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TO POWER
Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. ABOUT US – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Purpose of the site. The Holocaust Explained website has been created to help learners understand the essential facts of the Nazi era and the Holocaust, as well as its causes and consequences.It is designed with the British school curriculum for thirteen to eighteen year olds in mind, but it aims to be accessible to other users as well. WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero men RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right). THE WANNSEE CONFERENCE, 1942 Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 7 / 7. Following the Wannsee Conference, five additional extermination camps were adapted or established with the primary purpose of efficiently murdering the Jewish population of Europe. This brought the totalnumber of
THE BLACK DEATH
1 / 1. Another anti-Jewish story surrounded the origins of the Black Death in 1349. This bubonic plague devastated Europe in the fourteenth century, killing an estimated 25-50 million people. As medical knowledge in the medieval period was extremely limited, people offered religious explanations for GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out theTYPES OF CAMPS
The Auschwitz complex was a series of camps that included several different types of camps: a concentration camp, an extermination camp, and a forced labour camp. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 1 / 1. The Nazis used a variety of camps throughout their time in power to persecute, control and, eventually, murder their EMIGRATION, 1933-1941 Emigration, 1933-1941. Katerina Buchwald (pictured) was a Jewish woman from Bratislava. She had two children, Rosa (born in 1925) and Wilhelm (born in 1929). In 1938, as the threat of the Nazi persecution increased, she began attempting to find ways to flee Czechoslovakiaand find
THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLSWHAT WAS THE HOLOCAUSTLIFE BEFORE THE HOLOCAUSTANTISEMITISMHOW DID THE NAZIS RISETO POWER
Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. ABOUT US – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Purpose of the site. The Holocaust Explained website has been created to help learners understand the essential facts of the Nazi era and the Holocaust, as well as its causes and consequences.It is designed with the British school curriculum for thirteen to eighteen year olds in mind, but it aims to be accessible to other users as well. WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero men RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right). THE WANNSEE CONFERENCE, 1942 Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 7 / 7. Following the Wannsee Conference, five additional extermination camps were adapted or established with the primary purpose of efficiently murdering the Jewish population of Europe. This brought the totalnumber of
THE BLACK DEATH
1 / 1. Another anti-Jewish story surrounded the origins of the Black Death in 1349. This bubonic plague devastated Europe in the fourteenth century, killing an estimated 25-50 million people. As medical knowledge in the medieval period was extremely limited, people offered religious explanations for GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out theTYPES OF CAMPS
The Auschwitz complex was a series of camps that included several different types of camps: a concentration camp, an extermination camp, and a forced labour camp. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 1 / 1. The Nazis used a variety of camps throughout their time in power to persecute, control and, eventually, murder their EMIGRATION, 1933-1941 Emigration, 1933-1941. Katerina Buchwald (pictured) was a Jewish woman from Bratislava. She had two children, Rosa (born in 1925) and Wilhelm (born in 1929). In 1938, as the threat of the Nazi persecution increased, she began attempting to find ways to flee Czechoslovakiaand find
THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. ABOUT US – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Purpose of the site. The Holocaust Explained website has been created to help learners understand the essential facts of the Nazi era and the Holocaust, as well as its causes and consequences.It is designed with the British school curriculum for thirteen to eighteen year olds in mind, but it aims to be accessible to other users as well. REMEMBERING THE HOLOCAUST The Imperial War Museum in London was founded in 1917 to record the military record of the First World War. Since then, however, its scope has considerably expanded and in 2000 it opened a permanent exhibition on the Holocaust after having explored the liberation of Belsen in aPRE-WAR JEWISH LIFE
The largest population of Jews before the Holocaust was in Eastern Europe, with a community of 3,000,000 in Poland, 2,525,000 in Russia, and 980,000 in Romania. The size of this Jewish population in these countries meant that they made a huge contribution to the culture. Hayim Nahman Bialik, a Ukrainian Jew who is widely regarded as thefather
OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
TREATMENT OF PRISONERS IN THE EARLY CAMPS Shortly after the Nazi rise to power and the Reichstag Fire, they arrested thousands of their opponents.The scale of these arrests led to the creation of early concentration camps to hold the prisoners.. The early concentration camps primarily held political prisoners as the Nazis sought to remove opposition, such as socialists and communists, and consolidate their power. WHAT WERE HITLER’S AND THE NAZI PARTY’S IDEAS? The Hitler Youth programme was set up in 1922 with the aim of educating the youth of Germany in Nazi beliefs and physically preparing them for their future as the master race. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 4 / 4. Armed soldiers disembarka
