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JAWS menu.
HOW TO READ WEBSITES USING A DESKTOP SCREEN READER While mobile screen readers already offer a pretty good idea of how it is to surf the internet as a blind person, they offer way less features (and thus complexity) than desktop ones. So be ready to get a concrete idea of the main strategies available to read a website using a desktop screen reader! HOW TO CALCULATE COLOUR CONTRAST The formula. To calculate the contrast ratio, the relative luminance of the lighter colour ( L1) is divided through the relative luminance of the darker colour ( L2 ): This results in a value ranging from 1:1 (no contrast at all) to 21:1 (the highest possible contrast). While high contrast is generally good, higher is not always better. MARKING ELEMENTS EXPANDABLE USING ARIA-EXPANDED Marking elements expandable using aria-expanded. ARIA provides an attribute which allows to describe the expandability status of an element. It works pretty uniformly in modern browsers and screen readers, and as such is a good solution for many situations where an element's visibility should can be toggled. HOW SCREEN READERS WORK In addition to this, many websites are coded poorly, and some screen readers even try to compensate for this. While this works sometimes, it often results in strange behaviours. Thus, screen readers often are perceived as being buggy. To prevent bugs, it is best to follow established standards and best practices. MARKING ELEMENTS ACTIVATABLE USING ARIA-PRESSED Marking elements activatable using aria-pressed. ARIA provides an attribute which allows to mark an element as activatable. It works pretty uniformly in modern browsers and screen readers. Still, for most situations there exist alternative techniques that are morerobust.
ADDING VISUALLY HIDDEN HEADINGS TO COMPLETE A PAGE'S Adding visually hidden headings to complete a page's outline. Not only the main content of a web page needs to be marked up using headings, but also other elements like header, navigation, footer, etc. As the visual design usually does not include those headings, they need to WELCOME TO THE ACCESSIBILITY DEVELOPER GUIDE! If you want to learn more about designing and implementing fully accessible websites, you've come to the right place. All our contents are based strictly on the W3C 's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines ( WCAG 2.1 ). Our goal is to provide you with the simplest and most effective best practices on how to design, implement and test websites BROWSE AND FOCUS MODES The relevant desktop screen readers on Windows offer different ways of interacting with the underlying application. The most common ones are browse mode and focus mode. We cannot overestimate the importance of thoroughly knowing their differences. RELEVANT COMBINATIONS OF SCREEN READERS AND BROWSERS To reach as many users as possible, it's a pragmatic approach to support the most widely used combinations of browsers and screen readers. Here you learn, which those are. Other requirements may only apply in closed environments that are only open to a specific, deterministic group of users. THE INSERT MODIFIER KEY Both screen readers NVDA and JAWS worked around this problem by hijacking the Insert key as their modifier key. So most interaction with desktop screen readers involves a combination of Insert and other keys. Insert + N shows the NVDA menu. Insert + F7 shows the elements list (with links, headings, landmarks, etc.). Insert + J shows theJAWS menu.
HOW TO READ WEBSITES USING A DESKTOP SCREEN READER While mobile screen readers already offer a pretty good idea of how it is to surf the internet as a blind person, they offer way less features (and thus complexity) than desktop ones. So be ready to get a concrete idea of the main strategies available to read a website using a desktop screen reader! HOW TO CALCULATE COLOUR CONTRAST The formula. To calculate the contrast ratio, the relative luminance of the lighter colour ( L1) is divided through the relative luminance of the darker colour ( L2 ): This results in a value ranging from 1:1 (no contrast at all) to 21:1 (the highest possible contrast). While high contrast is generally good, higher is not always better. MARKING ELEMENTS EXPANDABLE USING ARIA-EXPANDED Marking elements expandable using aria-expanded. ARIA provides an attribute which allows to describe the expandability status of an element. It works pretty uniformly in modern browsers and screen readers, and as such is a good solution for many situations where an element's visibility should can be toggled. HOW SCREEN READERS WORK In addition to this, many websites are coded poorly, and some screen readers even try to compensate for this. While this works sometimes, it often results in strange behaviours. Thus, screen readers often are perceived as being buggy. To prevent bugs, it is best to follow established standards and best practices. MARKING ELEMENTS ACTIVATABLE USING ARIA-PRESSED Marking elements activatable using aria-pressed. ARIA provides an attribute which allows to mark an element as activatable. It works pretty uniformly in modern browsers and screen readers. Still, for most situations there exist alternative techniques that are morerobust.
