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MUSEUM HISTORY
The Computer Museum in Boston closes and moves some of the exhibits into Boston’s Museum of Science. The remainder of the historical collection of world-class artifacts travels to The Computer Museum History Center in Mountain View, which incorporates as a 1965 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Computers. Designed by engineer Gardner Hendrie for Computer Control Corporation (CCC), the DDP-116 is announced at the 1965 Spring Joint Computer Conference. It was the world's first commercial 16-bit minicomputer and 172 systems were sold. The basic computer cost $28,500. Still from Jean-Luc Godard’s Alphaville. INTERNET HISTORY OF 1990S ARPANET formally shuts down. In twenty years, ‘the net’ has grown from 4 to over 300,000 hosts. Countries connecting in 1990 include Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Greece, India, Ireland, South Korea, Spain, and Switzerland. Several search tools, such as ARCHIE, Gopher, and WAIS 1978 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM The 5 ¼-inch flexible disk drive and diskette are introduced by Shugart Associates in 1976. This was the result of a request by Wang Laboratories to produce a disk drive small enough to use with a desktop computer, since 8-inch floppy drives were considered too large for that purpose. By 1978, more than 10 manufacturers were producing 5 1963: STANDARD LOGIC IC FAMILIES INTRODUCED 1963: Standard Logic IC Families Introduced Diode Transistor Logic (DTL) families create a high-volume market for digital ICs but speed, cost, and density advantages establish Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) as the most popular standard logic configuration by the late1960s.
DEC’S BLOCKBUSTER: THE PDP-8 DEC’s Blockbuster: The PDP-8The Canadian Chalk River Nuclear Lab approached Digital Equipment Corporation in 1964. It needed a special device to monitor a reactor. Instead of designing a custom, hard-wired controller as expected, young DEC engineers C. Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro did something unusual: they developed a small, general purpose computer and programmed it to do the job. HOME - CHMEXPLORECONNECTVISITABOUTJOIN & GIVEUPCOMING EVENTS CHM decodes technology for everyone—even from home. Access virtual events, online activities and resources, digital exhibits and tours, and more right from our homepage. The health and safety of our visitors, employees, and volunteers is our top priority. Please check back for opening updates 1944 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. The machine had a fifty-foot long camshaft running the length of machine that synchronized the machine’s thousands of component parts and used 3,500 relays. The Mark 1 produced mathematical tables but 1970 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Computers. Gene Amdahl, father of the IBM System/360, starts his own company, Amdahl Corporation, to compete with IBM in mainframe computer systems. The 470V/6 was the company’s first product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster. Tillie the Teller, Wells Fargo Bank. 1971 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Computer Space is released. Graphics & Games; The cult success of Steve Russell's SpaceWar! and other early space battle games led Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney to design Computer Space, one of the earliest electronic arcade games.Using no microprocessor, RAM, or ROM, Computer Space was a simple technical design that still allowed for complex gameplay, so complex that many noted there was aMUSEUM HISTORY
The Computer Museum in Boston closes and moves some of the exhibits into Boston’s Museum of Science. The remainder of the historical collection of world-class artifacts travels to The Computer Museum History Center in Mountain View, which incorporates as a 1965 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Computers. Designed by engineer Gardner Hendrie for Computer Control Corporation (CCC), the DDP-116 is announced at the 1965 Spring Joint Computer Conference. It was the world's first commercial 16-bit minicomputer and 172 systems were sold. The basic computer cost $28,500. Still from Jean-Luc Godard’s Alphaville. INTERNET HISTORY OF 1990S ARPANET formally shuts down. In twenty years, ‘the net’ has grown from 4 to over 300,000 hosts. Countries connecting in 1990 include Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Greece, India, Ireland, South Korea, Spain, and Switzerland. Several search tools, such as ARCHIE, Gopher, and WAIS 1978 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM The 5 ¼-inch flexible disk drive and diskette are introduced by Shugart Associates in 1976. This was the result of a request by Wang Laboratories to produce a disk drive small enough to use with a desktop computer, since 8-inch floppy drives were considered too large for that purpose. By 1978, more than 10 manufacturers were producing 5 1963: STANDARD LOGIC IC FAMILIES INTRODUCED 1963: Standard Logic IC Families Introduced Diode Transistor Logic (DTL) families create a high-volume market for digital ICs but speed, cost, and density advantages establish Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) as the most popular standard logic configuration by the late1960s.
