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your freedom.
GNU OCTAVE
GNU Octave 6.2.0 Released – Feb 20, 2021. Octave Version 6.2.0 has been released and is now available for download . An official Windows binary installer is also available. For macOS see the installation instructions in the wiki. DOWNLOAD - GNUSEE MORE ON GNU.ORG WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: GNU EMACS - GNU PROJECT The features of GNU Emacs include. Content-aware editing modes, including syntax coloring, for many file types. Complete built-in documentation, including a tutorial for new users. Full Unicode support for nearly all human scripts. Highly customizable, using Emacs Lisp code or a graphical interface. PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU PSPP is a program for statistical analysis of sampled data. It is a free as in freedom replacement for the proprietary program SPSS, and appears very similar to it with a few exceptions. The most important of these exceptions are, that there are no “time bombs”; your copy of PSPP will not “expire” or deliberately stop working in thefuture.
INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. DDRESCUE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF)SEE MORE ONGNU.ORG
G.5 HOME AND STARTUP DIRECTORIES ON MS-WINDOWS G.5 HOME and Startup Directories on MS-Windows. The Windows equivalent of HOME is the user-specific application data directory.The actual location depends on the Windows version; typical values are C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data on Windows 2000 up to XP, C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming on Windows Vista and later,and either
GETOPT LONG OPTION EXAMPLE (THE GNU C LIBRARY) #include #include #include /* Flag set by ‘--verbose’. */ static int verbose_flag; int main (int argc, char **argv) { int c; while THE GNU OPERATING SYSTEM AND THE FREE SOFTWARE MOVEMENTFREE SOFTWAREGNU MIRRORSLINUX AND GNUGNU/LINUX FAQHOW TO PRONOUNCE GNUMCRON GNU is an operating system that is free software —that is, it respects users' freedom. The GNU operating system consists of GNU packages (programs specifically released by the GNU Project) as well as free software released by third parties. The development of GNU made it possible to use a computer without software that would trampleyour freedom.
GNU OCTAVE
GNU Octave 6.2.0 Released – Feb 20, 2021. Octave Version 6.2.0 has been released and is now available for download . An official Windows binary installer is also available. For macOS see the installation instructions in the wiki. DOWNLOAD - GNUSEE MORE ON GNU.ORG WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: GNU EMACS - GNU PROJECT The features of GNU Emacs include. Content-aware editing modes, including syntax coloring, for many file types. Complete built-in documentation, including a tutorial for new users. Full Unicode support for nearly all human scripts. Highly customizable, using Emacs Lisp code or a graphical interface. PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU PSPP is a program for statistical analysis of sampled data. It is a free as in freedom replacement for the proprietary program SPSS, and appears very similar to it with a few exceptions. The most important of these exceptions are, that there are no “time bombs”; your copy of PSPP will not “expire” or deliberately stop working in thefuture.
INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. DDRESCUE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF)SEE MORE ONGNU.ORG
G.5 HOME AND STARTUP DIRECTORIES ON MS-WINDOWS G.5 HOME and Startup Directories on MS-Windows. The Windows equivalent of HOME is the user-specific application data directory.The actual location depends on the Windows version; typical values are C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data on Windows 2000 up to XP, C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming on Windows Vista and later,and either
GETOPT LONG OPTION EXAMPLE (THE GNU C LIBRARY) #include #include #include /* Flag set by ‘--verbose’. */ static int verbose_flag; int main (int argc, char **argv) { int c; while LIST OF FREE GNU/LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS This page lists the GNU/Linux distributions that are entirely free as in freedom. Non-GNU-based free system distributions are listed separately.. The Free Software Foundation recommends and endorses these GNU/Linux distros, although we do not try to judge or compare them based on any criterion other than freedom; therefore, we list them in alphabetical order. WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: BINUTILS - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION The GNU Binutils are a collection of binary tools. The main ones are: ld - the GNU linker.; as - the GNU assembler.; But they also include: addr2line - Converts addresses into filenames and line numbers.; ar - A utility for creating, modifying and extracting from archives.; c++filt - Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols.; dlltool - Creates files for building and using DLLs. GNU TYPIST - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Typist (also called gtypist) is a universal typing tutor. You can learn correct typing and improve your skills by practising its exercises on a regular basis. Its main features are: It is free software released under the GNU General Public License. In addition, it is an official program of the GNU project. PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION PSPP is GNU software. You can obtain it the same way as with any GNU software. PSPP should work on most modern computers and most operating systems. Systems which have been known to work include: GNU/Hurd , GNU/Linux , Darwin (Mac OS X), OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, and Windows.GNU IDN LIBRARY
Libidn is developed for the GNU/Linux system, but runs on over 20 Unix platforms (including Solaris, IRIX, AIX, and Tru64) and Windows. The library is written in C and (parts of) the API is also accessible from C++, Emacs Lisp, Python and Java. A native Java and C# port is included. Also included is a command line tool, several self tests,code
AUTOMAKE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION Automake. GNU Automake is a tool for automatically generating Makefile.in files compliant with the GNU Coding Standards. Automake requires the use of GNU Autoconf . New volunteers to help maintain Automake are needed. Please help if you can. INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server.GNU BACKGAMMON
GNU Backgammon (GNUbg) plays and analyzes backgammon games and matches. It is able to play and analyze both money games and tournament matches, evaluate and roll out positions, and more. Driven by a command-line interface, it displays an ASCII rendering of a board on text-only terminals, but also allows the user to play games andmanipulate
HYPER ESTRAIER @ WWW.GNU.ORG a full-text search system for communities. Powered by Hyper Estraier 1.4.13, with 31964 documents and 668198 words.Hyper Estraier 1.4.13, with 31964 documents and 668198 words. THE GNU OPERATING SYSTEM AND THE FREE SOFTWARE MOVEMENTFREE SOFTWAREGNU MIRRORSLINUX AND GNUGNU/LINUX FAQHOW TO PRONOUNCE GNUMCRON GNU is an operating system that is free software —that is, it respects users' freedom. The GNU operating system consists of GNU packages (programs specifically released by the GNU Project) as well as free software released by third parties. The development of GNU made it possible to use a computer without software that would trampleyour freedom.