CONDITIONS INSIDE BERGEN-BELSEN 3 / 3. Throughout its existence, conditions inside the Bergen-Belsen were poor, as there was a lack of food, clean water and sanitation. As a result, disease was common. Despite this, as the Nazis hoped to use some of the prisoners in exchange schemes, there was a LESBIANS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS The Nazi regime was characterised by the brutal oppression and persecution of Jewish people and other minorities.The Nazis aimed to completely exclude Jews and other minorities from everyday life. Whilst not the primary focus of the Nazi regime its first few years, persecution started from the moment that the Nazis entered power and almost continuously escalated. THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN THE NAZI RISE TO POWER The Nazi Party’s paramilitary organisation were the Sturm Abeilung, more commonly known as the SA.The SA were formed in 1921 and were known as ‘brownshirts’ due to their brown uniform. Initially most members were ex-soldiers or unemployed men. THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLSWHAT WAS THE HOLOCAUSTLIFE BEFORE THE HOLOCAUSTANTISEMITISMHOW DID THE NAZIS RISETO POWER
Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero men THE WANNSEE CONFERENCE, 1942 Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 7 / 7. Following the Wannsee Conference, five additional extermination camps were adapted or established with the primary purpose of efficiently murdering the Jewish population of Europe. This brought the totalnumber of
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right). OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
EMIGRATION, 1933-1941 Emigration, 1933-1941. Katerina Buchwald (pictured) was a Jewish woman from Bratislava. She had two children, Rosa (born in 1925) and Wilhelm (born in 1929). In 1938, as the threat of the Nazi persecution increased, she began attempting to find ways to flee Czechoslovakiaand find
GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out the WHAT WERE HITLER’S AND THE NAZI PARTY’S IDEAS? The Hitler Youth programme was set up in 1922 with the aim of educating the youth of Germany in Nazi beliefs and physically preparing them for their future as the master race. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 4 / 4. Armed soldiers disembarka
LESBIANS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS The Nazi regime was characterised by the brutal oppression and persecution of Jewish people and other minorities.The Nazis aimed to completely exclude Jews and other minorities from everyday life. Whilst not the primary focus of the Nazi regime its first few years, persecution started from the moment that the Nazis entered power and almost continuously escalated. THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLSWHAT WAS THE HOLOCAUSTLIFE BEFORE THE HOLOCAUSTANTISEMITISMHOW DID THE NAZIS RISETO POWER
Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero men THE WANNSEE CONFERENCE, 1942 Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 7 / 7. Following the Wannsee Conference, five additional extermination camps were adapted or established with the primary purpose of efficiently murdering the Jewish population of Europe. This brought the totalnumber of
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right). OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
EMIGRATION, 1933-1941 Emigration, 1933-1941. Katerina Buchwald (pictured) was a Jewish woman from Bratislava. She had two children, Rosa (born in 1925) and Wilhelm (born in 1929). In 1938, as the threat of the Nazi persecution increased, she began attempting to find ways to flee Czechoslovakiaand find
GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out the WHAT WERE HITLER’S AND THE NAZI PARTY’S IDEAS? The Hitler Youth programme was set up in 1922 with the aim of educating the youth of Germany in Nazi beliefs and physically preparing them for their future as the master race. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 4 / 4. Armed soldiers disembarka
LESBIANS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS The Nazi regime was characterised by the brutal oppression and persecution of Jewish people and other minorities.The Nazis aimed to completely exclude Jews and other minorities from everyday life. Whilst not the primary focus of the Nazi regime its first few years, persecution started from the moment that the Nazis entered power and almost continuously escalated. THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. LIFE AFTER THE HOLOCAUST Mirjam was the daughter of Alfred Wiener, who founded The Wiener Holocaust Library. During the war Mirjam had been imprisoned by the Nazis in Westerbork and then Bergen-Belsen. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. In 1957, Ludwik FinkelsteinCONCENTRATION CAMPS
This picture shows the barbed wire double fences at Auschwitz. The Auschwitz complex was a series of camps that included several different types of camps: a concentration camp, an extermination camp, and a forced labour camp.PRE-WAR JEWISH LIFE
The largest population of Jews before the Holocaust was in Eastern Europe, with a community of 3,000,000 in Poland, 2,525,000 in Russia, and 980,000 in Romania. The size of this Jewish population in these countries meant that they made a huge contribution to the culture. Hayim Nahman Bialik, a Ukrainian Jew who is widely regarded as thefather
CONDITIONS INSIDE BERGEN-BELSEN 3 / 3. Throughout its existence, conditions inside the Bergen-Belsen were poor, as there was a lack of food, clean water and sanitation. As a result, disease was common. Despite this, as the Nazis hoped to use some of the prisoners in exchange schemes, there was aINVASION OF FRANCE
2 / 2. By the summer of 1944, the Allies had enough coordinated strength to consider an invasion of France. This invasion became known as D-Day. On the evening of the 5 June 1944, under the cover of nightfall, British, French, American and Canadian troops started to UNIFORM AND CLOTHING From 1934 onwards, the SS developed and then operated the camp system, which lasted until Germany’s defeat in the Second World War in 1945. Shortly after the Night of Long Knives, the SS became an independent organisation (rather than a sub-section of the SA).The SS began shutting down SA camps, and restructuring existing camps on the original Dachau SS camp model. WHAT WERE HITLER’S AND THE NAZI PARTY’S IDEAS? The Hitler Youth programme was set up in 1922 with the aim of educating the youth of Germany in Nazi beliefs and physically preparing them for their future as the master race. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 4 / 4. Armed soldiers disembarka
JOAN SALTER: INTERVIEW Joan Salter: occupied Paris. Joan Salter: escaping to Spain. Joan Salter: Pre-War. Joan Salter: father in Internment camp- Resistancehelps him escape.
