golgi. Vacuoles are also the site of sucrose storage in PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION In our example, Jv has a value of 0.2 × 10 –6 m s –1. Note that Jv has the physical meaning of a velocity. We can calculate the flow rate in volumetric terms (m 3 s –1) by multiplying Jv by the surface area of the cell. The resulting value is the initial rate of watertransport. As
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION A heterogeneous group of eukaryotes called protists branch off the lineage leading to plants, fungi, and animals. The common ancestor of fungi and animals form a branch, followed by a divergence into the fungal and animal lineages. The common ancestor of plants, green algae, red algae, and glaucophytes acquires chloroplast endosymbiont(a
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION In the range of 10 to 35°C, an increase in air temperature of 12°C doubles the water vapor concentration of saturated air. This is an important observation. If our leaf with a water potential of –1.0 MPa warms up abruptly from 20 to 32°C, the relative humidity in theleaf air
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Petals have the primary function of attracting insects to serve as pollinators, accounting for their often showy and brightly-colored appearance. The stamen is the male sexual structure, and the pistil is the female sexual structure. The stamen consists of a narrow stalk called the filament and a chambered structure called the anther. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Measuring Water Potential. Plant scientists have expended considerable effort in devising accurate and reliable methods for evaluating the water status of a plant. Four instruments that have been used extensively to measure Ψ , Ψs , and Ψp are described here: psychrometer, pressure chamber, cryoscopic osmometer, and pressureprobe.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The primary mechanism for cavitation in plants is air seeding (see textbook Chapter 4), reflecting the fact that the probability of the de novo formation of gas voids in water (either by homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation) is extremely low (Pickard 1983). In air seeding, air is sucked in through the cell wall, where it then“nucleates
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Plant Physiology 120, 7–10. Konrad Wand Roth-Nebelsick A. (2005) The significance of pit shape for hydraulic isolation of embolized conduits of vascular plants during novel refilling. Journal of Biological Physics 31, 57–71. Marvin J W and Greene M T. (1951) Temperature-induced sap flow in PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Sugars accumulate above the girdle—that is, on the side toward the leaves—and are depleted below the treated region. Web Figure 11.1.A Tree trunk immediately after girdling (left) and later (right). Girdling is the removal of the bark of a tree in a ring around the trunk. At right, materials translocated from the leaves haveaccumulated in
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION May, 2006. The cohesion-tension theory (CTT) has been advanced to explain the ascent of sap in plants, and especially, in trees. It relies on the physical properties of water, on mechanisms of liquid transport, and on the anatomical features of the xylem, the sap conducting system (see textbook Chapter 4). The CTT embodies the workof several
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The carboxysome is a unique microbody surrounded by a protein coat that contains most of the cellular rubisco and is distinct from the thylakoid membranes. At low levels of atmospheric CO 2, cyanobacteria accumulate inorganic carbon in the cytosol using HCO 3– and CO 2 pumps associated with plasma and thylakoid membranes, respectively. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 3. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 3.1 Calculating Capillary Rise; Topic 3.2 Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion; Topic 3.3 Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential; Topic 3.4 Temperature and Water Potential; Topic 3.5 Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells?; Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential; Topic 3.7 The Matric Potential PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Posttranslational insertion of protein. No consensus sequence. Outer membrane transporter – TOC159 and other polypeptides. Chloroplast. Cotranslational insertion in ER followed by transfer to chloroplast at adhesion sites. N-terminal hydrophobic domain for ER targeting, unknown domain for association with chloroplast (example: Carbonic PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Define “vernalization” and discuss the role of epigenetic changes in gene expression. Textbook Reference: Vernalization: Promoting Flowering with Cold, pp. 605–608. Discuss how grafting studies led to the hypothesis of a phloem-transmissible floral stimulus called “florigen.”. Discuss the mechanism of action of florigen instimulating
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION The “wavy root” syndrome, first described by Charles Darwin in The Power of Movement in Plants, is a good example of the integration of gravitropism, thigmotropism, and circumnutation signaling. When Arabidopsis seedlings are grown on an agar plate inclined at 60 degrees, the roots develop a wavy pattern due to these three signals(Web
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITIONSEE MORE ON6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358. Nitrogen is taken up as NO 3 – by roots and converted first into NO 2 –, and then to NH 4 +, and the amide nitrogen of glutamine. What are the main enzymatic steps of this assimilatory process? How much ATP is consumed, and in which steps PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 10 Study Questions. Leaves of aquatic plants living under water are devoid of stomata. Leaves that float in water have stomata in the upper surface growing in contact with air, but lack them in the surfaces that are in contact with water. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION May, 2006. The cohesion-tension theory (CTT) has been advanced to explain the ascent of sap in plants, and especially, in trees. It relies on the physical properties of water, on mechanisms of liquid transport, and on the anatomical features of the xylem, the sap conducting system (see textbook Chapter 4). The CTT embodies the workof several