GNU OCTAVE
GNU Octave 6.2.0 Released – Feb 20, 2021. Octave Version 6.2.0 has been released and is now available for download . An official Windows binary installer is also available. For macOS see the installation instructions in the wiki. DOWNLOAD - GNUSEE MORE ON GNU.ORG WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: GNU EMACS - GNU PROJECT The features of GNU Emacs include. Content-aware editing modes, including syntax coloring, for many file types. Complete built-in documentation, including a tutorial for new users. Full Unicode support for nearly all human scripts. Highly customizable, using Emacs Lisp code or a graphical interface. PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU PSPP is a program for statistical analysis of sampled data. It is a free as in freedom replacement for the proprietary program SPSS, and appears very similar to it with a few exceptions. The most important of these exceptions are, that there are no “time bombs”; your copy of PSPP will not “expire” or deliberately stop working in thefuture.
INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. DDRESCUE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF)SEE MORE ONGNU.ORG
G.5 HOME AND STARTUP DIRECTORIES ON MS-WINDOWS G.5 HOME and Startup Directories on MS-Windows. The Windows equivalent of HOME is the user-specific application data directory.The actual location depends on the Windows version; typical values are C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data on Windows 2000 up to XP, C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming on Windows Vista and later,and either
GETOPT LONG OPTION EXAMPLE (THE GNU C LIBRARY) #include #include #include /* Flag set by ‘--verbose’. */ static int verbose_flag; int main (int argc, char **argv) { int c; while THE GNU OPERATING SYSTEM AND THE FREE SOFTWARE MOVEMENTFREE SOFTWAREGNU MIRRORSLINUX AND GNUGNU/LINUX FAQHOW TO PRONOUNCE GNUMCRON GNU is an operating system that is free software —that is, it respects users' freedom. The GNU operating system consists of GNU packages (programs specifically released by the GNU Project) as well as free software released by third parties. The development of GNU made it possible to use a computer without software that would trampleyour freedom.
GNU OCTAVE
GNU Octave 6.2.0 Released – Feb 20, 2021. Octave Version 6.2.0 has been released and is now available for download . An official Windows binary installer is also available. For macOS see the installation instructions in the wiki. DOWNLOAD - GNUSEE MORE ON GNU.ORG WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: GNU EMACS - GNU PROJECT The features of GNU Emacs include. Content-aware editing modes, including syntax coloring, for many file types. Complete built-in documentation, including a tutorial for new users. Full Unicode support for nearly all human scripts. Highly customizable, using Emacs Lisp code or a graphical interface. PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU PSPP is a program for statistical analysis of sampled data. It is a free as in freedom replacement for the proprietary program SPSS, and appears very similar to it with a few exceptions. The most important of these exceptions are, that there are no “time bombs”; your copy of PSPP will not “expire” or deliberately stop working in thefuture.
INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. DDRESCUE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF)SEE MORE ONGNU.ORG
G.5 HOME AND STARTUP DIRECTORIES ON MS-WINDOWS G.5 HOME and Startup Directories on MS-Windows. The Windows equivalent of HOME is the user-specific application data directory.The actual location depends on the Windows version; typical values are C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data on Windows 2000 up to XP, C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming on Windows Vista and later,and either
GETOPT LONG OPTION EXAMPLE (THE GNU C LIBRARY) #include #include #include /* Flag set by ‘--verbose’. */ static int verbose_flag; int main (int argc, char **argv) { int c; while LIST OF FREE GNU/LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS This page lists the GNU/Linux distributions that are entirely free as in freedom. Non-GNU-based free system distributions are listed separately.. The Free Software Foundation recommends and endorses these GNU/Linux distros, although we do not try to judge or compare them based on any criterion other than freedom; therefore, we list them in alphabetical order. WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: BINUTILS - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION The GNU Binutils are a collection of binary tools. The main ones are: ld - the GNU linker.; as - the GNU assembler.; But they also include: addr2line - Converts addresses into filenames and line numbers.; ar - A utility for creating, modifying and extracting from archives.; c++filt - Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols.; dlltool - Creates files for building and using DLLs. GNU TYPIST - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Typist (also called gtypist) is a universal typing tutor. You can learn correct typing and improve your skills by practising its exercises on a regular basis. Its main features are: It is free software released under the GNU General Public License. In addition, it is an official program of the GNU project.GNU IDN LIBRARY
Libidn is developed for the GNU/Linux system, but runs on over 20 Unix platforms (including Solaris, IRIX, AIX, and Tru64) and Windows. The library is written in C and (parts of) the API is also accessible from C++, Emacs Lisp, Python and Java. A native Java and C# port is included. Also included is a command line tool, several self tests,code
PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION PSPP is GNU software. You can obtain it the same way as with any GNU software. PSPP should work on most modern computers and most operating systems. Systems which have been known to work include: GNU/Hurd , GNU/Linux , Darwin (Mac OS X), OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, and Windows.DOTGNU PROJECT
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted in any medium or format, provided this notice is preserved. This page is maintained by Norbert Bollow with support from the DotGNU Developers mailing list.Norbert Bollow with support from the DotGNU AUTOMAKE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION Automake. GNU Automake is a tool for automatically generating Makefile.in files compliant with the GNU Coding Standards. Automake requires the use of GNU Autoconf . New volunteers to help maintain Automake are needed. Please help if you can. INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. HYPER ESTRAIER @ WWW.GNU.ORG a full-text search system for communities. Powered by Hyper Estraier 1.4.13, with 31964 documents and 668198 words.Hyper Estraier 1.4.13, with 31964 documents and 668198 words. THE GNU OPERATING SYSTEM AND THE FREE SOFTWARE MOVEMENTFREE SOFTWAREGNU MIRRORSLINUX AND GNUGNU/LINUX FAQHOW TO PRONOUNCE GNUMCRON GNU is an operating system that is free software —that is, it respects users' freedom. The GNU operating system consists of GNU packages (programs specifically released by the GNU Project) as well as free software released by third parties. The development of GNU made it possible to use a computer without software that would trampleyour freedom.
GNU OCTAVE
GNU Octave 6.2.0 Released – Feb 20, 2021. Octave Version 6.2.0 has been released and is now available for download . An official Windows binary installer is also available. For macOS see the installation instructions in the wiki. DOWNLOAD - GNUSEE MORE ON GNU.ORG WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: GNU EMACS - GNU PROJECT The features of GNU Emacs include. Content-aware editing modes, including syntax coloring, for many file types. Complete built-in documentation, including a tutorial for new users. Full Unicode support for nearly all human scripts. Highly customizable, using Emacs Lisp code or a graphical interface. PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU PSPP is a program for statistical analysis of sampled data. It is a free as in freedom replacement for the proprietary program SPSS, and appears very similar to it with a few exceptions. The most important of these exceptions are, that there are no “time bombs”; your copy of PSPP will not “expire” or deliberately stop working in thefuture.
INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. DDRESCUE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF)SEE MORE ONGNU.ORG
G.5 HOME AND STARTUP DIRECTORIES ON MS-WINDOWS G.5 HOME and Startup Directories on MS-Windows. The Windows equivalent of HOME is the user-specific application data directory.The actual location depends on the Windows version; typical values are C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data on Windows 2000 up to XP, C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming on Windows Vista and later,and either
GETOPT LONG OPTION EXAMPLE (THE GNU C LIBRARY) #include #include #include /* Flag set by ‘--verbose’. */ static int verbose_flag; int main (int argc, char **argv) { int c; while THE GNU OPERATING SYSTEM AND THE FREE SOFTWARE MOVEMENTFREE SOFTWAREGNU MIRRORSLINUX AND GNUGNU/LINUX FAQHOW TO PRONOUNCE GNUMCRON GNU is an operating system that is free software —that is, it respects users' freedom. The GNU operating system consists of GNU packages (programs specifically released by the GNU Project) as well as free software released by third parties. The development of GNU made it possible to use a computer without software that would trampleyour freedom.
GNU OCTAVE
GNU Octave 6.2.0 Released – Feb 20, 2021. Octave Version 6.2.0 has been released and is now available for download . An official Windows binary installer is also available. For macOS see the installation instructions in the wiki. DOWNLOAD - GNUSEE MORE ON GNU.ORG WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: GNU EMACS - GNU PROJECT The features of GNU Emacs include. Content-aware editing modes, including syntax coloring, for many file types. Complete built-in documentation, including a tutorial for new users. Full Unicode support for nearly all human scripts. Highly customizable, using Emacs Lisp code or a graphical interface. PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU PSPP is a program for statistical analysis of sampled data. It is a free as in freedom replacement for the proprietary program SPSS, and appears very similar to it with a few exceptions. The most important of these exceptions are, that there are no “time bombs”; your copy of PSPP will not “expire” or deliberately stop working in thefuture.
INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. DDRESCUE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF)SEE MORE ONGNU.ORG
G.5 HOME AND STARTUP DIRECTORIES ON MS-WINDOWS G.5 HOME and Startup Directories on MS-Windows. The Windows equivalent of HOME is the user-specific application data directory.The actual location depends on the Windows version; typical values are C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data on Windows 2000 up to XP, C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming on Windows Vista and later,and either
GETOPT LONG OPTION EXAMPLE (THE GNU C LIBRARY) #include #include #include /* Flag set by ‘--verbose’. */ static int verbose_flag; int main (int argc, char **argv) { int c; while LIST OF FREE GNU/LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS This page lists the GNU/Linux distributions that are entirely free as in freedom. Non-GNU-based free system distributions are listed separately.. The Free Software Foundation recommends and endorses these GNU/Linux distros, although we do not try to judge or compare them based on any criterion other than freedom; therefore, we list them in alphabetical order. WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: BINUTILS - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION The GNU Binutils are a collection of binary tools. The main ones are: ld - the GNU linker.; as - the GNU assembler.; But they also include: addr2line - Converts addresses into filenames and line numbers.; ar - A utility for creating, modifying and extracting from archives.; c++filt - Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols.; dlltool - Creates files for building and using DLLs. GNU TYPIST - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Typist (also called gtypist) is a universal typing tutor. You can learn correct typing and improve your skills by practising its exercises on a regular basis. Its main features are: It is free software released under the GNU General Public License. In addition, it is an official program of the GNU project.GNU IDN LIBRARY
Libidn is developed for the GNU/Linux system, but runs on over 20 Unix platforms (including Solaris, IRIX, AIX, and Tru64) and Windows. The library is written in C and (parts of) the API is also accessible from C++, Emacs Lisp, Python and Java. A native Java and C# port is included. Also included is a command line tool, several self tests,code
PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION PSPP is GNU software. You can obtain it the same way as with any GNU software. PSPP should work on most modern computers and most operating systems. Systems which have been known to work include: GNU/Hurd , GNU/Linux , Darwin (Mac OS X), OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, and Windows.DOTGNU PROJECT
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted in any medium or format, provided this notice is preserved. This page is maintained by Norbert Bollow with support from the DotGNU Developers mailing list.Norbert Bollow with support from the DotGNU AUTOMAKE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION Automake. GNU Automake is a tool for automatically generating Makefile.in files compliant with the GNU Coding Standards. Automake requires the use of GNU Autoconf . New volunteers to help maintain Automake are needed. Please help if you can. INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. HYPER ESTRAIER @ WWW.GNU.ORG a full-text search system for communities. Powered by Hyper Estraier 1.4.13, with 31964 documents and 668198 words.Hyper Estraier 1.4.13, with 31964 documents and 668198 words. THE GNU OPERATING SYSTEM AND THE FREE SOFTWARE MOVEMENTFREE SOFTWAREGNU MIRRORSLINUX AND GNUGNU/LINUX FAQHOW TO PRONOUNCE GNUMCRON GNU is an operating system that is free software —that is, it respects users' freedom. The GNU operating system consists of GNU packages (programs specifically released by the GNU Project) as well as free software released by third parties. The development of GNU made it possible to use a computer without software that would trampleyour freedom.
GNU OCTAVE
GNU Octave 6.2.0 Released – Feb 20, 2021. Octave Version 6.2.0 has been released and is now available for download . An official Windows binary installer is also available. For macOS see the installation instructions in the wiki. DOWNLOAD - GNUSEE MORE ON GNU.ORG WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: GNU EMACS - GNU PROJECT The features of GNU Emacs include. Content-aware editing modes, including syntax coloring, for many file types. Complete built-in documentation, including a tutorial for new users. Full Unicode support for nearly all human scripts. Highly customizable, using Emacs Lisp code or a graphical interface. PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU PSPP is a program for statistical analysis of sampled data. It is a free as in freedom replacement for the proprietary program SPSS, and appears very similar to it with a few exceptions. The most important of these exceptions are, that there are no “time bombs”; your copy of PSPP will not “expire” or deliberately stop working in thefuture.
INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. DDRESCUE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF)SEE MORE ONGNU.ORG
G.5 HOME AND STARTUP DIRECTORIES ON MS-WINDOWS G.5 HOME and Startup Directories on MS-Windows. The Windows equivalent of HOME is the user-specific application data directory.The actual location depends on the Windows version; typical values are C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data on Windows 2000 up to XP, C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming on Windows Vista and later,and either
GETOPT LONG OPTION EXAMPLE (THE GNU C LIBRARY) #include #include #include /* Flag set by ‘--verbose’. */ static int verbose_flag; int main (int argc, char **argv) { int c; while THE GNU OPERATING SYSTEM AND THE FREE SOFTWARE MOVEMENTFREE SOFTWAREGNU MIRRORSLINUX AND GNUGNU/LINUX FAQHOW TO PRONOUNCE GNUMCRON GNU is an operating system that is free software —that is, it respects users' freedom. The GNU operating system consists of GNU packages (programs specifically released by the GNU Project) as well as free software released by third parties. The development of GNU made it possible to use a computer without software that would trampleyour freedom.
GNU OCTAVE
GNU Octave 6.2.0 Released – Feb 20, 2021. Octave Version 6.2.0 has been released and is now available for download . An official Windows binary installer is also available. For macOS see the installation instructions in the wiki. DOWNLOAD - GNUSEE MORE ON GNU.ORG WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: GNU EMACS - GNU PROJECT The features of GNU Emacs include. Content-aware editing modes, including syntax coloring, for many file types. Complete built-in documentation, including a tutorial for new users. Full Unicode support for nearly all human scripts. Highly customizable, using Emacs Lisp code or a graphical interface. PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU PSPP is a program for statistical analysis of sampled data. It is a free as in freedom replacement for the proprietary program SPSS, and appears very similar to it with a few exceptions. The most important of these exceptions are, that there are no “time bombs”; your copy of PSPP will not “expire” or deliberately stop working in thefuture.
INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. DDRESCUE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF)SEE MORE ONGNU.ORG
G.5 HOME AND STARTUP DIRECTORIES ON MS-WINDOWS G.5 HOME and Startup Directories on MS-Windows. The Windows equivalent of HOME is the user-specific application data directory.The actual location depends on the Windows version; typical values are C:\Documents and Settings\username\Application Data on Windows 2000 up to XP, C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming on Windows Vista and later,and either
GETOPT LONG OPTION EXAMPLE (THE GNU C LIBRARY) #include #include #include /* Flag set by ‘--verbose’. */ static int verbose_flag; int main (int argc, char **argv) { int c; while LIST OF FREE GNU/LINUX DISTRIBUTIONS This page lists the GNU/Linux distributions that are entirely free as in freedom. Non-GNU-based free system distributions are listed separately.. The Free Software Foundation recommends and endorses these GNU/Linux distros, although we do not try to judge or compare them based on any criterion other than freedom; therefore, we list them in alphabetical order. WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: BINUTILS - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION The GNU Binutils are a collection of binary tools. The main ones are: ld - the GNU linker.; as - the GNU assembler.; But they also include: addr2line - Converts addresses into filenames and line numbers.; ar - A utility for creating, modifying and extracting from archives.; c++filt - Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols.; dlltool - Creates files for building and using DLLs. GNU TYPIST - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Typist (also called gtypist) is a universal typing tutor. You can learn correct typing and improve your skills by practising its exercises on a regular basis. Its main features are: It is free software released under the GNU General Public License. In addition, it is an official program of the GNU project.GNU IDN LIBRARY
Libidn is developed for the GNU/Linux system, but runs on over 20 Unix platforms (including Solaris, IRIX, AIX, and Tru64) and Windows. The library is written in C and (parts of) the API is also accessible from C++, Emacs Lisp, Python and Java. A native Java and C# port is included. Also included is a command line tool, several self tests,code
PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION PSPP is GNU software. You can obtain it the same way as with any GNU software. PSPP should work on most modern computers and most operating systems. Systems which have been known to work include: GNU/Hurd , GNU/Linux , Darwin (Mac OS X), OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, and Windows.DOTGNU PROJECT
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted in any medium or format, provided this notice is preserved. This page is maintained by Norbert Bollow with support from the DotGNU Developers mailing list.Norbert Bollow with support from the DotGNU AUTOMAKE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION Automake. GNU Automake is a tool for automatically generating Makefile.in files compliant with the GNU Coding Standards. Automake requires the use of GNU Autoconf . New volunteers to help maintain Automake are needed. Please help if you can. INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. HYPER ESTRAIER @ WWW.GNU.ORG a full-text search system for communities. Powered by Hyper Estraier 1.4.13, with 31964 documents and 668198 words.Hyper Estraier 1.4.13, with 31964 documents and 668198 words. THE GNU OPERATING SYSTEM AND THE FREE SOFTWARE MOVEMENTFREE SOFTWAREGNU MIRRORSLINUX AND GNUWINDOWSEDUCATIONENGLISH Fight to Repair: A video from the FSF. What is GNU? GNU is an operating system that is free software—that is, it respects users' freedom. The GNU operating system consists of GNU packages (programs specifically released by the GNU Project) as well as free software released by third parties. DOWNLOAD - GNUSEE MORE ON GNU.ORGGNU OCTAVE
GNU Octave 6.2.0 Released – Feb 20, 2021. Octave Version 6.2.0 has been released and is now available for download . An official Windows binary installer is also available. For macOS see the installation instructions in the wiki. GNU EMACS - GNU PROJECT The features of GNU Emacs include. Content-aware editing modes, including syntax coloring, for many file types. Complete built-in documentation, including a tutorial for new users. Full Unicode support for nearly all human scripts. Highly customizable, using Emacs Lisp code or a graphical interface.GNU BACKGAMMON
GNU Backgammon (GNUbg) plays and analyzes backgammon games and matches. It is able to play and analyze both money games and tournament matches, evaluate and roll out positions, and more. Driven by a command-line interface, it displays an ASCII rendering of a board on text-only terminals, but also allows the user to play games andmanipulate
PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU PSPP is a program for statistical analysis of sampled data. It is a free as in freedom replacement for the proprietary program SPSS, and appears very similar to it with a few exceptions. The most important of these exceptions are, that there are no “time bombs”; your copy of PSPP will not “expire” or deliberately stop working in thefuture.
