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SLAVE SALES
Slave sales represented an intricate and economically vital activity in Virginia from late in the eighteenth century through the American Civil War (1861–1865), ending only with the abolition of slavery.Sales in Virginia exceeded those of all other Upper South states, with Richmond doing theRICHMOND HOWITZERS
The Richmond Howitzers is a military unit formed in Richmond not long after John Brown ‘s raid on Harpers Ferry late in 1859. During the American Civil War (1861–1865), three companies organized as the Richmond Howitzer Battalion and served in most of the campaigns of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia.The Howitzers reorganized in 1871 and saw active duty during both World War I RUNAWAY SLAVES AND SERVANTS IN COLONIAL VIRGINIA In the second case, dated July 22, six white servants and a black man were caught running away, and their punishments varied. While four of the servants received lesser sentences, the other two were ordered whipped and branded on the cheek with the letter R, and several years were added to their indentures.One of these men was also sentenced to work for a year with a leg shackle. MILITARY EXECUTIONS DURING THE CIVIL WAR More soldiers were executed during the American Civil War (1861–1865) than in all other American wars combined. Approximately 500 men, representing both North and South, were shot or hanged during the four-year conflict, two-thirds of them for desertion. The Confederate Articles of War (1861) specified that “all officers andsoldiers who
MATILDA JOCELYN GAGE Encyclopedia Virginia 946 Grady Ave. Ste. 100 Charlottesville, VA 22903 (434) 924-3296NANSEMOND TRIBE
By late in the century, the Nansemond tribe had reasserted its identity and was formally recognized by the Commonwealth of Virginia on February 20, 1985. The tribe was federally recognized on January 29, 2018. The tribe holds its monthly meetings at the Indiana United Methodist Church in Chesapeake, which was founded in 1850 as a missionfor
“AN ACT CONCERNING SERVANTS AND SLAVES” (1705 III. And also be in enacted, by the authority aforesaid, and it is hereby enacted, That when any servant sold for the custom, shall pretend to have indentures, the master or owner of such servant, for discovery of the truth thereof, may bring the said servant before a justice of the peace; and if the said servant cannot produce the indenture then, but shall still pretend to have one, the said HINTON, CORINNA (1835–1887) Early Years. Corinna Hinton was born enslaved on August 1, 1835. Her father is unknown, while her mother may have been Patsy Clark, an enslaved woman who lived with Hinton late in the 1850s. A mid-twentieth-century genealogy of the Omohundro family lists Hinton’s birthdate as 1823, but census records and her own testimony place her birth in 1835. “THE SUN DO MOVE” BY JOHN JASPER (1878) FULL TEXT. The Sun Do Move: The celebrated theory of the sun’s rotation around the earth (1878), Page 1. Brethren and Friends: The text is found in Exdus , chapter 15, verse 3: “The Lord is a man of war; The Lord is his name.”. I will begin the argument bymaking a
MAHONE, WILLIAM (1826–1895) William Mahone was a Confederate general, Virginia senator (1863–1865), railroad tycoon, U.S. senator (1881–1887), and leader of the short-lived Readjuster Party. Known by his nickname, “Little Billy,” Mahone was, in the words of a contemporary, “short in stature, spare almost to emaciation, with long beard, and keen,restless
ENCYCLOPEDIA VIRGINIA Formerly Imprisoned Suffragist on Speaking Tour. Virginia-born suffragist Lucy Branham addresses an outdoor crowd as part of the National Woman's Party's "Prison Special" tour in 1919. A TO Z – ENCYCLOPEDIA VIRGINIAENCYCLOPEDIA WVVIRGINIA BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIAVIRGINIA ENCYCLOPEDIA ONLINE Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser (September 28, 1791) Excerpt from the Virginia Gazette (December 14, 1769) Virginia Gentleman, The. Virginia Military Institute during the Civil War. Virginia Mob, New-York Spectator (August 20, 1835) Virginia Ordinance of Secession (April 17, 1861) Virginia Railroads during the Civil War. VIRGINIA SLAVE NARRATIVES Baily Cunningham (b. ca. 1838), “Interview with Baily Cunningham” (1938) Noah Davis (1804–1867), A Narrative of the Life of Rev. Noah Davis, a Colored Man (1859) Kate Drumgoold, A Slave Girl’s Story (1898) Francis Fedric (b. ca. 1805), Slave Life in Virginia and Kentucky; or, Fifty Years of Slavery in the Southern States of America(1863)
CHICKAHOMINY TRIBE