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The carboxysome is a unique microbody surrounded by a protein coat that contains most of the cellular rubisco and is distinct from the thylakoid membranes. At low levels of atmospheric CO 2, cyanobacteria accumulate inorganic carbon in the cytosol using HCO 3– and CO 2 pumps associated with plasma and thylakoid membranes, respectively. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 3. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 3.1 Calculating Capillary Rise; Topic 3.2 Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion; Topic 3.3 Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential; Topic 3.4 Temperature and Water Potential; Topic 3.5 Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells?; Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential; Topic 3.7 The Matric Potential PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Posttranslational insertion of protein. No consensus sequence. Outer membrane transporter – TOC159 and other polypeptides. Chloroplast. Cotranslational insertion in ER followed by transfer to chloroplast at adhesion sites. N-terminal hydrophobic domain for ER targeting, unknown domain for association with chloroplast (example: Carbonic PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Define “vernalization” and discuss the role of epigenetic changes in gene expression. Textbook Reference: Vernalization: Promoting Flowering with Cold, pp. 605–608. Discuss how grafting studies led to the hypothesis of a phloem-transmissible floral stimulus called “florigen.”. Discuss the mechanism of action of florigen instimulating
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION The “wavy root” syndrome, first described by Charles Darwin in The Power of Movement in Plants, is a good example of the integration of gravitropism, thigmotropism, and circumnutation signaling. When Arabidopsis seedlings are grown on an agar plate inclined at 60 degrees, the roots develop a wavy pattern due to these three signals(Web
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITIONSEE MORE ON6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358. Nitrogen is taken up as NO 3 – by roots and converted first into NO 2 –, and then to NH 4 +, and the amide nitrogen of glutamine. What are the main enzymatic steps of this assimilatory process? How much ATP is consumed, and in which steps PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 10 Study Questions. Leaves of aquatic plants living under water are devoid of stomata. Leaves that float in water have stomata in the upper surface growing in contact with air, but lack them in the surfaces that are in contact with water. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION May, 2006. The cohesion-tension theory (CTT) has been advanced to explain the ascent of sap in plants, and especially, in trees. It relies on the physical properties of water, on mechanisms of liquid transport, and on the anatomical features of the xylem, the sap conducting system (see textbook Chapter 4). The CTT embodies the workof several
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Vacuoles are the end-point for plant storage and, hence, the organelle that contains the proteins in seeds for human nutrition. As can be seen in Web Table 1.8.A, some of these “protein bodies,” or seed protein storage vacuoles, arise directly from the ER, while others arise from the Golgi. Vacuoles are also the site of sucrose storage in PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION In our example, Jv has a value of 0.2 × 10 –6 m s –1. Note that Jv has the physical meaning of a velocity. We can calculate the flow rate in volumetric terms (m 3 s –1) by multiplying Jv by the surface area of the cell. The resulting value is the initial rate of watertransport. As
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION A heterogeneous group of eukaryotes called protists branch off the lineage leading to plants, fungi, and animals. The common ancestor of fungi and animals form a branch, followed by a divergence into the fungal and animal lineages. The common ancestor of plants, green algae, red algae, and glaucophytes acquires chloroplast endosymbiont(a
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION In the range of 10 to 35°C, an increase in air temperature of 12°C doubles the water vapor concentration of saturated air. This is an important observation. If our leaf with a water potential of –1.0 MPa warms up abruptly from 20 to 32°C, the relative humidity in theleaf air
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Petals have the primary function of attracting insects to serve as pollinators, accounting for their often showy and brightly-colored appearance. The stamen is the male sexual structure, and the pistil is the female sexual structure. The stamen consists of a narrow stalk called the filament and a chambered structure called the anther. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Measuring Water Potential. Plant scientists have expended considerable effort in devising accurate and reliable methods for evaluating the water status of a plant. Four instruments that have been used extensively to measure Ψ , Ψs , and Ψp are described here: psychrometer, pressure chamber, cryoscopic osmometer, and pressureprobe.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The primary mechanism for cavitation in plants is air seeding (see textbook Chapter 4), reflecting the fact that the probability of the de novo formation of gas voids in water (either by homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation) is extremely low (Pickard 1983). In air seeding, air is sucked in through the cell wall, where it then“nucleates
