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Electronics
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER BASICS INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER The simple light-activated circuit above, converts a current generated by the photo-diode into a voltage. The feedback resistor Rƒ sets the operating voltage point at the inverting input and controls the amount of output. The output voltage is given as Vout = I s x Rƒ.Therefore, the output voltage is proportional to the amount of input current generated by the photo-diode. NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS OP-AMP COMPARATOR AND THE OP-AMP COMPARATOR CIRCUIT The Op-amp comparator compares one analogue voltage level with another analogue voltage level, or some preset reference voltage, V REF and produces an output signal based on this voltage comparison. In other words, the op-amp voltage comparator compares the magnitudes of two voltage inputs and determines which is the largest of the two. KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Gustav Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is the second of his fundamental laws we can use for circuit analysis. His voltage law states that for a closed loop series path the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.This is because acircuit loop is
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER The most common and easily understood active filter is the Active Low Pass Filter. Its principle of operation and frequency response is exactly the same as those for the previously seen passive filter, the only difference this time is that it uses an op-amp for amplification and gain control. The simplest form of a low pass active filter is to DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER The Differential Amplifier circuit is a very useful op-amp circuit and by adding more resistors in parallel with the input resistors R1 and R3, the resultant circuit can be made to either “Add” or “Subtract” the voltages applied to their respective inputs. One of the most common ways of doing this is to connect a “Resistive Bridge COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER AND TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERSSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS PHASOR DIAGRAM AND PHASOR ALGEBRA USED IN AC CIRCUITS Basically a rotating vector, simply called a “ Phasor ” is a scaled line whose length represents an AC quantity that has both magnitude (“peak amplitude”) and direction (“phase”) which is “frozen” at some point in time. A phasor is a vector that has an arrow head at one end which signifies partly the maximum value of thevector
BASIC ELECTRONICS TUTORIALS AND REVISIONCAPACITORSDIODESRC NETWORKSTRANSFORMERSTRANSISTORSDC CIRCUITS Basic Electronics Tutorials and Revision is a free online Electronics Tutorials Resource for Beginners and Beyond on all aspects of BasicElectronics
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER BASICS INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER The simple light-activated circuit above, converts a current generated by the photo-diode into a voltage. The feedback resistor Rƒ sets the operating voltage point at the inverting input and controls the amount of output. The output voltage is given as Vout = I s x Rƒ.Therefore, the output voltage is proportional to the amount of input current generated by the photo-diode. NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS OP-AMP COMPARATOR AND THE OP-AMP COMPARATOR CIRCUIT The Op-amp comparator compares one analogue voltage level with another analogue voltage level, or some preset reference voltage, V REF and produces an output signal based on this voltage comparison. In other words, the op-amp voltage comparator compares the magnitudes of two voltage inputs and determines which is the largest of the two. KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Gustav Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is the second of his fundamental laws we can use for circuit analysis. His voltage law states that for a closed loop series path the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.This is because acircuit loop is
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER The most common and easily understood active filter is the Active Low Pass Filter. Its principle of operation and frequency response is exactly the same as those for the previously seen passive filter, the only difference this time is that it uses an op-amp for amplification and gain control. The simplest form of a low pass active filter is to DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER The Differential Amplifier circuit is a very useful op-amp circuit and by adding more resistors in parallel with the input resistors R1 and R3, the resultant circuit can be made to either “Add” or “Subtract” the voltages applied to their respective inputs. One of the most common ways of doing this is to connect a “Resistive Bridge COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER AND TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERSSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS PHASOR DIAGRAM AND PHASOR ALGEBRA USED IN AC CIRCUITS Basically a rotating vector, simply called a “ Phasor ” is a scaled line whose length represents an AC quantity that has both magnitude (“peak amplitude”) and direction (“phase”) which is “frozen” at some point in time. A phasor is a vector that has an arrow head at one end which signifies partly the maximum value of thevector