The Chickahominy tribe is a state- and federally recognized Indian tribe located on 110 acres in Charles City County, midway between Richmond and Williamsburg. Early in the twenty-first century its population numbered about 875 people living within a five-mile radius of the tribal center, with several hundred more residing in other parts of the United States. LEE, ROBERT E. AND SLAVERY As Slaveholder. Lee was born in 1807, into two of Virginia’s most prominent families. His father, Henry “Light-Horse Harry” Lee, served as a cavalry officer in the American Revolution (1775–1783), a governor of Virginia (1791–1794), and a member of the House of Representatives (1799–1801), while his mother, Ann Hill Carter Lee, was the great-granddaughter of colonial-era Virginia RUNAWAY SLAVES AND SERVANTS IN COLONIAL VIRGINIA Runaway slaves and indentured servants were a persistent problem for landowners in colonial Virginia. They fled from abusive masters, to take a break from work, or in search of family members from whom they had been separated. Some servants were lured away by neighbors attempting to steal labor. VIRGINIA ORDINANCE OF SECESSION (APRIL 17, 1861 The Virginia Ordinance of Secession, dated April 17, 1861, declares that the bond between Virginia and the United States of America, under the U.S. Constitution, is dissolved. Delegates at the Virginia Convention of 1861 voted 88–55 to approve the ordinance on April 17 and a statewide referendum confirmed secession on May 23.SHOES AT GETTYSBURG
One of the most persistent legends surrounding the Battle of Gettysburg (1863), which took place during the American Civil War (1861–1865), is that it was fought over shoes. Ten weeks after the battle, Confederate general Henry Heth, a Virginian whose troops were the first to engage on July 1, filed a now-famous report in which he explained why he had sent a portion of his division into the ENCYCLOPEDIA VIRGINIA Encyclopedia Virginia – A free, reliable, multimedia DAVIS, VARINA (1826–1906) Varina Howell Davis was the second wife of Confederate president Jefferson Davis and the First Lady of the Confederacy during the American Civil War (1861–1865). She was manifestly ill-suited for this role because of her family background, education, personality, physical appearance, and her fifteen-year antebellum residence inWashington, D.C.
ENCYCLOPEDIA VIRGINIA Formerly Imprisoned Suffragist on Speaking Tour. Virginia-born suffragist Lucy Branham addresses an outdoor crowd as part of the National Woman's Party's "Prison Special" tour in 1919. A TO Z – ENCYCLOPEDIA VIRGINIAENCYCLOPEDIA WVVIRGINIA BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIAVIRGINIA ENCYCLOPEDIA ONLINE Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser (September 28, 1791) Excerpt from the Virginia Gazette (December 14, 1769) Virginia Gentleman, The. Virginia Military Institute during the Civil War. Virginia Mob, New-York Spectator (August 20, 1835) Virginia Ordinance of Secession (April 17, 1861) Virginia Railroads during the Civil War. VIRGINIA SLAVE NARRATIVES Baily Cunningham (b. ca. 1838), “Interview with Baily Cunningham” (1938) Noah Davis (1804–1867), A Narrative of the Life of Rev. Noah Davis, a Colored Man (1859) Kate Drumgoold, A Slave Girl’s Story (1898) Francis Fedric (b. ca. 1805), Slave Life in Virginia and Kentucky; or, Fifty Years of Slavery in the Southern States of America(1863)
CHICKAHOMINY TRIBE
The Chickahominy tribe is a state- and federally recognized Indian tribe located on 110 acres in Charles City County, midway between Richmond and Williamsburg. Early in the twenty-first century its population numbered about 875 people living within a five-mile radius of the tribal center, with several hundred more residing in other parts of the United States. LEE, ROBERT E. AND SLAVERY As Slaveholder. Lee was born in 1807, into two of Virginia’s most prominent families. His father, Henry “Light-Horse Harry” Lee, served as a cavalry officer in the American Revolution (1775–1783), a governor of Virginia (1791–1794), and a member of the House of Representatives (1799–1801), while his mother, Ann Hill Carter Lee, was the great-granddaughter of colonial-era Virginia RUNAWAY SLAVES AND SERVANTS IN COLONIAL VIRGINIA Runaway slaves and indentured servants were a persistent problem for landowners in colonial Virginia. They fled from abusive masters, to take a break from work, or in search of family members from whom they had been separated. Some servants were lured away by neighbors attempting to steal labor. VIRGINIA ORDINANCE OF SECESSION (APRIL 17, 1861 The Virginia Ordinance of Secession, dated April 17, 1861, declares that the bond between Virginia and the United States of America, under the U.S. Constitution, is dissolved. Delegates at the Virginia Convention of 1861 voted 88–55 to approve the ordinance on April 17 and a statewide referendum confirmed secession on May 23.SHOES AT GETTYSBURG
One of the most persistent legends surrounding the Battle of Gettysburg (1863), which took place during the American Civil War (1861–1865), is that it was fought over shoes. Ten weeks after the battle, Confederate general Henry Heth, a Virginian whose troops were the first to engage on July 1, filed a now-famous report in which he explained why he had sent a portion of his division into the ENCYCLOPEDIA VIRGINIA Encyclopedia Virginia – A free, reliable, multimedia DAVIS, VARINA (1826–1906) Varina Howell Davis was the second wife of Confederate president Jefferson Davis and the First Lady of the Confederacy during the American Civil War (1861–1865). She was manifestly ill-suited for this role because of her family background, education, personality, physical appearance, and her fifteen-year antebellum residence inWashington, D.C.