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC The Weimar Republic was the new system of democratic government established in Germany following the collapse of the Second Reich.. The first elections for the new Republic were held on the 19 January 1919. They used a voting system called Proportional Representation.. The Social Democratic Party won 38% of the vote and 163 seats, the Catholic Centre Party won 20% of the vote and 91 seats and THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLSWHAT WAS THE HOLOCAUSTLIFE BEFORE THE HOLOCAUSTANTISEMITISMHOW DID THE NAZIS RISETO POWER
Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero men THE WANNSEE CONFERENCE, 1942 Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 7 / 7. Following the Wannsee Conference, five additional extermination camps were adapted or established with the primary purpose of efficiently murdering the Jewish population of Europe. This brought the totalnumber of
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right). OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
EMIGRATION, 1933-1941 Emigration, 1933-1941. Katerina Buchwald (pictured) was a Jewish woman from Bratislava. She had two children, Rosa (born in 1925) and Wilhelm (born in 1929). In 1938, as the threat of the Nazi persecution increased, she began attempting to find ways to flee Czechoslovakiaand find
GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out the WHAT WERE HITLER’S AND THE NAZI PARTY’S IDEAS? The Hitler Youth programme was set up in 1922 with the aim of educating the youth of Germany in Nazi beliefs and physically preparing them for their future as the master race. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 4 / 4. Armed soldiers disembarka
LESBIANS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS The Nazi regime was characterised by the brutal oppression and persecution of Jewish people and other minorities.The Nazis aimed to completely exclude Jews and other minorities from everyday life. Whilst not the primary focus of the Nazi regime its first few years, persecution started from the moment that the Nazis entered power and almost continuously escalated. THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLSWHAT WAS THE HOLOCAUSTLIFE BEFORE THE HOLOCAUSTANTISEMITISMHOW DID THE NAZIS RISETO POWER
Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero men THE WANNSEE CONFERENCE, 1942 Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 7 / 7. Following the Wannsee Conference, five additional extermination camps were adapted or established with the primary purpose of efficiently murdering the Jewish population of Europe. This brought the totalnumber of
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right). OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
EMIGRATION, 1933-1941 Emigration, 1933-1941. Katerina Buchwald (pictured) was a Jewish woman from Bratislava. She had two children, Rosa (born in 1925) and Wilhelm (born in 1929). In 1938, as the threat of the Nazi persecution increased, she began attempting to find ways to flee Czechoslovakiaand find
GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out the WHAT WERE HITLER’S AND THE NAZI PARTY’S IDEAS? The Hitler Youth programme was set up in 1922 with the aim of educating the youth of Germany in Nazi beliefs and physically preparing them for their future as the master race. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 4 / 4. Armed soldiers disembarka
LESBIANS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS The Nazi regime was characterised by the brutal oppression and persecution of Jewish people and other minorities.The Nazis aimed to completely exclude Jews and other minorities from everyday life. Whilst not the primary focus of the Nazi regime its first few years, persecution started from the moment that the Nazis entered power and almost continuously escalated. THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. LIFE AFTER THE HOLOCAUST Mirjam was the daughter of Alfred Wiener, who founded The Wiener Holocaust Library. During the war Mirjam had been imprisoned by the Nazis in Westerbork and then Bergen-Belsen. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. In 1957, Ludwik FinkelsteinCONCENTRATION CAMPS
This picture shows the barbed wire double fences at Auschwitz. The Auschwitz complex was a series of camps that included several different types of camps: a concentration camp, an extermination camp, and a forced labour camp.PRE-WAR JEWISH LIFE
The largest population of Jews before the Holocaust was in Eastern Europe, with a community of 3,000,000 in Poland, 2,525,000 in Russia, and 980,000 in Romania. The size of this Jewish population in these countries meant that they made a huge contribution to the culture. Hayim Nahman Bialik, a Ukrainian Jew who is widely regarded as thefather
CONDITIONS INSIDE BERGEN-BELSEN 3 / 3. Throughout its existence, conditions inside the Bergen-Belsen were poor, as there was a lack of food, clean water and sanitation. As a result, disease was common. Despite this, as the Nazis hoped to use some of the prisoners in exchange schemes, there was aINVASION OF FRANCE
2 / 2. By the summer of 1944, the Allies had enough coordinated strength to consider an invasion of France. This invasion became known as D-Day. On the evening of the 5 June 1944, under the cover of nightfall, British, French, American and Canadian troops started to UNIFORM AND CLOTHING From 1934 onwards, the SS developed and then operated the camp system, which lasted until Germany’s defeat in the Second World War in 1945. Shortly after the Night of Long Knives, the SS became an independent organisation (rather than a sub-section of the SA).The SS began shutting down SA camps, and restructuring existing camps on the original Dachau SS camp model. WHAT WERE HITLER’S AND THE NAZI PARTY’S IDEAS? The Hitler Youth programme was set up in 1922 with the aim of educating the youth of Germany in Nazi beliefs and physically preparing them for their future as the master race. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 4 / 4. Armed soldiers disembarka
JOAN SALTER: INTERVIEW Joan Salter: occupied Paris. Joan Salter: escaping to Spain. Joan Salter: Pre-War. Joan Salter: father in Internment camp- Resistancehelps him escape.