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT AND RLC SERIES CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Instead of analysing each passive element separately, we can combine all three together into a series RLC circuit. The analysis of a series RLC circuit is the same as that for the dual series R L and R C circuits we looked at previously, except this time we need to take into account the magnitudes of both X L and X C to find the overall circuit reactance. . Series RLC circuits are classed as NPN TRANSISTOR TUTORIAL NPN Transistor. In the previous tutorial we saw that the standard Bipolar Transistor or BJT, comes in two basic forms. An NPN ( N egative- P ositive- N egative) type and a PNP (. ositive) type. The most commonly used transistor configuration is the NPN Transistor. We also learnt that the junctions of the bipolar transistor can be biasedin one
LOW PASS FILTER
Passive Low Pass Filter. A Low Pass Filter is a circuit that can be designed to modify, reshape or reject all unwanted high frequencies of an electrical signal and accept or pass only those signals wanted by the circuits designer. In other words they “filter-out” unwanted signals and an ideal filter will separate and pass sinusoidal input FULL WAVE RECTIFIER AND BRIDGE RECTIFIER THEORY The full wave rectifier circuit consists of two power diodes connected to a single load resistance (R L) with each diode taking it in turn to supply current to the load.When point A of the transformer is positive with respect to point C, diode D 1 conducts in the forward direction as indicated by the arrows.. When point B is positive (in the negative half of the cycle) with respect to point CHIGH PASS FILTER
The Bode Plot or Frequency Response Curve above for a passive high pass filter is the exact opposite to that of a low pass filter. Here the signal is attenuated or damped at low frequencies with the output increasing at +20dB/Decade (6dB/Octave) until the frequency reaches the cut-off point ( ƒc ) where again R = Xc.It has a response curve that extends down from infinity to the cut-off CURRENT TRANSFORMER BASICS AND THE CURRENT TRANSFORMER The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument transformer” that is designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to the current being measured in its primary.Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER AND TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS An common emitter amplifier circuit has a load resistance, RL of 1.2kΩ and a supply voltage of 12v. Calculate the maximum Collector current ( Ic) flowing through the load resistor when the transistor is switched fully “ON” (saturation), assume Vce = 0. Also find the value of the Emitter resistor, RE if it has a voltage drop of 1vacross it.
SERIES RESONANCE IN A SERIES RLC RESONANT CIRCUIT In complex form, the resonant frequency is the frequency at which the total impedance of a series RLC circuit becomes purely “real”, that is no imaginary impedance’s exist. This is because at resonance they are cancelled out. So the total impedance of the series circuit becomes just the value of the resistance and therefore: Z = R. SUMMING AMPLIFIER IS AN OP-AMP VOLTAGE ADDER The Summing Amplifier is a very flexible circuit indeed, enabling us to effectively “Add” or “Sum” (hence its name) together several individual input signals. If the inputs resistors, R 1, R 2, R 3 etc, are all equal a “unity gain inverting adder” will be made. However, if the input resistors are of different values a “scaling summing amplifier” is produced which will output a WHEATSTONE BRIDGE CIRCUIT AND THEORY OF OPERATION The Wheatstone Bridge diamond shaped circuit who’s concept was developed by Charles Wheatstone can be used to accurately measure unknown resistance values, or as a means of calibrating measuring instruments, voltmeters, ammeters, etc, by the use of a variable resistance and a simple mathematical formula.. Although today digital multimeters provide the simplest way to measure a BASIC ELECTRONICS TUTORIALS AND REVISIONCAPACITORSDIODESRC NETWORKSTRANSFORMERSTRANSISTORSDC CIRCUITS Basic Electronics Tutorials and Revision is a free online Electronics Tutorials Resource for Beginners and Beyond on all aspects of BasicElectronics
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER BASICS SERIES RLC CIRCUIT AND RLC SERIES CIRCUIT ANALYSISSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER TUTORIAL The Common Collector Amplifier is another type of bipolar junction transistor, (BJT) configuration where the input signal is applied to the base terminal and the output signal taken from the emitter terminal. Thus the collector terminal is common to both the input and output circuits. This type of configuration is called Common Collector, (CC) because the collector terminal is effectively NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS COMPLEX NUMBERS AND PHASORS IN POLAR OR RECTANGULAR FORMSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS SALLEN AND KEY FILTER DESIGN FOR SECOND ORDER RC FILTERS The Sallen and Key Filter design is a