DEC’S BLOCKBUSTER: THE PDP-8 DEC’s Blockbuster: The PDP-8The Canadian Chalk River Nuclear Lab approached Digital Equipment Corporation in 1964. It needed a special device to monitor a reactor. Instead of designing a custom, hard-wired controller as expected, young DEC engineers C. Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro did something unusual: they developed a small, general purpose computer and programmed it to do the job.MUSEUM HISTORY
The Computer Museum in Boston closes and moves some of the exhibits into Boston’s Museum of Science. The remainder of the historical collection of world-class artifacts travels to The Computer Museum History Center in Mountain View, which incorporates as a 1980 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Networking & The Web. In 1980 Tim Berners-Lee at the CERN physics laboratory creates Enquire, a networked hypertext system used for project management but with far greater ambitions. It seeks to categorize hyperlinks in a way that can be read by computers as well as people. He later claims he hadn't been aware of earlier hypertextwork at the
1996 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Sony Vaio series is begun. Sony had manufactured and sold computers in Japan, but the VAIO signals their entry into the global computer market. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. The VAIO line of computers would be best knownfor
1960 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Timeline of Computer History. Participants in COBOL's 25th Anniversary Celebration at The Computer Museum on May 16, 1985, surround the COBOL Tombstone, a gift in 1960 from Howard Bromberg (far right) to the COBOL Committee.”. 1989 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM At its official 1983 launch, the Internet had been a modest experimental network of networks owned by the U.S. government. As late as 1989, even insiders are betting against it – OSI is the official favorite for the future of internetworking, or connecting networks together. But in the meantime the Internet has quietly grown to100,000 host
1940 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM In 1939, Bell Telephone Laboratories completes this calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz. In 1940, Stibitz demonstrated the CNC at an American Mathematical Society conference held at Dartmouth College. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in 1978 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM The 5 ¼-inch flexible disk drive and diskette are introduced by Shugart Associates in 1976. This was the result of a request by Wang Laboratories to produce a disk drive small enough to use with a desktop computer, since 8-inch floppy drives were considered too large for that purpose. By 1978, more than 10 manufacturers were producing 5 1981 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 3 ½-inch floppy drive. Memory & Storage; Sony introduces the first 3 -inch floppy drives and diskettes in 1981. The first significant company to adopt the 3 ½-inch floppy for general use was Hewlett-Packard in 1982, an event which was critical in establishing momentum for the format and which helped it prevail over the other contenders for the microfloppy standard, including 3-inch, 3 ¼ 1963: COMPLEMENTARY MOS CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION IS INVENTED In a 1963 conference paper C. T. Sah and Frank Wanlass of the Fairchild R & D Laboratory showed that logic circuits combining p-channel and n-channel MOS transistors in a complementary symmetry circuit configuration drew close to zero power in standby mode. ALTAIR COMPUTER 8800 Description Aerial image of the Altair 8800 with the inside of the computer exposed. wooden keyboard is a few inches away from the Altair. On verso some writing in black marker ink reads "The Computer Museum Altair Computer 8800 ?Y ?7.9.98" 2021 CHM FELLOW AWARDS A Virtual Yearlong Celebration. The 2021 CHM Fellow Awards marks the Museum’s first-ever virtual Fellow Awards. CHM will celebrate the 2021 Fellows in a yearlong four-part series of thought-provoking virtual events and engaging digital content that explores the story and impact of each honoree and the present and future of tech forhumanity.
ORIGINAL TINKERTOY COMPUTER Description Object is an assembly of standard Tinkertoy rods and wheels in a 3x3 array of units (as seen from the front). There are a number of strings used as belts to connect rotating parts betweenunits.
PATRICK J. MCGOVERN TECH FOR HUMANITY PRIZE Patrick J. McGovern and the Computer History Museum. In 1982, when the first incarnation of CHM was established in Boston as a public non-profit called The Computer Museum, Pat McGovern was an original member of the 18-person board, alongside museum cofounders Gordon and Gwen Bell and other IT pioneers, such as Bob Noyce, inventor of the integrated circuit and Intel cofounder. FIDELITY CHESS CHALLENGER MANUALS AND BROCHURES Description. Item Titles: Fidelity Challenger Series (brochure) Fidelity Challenger Printer (flyer) Challenger Sensory Chess Challenger Owner's Manual. Prestige Challenger Owner's Manual. Voice Sensory Chess Challenger Service Manual. THE ECHO IV HOME COMPUTER: 50 YEARS LATER REDACTRON DATA SECRETARY WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM This donation comprises a word processor and typewriter that were used primarily in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a means of storing press contacts for Headley Plachta Rolfe, a book and theatre publicity company in the UK. It gave a clear advantage to its owners over their competitors in a field where quality and number of personal contacts MOHAWK DATA SCIENCES CORPORATION (MDS) Mohawk Data Sciences Corporation (MDS) full record download pdf. MDS was formed by several engineers that left Univac. Their first product was the Data Recorder. Launched in 1964, it was designed as a data entry system that replaced the standard keypunch and punched cards with a device that recorded data directly to magnetic tape. THE HP WAYS: LESSONS ON STRATEGY AND CULTURE HP was once famous and admired for its culture. The “HP Way” shaped several generations of companies in Silicon Valley and beyond. HP’s culture has been a source of significant advantages and challenges for the company under many different leaders. In this article, we can trace the lessons from where and how HP’s culture has supported the thrust of its strategy, and discuss where andMICHAEL RUETTGERS
Mike Ruettgers is retired chairman of the board and special advisor to EMC Corporation, the world leader in products, services and solutions for information management and storage. Ruettgers, was Chairman of the Board of Directors, leading all facets of EMC’s proactive corporate governance, with a special focus on shaping the composition and expertise of EMC’s IBM SYSTEM/360 REFERENCE CARD CONDITION CODES CODES FOR PROGRAM INTERRUPTION I Gndition Code Saning 0 Mask Bit Position 8 2 3 2 1 ln*~~tim Prwm Interruption . IntZption Program ~nterruption Extended Cod. Mechina Instruction Mooning Dec 1 Hex Cause Dec 1 Hex cause B DZ(X2,BZ) BC 15, DZ(X2,BZ) BranchUnconditionally
2021 CHM FELLOW AWARDS A Virtual Yearlong Celebration. The 2021 CHM Fellow Awards marks the Museum’s first-ever virtual Fellow Awards. CHM will celebrate the 2021 Fellows in a yearlong four-part series of thought-provoking virtual events and engaging digital content that explores the story and impact of each honoree and the present and future of tech forhumanity.
ORIGINAL TINKERTOY COMPUTER Description Object is an assembly of standard Tinkertoy rods and wheels in a 3x3 array of units (as seen from the front). There are a number of strings used as belts to connect rotating parts betweenunits.