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC The Weimar Republic was the new system of democratic government established in Germany following the collapse of the Second Reich.. The first elections for the new Republic were held on the 19 January 1919. They used a voting system called Proportional Representation.. The Social Democratic Party won 38% of the vote and 163 seats, the Catholic Centre Party won 20% of the vote and 91 seats and WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
REMEMBERING THE HOLOCAUST The Imperial War Museum in London was founded in 1917 to record the military record of the First World War. Since then, however, its scope has considerably expanded and in 2000 it opened a permanent exhibition on the Holocaust after having explored the liberation of Belsen in a THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero menPRE-WAR JEWISH LIFE
The largest population of Jews before the Holocaust was in Eastern Europe, with a community of 3,000,000 in Poland, 2,525,000 in Russia, and 980,000 in Romania. The size of this Jewish population in these countries meant that they made a huge contribution to the culture. Hayim Nahman Bialik, a Ukrainian Jew who is widely regarded as thefather
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right).THE BLACK DEATH
1 / 1. Another anti-Jewish story surrounded the origins of the Black Death in 1349. This bubonic plague devastated Europe in the fourteenth century, killing an estimated 25-50 million people. As medical knowledge in the medieval period was extremely limited, people offered religious explanations for GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out the MEALS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS From 1934 onwards, the SS developed and then operated the camp system, which lasted until Germany’s defeat in the Second World War in 1945. Shortly after the Night of Long Knives, the SS became an independent organisation (rather than a sub-section of the SA).The SS began shutting down SA camps, and restructuring existing camps on the original Dachau SS camp model. THE ROLE OF THE SA AND THE SS The role of the SA and the SS – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools. Following his release from prison, Hitler restructured the Nazi Party. One aspect of this was to create Nazi Party groups for different professions and ages. One of the most popular of these was the Hitler Youth, pictured here. WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. REMEMBERING THE HOLOCAUST The Imperial War Museum in London was founded in 1917 to record the military record of the First World War. Since then, however, its scope has considerably expanded and in 2000 it opened a permanent exhibition on the Holocaust after having explored the liberation of Belsen in a OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero menPRE-WAR JEWISH LIFE
The largest population of Jews before the Holocaust was in Eastern Europe, with a community of 3,000,000 in Poland, 2,525,000 in Russia, and 980,000 in Romania. The size of this Jewish population in these countries meant that they made a huge contribution to the culture. Hayim Nahman Bialik, a Ukrainian Jew who is widely regarded as thefather
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right).THE BLACK DEATH
1 / 1. Another anti-Jewish story surrounded the origins of the Black Death in 1349. This bubonic plague devastated Europe in the fourteenth century, killing an estimated 25-50 million people. As medical knowledge in the medieval period was extremely limited, people offered religious explanations for GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out the MEALS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS From 1934 onwards, the SS developed and then operated the camp system, which lasted until Germany’s defeat in the Second World War in 1945. Shortly after the Night of Long Knives, the SS became an independent organisation (rather than a sub-section of the SA).The SS began shutting down SA camps, and restructuring existing camps on the original Dachau SS camp model. THE ROLE OF THE SA AND THE SS The role of the SA and the SS – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools. Following his release from prison, Hitler restructured the Nazi Party. One aspect of this was to create Nazi Party groups for different professions and ages. One of the most popular of these was the Hitler Youth, pictured here. HOW DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust took place in the context of the Second World War, which was started by the invasion of Poland in September 1939. Here, German soldiers hoist the Nazi Flag over Krakow castle in 1939. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 1 / 1. Prior to the start of the Second World War, Jews, Roma and those viewed as ‘ asocial THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero men RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right).TYPES OF CAMPS
The Auschwitz complex was a series of camps that included several different types of camps: a concentration camp, an extermination camp, and a forced labour camp. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 1 / 1. The Nazis used a variety of camps throughout their time in power to persecute, control and, eventually, murder theirINVASION OF FRANCE
2 / 2. By the summer of 1944, the Allies had enough coordinated strength to consider an invasion of France. This invasion became known as D-Day. On the evening of the 5 June 1944, under the cover of nightfall, British, French, American and Canadian troops started to WHO CONTROLLED THE GHETTOS? A ghetto is a place where groups of people are kept forcibly segregated from others. The Nazis used ghettos to isolate and contain the Jewish population of occupied Europe. This section explores when the Nazis began using ghettos, the different types of ghettos, how the ghettos were run, and what life was like for those imprisoned in them. HOW DID THE NAZI CONSOLIDATE THEIR POWER? Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power. However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.. This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy. LESBIANS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS The Nazi regime was characterised by the brutal oppression and persecution of Jewish people and other minorities.The Nazis aimed to completely exclude Jews and other minorities from everyday life. Whilst not the primary focus of the Nazi regime its first few years, persecution started from the moment that the Nazis entered power and almost continuously escalated. THE ROLE OF THE SA AND THE SS The role of the SA and the SS – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools. Following his release from prison, Hitler restructured the Nazi Party. One aspect of this was to create Nazi Party groups for different professions and ages. One of the most popular of these was the Hitler Youth, pictured here. WHAT WERE HITLER’S AND THE NAZI PARTY’S IDEAS? The Hitler Youth programme was set up in 1922 with the aim of educating the youth of Germany in Nazi beliefs and physically preparing them for their future as the master race. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 4 / 4. Armed soldiers disembarka
WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
REMEMBERING THE HOLOCAUST The Imperial War Museum in London was founded in 1917 to record the military record of the First World War. Since then, however, its scope has considerably expanded and in 2000 it opened a permanent exhibition on the Holocaust after having explored the liberation of Belsen in a THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero menPRE-WAR JEWISH LIFE
The largest population of Jews before the Holocaust was in Eastern Europe, with a community of 3,000,000 in Poland, 2,525,000 in Russia, and 980,000 in Romania. The size of this Jewish population in these countries meant that they made a huge contribution to the culture. Hayim Nahman Bialik, a Ukrainian Jew who is widely regarded as thefather
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right).THE BLACK DEATH
1 / 1. Another anti-Jewish story surrounded the origins of the Black Death in 1349. This bubonic plague devastated Europe in the fourteenth century, killing an estimated 25-50 million people. As medical knowledge in the medieval period was extremely limited, people offered religious explanations for GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out the MEALS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS From 1934 onwards, the SS developed and then operated the camp system, which lasted until Germany’s defeat in the Second World War in 1945. Shortly after the Night of Long Knives, the SS became an independent organisation (rather than a sub-section of the SA).The SS began shutting down SA camps, and restructuring existing camps on the original Dachau SS camp model. THE ROLE OF THE SA AND THE SS The role of the SA and the SS – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools. Following his release from prison, Hitler restructured the Nazi Party. One aspect of this was to create Nazi Party groups for different professions and ages. One of the most popular of these was the Hitler Youth, pictured here. WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
REMEMBERING THE HOLOCAUST The Imperial War Museum in London was founded in 1917 to record the military record of the First World War. Since then, however, its scope has considerably expanded and in 2000 it opened a permanent exhibition on the Holocaust after having explored the liberation of Belsen in a THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero menPRE-WAR JEWISH LIFE
The largest population of Jews before the Holocaust was in Eastern Europe, with a community of 3,000,000 in Poland, 2,525,000 in Russia, and 980,000 in Romania. The size of this Jewish population in these countries meant that they made a huge contribution to the culture. Hayim Nahman Bialik, a Ukrainian Jew who is widely regarded as thefather
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right).THE BLACK DEATH
1 / 1. Another anti-Jewish story surrounded the origins of the Black Death in 1349. This bubonic plague devastated Europe in the fourteenth century, killing an estimated 25-50 million people. As medical knowledge in the medieval period was extremely limited, people offered religious explanations for GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out the MEALS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS From 1934 onwards, the SS developed and then operated the camp system, which lasted until Germany’s defeat in the Second World War in 1945. Shortly after the Night of Long Knives, the SS became an independent organisation (rather than a sub-section of the SA).The SS began shutting down SA camps, and restructuring existing camps on the original Dachau SS camp model. THE ROLE OF THE SA AND THE SS The role of the SA and the SS – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools. Following his release from prison, Hitler restructured the Nazi Party. One aspect of this was to create Nazi Party groups for different professions and ages. One of the most popular of these was the Hitler Youth, pictured here. HOW DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust took place in the context of the Second World War, which was started by the invasion of Poland in September 1939. Here, German soldiers hoist the Nazi Flag over Krakow castle in 1939. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 1 / 1. Prior to the start of the Second World War, Jews, Roma and those viewed as ‘ asocial THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero men RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right).TYPES OF CAMPS
The Auschwitz complex was a series of camps that included several different types of camps: a concentration camp, an extermination camp, and a forced labour camp. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 1 / 1. The Nazis used a variety of camps throughout their time in power to persecute, control and, eventually, murder theirINVASION OF FRANCE
2 / 2. By the summer of 1944, the Allies had enough coordinated strength to consider an invasion of France. This invasion became known as D-Day. On the evening of the 5 June 1944, under the cover of nightfall, British, French, American and Canadian troops started to WHO CONTROLLED THE GHETTOS? A ghetto is a place where groups of people are kept forcibly segregated from others. The Nazis used ghettos to isolate and contain the Jewish population of occupied Europe. This section explores when the Nazis began using ghettos, the different types of ghettos, how the ghettos were run, and what life was like for those imprisoned in them. HOW DID THE NAZI CONSOLIDATE THEIR POWER? Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power. However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.. This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy. LESBIANS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS The Nazi regime was characterised by the brutal oppression and persecution of Jewish people and other minorities.The Nazis aimed to completely exclude Jews and other minorities from everyday life. Whilst not the primary focus of the Nazi regime its first few years, persecution started from the moment that the Nazis entered power and almost continuously escalated. THE ROLE OF THE SA AND THE SS The role of the SA and the SS – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools. Following his release from prison, Hitler restructured the Nazi Party. One aspect of this was to create Nazi Party groups for different professions and ages. One of the most popular of these was the Hitler Youth, pictured here. WHAT WERE HITLER’S AND THE NAZI PARTY’S IDEAS? The Hitler Youth programme was set up in 1922 with the aim of educating the youth of Germany in Nazi beliefs and physically preparing them for their future as the master race. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. 4 / 4. Armed soldiers disembarka
THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLSWHAT WAS THE HOLOCAUSTLIFE BEFORE THE HOLOCAUSTANTISEMITISMHOW DID THE NAZIS RISETO POWER
Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. ABOUT US – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Purpose of the site. The Holocaust Explained website has been created to help learners understand the essential facts of the Nazi era and the Holocaust, as well as its causes and consequences.It is designed with the British school curriculum for thirteen to eighteen year olds in mind, but it aims to be accessible to other users as well. LIFE BEFORE THE HOLOCAUST 1 / 1. The history of Judaism, of Roma and Sinti and of other groups persecuted by the Nazis is rich and diverse. The Holocaust wiped out complete communities, most of which would not be rebuilt following the war. This section aims to uncover what everyday life was like for these lost communities pre-Holocaust. Continue to next section. OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right).THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
The Weimar Republic was the new system of democratic government established in Germany following the collapse of the Second Reich.. The first elections for the new Republic were held on the 19 January 1919. They used a voting system called Proportional Representation.. The Social Democratic Party won 38% of the vote and 163 seats, the Catholic Centre Party won 20% of the vote and 91 seats andTHE BLACK DEATH
1 / 1. Another anti-Jewish story surrounded the origins of the Black Death in 1349. This bubonic plague devastated Europe in the fourteenth century, killing an estimated 25-50 million people. As medical knowledge in the medieval period was extremely limited, people offered religious explanations forINVASION OF FRANCE
2 / 2. By the summer of 1944, the Allies had enough coordinated strength to consider an invasion of France. This invasion became known as D-Day. On the evening of the 5 June 1944, under the cover of nightfall, British, French, American and Canadian troops started to GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out theFREDDIE: AUSCHWITZ
Originally designed and developed by the London Jewish Cultural Centre. Back To Top
WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
REMEMBERING THE HOLOCAUST The Imperial War Museum in London was founded in 1917 to record the military record of the First World War. Since then, however, its scope has considerably expanded and in 2000 it opened a permanent exhibition on the Holocaust after having explored the liberation of Belsen in a THE HERERO AND NAMAQUA GENOCIDE The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero menPRE-WAR JEWISH LIFE
The largest population of Jews before the Holocaust was in Eastern Europe, with a community of 3,000,000 in Poland, 2,525,000 in Russia, and 980,000 in Romania. The size of this Jewish population in these countries meant that they made a huge contribution to the culture. Hayim Nahman Bialik, a Ukrainian Jew who is widely regarded as thefather
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right).THE BLACK DEATH
1 / 1. Another anti-Jewish story surrounded the origins of the Black Death in 1349. This bubonic plague devastated Europe in the fourteenth century, killing an estimated 25-50 million people. As medical knowledge in the medieval period was extremely limited, people offered religious explanations for GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out the MEALS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS From 1934 onwards, the SS developed and then operated the camp system, which lasted until Germany’s defeat in the Second World War in 1945. Shortly after the Night of Long Knives, the SS became an independent organisation (rather than a sub-section of the SA).The SS began shutting down SA camps, and restructuring existing camps on the original Dachau SS camp model. THE ROLE OF THE SA AND THE SS The role of the SA and the SS – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools. Following his release from prison, Hitler restructured the Nazi Party. One aspect of this was to create Nazi Party groups for different professions and ages. One of the most popular of these was the Hitler Youth, pictured here. WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe.PRE-WAR JEWISH LIFE
The largest population of Jews before the Holocaust was in Eastern Europe, with a community of 3,000,000 in Poland, 2,525,000 in Russia, and 980,000 in Romania. The size of this Jewish population in these countries meant that they made a huge contribution to the culture. Hayim Nahman Bialik, a Ukrainian Jew who is widely regarded as thefather
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right). RESPONSES – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS The Wiener Holocaust Library, then called the Jewish Central Information Office (JCIO) was founded by Dr. Alfred Wiener in Amsterdam in 1933 as a response to the rise of the Nazis.The JCIO collected and shared information about the Third Reich and the Nazis’ persecution of Jews. Alfred Wiener was a German Jew fromBerlin.
THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
The Weimar Republic was the new system of democratic government established in Germany following the collapse of the Second Reich.. The first elections for the new Republic were held on the 19 January 1919. They used a voting system called Proportional Representation.. The Social Democratic Party won 38% of the vote and 163 seats, the Catholic Centre Party won 20% of the vote and 91 seats andINVASION OF FRANCE
2 / 2. By the summer of 1944, the Allies had enough coordinated strength to consider an invasion of France. This invasion became known as D-Day. On the evening of the 5 June 1944, under the cover of nightfall, British, French, American and Canadian troops started toTHE DARFUR GENOCIDE
The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero men OCCUPATION OF THE SUDETENLAND Occupation of the Sudetenland. From the 29 – 30 September 1938, the British, French, Italian and German leaders met in Munich to discuss Hitler’s demands for the Sudetenland. This photograph of the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, was taken following talks in Hitler’s apartment on the 30 September 1938. LESBIANS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS The Nazi regime was characterised by the brutal oppression and persecution of Jewish people and other minorities.The Nazis aimed to completely exclude Jews and other minorities from everyday life. Whilst not the primary focus of the Nazi regime its first few years, persecution started from the moment that the Nazis entered power and almost continuously escalated. ESTABLISHMENT OF BERGEN-BELSEN 1 / 1. Bergen-Belsen was initially established in May 1940 as a prisoner of war camp, named Stalag 311. It was situated in north Germany. In spring 1943, Himmler ordered the creation of a camp to hold Jewish prisoners who might be used in exchange schemes with theAllies.
THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLSWHAT WAS THE HOLOCAUSTLIFE BEFORE THE HOLOCAUSTANTISEMITISMHOW DID THE NAZIS RISETO POWER
Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. ABOUT US – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Purpose of the site. The Holocaust Explained website has been created to help learners understand the essential facts of the Nazi era and the Holocaust, as well as its causes and consequences.It is designed with the British school curriculum for thirteen to eighteen year olds in mind, but it aims to be accessible to other users as well. LIFE BEFORE THE HOLOCAUST 1 / 1. The history of Judaism, of Roma and Sinti and of other groups persecuted by the Nazis is rich and diverse. The Holocaust wiped out complete communities, most of which would not be rebuilt following the war. This section aims to uncover what everyday life was like for these lost communities pre-Holocaust. Continue to next section. OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right).THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
The Weimar Republic was the new system of democratic government established in Germany following the collapse of the Second Reich.. The first elections for the new Republic were held on the 19 January 1919. They used a voting system called Proportional Representation.. The Social Democratic Party won 38% of the vote and 163 seats, the Catholic Centre Party won 20% of the vote and 91 seats andTHE BLACK DEATH
1 / 1. Another anti-Jewish story surrounded the origins of the Black Death in 1349. This bubonic plague devastated Europe in the fourteenth century, killing an estimated 25-50 million people. As medical knowledge in the medieval period was extremely limited, people offered religious explanations forINVASION OF FRANCE
2 / 2. By the summer of 1944, the Allies had enough coordinated strength to consider an invasion of France. This invasion became known as D-Day. On the evening of the 5 June 1944, under the cover of nightfall, British, French, American and Canadian troops started to GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out theFREDDIE: AUSCHWITZ
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THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLSWHAT WAS THE HOLOCAUSTLIFE BEFORE THE HOLOCAUSTANTISEMITISMHOW DID THE NAZIS RISETO POWER
Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. The Holocaust Explained includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library. ABOUT US – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Purpose of the site. The Holocaust Explained website has been created to help learners understand the essential facts of the Nazi era and the Holocaust, as well as its causes and consequences.It is designed with the British school curriculum for thirteen to eighteen year olds in mind, but it aims to be accessible to other users as well. LIFE BEFORE THE HOLOCAUST 1 / 1. The history of Judaism, of Roma and Sinti and of other groups persecuted by the Nazis is rich and diverse. The Holocaust wiped out complete communities, most of which would not be rebuilt following the war. This section aims to uncover what everyday life was like for these lost communities pre-Holocaust. Continue to next section. OPPOSITION – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Tarnschriften is a German word meaning secret or hidden writings.. In Nazi Germany, Tarnschriften referred to anti-Nazi or illegal leaflets and pamphlets camouflaged as everyday publications. Groups such as the communists used Tarnschriften to spread their message and oppose the Nazis. They hoped that the writings would inspire dissent against Nazirule.
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right).THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
The Weimar Republic was the new system of democratic government established in Germany following the collapse of the Second Reich.. The first elections for the new Republic were held on the 19 January 1919. They used a voting system called Proportional Representation.. The Social Democratic Party won 38% of the vote and 163 seats, the Catholic Centre Party won 20% of the vote and 91 seats andTHE BLACK DEATH
1 / 1. Another anti-Jewish story surrounded the origins of the Black Death in 1349. This bubonic plague devastated Europe in the fourteenth century, killing an estimated 25-50 million people. As medical knowledge in the medieval period was extremely limited, people offered religious explanations forINVASION OF FRANCE
2 / 2. By the summer of 1944, the Allies had enough coordinated strength to consider an invasion of France. This invasion became known as D-Day. On the evening of the 5 June 1944, under the cover of nightfall, British, French, American and Canadian troops started to GERMAN COLLABORATION AND COMPLICITY The Wehrmacht was the German Army in the Third Reich.The Wehrmacht collaborated with the Nazis throughout their time in power to help them achieve their ideological aims, such as Lebensraum and the extermination of Jews and others.. Generally, prior to the Second World War, soldiers and armies adhered to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (and Geneva Protocol of 1925), which laid out theFREDDIE: AUSCHWITZ
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WHY DID THE HOLOCAUST HAPPEN? The Holocaust was the culmination of a number of factors over a number of years. Historic antisemitism, the rise of eugenics and nationalism, the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe.PRE-WAR JEWISH LIFE
The largest population of Jews before the Holocaust was in Eastern Europe, with a community of 3,000,000 in Poland, 2,525,000 in Russia, and 980,000 in Romania. The size of this Jewish population in these countries meant that they made a huge contribution to the culture. Hayim Nahman Bialik, a Ukrainian Jew who is widely regarded as thefather
RESISTANCE – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS Resistance. A group of Jewish partisans, initially formed in the Vilna Ghetto, who went on to operate in the forests outside of Vilna between September 1943 and July 1944. They were led by Abba Kovner (centre back). This photograph also shows Rozka Korczak (third from left) and Vitka Kempner (far right). RESPONSES – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS The Wiener Holocaust Library, then called the Jewish Central Information Office (JCIO) was founded by Dr. Alfred Wiener in Amsterdam in 1933 as a response to the rise of the Nazis.The JCIO collected and shared information about the Third Reich and the Nazis’ persecution of Jews. Alfred Wiener was a German Jew fromBerlin.
THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC
The Weimar Republic was the new system of democratic government established in Germany following the collapse of the Second Reich.. The first elections for the new Republic were held on the 19 January 1919. They used a voting system called Proportional Representation.. The Social Democratic Party won 38% of the vote and 163 seats, the Catholic Centre Party won 20% of the vote and 91 seats andINVASION OF FRANCE
2 / 2. By the summer of 1944, the Allies had enough coordinated strength to consider an invasion of France. This invasion became known as D-Day. On the evening of the 5 June 1944, under the cover of nightfall, British, French, American and Canadian troops started toTHE DARFUR GENOCIDE
The Herero and Namaqua (or Nama) Genocide was the murder and persecution by the German Empire of the Herero and Nama people of Namibia, then known as German South West Africa.Between 65,000 and 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama were killed. Following a rebellion in January 1904 by the Herero people against brutal German colonial rule, General Lothar von Trotha issued an order that all Herero men OCCUPATION OF THE SUDETENLAND Occupation of the Sudetenland. From the 29 – 30 September 1938, the British, French, Italian and German leaders met in Munich to discuss Hitler’s demands for the Sudetenland. This photograph of the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, was taken following talks in Hitler’s apartment on the 30 September 1938. LESBIANS – THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED: DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS The Nazi regime was characterised by the brutal oppression and persecution of Jewish people and other minorities.The Nazis aimed to completely exclude Jews and other minorities from everyday life. Whilst not the primary focus of the Nazi regime its first few years, persecution started from the moment that the Nazis entered power and almost continuously escalated. ESTABLISHMENT OF BERGEN-BELSEN 1 / 1. Bergen-Belsen was initially established in May 1940 as a prisoner of war camp, named Stalag 311. It was situated in north Germany. In spring 1943, Himmler ordered the creation of a camp to hold Jewish prisoners who might be used in exchange schemes with theAllies.
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THE COMPLETE INTRODUCTION TO THE HOLOCAUST, DESIGNED FOR SCHOOLS.START EXPLORING
WELCOME TO THE HOLOCAUST EXPLAINED This website has been created to help learners understand the essential facts of the Holocaust, its causes and its consequences. We aim to answer questions that people most often want to ask in an accessible, reliable and engaging way. Designed with the British school curriculum in mind, our content is organised across nine clearly defined and easy-to-navigate topic areas. _The Holocaust Explained_ includes hundreds of pages of content based on a wide variety of source material in the form of videos, images and text. It is managed by The Wiener Holocaust Library . The Library is the oldest archive of material on the Nazi era and the Holocaust in the world. It is Britain’s national Holocaust archive, and enjoys an international reputation as a leading centre of research and learning.ADVANCED CONTENT
All of the main learning materials on _The__ Holocaust Explained_ have been designed to be accessible to learners from the age of thirteen to eighteen. We know that different people learn at very different speeds and also in quite different ways. That is why we have added advanced content aimed at people who feel they already have achieved a good basic understanding of a topic, but who wish to explore in greater depth. In order to activate advanced content across the site, simply click the RED BUTTON on the left-hand side of each page. On the mobile version, just tap on the topic menu.TIMELINE
The history of the Holocaust is complex and vast. While _The Holocaust Explained_ is not able to cover every aspect of Holocaust history, it does seek to aid understanding and help learners to navigate through the sequence of events. For this reason, we have included a timeline of important events in the history of the Holocaust.Explore timeline
SURVIVOR TESTIMONIES Ruth Barnett: interview Eva Clarke: life in Terezin Freddie’s interview Rudi: life before the War Joan Salter: interview Show all 8 video testimonies WHAT HAPPENED IN MAY10 May 1933
On 10 May 1933, university students supported by the Nazi Party instigated book burnings of blacklisted authors across Germany.01 May 1935
On 1 May 1935, the German government issued a ban on all organisations of the Jehovah's Witnesses. Image courtesy of USHMM.10 May 1940
On 10 May 1940, German forces invaded the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Luxembourg.29 May 1942
On 29 May 1942, the German authorities in France passed a law requiring Jews to wear the Star of David.16 May 1944
On 16 May 1944, inmates of the Gypsy camp in Auschwitz resisted the SS guards attempting to liquidate the camp.* Resources
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