second-order active filter topology which we can use as the basic building blocks for implementing higher order filter circuits, such as low-pass (LPF), high-pass (HPF) and band-pass (BPF) filter circuits.. As we have seen in this filters section, electronic filters, either passive or active, are used in circuits where a signals amplitude is only required OP-AMP COMPARATOR AND THE OP-AMP COMPARATOR CIRCUIT The Op-amp comparator compares one analogue voltage level with another analogue voltage level, or some preset reference voltage, V REF and produces an output signal based on this voltage comparison. In other words, the op-amp voltage comparator compares the magnitudes of two voltage inputs and determines which is the largest of the two. KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Gustav Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is the second of his fundamental laws we can use for circuit analysis. His voltage law states that for a closed loop series path the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.This is because acircuit loop is
PULL-UP RESISTOR AND PULL-DOWN RESISTOR EXPLAINED A pull-down resistor connects unused input pins (OR and NOR gates) to ground, (0V) to keep the given input LOW. The resistance value for a pull-up resistor is not usually that critical but must maintain the input pin voltage above V IH. The use of 10kΩ pull-up resistors are common but values can range from 1k to 100k ohms. BASIC ELECTRONICS TUTORIALS AND REVISIONCAPACITORSDIODESRC NETWORKSTRANSFORMERSTRANSISTORSDC CIRCUITS Basic Electronics Tutorials and Revision is a free online Electronics Tutorials Resource for Beginners and Beyond on all aspects of BasicElectronics
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER BASICS SERIES RLC CIRCUIT AND RLC SERIES CIRCUIT ANALYSISSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER TUTORIAL The Common Collector Amplifier is another type of bipolar junction transistor, (BJT) configuration where the input signal is applied to the base terminal and the output signal taken from the emitter terminal. Thus the collector terminal is common to both the input and output circuits. This type of configuration is called Common Collector, (CC) because the collector terminal is effectively NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS COMPLEX NUMBERS AND PHASORS IN POLAR OR RECTANGULAR FORMSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS SALLEN AND KEY FILTER DESIGN FOR SECOND ORDER RC FILTERS The Sallen and Key Filter design is a second-order active filter topology which we can use as the basic building blocks for implementing higher order filter circuits, such as low-pass (LPF), high-pass (HPF) and band-pass (BPF) filter circuits.. As we have seen in this filters section, electronic filters, either passive or active, are used in circuits where a signals amplitude is only required OP-AMP COMPARATOR AND THE OP-AMP COMPARATOR CIRCUIT The Op-amp comparator compares one analogue voltage level with another analogue voltage level, or some preset reference voltage, V REF and produces an output signal based on this voltage comparison. In other words, the op-amp voltage comparator compares the magnitudes of two voltage inputs and determines which is the largest of the two. KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Gustav Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is the second of his fundamental laws we can use for circuit analysis. His voltage law states that for a closed loop series path the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.This is because acircuit loop is
PULL-UP RESISTOR AND PULL-DOWN RESISTOR EXPLAINED A pull-down resistor connects unused input pins (OR and NOR gates) to ground, (0V) to keep the given input LOW. The resistance value for a pull-up resistor is not usually that critical but must maintain the input pin voltage above V IH. The use of 10kΩ pull-up resistors are common but values can range from 1k to 100k ohms. NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION Voltage Follower (Unity Gain Buffer) If we made the feedback resistor, Rƒ equal to zero, (Rƒ = 0), and resistor R2 equal to infinity, (R2 = ∞), then the resulting circuit would have a fixed gain of “1” (unity) as all the output voltage is fed back to the inverting input terminal (negative feedback).This configuration would produce a special type of the non-inverting amplifier circuit NPN TRANSISTOR TUTORIAL NPN Transistor. In the previous tutorial we saw that the standard Bipolar Transistor or BJT, comes in two basic forms. An NPN ( N egative- P ositive- N egative) type and a PNP (. ositive) type. The most commonly used transistor configuration is the NPN Transistor. We also learnt that the junctions of the bipolar transistor can be biasedin one
OP-AMP COMPARATOR AND THE OP-AMP COMPARATOR CIRCUIT The Op-amp comparator compares one analogue voltage level with another analogue voltage level, or some preset reference voltage, V REF and produces an output signal based on this voltage comparison. In other words, the op-amp voltage comparator compares the magnitudes of two voltage inputs and determines which is the largest of the two. SERIES RESONANCE IN A SERIES RLC RESONANT CIRCUIT In complex form, the resonant frequency is the frequency at which the total impedance of a series RLC circuit becomes purely “real”, that is no imaginary impedance’s exist. This is because at resonance they are cancelled out. So the total impedance of the series circuit becomes just the value of the resistance and therefore: Z = R.LOW PASS FILTER