PATRICK J. MCGOVERN TECH FOR HUMANITY PRIZE Patrick J. McGovern and the Computer History Museum. In 1982, when the first incarnation of CHM was established in Boston as a public non-profit called The Computer Museum, Pat McGovern was an original member of the 18-person board, alongside museum cofounders Gordon and Gwen Bell and other IT pioneers, such as Bob Noyce, inventor of the integrated circuit and Intel cofounder. FIDELITY CHESS CHALLENGER MANUALS AND BROCHURES Description. Item Titles: Fidelity Challenger Series (brochure) Fidelity Challenger Printer (flyer) Challenger Sensory Chess Challenger Owner's Manual. Prestige Challenger Owner's Manual. Voice Sensory Chess Challenger Service Manual. THE ECHO IV HOME COMPUTER: 50 YEARS LATER REDACTRON DATA SECRETARY WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM This donation comprises a word processor and typewriter that were used primarily in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a means of storing press contacts for Headley Plachta Rolfe, a book and theatre publicity company in the UK. It gave a clear advantage to its owners over their competitors in a field where quality and number of personal contacts MOHAWK DATA SCIENCES CORPORATION (MDS) Mohawk Data Sciences Corporation (MDS) full record download pdf. MDS was formed by several engineers that left Univac. Their first product was the Data Recorder. Launched in 1964, it was designed as a data entry system that replaced the standard keypunch and punched cards with a device that recorded data directly to magnetic tape. THE HP WAYS: LESSONS ON STRATEGY AND CULTURE HP was once famous and admired for its culture. The “HP Way” shaped several generations of companies in Silicon Valley and beyond. HP’s culture has been a source of significant advantages and challenges for the company under many different leaders. In this article, we can trace the lessons from where and how HP’s culture has supported the thrust of its strategy, and discuss where andMICHAEL RUETTGERS
Mike Ruettgers is retired chairman of the board and special advisor to EMC Corporation, the world leader in products, services and solutions for information management and storage. Ruettgers, was Chairman of the Board of Directors, leading all facets of EMC’s proactive corporate governance, with a special focus on shaping the composition and expertise of EMC’s IBM SYSTEM/360 REFERENCE CARD CONDITION CODES CODES FOR PROGRAM INTERRUPTION I Gndition Code Saning 0 Mask Bit Position 8 2 3 2 1 ln*~~tim Prwm Interruption . IntZption Program ~nterruption Extended Cod. Mechina Instruction Mooning Dec 1 Hex Cause Dec 1 Hex cause B DZ(X2,BZ) BC 15, DZ(X2,BZ) BranchUnconditionally
HOME - CHM
CHM decodes technology for everyone—even from home. Access virtual events, online activities and resources, digital exhibits and tours, and more right from our homepage. The health and safety of our visitors, employees, and volunteers is our top priority. Please check back for opening updates 1970 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Computers. Gene Amdahl, father of the IBM System/360, starts his own company, Amdahl Corporation, to compete with IBM in mainframe computer systems. The 470V/6 was the company’s first product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster. Tillie the Teller, Wells Fargo Bank. 1996 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Sony Vaio series is begun. Sony had manufactured and sold computers in Japan, but the VAIO signals their entry into the global computer market. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. The VAIO line of computers would be best knownfor
1989 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM At its official 1983 launch, the Internet had been a modest experimental network of networks owned by the U.S. government. As late as 1989, even insiders are betting against it – OSI is the official favorite for the future of internetworking, or connecting networks together. But in the meantime the Internet has quietly grown to100,000 host
1965 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Computers. Designed by engineer Gardner Hendrie for Computer Control Corporation (CCC), the DDP-116 is announced at the 1965 Spring Joint Computer Conference. It was the world's first commercial 16-bit minicomputer and 172 systems were sold. The basic computer cost $28,500. Still from Jean-Luc Godard’s Alphaville. 1968 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) makes its debut. Computers; Designed by scientists and engineers at MIT’s Instrumentation Laboratory, the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) is the culmination of years of work to reduce the size of the Apollo spacecraft computer from the size of seven refrigerators side-by-side to a compact unit weighing only 70 lbs. and taking up a volume of less than 1 cubic foot. 2008 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM After more than 700 years, WALL-E has developed sentience and discovers a seedling, the first sign of new biological life on the planet. Fatefully, another robot arrives on Earth after being sent back to check for renewed signs of life and WALL-E falls in love. Working together, the two robots hold mankind’s fate in theirrobotic grips.
1940 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM In 1939, Bell Telephone Laboratories completes this calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz. In 1940, Stibitz demonstrated the CNC at an American Mathematical Society conference held at Dartmouth College. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in 1957 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM One of the earliest applications of computers to image creation and processing starts with the work of Robert Kirsch on the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) in 1957. Working with the SEAC team, Kirsch designed a rotating drum scanner, allowing him to digitize an image of his young son, Walden. The image, a five-by-five centimeter 1963: STANDARD LOGIC IC FAMILIES INTRODUCED 1963: Standard Logic IC Families Introduced Diode Transistor Logic (DTL) families create a high-volume market for digital ICs but speed, cost, and density advantages establish Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) as the most popular standard logic configuration by the late1960s.
1996 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Sony Vaio series is begun. Sony had manufactured and sold computers in Japan, but the VAIO signals their entry into the global computer market. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. The VAIO line of computers would be best knownfor
1989 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM At its official 1983 launch, the Internet had been a modest experimental network of networks owned by the U.S. government. As late as 1989, even insiders are betting against it – OSI is the official favorite for the future of internetworking, or connecting networks together. But in the meantime the Internet has quietly grown to100,000 host
INTERNET HISTORY OF 1990S ARPANET formally shuts down. In twenty years, ‘the net’ has grown from 4 to over 300,000 hosts. Countries connecting in 1990 include Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Greece, India, Ireland, South Korea, Spain, and Switzerland. Several search tools, such as ARCHIE, Gopher, and WAIS 2008 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM After more than 700 years, WALL-E has developed sentience and discovers a seedling, the first sign of new biological life on the planet. Fatefully, another robot arrives on Earth after being sent back to check for renewed signs of life and WALL-E falls in love. Working together, the two robots hold mankind’s fate in theirrobotic grips.
1952 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM The IBM 726 was an early and important practical high-speed magnetic tape system for electronic computers. Announced on May 21, 1952, the system used a unique ‘vacuum channel’ method of keeping a loop of tape circulating between two points, allowing the tape drive to start and stop the tape in a split-second. The Model 726 was initially ORIGINAL TINKERTOY COMPUTER Description Object is an assembly of standard Tinkertoy rods and wheels in a 3x3 array of units (as seen from the front). There are a number of strings used as belts to connect rotating parts betweenunits.