ADDING VISUALLY HIDDEN HEADINGS TO COMPLETE A PAGE'S Adding visually hidden headings to complete a page's outline. Not only the main content of a web page needs to be marked up using headings, but also other elements like header, navigation, footer, etc. As the visual design usually does not include those headings, they need toWEB BROWSERS
Pages. Firefox installation and configuration Being one of the most sympathetic browsers available, Firefox (FF) is widely used and loved by people with special needs, especially technology-adept ones. One of FF's main characteristics is its high conformance regarding web standards, including those related to accessibility. HOW TO READ WEBSITES USING A DESKTOP SCREEN READER While mobile screen readers already offer a pretty good idea of how it is to surf the internet as a blind person, they offer way less features (and thus complexity) than desktop ones. So be ready to get a concrete idea of the main strategies available to read a website using a desktop screen reader! THE INSERT MODIFIER KEY Both screen readers NVDA and JAWS worked around this problem by hijacking the Insert key as their modifier key. So most interaction with desktop screen readers involves a combination of Insert and other keys. Insert + N shows the NVDA menu. Insert + F7 shows the elements list (with links, headings, landmarks, etc.). Insert + J shows theJAWS menu.
GETTING A FREE WINDOWS VIRTUAL MACHINE FROM MICROSOFT Microsoft offers free Windows virtual machine images for testing Microsoft Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge. While their licenses expire after 90 days of use, by creating a snapshot before activation, they can easily be reset again. This is the easiest way to get your needed Windows environment up and running quickly for testingpurposes.
HOW TO HANDLE HEADINGS Headings are solely browsable elements and do not offer any interactivity. To work through and understand the examples in this chapter, it is good to have a screen reader at hand and know how to handle it. In addition to this, there are some tools and bookmarklets that can be a huge help in your development workflow. INTRODUCTION TO SCREEN READER USAGE Introduction to screen reader usage. To develop accessible modern websites, it's absolutely crucial to have basic skills in both reading and interacting with websites using screen readers. In this chapter, you will learn everything you need to know about using both mobile and desktop screen readers to browse the web. HOW TO CALCULATE COLOUR CONTRAST The formula. To calculate the contrast ratio, the relative luminance of the lighter colour ( L1) is divided through the relative luminance of the darker colour ( L2 ): This results in a value ranging from 1:1 (no contrast at all) to 21:1 (the highest possible contrast). While high contrast is generally good, higher is not always better. HOW SCREEN READERS WORK In addition to this, many websites are coded poorly, and some screen readers even try to compensate for this. While this works sometimes, it often results in strange behaviours. Thus, screen readers often are perceived as being buggy. To prevent bugs, it is best to follow established standards and best practices. MARKING ELEMENTS AS THE CURRENT ONE USING ARIA-CURRENT Marking elements as the current one using aria-current. ARIA provides an attribute which allows to mark an element in a set of elements as the current one. It works pretty uniformly in modern browsers and screen readers. Still, for most situations there exist alternative techniques that are more robust. HIDING ELEMENTS VISUALLY BY MOVING THEM OFF-SCREEN Hiding elements visually by moving them off-screen. Toggling visibility on focus; Side effects for visual users; Further possibilities using ARIA; To hide an element visually means: visually (on a computer screen) it is not perceivable anymore, but non-visual clients (for example screen readers) still perceive it. WELCOME TO THE ACCESSIBILITY DEVELOPER GUIDE! If you want to learn more about designing and implementing fully accessible websites, you've come to the right place. All our contents are based strictly on the W3C 's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines ( WCAG 2.1 ). Our goal is to provide you with the simplest and most effective best practices on how to design, implement and test websitesWEB BROWSERS