Passive Low Pass Filter. A Low Pass Filter is a circuit that can be designed to modify, reshape or reject all unwanted high frequencies of an electrical signal and accept or pass only those signals wanted by the circuits designer. In other words they “filter-out” unwanted signals and an ideal filter will separate and pass sinusoidal input FULL WAVE RECTIFIER AND BRIDGE RECTIFIER THEORY The full wave rectifier circuit consists of two power diodes connected to a single load resistance (R L) with each diode taking it in turn to supply current to the load.When point A of the transformer is positive with respect to point C, diode D 1 conducts in the forward direction as indicated by the arrows.. When point B is positive (in the negative half of the cycle) with respect to point C 555 CIRCUITS USING THE 555 TIMER AS AN ASTABLE OSCILLATOR Where: t 1 is the output high duration, t 2 is the output low duration, T is the periodic time of the output waveform, ƒ is the frequency of the output waveform, and 0.693 = ln(2) When connected as an astable oscillator, capacitor C charges through R A and R B but discharges only through R B.Thus the duty cycle D is determined by the ratio of these two resistors.HIGH PASS FILTER
The Bode Plot or Frequency Response Curve above for a passive high pass filter is the exact opposite to that of a low pass filter. Here the signal is attenuated or damped at low frequencies with the output increasing at +20dB/Decade (6dB/Octave) until the frequency reaches the cut-off point ( ƒc ) where again R = Xc.It has a response curve that extends down from infinity to the cut-off555 TIMER TUTORIAL
A Monostable 555 Timer is required to produce a time delay within a circuit. If a 10uF timing capacitor is used, calculate the value of the resistor required to produce a minimum output time delay of 500ms. 500ms is the same as saying 0.5s so by rearranging the formula above, we get the calculated value for the resistor, R as: AC INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTIVE REACTANCE IN AN AC CIRCUIT AC Inductance and Inductive Reactance. Inductors and chokes are basically coils or loops of wire that are either wound around a hollow tube former (air cored) or wound around some ferromagnetic material (iron cored) to increase their inductive value called inductance. Inductors store their energy in the form of a magnetic field that iscreated
BASIC ELECTRONICS TUTORIALS AND REVISIONCAPACITORSDIODESRC NETWORKSTRANSFORMERSTRANSISTORSDC CIRCUITS Basic Electronics Tutorials and Revision is a free online Electronics Tutorials Resource for Beginners and Beyond on all aspects of BasicElectronics
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER BASICS NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS 555 CIRCUITS USING THE 555 TIMER AS AN ASTABLE OSCILLATOR Where: t 1 is the output high duration, t 2 is the output low duration, T is the periodic time of the output waveform, ƒ is the frequency of the output waveform, and 0.693 = ln(2) When connected as an astable oscillator, capacitor C charges through R A and R B but discharges only through R B.Thus the duty cycle D is determined by the ratio of these two resistors. WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR TUTORIAL AND THEORY In the RC Oscillator tutorial we saw that a number of resistors and capacitors can be connected together with an inverting amplifier to produce an oscillating circuit.. One of the simplest sine wave oscillators which uses a RC network in place of the conventional LC tuned tank circuit to produce a sinusoidal output waveform, is called a Wien Bridge Oscillator. SALLEN AND KEY FILTER DESIGN FOR SECOND ORDER RC FILTERS The Sallen and Key Filter design is a second-order active filter topology which we can use as the basic building blocks for implementing higher order filter circuits, such as low-pass (LPF), high-pass (HPF) and band-pass (BPF) filter circuits.. As we have seen in this filters section, electronic filters, either passive or active, are used in circuits where a signals amplitude is only required RECTIFICATION OF A THREE PHASE SUPPLY USING DIODESSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS TRIAC TUTORIAL AND TRIAC SWITCHING CIRCUITSSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS VOLTAGE DIVIDER AND VOLTAGE DIVISION Voltage Divider Circuits are useful in providing different voltage levels from a common supply voltage. This common supply can be a single supply either positive or negative, for example, +5V, +12V, -5V or -12V, etc. with respect to a common point or ground, usually 0V, or it could be across a dual supply, for example ±5V, or ±12V, etc. TRANSFORMER BASICS AND TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLES One of the main reasons that we use alternating AC voltages and currents in our homes and workplace’s is that AC supplies can be easily generated at a convenient voltage, transformed (hence the name transformer) into much higher voltages and then distributed around the country using a national grid of pylons and cables over very longdistances.