DEC’S BLOCKBUSTER: THE PDP-8 DEC’s Blockbuster: The PDP-8The Canadian Chalk River Nuclear Lab approached Digital Equipment Corporation in 1964. It needed a special device to monitor a reactor. Instead of designing a custom, hard-wired controller as expected, young DEC engineers C. Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro did something unusual: they developed a small, general purpose computer and programmed it to do the job. MEMORY INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Memory Integrated CircuitsA chain is only as strong as its weakest link. That principle applies to computer performance, too. As fast ICs replaced vacuum tubes and transistors for logic, slow magnetic core memory became a performance bottleneck. Happily, ICs also offered the solution. Falling cost made them economical for memory applications.By the early 1980s, semiconductors were the dominant FIDELITY CHESS CHALLENGER MANUALS AND BROCHURES Description. Item Titles: Fidelity Challenger Series (brochure) Fidelity Challenger Printer (flyer) Challenger Sensory Chess Challenger Owner's Manual. Prestige Challenger Owner's Manual. Voice Sensory Chess Challenger Service Manual. REDACTRON DATA SECRETARY WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM This donation comprises a word processor and typewriter that were used primarily in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a means of storing press contacts for Headley Plachta Rolfe, a book and theatre publicity company in the UK. It gave a clear advantage to its owners over their competitors in a field where quality and number of personal contacts 1996 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Sony Vaio series is begun. Sony had manufactured and sold computers in Japan, but the VAIO signals their entry into the global computer market. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. The VAIO line of computers would be best knownfor
1989 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM At its official 1983 launch, the Internet had been a modest experimental network of networks owned by the U.S. government. As late as 1989, even insiders are betting against it – OSI is the official favorite for the future of internetworking, or connecting networks together. But in the meantime the Internet has quietly grown to100,000 host
INTERNET HISTORY OF 1990S ARPANET formally shuts down. In twenty years, ‘the net’ has grown from 4 to over 300,000 hosts. Countries connecting in 1990 include Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Greece, India, Ireland, South Korea, Spain, and Switzerland. Several search tools, such as ARCHIE, Gopher, and WAIS 2008 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM After more than 700 years, WALL-E has developed sentience and discovers a seedling, the first sign of new biological life on the planet. Fatefully, another robot arrives on Earth after being sent back to check for renewed signs of life and WALL-E falls in love. Working together, the two robots hold mankind’s fate in theirrobotic grips.
1952 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM The IBM 726 was an early and important practical high-speed magnetic tape system for electronic computers. Announced on May 21, 1952, the system used a unique ‘vacuum channel’ method of keeping a loop of tape circulating between two points, allowing the tape drive to start and stop the tape in a split-second. The Model 726 was initially ORIGINAL TINKERTOY COMPUTER Description Object is an assembly of standard Tinkertoy rods and wheels in a 3x3 array of units (as seen from the front). There are a number of strings used as belts to connect rotating parts betweenunits.
DEC’S BLOCKBUSTER: THE PDP-8 DEC’s Blockbuster: The PDP-8The Canadian Chalk River Nuclear Lab approached Digital Equipment Corporation in 1964. It needed a special device to monitor a reactor. Instead of designing a custom, hard-wired controller as expected, young DEC engineers C. Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro did something unusual: they developed a small, general purpose computer and programmed it to do the job. MEMORY INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Memory Integrated CircuitsA chain is only as strong as its weakest link. That principle applies to computer performance, too. As fast ICs replaced vacuum tubes and transistors for logic, slow magnetic core memory became a performance bottleneck. Happily, ICs also offered the solution. Falling cost made them economical for memory applications.By the early 1980s, semiconductors were the dominant FIDELITY CHESS CHALLENGER MANUALS AND BROCHURES Description. Item Titles: Fidelity Challenger Series (brochure) Fidelity Challenger Printer (flyer) Challenger Sensory Chess Challenger Owner's Manual. Prestige Challenger Owner's Manual. Voice Sensory Chess Challenger Service Manual. REDACTRON DATA SECRETARY WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM This donation comprises a word processor and typewriter that were used primarily in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a means of storing press contacts for Headley Plachta Rolfe, a book and theatre publicity company in the UK. It gave a clear advantage to its owners over their competitors in a field where quality and number of personal contactsHOME - CHM
CHM decodes technology for everyone—even from home. Access virtual events, online activities and resources, digital exhibits and tours, and more right from our homepage. The health and safety of our visitors, employees, and volunteers is our top priority. Please check back for opening updates 1970 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Computers. Gene Amdahl, father of the IBM System/360, starts his own company, Amdahl Corporation, to compete with IBM in mainframe computer systems. The 470V/6 was the company’s first product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster. Tillie the Teller, Wells Fargo Bank. PATRICK J. MCGOVERN TECH FOR HUMANITY PRIZE Patrick J. McGovern and the Computer History Museum. In 1982, when the first incarnation of CHM was established in Boston as a public non-profit called The Computer Museum, Pat McGovern was an original member of the 18-person board, alongside museum cofounders Gordon and Gwen Bell and other IT pioneers, such as Bob Noyce, inventor of the integrated circuit and Intel cofounder. 1961 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM The US Navy Tactical Data System uses computers to integrate and display shipboard radar, sonar and communications data. This real-time information system began operating in the early 1960s. In October 1961, the Navy tested the NTDS on the USS Oriskany carrier and the USS King and USS Mahan frigates. After being successfully used for decades 1968 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) makes its debut. Computers; Designed by scientists and engineers at MIT’s Instrumentation Laboratory, the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) is the culmination of years of work to reduce the size of the Apollo spacecraft computer from the size of seven refrigerators side-by-side to a compact unit weighing only 70 lbs. and taking up a volume of less than 1 cubic foot. 1944 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. The machine had a fifty-foot long camshaft running the length of machine that synchronized the machine’s thousands of component parts and used 3,500 relays. The Mark 1 produced mathematical tables but 1978 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM The 5 ¼-inch flexible disk drive and diskette are introduced by Shugart Associates in 1976. This was the result of a request by Wang Laboratories to produce a disk drive small enough to use with a desktop computer, since 8-inch floppy drives were considered too large for that purpose. By 1978, more than 10 manufacturers were producing 5 2007 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Portal is introduced. Featuring complicated puzzles, a science fiction setting, and a passive-aggressive robot named GlaDOS, Portal is designed by Valve Entertainment. Players control Chell, who used an Aperture Handheld Portal Device to solve puzzles set forth by GlaDOS, who promised a non-existent cake when they are all completed. 1963: STANDARD LOGIC IC FAMILIES INTRODUCED 1963: Standard Logic IC Families Introduced Diode Transistor Logic (DTL) families create a high-volume market for digital ICs but speed, cost, and density advantages establish Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) as the most popular standard logic configuration by the late1960s.