Pages. Firefox installation and configuration Being one of the most sympathetic browsers available, Firefox (FF) is widely used and loved by people with special needs, especially technology-adept ones. One of FF's main characteristics is its high conformance regarding web standards, including those related to accessibility. BROWSE AND FOCUS MODES The relevant desktop screen readers on Windows offer different ways of interacting with the underlying application. The most common ones are browse mode and focus mode. We cannot overestimate the importance of thoroughly knowing their differences. RELEVANT COMBINATIONS OF SCREEN READERS AND BROWSERS To reach as many users as possible, it's a pragmatic approach to support the most widely used combinations of browsers and screen readers. Here you learn, which those are. Other requirements may only apply in closed environments that are only open to a specific, deterministic group of users. WELCOME TO THE ACCESSIBILITY DEVELOPER GUIDE! If you want to learn more about designing and implementing fully accessible websites, you've come to the right place. All our contents are based strictly on the W3C 's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines ( WCAG 2.1 ). Our goal is to provide you with the simplest and most effective best practices on how to design, implement and test websitesWEB BROWSERS
Pages. Firefox installation and configuration Being one of the most sympathetic browsers available, Firefox (FF) is widely used and loved by people with special needs, especially technology-adept ones. One of FF's main characteristics is its high conformance regarding web standards, including those related to accessibility. BROWSE AND FOCUS MODES The relevant desktop screen readers on Windows offer different ways of interacting with the underlying application. The most common ones are browse mode and focus mode. We cannot overestimate the importance of thoroughly knowing their differences. RELEVANT COMBINATIONS OF SCREEN READERS AND BROWSERS To reach as many users as possible, it's a pragmatic approach to support the most widely used combinations of browsers and screen readers. Here you learn, which those are. Other requirements may only apply in closed environments that are only open to a specific, deterministic group of users. VISUALLY HIDDEN TABLE HEADERS Visually hidden table headers. Sometimes, table headers are not provided in the visual layout. This is feasible, as visual users often recognise the larger context of tables without the need for visual headers. For screen reader users though, table headers are always necessary. There were times when hiding table headers visually byhiding the
MARKING ELEMENTS EXPANDABLE USING ARIA-EXPANDED Marking elements expandable using aria-expanded. ARIA provides an attribute which allows to describe the expandability status of an element. It works pretty uniformly in modern browsers and screen readers, and as such is a good solution for many situations where an element's visibility should can be toggled. NOTICING SCREEN READERS USING ALERT ROLE ARIA provides a role which makes screen readers announce an element immediately after its addition to the DOM (using JavaScript). While this works in most browsers and screen readers, it must be used with extreme caution as it interrupts the screen reader's current output. ADDING VISUALLY HIDDEN HEADINGS TO COMPLETE A PAGE'S Adding visually hidden headings to complete a page's outline. Not only the main content of a web page needs to be marked up using headings, but also other elements like header, navigation, footer, etc. As the visual design usually does not include those headings, they need to MARKING ELEMENTS ACTIVATABLE USING ARIA-PRESSED Marking elements activatable using aria-pressed. ARIA provides an attribute which allows to mark an element as activatable. It works pretty uniformly in modern browsers and screen readers. Still, for most situations there exist alternative techniques that are morerobust.
HIDING ELEMENTS FROM SCREEN READERS USING ARIA-HIDDEN ARIA provides an attribute which allows to hide elements from screen readers. It works pretty uniformly on non-focusable elements in modern browsers and screen readers, but it still has some very odd peculiarities. So you better try to create solutions that do not needit.
