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MULTICS
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. The system became a commercial product sold by Honeywell to education, government, andindustry.
HOME TERMINALS
Story: forty years of logging in from home. I got my first home terminal in 1967, when I was working on Multics at Project MAC. It was an IBM 2741, the standard machine for the programming staff.Like the 1050, the 2741 had a Selectric mechanism built into a desk, but one smaller than the 1050's, and with a slimmer electronics box and fewerswitches.
MULTICS SIMULATORSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG MULTICS HISTORY PROJECT Olin Sibert. The Multics History Project (MHP) was begun in June 2004 by Olin Sibert and Roger Roach.Roger Roach worked on CTSS, then Multics, eventually as MULTICS SITE HISTORY: AFDSCSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORGREDUCTION COMPILER
Gary Dixon Introduction. This note describes the history of the Multics reduction compiler. Compiler Terminology. The Backus-Naur Form (BNF) is a method for expressing the constructs of a programminglanguage.
THE FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM The vowels indicate the type of statements: A - Universal affirmative E - Universal negative I - Particular affirmative O - Particular negative Conversions of II, III, IV to corresponding I: BORGES' ENCYCLOPEDIA In "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins," Borges describes 'a certain Chinese Encyclopedia,' the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, in which it is written that animals are divided into: . those that belong to the Emperor, embalmed ones, those that are trained, suckling pigs, mermaids, fabulous ones, stray dogs, HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH AFFINITY PHOTOSEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH PHOTOSHOPSEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
MULTICS
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. The system became a commercial product sold by Honeywell to education, government, andindustry.
HOME TERMINALS
Story: forty years of logging in from home. I got my first home terminal in 1967, when I was working on Multics at Project MAC. It was an IBM 2741, the standard machine for the programming staff.Like the 1050, the 2741 had a Selectric mechanism built into a desk, but one smaller than the 1050's, and with a slimmer electronics box and fewerswitches.
MULTICS SIMULATORSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG MULTICS HISTORY PROJECT Olin Sibert. The Multics History Project (MHP) was begun in June 2004 by Olin Sibert and Roger Roach.Roger Roach worked on CTSS, then Multics, eventually as MULTICS SITE HISTORY: AFDSCSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORGREDUCTION COMPILER
Gary Dixon Introduction. This note describes the history of the Multics reduction compiler. Compiler Terminology. The Backus-Naur Form (BNF) is a method for expressing the constructs of a programminglanguage.
THE FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM The vowels indicate the type of statements: A - Universal affirmative E - Universal negative I - Particular affirmative O - Particular negative Conversions of II, III, IV to corresponding I: BORGES' ENCYCLOPEDIA In "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins," Borges describes 'a certain Chinese Encyclopedia,' the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, in which it is written that animals are divided into: . those that belong to the Emperor, embalmed ones, those that are trained, suckling pigs, mermaids, fabulous ones, stray dogs, HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH AFFINITY PHOTOSEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH PHOTOSHOPSEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
MULTICS
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. The system became a commercial product sold by Honeywell to education, government, andindustry.
REDUCTION COMPILER
Gary Dixon Introduction. This note describes the history of the Multics reduction compiler. Compiler Terminology. The Backus-Naur Form (BNF) is a method for expressing the constructs of a programminglanguage.
PICTURES OF MULTICIANS Tom Van Vleck. Here are 115 photos of Multicians over the years, mostly by me. (There is room for your photos too: send mail.) Photos are grouped by where people worked, and within those groups by year the picture was taken.SOME MULTICS SOURCE
Index to the Complete Source of Multics (2007) A complete copy of the source code of Multics is now available at MIT, thanks to Bull. An index to these source files is available on this site. (05/23/01, 444K). This index shows all 5877 source files from Multics release MR12.5.
THE MULTICS PL/1 COMPILER by R. A. FREIBURGHOUSE General Electric Company Cambridge, Massachusetts. INTRODUCTION. The Multics PL/1 compiler is in many respects a "second generation" PL/1 compiler. It was built at a time when the language was considerably more stable and well defined than it had been when the first compilers were built . A HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE FOR IMPLEMENTING PROTECTION RINGS Protection of computations and information is an important aspect of a computer utility. In a system which uses segmentation as a memory addressing scheme, protection can be achieved in part by associating concentric rings of decreasing access privilege with a computation. VIRTUAL MEMORY, PROCESSES, AND SHARING IN MULTICS A process may make effective reference to a word by means of its generalized address when the word has an assigned location in main memory. Together with supervisor software, these mechanisms make reference by generalized address effective regard less of where the word might reside in the storage hierarchy by placing it in mainmemory when needed.