FINDUTILS - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF) Findutils. The GNU Find Utilities are the basic directory searching utilities of the GNU operating system. These programs are typically used in conjunction with other programs to provide modular and powerful directory search and file locating capabilities to other commands. The tools supplied with this package are: The find programsearches a
LIBMICROHTTPD
ZEBRA - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATIONSEE MORE ON GNU.ORG DDRESCUE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF)SEE MORE ONGNU.ORG
THE GNU OPERATING SYSTEM AND THE FREE SOFTWARE MOVEMENTFREE SOFTWAREGNU MIRRORSLINUX AND GNUWINDOWSEDUCATIONENGLISH Fight to Repair: A video from the FSF. What is GNU? GNU is an operating system that is free software—that is, it respects users' freedom. The GNU operating system consists of GNU packages (programs specifically released by the GNU Project) as well as free software released by third parties. DOWNLOAD - GNUSEE MORE ON GNU.ORGGNU OCTAVE
GNU Octave 6.2.0 Released – Feb 20, 2021. Octave Version 6.2.0 has been released and is now available for download . An official Windows binary installer is also available. For macOS see the installation instructions in the wiki. GNU EMACS - GNU PROJECT The features of GNU Emacs include. Content-aware editing modes, including syntax coloring, for many file types. Complete built-in documentation, including a tutorial for new users. Full Unicode support for nearly all human scripts. Highly customizable, using Emacs Lisp code or a graphical interface. FINDUTILS - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF) Findutils. The GNU Find Utilities are the basic directory searching utilities of the GNU operating system. These programs are typically used in conjunction with other programs to provide modular and powerful directory search and file locating capabilities to other commands. The tools supplied with this package are: The find programsearches a
GNU BACKGAMMON
GNU Backgammon (GNUbg) plays and analyzes backgammon games and matches. It is able to play and analyze both money games and tournament matches, evaluate and roll out positions, and more. Driven by a command-line interface, it displays an ASCII rendering of a board on text-only terminals, but also allows the user to play games andmanipulate
PSPP - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU PSPP is a program for statistical analysis of sampled data. It is a free as in freedom replacement for the proprietary program SPSS, and appears very similar to it with a few exceptions. The most important of these exceptions are, that there are no “time bombs”; your copy of PSPP will not “expire” or deliberately stop working in thefuture.
LIBMICROHTTPD
HOSTS AND CROSS-COMPILATION This is mainly because configure used to try to detect cross-compilation, instead of waiting for an explicit flag from the user. Now, configure enters cross-compilation mode if and only if --host is passed. That's the short documentation. To ease the transition between 2.13 and its successors, a more complicated schemeis implemented.