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Plant Physiology 120, 7–10. Konrad Wand Roth-Nebelsick A. (2005) The significance of pit shape for hydraulic isolation of embolized conduits of vascular plants during novel refilling. Journal of Biological Physics 31, 57–71. Marvin J W and Greene M T. (1951) Temperature-induced sap flow in PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Sugars accumulate above the girdle—that is, on the side toward the leaves—and are depleted below the treated region. Web Figure 11.1.A Tree trunk immediately after girdling (left) and later (right). Girdling is the removal of the bark of a tree in a ring around the trunk. At right, materials translocated from the leaves haveaccumulated in
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION May, 2006. The cohesion-tension theory (CTT) has been advanced to explain the ascent of sap in plants, and especially, in trees. It relies on the physical properties of water, on mechanisms of liquid transport, and on the anatomical features of the xylem, the sap conducting system (see textbook Chapter 4). The CTT embodies the workof several
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Posttranslational insertion of protein. No consensus sequence. Outer membrane transporter – TOC159 and other polypeptides. Chloroplast. Cotranslational insertion in ER followed by transfer to chloroplast at adhesion sites. N-terminal hydrophobic domain for ER targeting, unknown domain for association with chloroplast (example: Carbonic PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The carboxysome is a unique microbody surrounded by a protein coat that contains most of the cellular rubisco and is distinct from the thylakoid membranes. At low levels of atmospheric CO 2, cyanobacteria accumulate inorganic carbon in the cytosol using HCO 3– and CO 2 pumps associated with plasma and thylakoid membranes, respectively. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITIONSEE MORE ON6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION The “wavy root” syndrome, first described by Charles Darwin in The Power of Movement in Plants, is a good example of the integration of gravitropism, thigmotropism, and circumnutation signaling. When Arabidopsis seedlings are grown on an agar plate inclined at 60 degrees, the roots develop a wavy pattern due to these three signals(Web
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358. Nitrogen is taken up as NO 3 – by roots and converted first into NO 2 –, and then to NH 4 +, and the amide nitrogen of glutamine. What are the main enzymatic steps of this assimilatory process? How much ATP is consumed, and in which steps PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The primary mechanism for cavitation in plants is air seeding (see textbook Chapter 4), reflecting the fact that the probability of the de novo formation of gas voids in water (either by homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation) is extremely low (Pickard 1983). In air seeding, air is sucked in through the cell wall, where it then“nucleates
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 17.2 Rice Embryogenesis. Rice illustrates a distinct pattern of embryogenesis that is typical of many monocots (Web Figure 17.2.A).Like many plants, the patterns of division associated with embryogenesis in rice are more variable than those in Arabidopsis.Nevertheless, it is possible to describe embryogenesis in rice in terms of five morphologically defined developmental stages(Itoh et
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Measuring Water Potential. Plant scientists have expended considerable effort in devising accurate and reliable methods for evaluating the water status of a plant. Four instruments that have been used extensively to measure Ψ , Ψs , and Ψp are described here: psychrometer, pressure chamber, cryoscopic osmometer, and pressureprobe.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION In the range of 10 to 35°C, an increase in air temperature of 12°C doubles the water vapor concentration of saturated air. This is an important observation. If our leaf with a water potential of –1.0 MPa warms up abruptly from 20 to 32°C, the relative humidity in theleaf air
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION This website is a companion to the textbook Plant Physiology and Development, Sixth Edition by Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy, published by Sinauer Associates.. For each chapter of the textbook, the site includes Web Topics and Web Essays that expand on the book’s coverage, Study Questions for self-review, and chapter References. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Posttranslational insertion of protein. No consensus sequence. Outer membrane transporter – TOC159 and other polypeptides. Chloroplast. Cotranslational insertion in ER followed by transfer to chloroplast at adhesion sites. N-terminal hydrophobic domain for ER targeting, unknown domain for association with chloroplast (example: Carbonic PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The carboxysome is a unique microbody surrounded by a protein coat that contains most of the cellular rubisco and is distinct from the thylakoid membranes. At low levels of atmospheric CO 2, cyanobacteria accumulate inorganic carbon in the cytosol using HCO 3– and CO 2 pumps associated with plasma and thylakoid membranes, respectively. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITIONSEE MORE ON6E.PLANTPHYS.NET
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, SIXTH EDITION The “wavy root” syndrome, first described by Charles Darwin in The Power of Movement in Plants, is a good example of the integration of gravitropism, thigmotropism, and circumnutation signaling. When Arabidopsis seedlings are grown on an agar plate inclined at 60 degrees, the roots develop a wavy pattern due to these three signals(Web