WEB BROWSERS
Pages. Firefox installation and configuration Being one of the most sympathetic browsers available, Firefox (FF) is widely used and loved by people with special needs, especially technology-adept ones. One of FF's main characteristics is its high conformance regarding web standards, including those related to accessibility. BROWSE AND FOCUS MODES The relevant desktop screen readers on Windows offer different ways of interacting with the underlying application. The most common ones are browse mode and focus mode. We cannot overestimate the importance of thoroughly knowing their differences. INTRODUCTION TO SCREEN READER USAGE Introduction to screen reader usage. To develop accessible modern websites, it's absolutely crucial to have basic skills in both reading and interacting with websites using screen readers. In this chapter, you will learn everything you need to know about using both mobile and desktop screen readers to browse the web. HOW TO READ WEBSITES USING A DESKTOP SCREEN READER While mobile screen readers already offer a pretty good idea of how it is to surf the internet as a blind person, they offer way less features (and thus complexity) than desktop ones. So be ready to get a concrete idea of the main strategies available to read a website using a desktop screen reader! GETTING A FREE WINDOWS VIRTUAL MACHINE FROM MICROSOFT Microsoft offers free Windows virtual machine images for testing Microsoft Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge. While their licenses expire after 90 days of use, by creating a snapshot before activation, they can easily be reset again. This is the easiest way to get your needed Windows environment up and running quickly for testingpurposes.
HOW TO CALCULATE COLOUR CONTRAST The formula. To calculate the contrast ratio, the relative luminance of the lighter colour ( L1) is divided through the relative luminance of the darker colour ( L2 ): This results in a value ranging from 1:1 (no contrast at all) to 21:1 (the highest possible contrast). While high contrast is generally good, higher is not always better. NVDA INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION NVDA (Non Visual Desktop Access) is a lightweight and reliable open source desktop screen reader. Because of its firm compliance to standards, it is the desktop screen reader of choice when developing accessible websites. After using it for a HOW TO BROWSE WEBSITES USING A KEYBOARD ONLY Browsing a website (which means opening it, reading its content and interacting with the available controls) using a keyboard only is delightfully easy. Browsers offer all this functionality with only a few keys on the keyboard. And maybe you use most of those keys alreadyon a daily basis.
HOW SCREEN READERS WORK In addition to this, many websites are coded poorly, and some screen readers even try to compensate for this. While this works sometimes, it often results in strange behaviours. Thus, screen readers often are perceived as being buggy. To prevent bugs, it is best to follow established standards and best practices. JAWS INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION JAWS (Job Access With Speech) is one of the most-used desktop screen readers. Therefore it's very important to ensure its compatibility with your websites. Due to its heavy weight, JAWS is a rather clumsy companion while developing, but it's absolutely crucial to fire it up every now and then for counterchecking accessibility on desktop. WELCOME TO THE ACCESSIBILITY DEVELOPER GUIDE! If you want to learn more about designing and implementing fully accessible websites, you've come to the right place. All our contents are based strictly on the W3C 's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines ( WCAG 2.1 ). Our goal is to provide you with the simplest and most effective best practices on how to design, implement and test websitesWEB BROWSERS
Pages. Firefox installation and configuration Being one of the most sympathetic browsers available, Firefox (FF) is widely used and loved by people with special needs, especially technology-adept ones. One of FF's main characteristics is its high conformance regarding web standards, including those related to accessibility. BROWSE AND FOCUS MODES The relevant desktop screen readers on Windows offer different ways of interacting with the underlying application. The most common ones are browse mode and focus mode. We cannot overestimate the importance of thoroughly knowing their differences. RELEVANT COMBINATIONS OF SCREEN READERS AND BROWSERS To reach as many users as possible, it's a pragmatic approach to support the most widely used combinations of browsers and screen readers. Here you learn, which those are. Other requirements may only apply in closed environments that are only open to a specific, deterministic group of users. VISUALLY HIDDEN TABLE HEADERS Visually hidden table headers. Sometimes, table headers are not provided in the visual layout. This is feasible, as visual users often recognise the larger context of tables without the need for visual headers. For screen reader users though, table headers are always necessary. There were times when hiding table headers visually byhiding the