1963: COMPLEMENTARY MOS CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION IS INVENTED In a 1963 conference paper C. T. Sah and Frank Wanlass of the Fairchild R & D Laboratory showed that logic circuits combining p-channel and n-channel MOS transistors in a complementary symmetry circuit configuration drew close to zero power in standby mode. 1989 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM At its official 1983 launch, the Internet had been a modest experimental network of networks owned by the U.S. government. As late as 1989, even insiders are betting against it – OSI is the official favorite for the future of internetworking, or connecting networks together. But in the meantime the Internet has quietly grown to100,000 host
1996 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Sony Vaio series is begun. Sony had manufactured and sold computers in Japan, but the VAIO signals their entry into the global computer market. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. The VAIO line of computers would be best knownfor
INTERNET HISTORY OF 1990S ARPANET formally shuts down. In twenty years, ‘the net’ has grown from 4 to over 300,000 hosts. Countries connecting in 1990 include Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Greece, India, Ireland, South Korea, Spain, and Switzerland. Several search tools, such as ARCHIE, Gopher, and WAIS 2008 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM After more than 700 years, WALL-E has developed sentience and discovers a seedling, the first sign of new biological life on the planet. Fatefully, another robot arrives on Earth after being sent back to check for renewed signs of life and WALL-E falls in love. Working together, the two robots hold mankind’s fate in theirrobotic grips.
1952 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM The IBM 726 was an early and important practical high-speed magnetic tape system for electronic computers. Announced on May 21, 1952, the system used a unique ‘vacuum channel’ method of keeping a loop of tape circulating between two points, allowing the tape drive to start and stop the tape in a split-second. The Model 726 was initially ORIGINAL TINKERTOY COMPUTER Description Object is an assembly of standard Tinkertoy rods and wheels in a 3x3 array of units (as seen from the front). There are a number of strings used as belts to connect rotating parts betweenunits.
DEC’S BLOCKBUSTER: THE PDP-8 DEC’s Blockbuster: The PDP-8The Canadian Chalk River Nuclear Lab approached Digital Equipment Corporation in 1964. It needed a special device to monitor a reactor. Instead of designing a custom, hard-wired controller as expected, young DEC engineers C. Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro did something unusual: they developed a small, general purpose computer and programmed it to do the job. MEMORY INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Memory Integrated CircuitsA chain is only as strong as its weakest link. That principle applies to computer performance, too. As fast ICs replaced vacuum tubes and transistors for logic, slow magnetic core memory became a performance bottleneck. Happily, ICs also offered the solution. Falling cost made them economical for memory applications.By the early 1980s, semiconductors were the dominant FIDELITY CHESS CHALLENGER MANUALS AND BROCHURES Description. Item Titles: Fidelity Challenger Series (brochure) Fidelity Challenger Printer (flyer) Challenger Sensory Chess Challenger Owner's Manual. Prestige Challenger Owner's Manual. Voice Sensory Chess Challenger Service Manual. REDACTRON DATA SECRETARY WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM This donation comprises a word processor and typewriter that were used primarily in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a means of storing press contacts for Headley Plachta Rolfe, a book and theatre publicity company in the UK. It gave a clear advantage to its owners over their competitors in a field where quality and number of personal contacts 1989 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM At its official 1983 launch, the Internet had been a modest experimental network of networks owned by the U.S. government. As late as 1989, even insiders are betting against it – OSI is the official favorite for the future of internetworking, or connecting networks together. But in the meantime the Internet has quietly grown to100,000 host
1996 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Sony Vaio series is begun. Sony had manufactured and sold computers in Japan, but the VAIO signals their entry into the global computer market. The first VAIO, a desktop computer, featured an additional 3D interface on top of the Windows 95 operating system as a way of attracting new users. The VAIO line of computers would be best knownfor
INTERNET HISTORY OF 1990S ARPANET formally shuts down. In twenty years, ‘the net’ has grown from 4 to over 300,000 hosts. Countries connecting in 1990 include Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Greece, India, Ireland, South Korea, Spain, and Switzerland. Several search tools, such as ARCHIE, Gopher, and WAIS 2008 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM After more than 700 years, WALL-E has developed sentience and discovers a seedling, the first sign of new biological life on the planet. Fatefully, another robot arrives on Earth after being sent back to check for renewed signs of life and WALL-E falls in love. Working together, the two robots hold mankind’s fate in theirrobotic grips.
1952 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM The IBM 726 was an early and important practical high-speed magnetic tape system for electronic computers. Announced on May 21, 1952, the system used a unique ‘vacuum channel’ method of keeping a loop of tape circulating between two points, allowing the tape drive to start and stop the tape in a split-second. The Model 726 was initially ORIGINAL TINKERTOY COMPUTER Description Object is an assembly of standard Tinkertoy rods and wheels in a 3x3 array of units (as seen from the front). There are a number of strings used as belts to connect rotating parts betweenunits.