BORGES' ENCYCLOPEDIA In "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins," Borges describes 'a certain Chinese Encyclopedia,' the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, in which it is written that animals are divided into: . those that belong to the Emperor, embalmed ones, those that are trained, suckling pigs, mermaids, fabulous ones, stray dogs, THE FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM The vowels indicate the type of statements: A - Universal affirmative E - Universal negative I - Particular affirmative O - Particular negative Conversions of II, III, IV to corresponding I: SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROVERBS I am a design chauvinist. I believe that good design is magical and not to be lightly tinkered with. The difference between a great design and a lousy one is in the meshing of the thousand details that either fit or don't, and the spirit of the passionate intellect that has tied them together, or tried.MULTICS
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. The system became a commercial product sold by Honeywell to education, government, andindustry.
MULTICS SIMULATORSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORGHOME TERMINALS
Story: forty years of logging in from home. I got my first home terminal in 1967, when I was working on Multics at Project MAC. It was an IBM 2741, the standard machine for the programming staff.Like the 1050, the 2741 had a Selectric mechanism built into a desk, but one smaller than the 1050's, and with a slimmer electronics box and fewerswitches.
MULTICS HISTORY PROJECT The Multics History Project (MHP) was begun in June 2004 by Olin Sibert and Roger Roach . Roger Roach worked on CTSS, then Multics, eventually as MIT's IS director, and retired in 2005. Olin Sibert worked on Multics (initially for Roger, then at Honeywell CISL, then independently). At the Multics Reunion (June 2004), we decided to try MULTICS SITE HISTORY: AFDSCSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG THE FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM The Figures of the Syllogism. As described by Petrus Hispanius. Daniel Seely Gregory's "Practical logic: or, The art of thinking" (1881) says: "The initial consonant, B, C, D or F, in the last three Figures indicates the mood in the first Figure to which the syllogism reduces.Thus, a
MULTICS IN PHOENIXSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH AFFINITY PHOTOSEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROVERBS Minimize total cost, not initial price of supplies. Improve constantly the system of production and service. Institute training on the job. Institute leadership. Drive out fear. Break down barriers between departments. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and numerical targets. Eliminate work standards (quotas) and management by objective. BORGES' ENCYCLOPEDIA In "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins," Borges describes 'a certain Chinese Encyclopedia,' the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, in which it is written that animals are divided into: . those that belong to the Emperor, embalmed ones, those that are trained, suckling pigs, mermaids, fabulous ones, stray dogs,MULTICS
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. The system became a commercial product sold by Honeywell to education, government, andindustry.
MULTICS SIMULATORSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORGHOME TERMINALS
Story: forty years of logging in from home. I got my first home terminal in 1967, when I was working on Multics at Project MAC. It was an IBM 2741, the standard machine for the programming staff.Like the 1050, the 2741 had a Selectric mechanism built into a desk, but one smaller than the 1050's, and with a slimmer electronics box and fewerswitches.
MULTICS HISTORY PROJECT The Multics History Project (MHP) was begun in June 2004 by Olin Sibert and Roger Roach . Roger Roach worked on CTSS, then Multics, eventually as MIT's IS director, and retired in 2005. Olin Sibert worked on Multics (initially for Roger, then at Honeywell CISL, then independently). At the Multics Reunion (June 2004), we decided to try MULTICS SITE HISTORY: AFDSCSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG THE FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM The Figures of the Syllogism. As described by Petrus Hispanius. Daniel Seely Gregory's "Practical logic: or, The art of thinking" (1881) says: "The initial consonant, B, C, D or F, in the last three Figures indicates the mood in the first Figure to which the syllogism reduces.Thus, a
MULTICS IN PHOENIXSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH AFFINITY PHOTOSEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROVERBS Minimize total cost, not initial price of supplies. Improve constantly the system of production and service. Institute training on the job. Institute leadership. Drive out fear. Break down barriers between departments. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and numerical targets. Eliminate work standards (quotas) and management by objective. BORGES' ENCYCLOPEDIA In "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins," Borges describes 'a certain Chinese Encyclopedia,' the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, in which it is written that animals are divided into: . those that belong to the Emperor, embalmed ones, those that are trained, suckling pigs, mermaids, fabulous ones, stray dogs,MULTICS
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. The system became a commercial product sold by Honeywell to education, government, andindustry.