MARKING ELEMENTS EXPANDABLE USING ARIA-EXPANDED Marking elements expandable using aria-expanded. ARIA provides an attribute which allows to describe the expandability status of an element. It works pretty uniformly in modern browsers and screen readers, and as such is a good solution for many situations where an element's visibility should can be toggled. NOTICING SCREEN READERS USING ALERT ROLE ARIA provides a role which makes screen readers announce an element immediately after its addition to the DOM (using JavaScript). While this works in most browsers and screen readers, it must be used with extreme caution as it interrupts the screen reader's current output. ADDING VISUALLY HIDDEN HEADINGS TO COMPLETE A PAGE'SHIDDEN FONTS IN WORDHIDDEN IN DEMO FONT Adding visually hidden headings to complete a page's outline. Not only the main content of a web page needs to be marked up using headings, but also other elements like header, navigation, footer, etc. As the visual design usually does not include those headings, they need to MARKING ELEMENTS ACTIVATABLE USING ARIA-PRESSED Marking elements activatable using aria-pressed. ARIA provides an attribute which allows to mark an element as activatable. It works pretty uniformly in modern browsers and screen readers. Still, for most situations there exist alternative techniques that are morerobust.
HIDING ELEMENTS FROM SCREEN READERS USING ARIA-HIDDEN ARIA provides an attribute which allows to hide elements from screen readers. It works pretty uniformly on non-focusable elements in modern browsers and screen readers, but it still has some very odd peculiarities. So you better try to create solutions that do not needit.
WELCOME TO THE ACCESSIBILITY DEVELOPER GUIDE! If you want to learn more about designing and implementing fully accessible websites, you've come to the right place. All our contents are based strictly on the W3C 's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines ( WCAG 2.1 ). Our goal is to provide you with the simplest and most effective best practices on how to design, implement and test websitesWEB BROWSERS
Pages. Firefox installation and configuration Being one of the most sympathetic browsers available, Firefox (FF) is widely used and loved by people with special needs, especially technology-adept ones. One of FF's main characteristics is its high conformance regarding web standards, including those related to accessibility. BROWSE AND FOCUS MODES The relevant desktop screen readers on Windows offer different ways of interacting with the underlying application. The most common ones are browse mode and focus mode. We cannot overestimate the importance of thoroughly knowing their differences. RELEVANT COMBINATIONS OF SCREEN READERS AND BROWSERS To reach as many users as possible, it's a pragmatic approach to support the most widely used combinations of browsers and screen readers. Here you learn, which those are. Other requirements may only apply in closed environments that are only open to a specific, deterministic group of users. VISUALLY HIDDEN TABLE HEADERS Visually hidden table headers. Sometimes, table headers are not provided in the visual layout. This is feasible, as visual users often recognise the larger context of tables without the need for visual headers. For screen reader users though, table headers are always necessary. There were times when hiding table headers visually byhiding the
MARKING ELEMENTS EXPANDABLE USING ARIA-EXPANDED Marking elements expandable using aria-expanded. ARIA provides an attribute which allows to describe the expandability status of an element. It works pretty uniformly in modern browsers and screen readers, and as such is a good solution for many situations where an element's visibility should can be toggled. NOTICING SCREEN READERS USING ALERT ROLE ARIA provides a role which makes screen readers announce an element immediately after its addition to the DOM (using JavaScript). While this works in most browsers and screen readers, it must be used with extreme caution as it interrupts the screen reader's current output. ADDING VISUALLY HIDDEN HEADINGS TO COMPLETE A PAGE'SHIDDEN FONTS IN WORDHIDDEN IN DEMO FONT Adding visually hidden headings to complete a page's outline. Not only the main content of a web page needs to be marked up using headings, but also other elements like header, navigation, footer, etc. As the visual design usually does not include those headings, they need to MARKING ELEMENTS ACTIVATABLE USING ARIA-PRESSED Marking elements activatable using aria-pressed. ARIA provides an attribute which allows to mark an element as activatable. It works pretty uniformly in modern browsers and screen readers. Still, for most situations there exist alternative techniques that are morerobust.