DEC’S BLOCKBUSTER: THE PDP-8 DEC’s Blockbuster: The PDP-8The Canadian Chalk River Nuclear Lab approached Digital Equipment Corporation in 1964. It needed a special device to monitor a reactor. Instead of designing a custom, hard-wired controller as expected, young DEC engineers C. Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro did something unusual: they developed a small, general purpose computer and programmed it to do the job. MEMORY INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Memory Integrated CircuitsA chain is only as strong as its weakest link. That principle applies to computer performance, too. As fast ICs replaced vacuum tubes and transistors for logic, slow magnetic core memory became a performance bottleneck. Happily, ICs also offered the solution. Falling cost made them economical for memory applications.By the early 1980s, semiconductors were the dominant FIDELITY CHESS CHALLENGER MANUALS AND BROCHURES Description. Item Titles: Fidelity Challenger Series (brochure) Fidelity Challenger Printer (flyer) Challenger Sensory Chess Challenger Owner's Manual. Prestige Challenger Owner's Manual. Voice Sensory Chess Challenger Service Manual. REDACTRON DATA SECRETARY WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM This donation comprises a word processor and typewriter that were used primarily in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a means of storing press contacts for Headley Plachta Rolfe, a book and theatre publicity company in the UK. It gave a clear advantage to its owners over their competitors in a field where quality and number of personal contactsHOME - CHM
CHM decodes technology for everyone—even from home. Access virtual events, online activities and resources, digital exhibits and tours, and more right from our homepage. The health and safety of our visitors, employees, and volunteers is our top priority. Please check back for opening updates 1970 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Computers. Gene Amdahl, father of the IBM System/360, starts his own company, Amdahl Corporation, to compete with IBM in mainframe computer systems. The 470V/6 was the company’s first product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster. Tillie the Teller, Wells Fargo Bank. PATRICK J. MCGOVERN TECH FOR HUMANITY PRIZE Patrick J. McGovern and the Computer History Museum. In 1982, when the first incarnation of CHM was established in Boston as a public non-profit called The Computer Museum, Pat McGovern was an original member of the 18-person board, alongside museum cofounders Gordon and Gwen Bell and other IT pioneers, such as Bob Noyce, inventor of the integrated circuit and Intel cofounder. 1961 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM The US Navy Tactical Data System uses computers to integrate and display shipboard radar, sonar and communications data. This real-time information system began operating in the early 1960s. In October 1961, the Navy tested the NTDS on the USS Oriskany carrier and the USS King and USS Mahan frigates. After being successfully used for decades 1944 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Conceived by Harvard physics professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay-based calculator. The machine had a fifty-foot long camshaft running the length of machine that synchronized the machine’s thousands of component parts and used 3,500 relays. The Mark 1 produced mathematical tables but 1968 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) makes its debut. Computers; Designed by scientists and engineers at MIT’s Instrumentation Laboratory, the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) is the culmination of years of work to reduce the size of the Apollo spacecraft computer from the size of seven refrigerators side-by-side to a compact unit weighing only 70 lbs. and taking up a volume of less than 1 cubic foot. 1978 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM The 5 ¼-inch flexible disk drive and diskette are introduced by Shugart Associates in 1976. This was the result of a request by Wang Laboratories to produce a disk drive small enough to use with a desktop computer, since 8-inch floppy drives were considered too large for that purpose. By 1978, more than 10 manufacturers were producing 5 2007 | TIMELINE OF COMPUTER HISTORY | COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM Portal is introduced. Featuring complicated puzzles, a science fiction setting, and a passive-aggressive robot named GlaDOS, Portal is designed by Valve Entertainment. Players control Chell, who used an Aperture Handheld Portal Device to solve puzzles set forth by GlaDOS, who promised a non-existent cake when they are all completed. 1963: STANDARD LOGIC IC FAMILIES INTRODUCED 1963: Standard Logic IC Families Introduced Diode Transistor Logic (DTL) families create a high-volume market for digital ICs but speed, cost, and density advantages establish Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) as the most popular standard logic configuration by the late1960s.
1963: COMPLEMENTARY MOS CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION IS INVENTED In a 1963 conference paper C. T. Sah and Frank Wanlass of the Fairchild R & D Laboratory showed that logic circuits combining p-channel and n-channel MOS transistors in a complementary symmetry circuit configuration drew close to zero power in standby mode.Menu
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Search for: Or search the collection catalog CHM BLOG FROM THE COLLECTION THE EUDORA™ EMAIL CLIENT SOURCE CODE BY LEONARD J. SHUSTEK| MAY 22,
2018
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Software Gems: The Computer History Museum Historical Source CodeSeries
Electronic mail is one of “killer apps” of networked computing. The ability to quickly send and receive messages without having to be online at the same time created a new form of human communication. By now billions of people have used email. Email has a long and storied history, dating back to MIT’s Compatible Time Sharing System (CTSS) and
the US government’s AUTODINin the early
1960s. These early systems, which often used propriety communications networks and protocols, were generally incompatible with each other; you could only exchange mail with people using the same system. The first email on the ARPANET (the predecessor of today’s internet) was sent by Ray Tomlinsonin 1971, and mail
formats became standardized (RFC 524, RFC 561
) soon thereafter. In the 1980s, the Post Office Protocolfor TCP/IP
codified the communication between email clients (which run on the user’s computer) and the email server (where messages are received from other systems and stored), so that there could be independent implementations of both on different computers and operating systems. Eventually many email clients were written for personal computers, but few became as successful as Eudora. Available both for the IBM PC and the Apple Macintosh, in its heyday Eudora had tens of millions of happy users. Eudora was elegant, fast, feature-rich, and could cope with mail repositories containing hundreds of thousands of messages. In my opinion it was the finest email client ever written, and it has yet to be surpassed. I still use it today, but, alas, the last version of Eudora was released in 2006. It may not be long for this world. With thanks to Qualcomm, we are pleased to release the Eudora source code for its historical interest, and with the faint hope that it might be resuscitated. I will muse more about that later. HOW EUDORA CAME TO BE In the 1980s, Steve Dorner was working at the computer center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.vF9eUrzzNww
“I started Eudora in 1988, at the University of Illinois, about four years before I came to Qualcomm. We began it because the internet was a growing and burgeoning place, but email was not really established on the desktop computers that people were using at the time. It was something that you logged in to some mainframe computer to do, and with the ease of use that the desktop operating systems brought, that just wasn’t the right way for people to do email anymore.” It took Dorner just over a year to create the first version of Eudora, which had 50,000 lines of C code and ran only on the Apple Macintosh. Like many university-produced programs, it was available to anyone forfree.