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Textbook Reference: Nitrogen in the Environment, pp. 355–356; Ammonium Assimilation, p. 358. Nitrogen is taken up as NO 3 – by roots and converted first into NO 2 –, and then to NH 4 +, and the amide nitrogen of glutamine. What are the main enzymatic steps of this assimilatory process? How much ATP is consumed, and in which steps PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The primary mechanism for cavitation in plants is air seeding (see textbook Chapter 4), reflecting the fact that the probability of the de novo formation of gas voids in water (either by homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation) is extremely low (Pickard 1983). In air seeding, air is sucked in through the cell wall, where it then“nucleates
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 17.2 Rice Embryogenesis. Rice illustrates a distinct pattern of embryogenesis that is typical of many monocots (Web Figure 17.2.A).Like many plants, the patterns of division associated with embryogenesis in rice are more variable than those in Arabidopsis.Nevertheless, it is possible to describe embryogenesis in rice in terms of five morphologically defined developmental stages(Itoh et
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Measuring Water Potential. Plant scientists have expended considerable effort in devising accurate and reliable methods for evaluating the water status of a plant. Four instruments that have been used extensively to measure Ψ , Ψs , and Ψp are described here: psychrometer, pressure chamber, cryoscopic osmometer, and pressureprobe.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION In the range of 10 to 35°C, an increase in air temperature of 12°C doubles the water vapor concentration of saturated air. This is an important observation. If our leaf with a water potential of –1.0 MPa warms up abruptly from 20 to 32°C, the relative humidity in theleaf air
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION In our example, Jv has a value of 0.2 × 10 –6 m s –1. Note that Jv has the physical meaning of a velocity. We can calculate the flow rate in volumetric terms (m 3 s –1) by multiplying Jv by the surface area of the cell. The resulting value is the initial rate of watertransport. As
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Define “vernalization” and discuss the role of epigenetic changes in gene expression. Textbook Reference: Vernalization: Promoting Flowering with Cold, pp. 605–608. Discuss how grafting studies led to the hypothesis of a phloem-transmissible floral stimulus called “florigen.”. Discuss the mechanism of action of florigen instimulating
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Chapter 3. A list of all content for this chapter is below. Topics. Topic 3.1 Calculating Capillary Rise; Topic 3.2 Calculating Half-Times of Diffusion; Topic 3.3 Alternative Conventions for Components of Water Potential; Topic 3.4 Temperature and Water Potential; Topic 3.5 Can Negative Turgor Pressures Exist in Living Cells?; Topic 3.6 Measuring Water Potential; Topic 3.7 The Matric Potential PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Vacuoles are the end-point for plant storage and, hence, the organelle that contains the proteins in seeds for human nutrition. As can be seen in Web Table 1.8.A, some of these “protein bodies,” or seed protein storage vacuoles, arise directly from the ER, while others arise from the Golgi. Vacuoles are also the site of sucrose storage in PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION The primary mechanism for cavitation in plants is air seeding (see textbook Chapter 4), reflecting the fact that the probability of the de novo formation of gas voids in water (either by homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation) is extremely low (Pickard 1983). In air seeding, air is sucked in through the cell wall, where it then“nucleates
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION A version of Poiseuille’s equation (see textbook Equation 4.2) can be used to estimate the pressure gradient (Δ Ψp /Δ x) needed to move water at this velocity (4 × 10 –3 m s –1) through a pipe of radius ( r) 40 µm. By dividing textbook Equation 4.2 by the cross-sectional area (π r2 ) of the xylem vessel, we find that therate of
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Measuring Water Potential. Plant scientists have expended considerable effort in devising accurate and reliable methods for evaluating the water status of a plant. Four instruments that have been used extensively to measure Ψ , Ψs , and Ψp are described here: psychrometer, pressure chamber, cryoscopic osmometer, and pressureprobe.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION In the range of 10 to 35°C, an increase in air temperature of 12°C doubles the water vapor concentration of saturated air. This is an important observation. If our leaf with a water potential of –1.0 MPa warms up abruptly from 20 to 32°C, the relative humidity in theleaf air
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION Topic 17.2 Rice Embryogenesis. Rice illustrates a distinct pattern of embryogenesis that is typical of many monocots (Web Figure 17.2.A).Like many plants, the patterns of division associated with embryogenesis in rice are more variable than those in Arabidopsis.Nevertheless, it is possible to describe embryogenesis in rice in terms of five morphologically defined developmental stages(Itoh et
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT, SIXTH EDITION May, 2006. The cohesion-tension theory (CTT) has been advanced to explain the ascent of sap in plants, and especially, in trees. It relies on the physical properties of water, on mechanisms of liquid transport, and on the anatomical features of the xylem, the sap conducting system (see textbook Chapter 4). The CTT embodies the workof several
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