PICTURES OF MULTICIANS Tech Square (4) 1963-1983, including 1968 CISL group photo. Visiting CISL (3) 1974 group photo. Rome Air Development Center (7) 1970s. Bull Systeme X (7) 1982-87. Pictures of CNO Multicians (19) 1981. Ring Zero and the Null Pointers (2) 1987, 2013. Julie Jackson's Multics Bio (7) 1977. The User Ring Newsletter (1) 1986 group photo at Henry FordCOMMANDS - MULTICS
(Links are to the Multics Glossary.) Here is a list of 314 Multics Standard Service System commands and active functions, from Multics Pocket Guide: Commands and Active Functions, Order No. AW17, April 1980, as of MR8.0.. Al Kossow has posted a scan of the entire Multics Programmer's Manual: Commands and Active Functions, AG92, (861 pages)as a 39MB pdf file.
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROVERBS Minimize total cost, not initial price of supplies. Improve constantly the system of production and service. Institute training on the job. Institute leadership. Drive out fear. Break down barriers between departments. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and numerical targets. Eliminate work standards (quotas) and management by objective. THE MULTICS PL/1 COMPILER The Multics PL/1 compiler was built and de-bugged by four experienced system programmers in 18 months. All program preparation was done on-line using the CTSS time-sharing System at MIT, Most de-bugging was done in a batch mode on the GE645, but final de-bugging was done on-line using Multics. The extremely short development time of 18months
VIRTUAL MEMORY, PROCESSES, AND SHARING IN MULTICS Processes are run on a processor of the Multics system at the discretion of the traffic controller module of the Multics supervisor. The virtual memory (or address space) of a Multics process is an ordered set of as many as 2 14 segments each consisting of as many as 2 18 36-bit words. The arguments for providing a generous addressspace having
TIMING CHANNELS
Tom Van Vleck. About 1976, I was explaining Multics security to a colleague at Honeywell. (This was before it got the B2 rating, but the mandatory access control mechanism was present.) I explained the difference between storage channels and timing channels, and said that timing channels weren't important because they were so slow, noisy, and easily clogged, that you couldn't send a signal PROJECT MAC 25TH ANNIVERSARY Tom Van Vleck. The MIT Laboratory for Computer Science (which began life as MIT Project MAC) had a 25th anniversary celebration in Cambridge, Mass in October, 1988.These are my notes. Party at Mullens' Bob and Alice Mullen had a party before the event, attended by Melanie & Jim Weaver, André Bensoussan, Ron Webber & wife, Jerry & Ellie Stern, Bernie Greenberg, John Gintell & Robert Coren BORGES' ENCYCLOPEDIA In "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins," Borges describes 'a certain Chinese Encyclopedia,' the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, in which it is written that animals are divided into: . those that belong to the Emperor, embalmed ones, those that are trained, suckling pigs, mermaids, fabulous ones, stray dogs, CALENDAR IN JAVASCRIPT Calendar in JavaScript. cal.js is a Javascript program that can be called from a web page to return a calendar for one month, formatted as an HTML table, which can be inserted into the page. Control files ending in .calin specify the layout and contents of the calendar.MULTICS
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. The system became a commercial product sold by Honeywell to education, government, andindustry.
HOME TERMINALS
Story: forty years of logging in from home. I got my first home terminal in 1967, when I was working on Multics at Project MAC. It was an IBM 2741, the standard machine for the programming staff.Like the 1050, the 2741 had a Selectric mechanism built into a desk, but one smaller than the 1050's, and with a slimmer electronics box and fewerswitches.
MULTICS SIMULATORSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG MULTICS SITE HISTORY: AFDSCSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG THE FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM The Figures of the Syllogism. As described by Petrus Hispanius. Daniel Seely Gregory's "Practical logic: or, The art of thinking" (1881) says: "The initial consonant, B, C, D or F, in the last three Figures indicates the mood in the first Figure to which the syllogism reduces.Thus, a
THE MULTICS PL/1 COMPILERSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG A GENERAL-PURPOSE FILE SYSTEM FOR SECONDARY STORAGESEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH AFFINITY PHOTOSEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
THE IBM 7094 AND CTSSSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG BORGES' ENCYCLOPEDIA In "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins," Borges describes 'a certain Chinese Encyclopedia,' the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, in which it is written that animals are divided into: . those that belong to the Emperor, embalmed ones, those that are trained, suckling pigs, mermaids, fabulous ones, stray dogs,MULTICS
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. The system became a commercial product sold by Honeywell to education, government, andindustry.