HIDING ELEMENTS FROM SCREEN READERS USING ARIA-HIDDEN ARIA provides an attribute which allows to hide elements from screen readers. It works pretty uniformly on non-focusable elements in modern browsers and screen readers, but it still has some very odd peculiarities. So you better try to create solutions that do not needit.
WEB BROWSERS
Pages. Firefox installation and configuration Being one of the most sympathetic browsers available, Firefox (FF) is widely used and loved by people with special needs, especially technology-adept ones. One of FF's main characteristics is its high conformance regarding web standards, including those related to accessibility. BROWSE AND FOCUS MODES The relevant desktop screen readers on Windows offer different ways of interacting with the underlying application. The most common ones are browse mode and focus mode. We cannot overestimate the importance of thoroughly knowing their differences. INTRODUCTION TO SCREEN READER USAGE Introduction to screen reader usage. To develop accessible modern websites, it's absolutely crucial to have basic skills in both reading and interacting with websites using screen readers. In this chapter, you will learn everything you need to know about using both mobile and desktop screen readers to browse the web. HOW TO READ WEBSITES USING A DESKTOP SCREEN READER While mobile screen readers already offer a pretty good idea of how it is to surf the internet as a blind person, they offer way less features (and thus complexity) than desktop ones. So be ready to get a concrete idea of the main strategies available to read a website using a desktop screen reader! GETTING A FREE WINDOWS VIRTUAL MACHINE FROM MICROSOFT Microsoft offers free Windows virtual machine images for testing Microsoft Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge. While their licenses expire after 90 days of use, by creating a snapshot before activation, they can easily be reset again. This is the easiest way to get your needed Windows environment up and running quickly for testingpurposes.
HOW TO CALCULATE COLOUR CONTRAST The formula. To calculate the contrast ratio, the relative luminance of the lighter colour ( L1) is divided through the relative luminance of the darker colour ( L2 ): This results in a value ranging from 1:1 (no contrast at all) to 21:1 (the highest possible contrast). While high contrast is generally good, higher is not always better. NVDA INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION NVDA (Non Visual Desktop Access) is a lightweight and reliable open source desktop screen reader. Because of its firm compliance to standards, it is the desktop screen reader of choice when developing accessible websites. After using it for a HOW TO BROWSE WEBSITES USING A KEYBOARD ONLY Browsing a website (which means opening it, reading its content and interacting with the available controls) using a keyboard only is delightfully easy. Browsers offer all this functionality with only a few keys on the keyboard. And maybe you use most of those keys alreadyon a daily basis.
HOW SCREEN READERS WORK In addition to this, many websites are coded poorly, and some screen readers even try to compensate for this. While this works sometimes, it often results in strange behaviours. Thus, screen readers often are perceived as being buggy. To prevent bugs, it is best to follow established standards and best practices. JAWS INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION JAWS (Job Access With Speech) is one of the most-used desktop screen readers. Therefore it's very important to ensure its compatibility with your websites. Due to its heavy weight, JAWS is a rather clumsy companion while developing, but it's absolutely crucial to fire it up every now and then for counterchecking accessibility on desktop.Jump to content
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Search terms Use up and down arrows to select available result. Press enter to go to selected search result. Touch devices users can use touch and swipe gestures.* Introduction
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WELCOME TO THE ACCESSIBILITY DEVELOPER GUIDE! IF YOU WANT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING FULLY ACCESSIBLE WEBSITES, YOU'VE COME TO THE RIGHT PLACE. All our contents are based strictly on the W3C 's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1 ). Our goal is to provide you with the simplest and most effective best practices on how to design, implement and test websites with accessibility in mind.FOOTER
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