Why did he call it Eudora? Dorner explained for a 1997 article in the New York Times CyberTimesthat it
was because of a short story he had read in college: “Why I Live atthe P.O ,” by
Mississippi writer Eudora Welty. Working intently on an email program, Dorner said “I felt like I lived at the post office.” In 1991, Qualcomm, a communications company in San Diego famous for CDMA cellular communications technology, licensed Eudora from the University of Illinois. Dorner was eventually hired by them to continue to develop it, working remotely from his home in Illinois. Qualcomm’s motivations were several. They knew that the internet would fuel the need for wireless data, and they thought that email would be one of the drivers. They also thought it prudent to diversify beyond ICs for wireless technology into software applications. But Eudora as a Mac-only product wouldn’t cut it. Qualcomm project manager John Noerenberg assigned Jeff Beckley and Jeff Gehlhaar in San Diego the task of making an MS-DOS and then a Windows version of the program. “The style of the company was to put an MS-DOS or Macintosh computer on each employee’s desk—whichever most suited their needs and their personal preference,” he said. “We required email software that was internet-savvy, and platform agnostic. There wasn’t anything commercially available that satisfied either of those goals, much less both.” Initially Eudora was only used internally at Qualcomm. It was well-received. Noerenberg heard one financial executive at Qualcomm saying, “I used to hate email. But I love Eudora!!” and observed, “It was at that moment I realized we were on to something.” The company later said, “As a leader in developing and delivering digital communications, Qualcomm recognized email as an important communications tool for the future,” and they released it as a consumer product in 1993. The Eudora team at Qualcomm expanded quickly from the initial four to a moderately large product group, and at its peak was over 50 people.THE RISE OF EUDORA
The Qualcomm version of Eudora was originally available for free, and it quickly gained in popularity. To get a feel for the user community, Beckley called it “postcard-ware” and asked people to send him a postcard if they liked it. “I got thousands of postcards from all over the world. . . . There was this great feeling about the software, and everybody really loved it.” “But,” Noerenberg recalls, “postcards don’t pay the bills.” He faced management pressure to stop spending money on a free product. “In 1993 I hatched the idea that if we could somehow convince Qualcomm there was money in an internet software business, we could turn this into a product and we’d get to keep doing what weloved.”
Eudora was soon commercialized as a paid version for $19.95. There was still a free version, now supported by advertisements. By 2001, over 100 person-years of development had been invested in the Windows and Macintosh versions. The paid version eventually sold for as much as $65, and it was aggressively marketed by Qualcomm. THE DEMISE OF EUDORA After 15 years, Qualcomm decided in 2006 that Eudora was no longer consistent with their other major project lines, and they stopped development. A likely factor was the increasing adoption of Microsoft Outlook as an email client for corporations. Outlook was preloaded for free on many PCs, and companies often standardized on it along with the rest of the Microsoft suite of office productivity products. Other free email clients were also available. So regardless of how successful Eudora was, it was never going to be a business big enough to “move the needle” for a company of Qualcomm’s size. The last Qualcomm versions of Eudora, 7.1.0.9 for Windows and 6.2.4 for Macintosh, were released on October 11, 2006. To provide a “soft landing” for the millions of Eudora users, Qualcomm generously sponsored the creation of a new compatible open-source version based on Mozilla Thunderbird. For some time they paid the salaries of the programmers working on it, which included Steve Dorner, Jeff Beckley, Dale Wiggins, Geoff Wenger, Matt Dudziak, and Mark Charlebois. A beta of the new version 8.0 was released in August 2007. But it was panned by the Eudora faithful, in part because it had both a different look and feel and an incompatible mailbox data format. The production version 1.0 of what was renamed “Eudora OSE” (Open Source Edition) was released in September 2010, but fared no better. Jeff Beckley mused that “Classic Eudora had many years of very detailed design and implementation in it. There are a lot of little things that go on behind the scenes, or at least very subtly visible to the user. Users come to depend on those subtle interactions, and, when they aren’t there, it just feels different.” After a few more years of intermittent work, the project for an open-source Eudora collapsed. The last Qualcomm Windows version of Eudora continues, with some glitches, to work well under Windows 10. The Apple Macintosh version, unfortunately, did not survive the transition to the modern Mac processors and operating systems, and can now only run usingemulators.
EUDORA’S LEGACY
It’s hard to overstate Eudora’s popularity in the mid-1990s. The April 22, 1996 InfoWorld article announcing the release of Eudora Pro 2.0 called it Qualcomm’s “best-selling product,” and said that “according to International Data Corp. (IDC), Qualcomm claimed 64.7 percent of all e-mail software revenues in 1995.” A later exhibit about Eudora in Qualcomm’s company museum observed that “By 1996 Eudora had 18 million users, making it the world’s most widely used internet email software at the time.” Even though it has mostly faded away, Eudora had a lasting impact. As Dorner says, “It had a great effect on how people do email even today. There are concepts that we introduced, which we were the first to do, that are now a standard part of any email client out there.” THE EUDORA SOURCE CODE The discussion with Qualcomm for the release of the Eudora source code by the museum took five years. In the end, they decided not to simply grant a license, but to transfer ownership of the code, the Eudora trademarks, the copyrights, and the Eudora domain names to the Computer History Museum (CHM). The transfer agreement allows us to publish the code under the very liberal BSD open source license, which means that anyone can use it for either personal or commercialpurposes.
The source code we are distributing is what we received from Qualcomm, with only the following changes: * addition of the CHM copyright notice and the BSD license * sanitization of “bad words”, mostly in comments, as requestedby Qualcomm
* removal of third-party software that neither the museum nor Qualcomm has the right to distribute The Windows version of Eudora is written in C++. The source tree consists of 8,651 files in 565 folders, taking up 458 MB. There are both production (“Eudora71”) and test (“Sandbox”) versions ofthe code.