HOME TERMINALS
Story: forty years of logging in from home. I got my first home terminal in 1967, when I was working on Multics at Project MAC. It was an IBM 2741, the standard machine for the programming staff.Like the 1050, the 2741 had a Selectric mechanism built into a desk, but one smaller than the 1050's, and with a slimmer electronics box and fewerswitches.
MULTICS SIMULATORSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG MULTICS SITE HISTORY: AFDSCSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG THE FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM The Figures of the Syllogism. As described by Petrus Hispanius. Daniel Seely Gregory's "Practical logic: or, The art of thinking" (1881) says: "The initial consonant, B, C, D or F, in the last three Figures indicates the mood in the first Figure to which the syllogism reduces.Thus, a
THE MULTICS PL/1 COMPILERSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG A GENERAL-PURPOSE FILE SYSTEM FOR SECONDARY STORAGESEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH AFFINITY PHOTOSEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
THE IBM 7094 AND CTSSSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG BORGES' ENCYCLOPEDIA In "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins," Borges describes 'a certain Chinese Encyclopedia,' the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, in which it is written that animals are divided into: . those that belong to the Emperor, embalmed ones, those that are trained, suckling pigs, mermaids, fabulous ones, stray dogs, PICTURES OF MULTICIANS Tech Square (4) 1963-1983, including 1968 CISL group photo. Visiting CISL (3) 1974 group photo. Rome Air Development Center (7) 1970s. Bull Systeme X (7) 1982-87. Pictures of CNO Multicians (19) 1981. Ring Zero and the Null Pointers (2) 1987, 2013. Julie Jackson's Multics Bio (7) 1977. The User Ring Newsletter (1) 1986 group photo at Henry Ford MULTICS SITE HISTORY: AFDSC The United States Air Force has announced a $57.1 million award to Honeywell Information Systems, for life-cycle funding of the Multics systems in the Air Force Data Services Center in the Pentagon. Multics was chosen initially because of its ability to handle data with multiple security-classification levels simultaneously and safely. MULTICS HISTORY PROJECT The Multics History Project (MHP) was begun in June 2004 by Olin Sibert and Roger Roach . Roger Roach worked on CTSS, then Multics, eventually as MIT's IS director, and retired in 2005. Olin Sibert worked on Multics (initially for Roger, then at Honeywell CISL, then independently). At the Multics Reunion (June 2004), we decided to try THE ORIGIN OF THE SHELL Glenda Schroeder (MIT) and a GE man did it. Time-sharing was a misnomer. While it did allow the sharing of a central computer, its success derives from the ability to share other resources: data, programs, concepts. It cracked a critical path bottleneck for writing and debugging programs. In theory this could have been achieved aswell with a
PROJECT MAC
Project MAC was a large and well-funded effort. Its initial grant from DARPA for a little over $2 million per year was quickly raised. Funding peaked at $4.3 million in 1969, slumped to under $3 million in 1973, and rose again in the late 1970s. Project MAC's research staff peaked in 1967 at 400. MULTICS WEB PAGES CHANGE LOG 01-08. Multicians : Updated entry for Tom Perrine. 2040 names, 748 mail addresses (119 bounce), 133 home pages (1 404), 92 deceased. 01-07. Bibliography : fixed a few dead links. 1094 entries, 454 online. Changes 1995 - 2020 have been moved to a separate file. THE FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM The Figures of the Syllogism. As described by Petrus Hispanius. Daniel Seely Gregory's "Practical logic: or, The art of thinking" (1881) says: "The initial consonant, B, C, D or F, in the last three Figures indicates the mood in the first Figure to which the syllogism reduces. Thus, a syllogism in the mood Cesare, reduces to Celarent. THE IBM 7094 AND CTSS This note describes MIT's IBM 7094 and the CTSS operating system, based on my experience at MIT in the 1960s. My personal story is described in "My Experience with the IBM 7094 and CTSS".. MIT's Mainframe Computers. The MIT Computation Center got its IBM 7090, in the spring of 1962, replacing a 709, and upgraded its 7090 to a 7094by 1963.
HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH AFFINITY PHOTO The application opens up in the Photo "Persona." This seems to be adequate for photo enhancing. If you need to operate on RAW format files you use the Develop Persona.. For my camera, the application automatically detects my lens and zoom range from the EXIF data and compensates for lens-related barrel or pincushion distortion, and shows the camera in the heading bar above the picture. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROVERBS Minimize total cost, not initial price of supplies. Improve constantly the system of production and service. Institute training on the job. Institute leadership. Drive out fear. Break down barriers between departments. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and numerical targets. Eliminate work standards (quotas) and management by objective.MULTICS
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. The system became a commercial product sold by Honeywell to education, government, andindustry.
HOME TERMINALS
Story: forty years of logging in from home. I got my first home terminal in 1967, when I was working on Multics at Project MAC. It was an IBM 2741, the standard machine for the programming staff.Like the 1050, the 2741 had a Selectric mechanism built into a desk, but one smaller than the 1050's, and with a slimmer electronics box and fewerswitches.
MULTICS SIMULATORSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG MULTICS SITE HISTORY: AFDSCSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG THE FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM The Figures of the Syllogism. As described by Petrus Hispanius. Daniel Seely Gregory's "Practical logic: or, The art of thinking" (1881) says: "The initial consonant, B, C, D or F, in the last three Figures indicates the mood in the first Figure to which the syllogism reduces.Thus, a
THE MULTICS PL/1 COMPILERSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG A GENERAL-PURPOSE FILE SYSTEM FOR SECONDARY STORAGESEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH AFFINITY PHOTOSEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
THE IBM 7094 AND CTSSSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG BORGES' ENCYCLOPEDIA In "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins," Borges describes 'a certain Chinese Encyclopedia,' the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, in which it is written that animals are divided into: . those that belong to the Emperor, embalmed ones, those that are trained, suckling pigs, mermaids, fabulous ones, stray dogs,MULTICS
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. The system became a commercial product sold by Honeywell to education, government, andindustry.
HOME TERMINALS
Story: forty years of logging in from home. I got my first home terminal in 1967, when I was working on Multics at Project MAC. It was an IBM 2741, the standard machine for the programming staff.Like the 1050, the 2741 had a Selectric mechanism built into a desk, but one smaller than the 1050's, and with a slimmer electronics box and fewerswitches.
MULTICS SIMULATORSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG MULTICS SITE HISTORY: AFDSCSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG THE FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM The Figures of the Syllogism. As described by Petrus Hispanius. Daniel Seely Gregory's "Practical logic: or, The art of thinking" (1881) says: "The initial consonant, B, C, D or F, in the last three Figures indicates the mood in the first Figure to which the syllogism reduces.Thus, a
THE MULTICS PL/1 COMPILERSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG A GENERAL-PURPOSE FILE SYSTEM FOR SECONDARY STORAGESEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH AFFINITY PHOTOSEE MORE ONMULTICIANS.ORG
THE IBM 7094 AND CTSSSEE MORE ON MULTICIANS.ORG BORGES' ENCYCLOPEDIA In "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins," Borges describes 'a certain Chinese Encyclopedia,' the Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge, in which it is written that animals are divided into: . those that belong to the Emperor, embalmed ones, those that are trained, suckling pigs, mermaids, fabulous ones, stray dogs, PICTURES OF MULTICIANS Tech Square (4) 1963-1983, including 1968 CISL group photo. Visiting CISL (3) 1974 group photo. Rome Air Development Center (7) 1970s. Bull Systeme X (7) 1982-87. Pictures of CNO Multicians (19) 1981. Ring Zero and the Null Pointers (2) 1987, 2013. Julie Jackson's Multics Bio (7) 1977. The User Ring Newsletter (1) 1986 group photo at Henry Ford MULTICS SITE HISTORY: AFDSC The United States Air Force has announced a $57.1 million award to Honeywell Information Systems, for life-cycle funding of the Multics systems in the Air Force Data Services Center in the Pentagon. Multics was chosen initially because of its ability to handle data with multiple security-classification levels simultaneously and safely. MULTICS HISTORY PROJECT The Multics History Project (MHP) was begun in June 2004 by Olin Sibert and Roger Roach . Roger Roach worked on CTSS, then Multics, eventually as MIT's IS director, and retired in 2005. Olin Sibert worked on Multics (initially for Roger, then at Honeywell CISL, then independently). At the Multics Reunion (June 2004), we decided to try THE ORIGIN OF THE SHELL Glenda Schroeder (MIT) and a GE man did it. Time-sharing was a misnomer. While it did allow the sharing of a central computer, its success derives from the ability to share other resources: data, programs, concepts. It cracked a critical path bottleneck for writing and debugging programs. In theory this could have been achieved aswell with a