SLAVE SALES
Slave sales represented an intricate and economically vital activity in Virginia from late in the eighteenth century through the American Civil War (1861–1865), ending only with the abolition of slavery.Sales in Virginia exceeded those of all other Upper South states, with Richmond doing theMASSIVE RESISTANCE
Massive Resistance was a policy adopted in 1956 by Virginia’s state government to block the desegregation of public schools mandated by the U.S. Supreme Court in its 1954 ruling in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.Advocated by U.S. senator Harry F. Byrd Sr., a conservative Democrat and former governor who coined the term, Massive Resistance reflected the TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE, THE The transatlantic slave trade involved the purchase by Europeans of enslaved men, women, and children from Africa and their transportation to the Americas, where they were sold for profit. Between 1517 and 1867, about 12.5 million Africans began the Middle Passage across the Atlantic, enduring cruel treatment, disease, and paralyzing fear. MORGAN V. VIRGINIA (1946) In Morgan v. Virginia, decided on June 3, 1946, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a Virginia law requiring racial segregation on commercial interstate buses as a violation of the commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution.The appellant, Irene Morgan, was riding a Greyhound bus from Hayes Store, in Gloucester County, to Baltimore, Maryland, in 1944 when she was arrested and convicted in Saluda ENCYCLOPEDIA VIRGINIA Moved Permanently. The document has moved here. RACIAL INTEGRITY LAWS (1924–1930) Racial integrity laws were passed by the General Assembly to protect “whiteness” against what many Virginians perceived to be the negative effects of race-mixing. They included the Racial Integrity Act of 1924, which prohibited interracial marriage and defined as white a person “who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than “AN ACT CONCERNING SERVANTS AND SLAVES” (1705 SUMMARY. In “An act concerning Servants and Slaves,” passed by the General Assembly in the session of October 1705, Virginia’s colonial government collects old and establishes new laws with regards to indentured servants and slaves. HOLTON, A. LINWOOD (1923– ) A. Linwood Holton was a governor of Virginia (1970–1974) and the first Republican to hold the office since Reconstruction (1865–1877). Hailing from Big Stone Gap in southwest Virginia, Holton was among the “Mountain and Valley” Republicans who began to gain statewide support in the 1950s in opposition to the Byrd Organization and in support of public school desegregation. HEMINGS, SALLY (1773–1835) Hemings was born enslaved in 1773 and belonged to John Wayles, a lawyer and planter originally from England. She was the daughter of the enslaved woman Elizabeth Hemings (known as Betty) and, according to Hemings family tradition, of Wayles himself. Sally Hemings’s son Madison Hemings said that after the death of his third wife, in 1761 BARBARA JOHNS’S HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION PICTURE Barbara Johns poses in her cap and gown for her high school graduation picture in 1952. In 1951, as a sixteen-year-old student at the all-Black Robert Russa Moton High School in Farmville she led a successful student walkout protesting the inferior conditions at the school compared to the facilities at the all-white high school intown.
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_A new EV Podcast._ Hosted by managing editor Brendan Wolfe, _Not Even Past_ is for history lovers but also for people who just love a good yarn. For each episode, Wolfe will comb through the encyclopedia looking for the most interesting people and the most provocative questions and turning them into well-crafted stories. Find us at iTunes, at WTJU Radio, and here on the site.* Oliver W. Hill
_Civil rights hero._ Oliver Hill served as lead attorney for the Virginia chapter of the NAACP. He and his colleagues filed more legal challenges to segregation than any other lawyers in the South, but it was Hill who stood out. "Gentlemen, face the dawn and not the setting sun," he told a group of officials resisting desegregation. "A new day is being born." (Image courtesy of the Richmond Times-Dispatch.)* Henry Box Brown
_A first-class escape._ In 1849, Henry Brown, an enslaved man living in Richmond, arranged to have himself boxed up and shipped to Pennsylvania—and freedom. Our entry details his transformation into Henry Box Brown and his legacy as a symbol of the Underground Railroad. Especially interesting are his travels through England. (Image courtesy of the Library of Congress.) * Maggie Lena Walker _Madame President._ Maggie Lena Walker, daughter of a former slave, became the first African American woman to establish and become president of a bank in the United States. She led the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank in Richmond, a role that allowed her to serve as a role model for both African Americans and women in Virginia. (Image courtesy of the National Park Service.) * _Loving v. Virginia_ (1967) _"Tell the court I love my wife."_ In 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that interracial marriages were constitutional, striking down a Virginia law. But that's only part of the story. Our entry also tells of Mildred Jeter and Richard Loving, their love and their perseverance in the face of a system determined to outlaw their marriage. Most of the relevant court documents are linked. (Image courtesy of Getty Images) * United States Colored Troops _In defense of their freedom._ At least 5,723 men enlisted from Virginia in the Union army, although the actual number is probably much larger. They served in the United States Colored Troops, battling their own officers for respectful treatment and the enemy for their freedom. Five black Virginians even earned the Medal of Honor. (Image courtesy of the Virginia Historical Society.)1
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