The Macintosh version of Eudora is an entirely different code base and is written in C. The source tree consists of 1,433 files in 47 folders, taking up 69.9 MB. View License Agreement and Download Source Code The license for the code allows you to use the code for free, with or without modifications, for personal or commercial use, as long as the copyright notices, the list of conditions, and the disclaimers are retained in the code. The license does NOT allow you to use any of the trademarks or domain names related to Eudora, including Eudora™, www.eudora.com, and www.eudora.org. REVIVING THE WINDOWS VERSION OF EUDORA Although Eudora became unsupported as of 2006, some of us are in denial and still use it as our primary email client. I have over 350,000 archived messages in the Windows Eudora format going back to 1997, along with 28,000 embedded images and 33,000 saved attachments. I run it with only minor problems under Windows 10. I know of no other email client that can manage repositories that large and search them so quickly. I spend hours each day using Eudora to read and send email. I can do a complex search for anything in the 20 years of archived email in under a minute. It will be a sad day when I have to give it up. Are there others like me? We have no way of knowing how large the community of current Eudora users is. If you would like to contribute to a short informal poll about your current and past Eudora usage, please fill out the survey here.
ARE YOU A EUDORA USER, PAST OR PRESENT? PARTICIPATE IN OUR SURVEY! I do hope that someone, or some group, or some company, will adopt the Windows Eudora source code and revive it as a supported program. The Computer History Museum cannot do that. Only the Eudora fan base can. It won’t be easy. The tasks in reviving the Windows version include replacing several third-party libraries for isolated tasks, like spell-checking. The HTML rendering engine should be replaced with something more modern. The handling of Unicode and other special character encoding needs to be improved. Also, the Windows version uses a Qualcomm-modified version of RogueWave Software’s Stingray package of extensions to MFC, the Microsoft Foundation Class library for C++. After more than three years of discussion, we finally secured an agreement with RogueWave, giving us permission to distribute a binary linkable library compiled from the 20-year-old source code, but only for noncommercial use. That library is not currently part of this release, but we will build and distribute it if there is credible interest in rebuilding a noncommercial Windows version of Eudora. But it will take some effort to make the changes to the RogueWave source code necessary to compile it in a modern development environment, and we could use help in doingthat.
REVIVING THE MACINTOSH VERSION OF EUDORA The Macintosh version, because it is based on an older processor and operating system, would be harder to resuscitate. It would have to be substantially rewritten for the current Mac environment. But not much is beyond the capability of motivated and clever programmers. Have atit.
Long live Eudora!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
* Thanks to Qualcomm, Wintertree, and RogueWave their variouspermissions.
* Thanks to Grady Booch, Steve Jasik, and Jennifer Stanley of Fenwick & West for their help. * Thanks to Steve Dorner, Jeff Beckley, and John Noerenberg for their encouragement and participation in this multiyear odyssey to release the code, and for creating Eudora in the first place. You should be very proud of what you did. PRELIMINARY SURVEY RESULTS We received about a thousand survey entries in the first two weeks. Here are some highlights: * 40% of respondents (401) are using Eudora now; 85% Windows and 21% Mac. (So 6% use both?) * Most are long-time users: 10-20 years or more * Many users have huge archives: “tens of thousands”, “over 300,000″, “billions” (?!) * Only 6% are experienced and interested C++ programmers (2/3Windows, 1/3 Mac)
* About 95% of responders (not surprisingly) used Eudora at one time, about 50/50 Windows vs Mac * The reason for stopping to use it vary widely: not supported, won’t run on MacOS X, problems with Gmail, HTML issues, character set issues, company uses Outlook, lack of security, webmail is more portable, wanted Linux version, Apple mail got better, it began tofeel dated.
* The requested changes are mostly fixes or evolutionary improvements: modern OS support, HTML, character sets, SSL certificate handling, new header handling, links to attachments, archiving of embedded images, encrypted email, calendar integration * The majority of responders are in the US, but we also had responses from an amazing 36 different countries: Canada, England, Scotland, Japan, Italy, Switzerland, Portugal, Malaysia, Germany, Thailand, Australia, Finland, Israel, The Netherlands, Belgium, Argentina, Hong Kong, Greece, Mexico, Cuba, Norway, South Africa, Lithuania, Spain, Russia, Sweden, Colombia, Denmark, New Zealand, Czech Republic, Chile, Nicaragua, Hungary, Croatia, Romania, Indonesia There were many exuberant comments about using Eudora; here are a fewsamples:
* It was, and always has been my favorite e-mail client. I would use it in a heartbeat, if it were to come back to life! * PLEASE, I want the old Eudora back… * An awesome email client * I loved Eudora for nearly 15 years, and would love to see it reincarnated. Today’s email clients are still inferior in comparison * Eudora’s one of the very few bits of software I use every singleday.
* There is nothing to be changed. It is the best software EVER, EVER, EVER. I don’t need the crap about groups and social media associations and other high tech sharing stuff. I want Eudora the way it has always been and especially the ability to look up an email from 1999 in 2 seconds with part of a keyword! * This is a very old love affair with Eudora.* I loved Eudora
* I haven’t used it in a number of years, but can’t think of anything I’d change. * It’s basically perfect. * Don’t know how to improve upon an already amazing program that I dearly wish was still available. * I just would be happy if it continued to work as I knew it in thepast!
* It’s what it had that I miss that bothers me, not what it didn’t have that I wanted. HISTORICAL SOURCE CODE RELEASES * MacPaint and QuickDraw Source Code, July 18, 2010
* APL Programming Language Source Code, October 10, 2012
* Adobe Photoshop Source Code ,February 13, 2013
* Apple II DOS Source Code ,November 12, 2013
* Microsoft MS-DOS Early Source Code, March 25, 2014
* Microsoft Word for Windows Version 1.1a Source Code, March 25, 2014
* Early Digital Research CP/M Source Code, October 1, 2014
* Xerox Alto Source Code , October21, 2014
* Electronic Arts DeluxePaint Early Source Code, July 22, 2015
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Len Shustek is the founding chairman emeritus of the board of trustees of the Computer History Museum.JOIN THE DISCUSSION
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