PROJECT MAC
Project MAC was a large and well-funded effort. Its initial grant from DARPA for a little over $2 million per year was quickly raised. Funding peaked at $4.3 million in 1969, slumped to under $3 million in 1973, and rose again in the late 1970s. Project MAC's research staff peaked in 1967 at 400. MULTICS WEB PAGES CHANGE LOG 01-08. Multicians : Updated entry for Tom Perrine. 2040 names, 748 mail addresses (119 bounce), 133 home pages (1 404), 92 deceased. 01-07. Bibliography : fixed a few dead links. 1094 entries, 454 online. Changes 1995 - 2020 have been moved to a separate file. THE FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM The Figures of the Syllogism. As described by Petrus Hispanius. Daniel Seely Gregory's "Practical logic: or, The art of thinking" (1881) says: "The initial consonant, B, C, D or F, in the last three Figures indicates the mood in the first Figure to which the syllogism reduces. Thus, a syllogism in the mood Cesare, reduces to Celarent. THE IBM 7094 AND CTSS This note describes MIT's IBM 7094 and the CTSS operating system, based on my experience at MIT in the 1960s. My personal story is described in "My Experience with the IBM 7094 and CTSS".. MIT's Mainframe Computers. The MIT Computation Center got its IBM 7090, in the spring of 1962, replacing a 709, and upgraded its 7090 to a 7094by 1963.
HOW I PREPARE PICTURES FOR THE WEB WITH AFFINITY PHOTO The application opens up in the Photo "Persona." This seems to be adequate for photo enhancing. If you need to operate on RAW format files you use the Develop Persona.. For my camera, the application automatically detects my lens and zoom range from the EXIF data and compensates for lens-related barrel or pincushion distortion, and shows the camera in the heading bar above the picture. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROVERBS Minimize total cost, not initial price of supplies. Improve constantly the system of production and service. Institute training on the job. Institute leadership. Drive out fear. Break down barriers between departments. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and numerical targets. Eliminate work standards (quotas) and management by objective.Multics
24 May 2020
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The Multicians web site presents the story of the Multics operating system for people interested in the system's history, especially Multicians . The site's goals are to * preserve the technical ideas and advances of Multics so others don't need to reinvent them. * record the history of Multics, its builders, and its users beforewe all forget.
* give credit where it's due for important innovations. * remember some good times and good people. The Multicians web site contains 464 HTML files (see the Site Map ) comprising over 540K lines, 601 PDF files, and 464 graphic images. The site has benefited from the contributions of many authors. Contributions are invited: if you have a correction, fact, date, name, anecdote, or picture, please share it with Multicians everywhere by sending mail to the editor. Harry Reed and Charles Anthony reached a major milestone on the Multics simulator on Saturday 08 November, 2014. Their SIMH-based simulator booted Multics MR 12.5, came to operator command level, entered admin mode, created a small PL/I program, compiled and executed it, and shut down. RELEASE 2.0 OF THE SIMULATOR IS NOW AVAILABLE. There have been multiple updates to Multics for the simulator: the latest version is MR 12.6f, April 2017 . Anyone can try out a simulated Multics or install the simulator on their owncomputer.
Open Source for Multics is hosted at MIT, courtesy of Bull HN. It is available "for any purpose and without fee" provided that the copyright notice and historical background are preserved in all copies. MULTICS (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) was a mainframe timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. Multics began as a research project and was an important influence on operating system development. The system became a commercial product sold by Honeywell to education, government, andindustry.
Multics was a prototype of a Computer Utility , providing secure computing to remote users at their terminals. Multicians still miss the elegant, consistent, and powerful programming environment; some Multics features are only now being added to contemporary systems.* Site Timeline
* 84 Multics Stories * Corby (1926-2019) * History 1963-2020 * 2038 Multicians * 4990 Documents * 22 Myths About Multics * 46 Conference Papers * Development Process * About the Web site* 29 Articles
* Multics Picnics* Phase One
* Memorabilia
* Security
* Site Timeline
* 84 Multics StoriesRecent Changes
* 05/21 Multicians : Jack Ring died April 20,2020.
Multicians: Warren Johnson died in 2018. * 05/15 CNO site : Added site history. * 05/11 Multicians: Updated entry for Mike Dillon. * 04/23 Bibliography : Added a biography of Louis Pouzin by Chantal Lebrument. * 04/11 Web Guide : Split into design and how-topages.
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