DDRESCUE - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION (FSF)SEE MORE ONGNU.ORG
WGET - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS, the most widely used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc. GNU Wget has many features to make retrieving large files or mirroring entire web or FTP sites easy, including: GNU TYPIST - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION GNU Typist (also called gtypist) is a universal typing tutor. You can learn correct typing and improve your skills by practising its exercises on a regular basis. Its main features are: It is free software released under the GNU General Public License. In addition, it is an official program of the GNU project. GFORTH - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION. Gforth . Gforth is the Forth implementation of the GNU project (Current release 0.7.3, have a look to the User Manual).Source distributions can be found on GNU's Gforth directory, source and binary distributions for popular platforms such as Windows, GNU/Linux, etc. can be found in Home of Gforth, as well as snapshots of the development version in the git repository on Savannah. CGICC - GNU PROJECT - FREE SOFTWARE FOUNDATION a C++ class library for writing CGI applications Introduction to GNU Cgicc. GNU Cgicc is an ANSI C++ compliant class library that greatly simplifies the creation of CGI applications for the World Wide Web. cgicc performs the following functions:. Parses both GET and POST form data transparently.; Provides string, integer, floating-point and single- and multiple-choice retrieval methods forDOTGNU PROJECT
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted in any medium or format, provided this notice is preserved. This page is maintained by Norbert Bollow with support from the DotGNU Developers mailing list.Norbert Bollow with support from the DotGNU GNU SED - GNU SED: A STREAM EDITOR - GNU PROJECT - FREE GNU sed - GNU Sed: a stream editor. Free Software Foundation. last updated January 14, 2020. This manual (sed) is available in the following formats: HTML (352K bytes) - entirely on one web page. HTML - with one web page per node. HTML compressed (72K gzipped characters) - entirely on one web page. HTML compressed (88K gzipped tar file) -with
INETUTILS - NETWORK UTILITIES - GNU PROJECT - FREE Inetutils is a collection of common network programs. It includes: An inetd meta-server. An ftp client and server. A telnet client and server. An rsh client and server. An rlogin client and server. A tftp client and server. A talk client and server. DEJAGNU - GNU TEST FRAMEWORK DejaGnu is a framework for testing other programs. Its purpose is to provide a single front end for all tests. Think of it as a custom library of Tcl procedures crafted to support writing a test harness. A test harness is the testing infrastructure that is created to support a specific program or tool. Each program can have multiple testsuites GNU GRUB MANUAL 2.06: CUTMEM 16.3.20 cutmem Command: cutmem from to Remove any memory regions in specified range. This command notifies the memory manager that specified regions of RAM ought to WRITE SITE-SPECIFIC EXTENSIONS TO REPLACE SITES Many websites damage users' freedom by sending nonfree JavaScript programs to the user's browser. We invite volunteers to develop free browser extensions to replace for the JavaScript sent by particular sites (see the lists below).SKIP TO MAIN TEXT
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WHAT IS FREE SOFTWARE? THE FREE SOFTWARE DEFINITION > Have a question about free software licensing not answered here? See > our other licensing resources , and if > necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab at licensing@fsf.org. The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions about subtle issues. See the History section below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free software. “Open source” is something different: it has a very different philosophy based on different values. Its practical definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are in fact free. We explain the difference in Why “Open Source” misses the point ofFree Software .
“Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, it means that THE USERS HAVE THE FREEDOM TO RUN, COPY, DISTRIBUTE, STUDY, CHANGE AND IMPROVE THE SOFTWARE. Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech,” not as in “free beer”. We sometimes call it “libre software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word for “free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is gratis. We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the program, we call it a “nonfree” or “proprietary” program. The nonfree program controls the users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the program an instrument of unjust power.
THE FOUR ESSENTIAL FREEDOMS A program is free software if the program's users have the fouressential freedoms:
* The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose(freedom 0).
* The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. * The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom2).
* The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this. A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of being free, we consider them all equally unethical. In any given scenario, these freedoms must apply to whatever code we plan to make use of, or lead others to make use of. For instance, consider a program A which automatically launches a program B to handle some cases. If we plan to distribute A as it stands, that implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B are free. However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B, only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to that plan. “Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. On the contrary, a free program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, and commercial distribution. This policy is of fundamental importance—without this, free software could not achieveits aims.
We want to invite everyone to use the GNU system, including businesses and their workers. That requires allowing commercial use. We hope that free replacement programs will supplant comparable proprietary programs, but they can't do that if businesses are forbidden to use them. We want commercial products that contain software to include the GNU system, and that would constitute commercial distribution for a price. Commercial development of free software is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. Paid, professional support for free software fills an important need. Thus, to exclude commercial use, commercial development or commercial distribution would hobble the free software community and obstruct its path to success. We must conclude that a program licensed with such restrictions does not qualify as free software. A free program must offer the four freedoms to any would-be user that obtains a copy of the software, who has complied thus far with the conditions of the free license covering the software in any previous distribution of it. Putting some of the freedoms off limits to some users, or requiring that users pay, in money or in kind, to exercise them, is tantamount to not granting the freedoms in question, and thus renders the program nonfree. You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to sell copies . CLARIFYING THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN FREE AND NONFREE In the rest of this article we explain more precisely how far the various freedoms need to extend, on various issues, in order for aprogram to be free.
THE FREEDOM TO RUN THE PROGRAM AS YOU WISH The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is the _user's_ purpose that matters, not the _developer's_ purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her. The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not forbidden or stopped from making it run. This has nothing to do with what functionality the program has, whether it is technically capable of functioning in any given environment, or whether it is useful for any particular computing activity. For example, if the code arbitrarily rejects certain meaningful inputs—or even fails unconditionally—that may make the program less useful, perhaps even totally useless, but it does not deny users the freedom to run the program, so it does not conflict with freedom 0. If the program is free, the users can overcome the loss of usefulness, because freedoms 1 and 3 permit users and communities to make and distribute modified versions without the arbitrary nuisancecode.
“As you wish” includes, optionally, “not at all” if that is what you wish. So there is no need for a separate “freedom not torun a program.”
THE FREEDOM TO STUDY THE SOURCE CODE AND MAKE CHANGES In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you need to have access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated “source code” is not real source code and does not count as source code. Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”, or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure boot” — freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a practical reality. These binaries are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is free. One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the license is too restrictive to qualify as free. Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free. One special case of freedom 1 is to delete the program's code so it returns after doing nothing, or make it invoke some other program. Thus, freedom 1 includes the “freedom to delete the program.” THE FREEDOM TO REDISTRIBUTE IF YOU WISH: BASIC REQUIREMENTS Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to anyone anywhere. Being free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay for permission to do so. You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way. Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be a copyleft license. However, a license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify as a free license. The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to make them.COPYLEFT
Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it protects them. In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms legally for everyone. We believe there are important reasons why it is better to use copyleft . However, noncopylefted free softwareis ethical
too. See Categories of Free Software for a description of how “free software,” “copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to each other. RULES ABOUT PACKAGING AND DISTRIBUTION DETAILS Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more. Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one saying that if you have distributed a modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use are also acceptable. A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by which the program will be invoked from other programs. That effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an alias for the modified version.EXPORT REGULATIONS
Sometimes government export control regulations and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a condition of exercising any of the essentialfreedoms.
Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render thesoftware nonfree.
LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the software is not free. A free license may not require compliance with the license of a nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use”, in the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes thelicense nonfree.
It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both. CONTRACT-BASED LICENSES Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated (though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways such a license could be unacceptably restrictive andnonfree.
We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude it is nonfree. USE THE RIGHT WORDS WHEN TALKING ABOUT FREE SOFTWARE When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply that the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See Confusing Words and Phrases that are Worth Avoiding for a discussion of these terms. We also have a list of proper translations of “free software” into various languages. HOW WE INTERPRET THESE CRITERIA Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license, we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify. GET HELP WITH FREE LICENSES If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free software license, see our list of licenses . If the license you are concerned with is not listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email atBEYOND SOFTWARE
Software manuals must be free , for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the manuals are in effect part of the software. The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as educational works and reference works. Wikipedia is the best-known example. Any kind of work _can_ be free, and the definition of free software has been extended to a definition of free cultural works applicable to any kind of works.OPEN SOURCE?
Another group uses the term “open source” to mean something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The word “open” neverrefers to freedom .
HISTORY
From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what waschanged.
* Version 1.169
:
Explain more clearly why the four freedoms must apply to commercial activity. Explain why the four freedoms imply the freedom not to run the program and the freedom to delete it, so there is no need to state those as separate requirements.* Version 1.165
:
Clarify that arbitrary annoyances in the code do not negate freedom 0, and that freedoms 1 and 3 enable users to remove them.* Version 1.153
:
Clarify that freedom to run the program means nothing stops you frommaking it run.
* Version 1.141
:
Clarify which code needs to be free.* Version 1.135
:
Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as youwish.
* Version 1.134
:
Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality.* Version 1.131
:
A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license ofanother program.
* Version 1.129
:
State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum specifications are allowed. (This was always our policy.)* Version 1.122
:
An export control requirement is a real problem if the requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.* Version 1.118
:
Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify, not on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited to“improvements”
* Version 1.111
:
Clarify 1.77 by saying that only retroactive _restrictions_ are unacceptable. The copyright holders can always grant additional _permission_ for use of the work by releasing the work in another wayin parallel.
* Version 1.105
:
Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version for your computing.* Version 1.92
:
Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.* Version 1.90
:
Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate in someone else's development project.* Version 1.89
:
Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as freesoftware.
* Version 1.80
:
Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical; i.e., notivoization.
* Version 1.77
:
Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete replacement.* Version 1.74
:
Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated in some places but not reflected everywhere: * "Improvements" does not mean the license can substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release. Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes. * The right to merge in existing modules refers to those that aresuitably licensed.
* Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about exportcontrols.
* Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.* Version 1.57
:
Add "Beyond Software" section.* Version 1.46
:
Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run the programfor any purpose.
* Version 1.41
:
Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.* Version 1.40
:
Explain that a free license must allow to you use other available free software to create your modifications.* Version 1.39
:
Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to provide source for versions of the software you put into public use.* Version 1.31
:
Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor clarifications throughout the text.* Version 1.23
:
Address potential problems related to contract-based licenses.* Version 1.16
:
Explain why distribution of binaries is important.* Version 1.11
:
Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of versions you distribute to previous developers on request. There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page. You can review the complete list of changes to the page through thecvsweb interface
.
FOOTNOTE
* The reason they are numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 is historical. Around 1990 there were three freedoms, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Then we realized that the freedom to run the program needed to be mentioned explicitly. It was clearly more basic than the other three, so it properly should precede them. Rather than renumber the others, we made it freedom 0. -------------------------▲
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