BASIC ELECTRONICS TUTORIALS AND REVISIONCAPACITORSDIODESRC NETWORKSTRANSFORMERSTRANSISTORSDC CIRCUITS Basic Electronics Tutorials and Revision is a free online Electronics Tutorials Resource for Beginners and Beyond on all aspects of BasicElectronics
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER BASICS NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS 555 CIRCUITS USING THE 555 TIMER AS AN ASTABLE OSCILLATOR Where: t 1 is the output high duration, t 2 is the output low duration, T is the periodic time of the output waveform, ƒ is the frequency of the output waveform, and 0.693 = ln(2) When connected as an astable oscillator, capacitor C charges through R A and R B but discharges only through R B.Thus the duty cycle D is determined by the ratio of these two resistors. WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR TUTORIAL AND THEORY In the RC Oscillator tutorial we saw that a number of resistors and capacitors can be connected together with an inverting amplifier to produce an oscillating circuit.. One of the simplest sine wave oscillators which uses a RC network in place of the conventional LC tuned tank circuit to produce a sinusoidal output waveform, is called a Wien Bridge Oscillator. SALLEN AND KEY FILTER DESIGN FOR SECOND ORDER RC FILTERS The Sallen and Key Filter design is a second-order active filter topology which we can use as the basic building blocks for implementing higher order filter circuits, such as low-pass (LPF), high-pass (HPF) and band-pass (BPF) filter circuits.. As we have seen in this filters section, electronic filters, either passive or active, are used in circuits where a signals amplitude is only required RECTIFICATION OF A THREE PHASE SUPPLY USING DIODESSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS TRIAC TUTORIAL AND TRIAC SWITCHING CIRCUITSSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS VOLTAGE DIVIDER AND VOLTAGE DIVISION Voltage Divider Circuits are useful in providing different voltage levels from a common supply voltage. This common supply can be a single supply either positive or negative, for example, +5V, +12V, -5V or -12V, etc. with respect to a common point or ground, usually 0V, or it could be across a dual supply, for example ±5V, or ±12V, etc. TRANSFORMER BASICS AND TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLES One of the main reasons that we use alternating AC voltages and currents in our homes and workplace’s is that AC supplies can be easily generated at a convenient voltage, transformed (hence the name transformer) into much higher voltages and then distributed around the country using a national grid of pylons and cables over very longdistances.
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT AND RLC SERIES CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Series RLC Circuit Example No1. A series RLC circuit containing a resistance of 12Ω, an inductance of 0.15H and a capacitor of 100uF are connected in series across a 100V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the total circuit impedance, the circuits current, power factor and draw the voltage phasor diagram. Inductive Reactance, XL. CapacitiveReactance, XC.
COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER TUTORIAL The Common Collector Amplifier is another type of bipolar junction transistor, (BJT) configuration where the input signal is applied to the base terminal and the output signal taken from the emitter terminal. Thus the collector terminal is common to both the input and output circuits. This type of configuration is called Common Collector, (CC) because the collector terminal is effectively INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER The simple light-activated circuit above, converts a current generated by the photo-diode into a voltage. The feedback resistor Rƒ sets the operating voltage point at the inverting input and controls the amount of output. The output voltage is given as Vout = I s x Rƒ.Therefore, the output voltage is proportional to the amount of input current generated by the photo-diode. NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION Voltage Follower (Unity Gain Buffer) If we made the feedback resistor, Rƒ equal to zero, (Rƒ = 0), and resistor R2 equal to infinity, (R2 = ∞), then the resulting circuit would have a fixed gain of “1” (unity) as all the output voltage is fed back to the inverting input terminal (negative feedback).This configuration would produce a special type of the non-inverting amplifier circuit INTRODUCTION TO THE AMPLIFIER AN AMPLIFIER TUTORIAL Note that for the Power Gain you can also divide the power obtained at the output with the power obtained at the input. Also when calculating the gain of an amplifier, the subscripts v, i and p are used to denote the type of signal gain being used.. The power gain (Ap) or power level of the amplifier can also be expressed in Decibels, (dB).The Bel (B) is a logarithmic unit (base 10) of OHMS LAW TUTORIAL AND POWER IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS Electrical energy is the product of power multiplied by the length of time it was consumed. So if we know how much power, in Watts is being consumed and the time, in seconds for which it is used, we can find the total energy used in watt-seconds. In other words, Energy = powerx time and Power
PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT AND RLC PARALLEL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Parallel RLC Circuit Analysis. The Parallel RLC Circuit is the exact opposite to the series circuit we looked at in the previous tutorial although some of the previous concepts and equations still apply. However, the analysis of a parallel RLC circuits can be a little more mathematically difficult than for DEMORGAN'S THEOREM AND LAWS DeMorgan´s Theorem and Laws can be used to to find the equivalency of the NAND and NOR gates. As we have seen previously, Boolean Algebra uses a set of laws and rules to define the operation of a digital logic circuit with “0’s” and “1’s” being used to represent a digital input or output condition. Boolean Algebra uses these zeros COMPLEX NUMBERS AND PHASORS IN POLAR OR RECTANGULAR FORM Complex Numbers can also have “zero” real or imaginary parts such as: Z = 6 + j0 or Z = 0 + j4.In this case the points are plotted directly onto the real or imaginary axis. Also, the angle of a complex number can be calculated using simple trigonometry to calculate the angles of right-angled triangles, or measured anti-clockwise around the Argand diagram starting from the positive real axis. KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Gustav Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is the second of his fundamental laws we can use for circuit analysis. His voltage law states that for a closed loop series path the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.This is because acircuit loop is
BASIC ELECTRONICS TUTORIALS AND REVISIONCAPACITORSDIODESRC NETWORKSTRANSFORMERSTRANSISTORSDC CIRCUITS Basic Electronics Tutorials and Revision is a free online Electronics Tutorials Resource for Beginners and Beyond on all aspects of BasicElectronics
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER BASICS NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS 555 CIRCUITS USING THE 555 TIMER AS AN ASTABLE OSCILLATOR Where: t 1 is the output high duration, t 2 is the output low duration, T is the periodic time of the output waveform, ƒ is the frequency of the output waveform, and 0.693 = ln(2) When connected as an astable oscillator, capacitor C charges through R A and R B but discharges only through R B.Thus the duty cycle D is determined by the ratio of these two resistors. WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR TUTORIAL AND THEORY In the RC Oscillator tutorial we saw that a number of resistors and capacitors can be connected together with an inverting amplifier to produce an oscillating circuit.. One of the simplest sine wave oscillators which uses a RC network in place of the conventional LC tuned tank circuit to produce a sinusoidal output waveform, is called a Wien Bridge Oscillator. SALLEN AND KEY FILTER DESIGN FOR SECOND ORDER RC FILTERS The Sallen and Key Filter design is a second-order active filter topology which we can use as the basic building blocks for implementing higher order filter circuits, such as low-pass (LPF), high-pass (HPF) and band-pass (BPF) filter circuits.. As we have seen in this filters section, electronic filters, either passive or active, are used in circuits where a signals amplitude is only required RECTIFICATION OF A THREE PHASE SUPPLY USING DIODESSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS TRIAC TUTORIAL AND TRIAC SWITCHING CIRCUITSSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS VOLTAGE DIVIDER AND VOLTAGE DIVISION Voltage Divider Circuits are useful in providing different voltage levels from a common supply voltage. This common supply can be a single supply either positive or negative, for example, +5V, +12V, -5V or -12V, etc. with respect to a common point or ground, usually 0V, or it could be across a dual supply, for example ±5V, or ±12V, etc. TRANSFORMER BASICS AND TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLES One of the main reasons that we use alternating AC voltages and currents in our homes and workplace’s is that AC supplies can be easily generated at a convenient voltage, transformed (hence the name transformer) into much higher voltages and then distributed around the country using a national grid of pylons and cables over very longdistances.
BASIC ELECTRONICS TUTORIALS AND REVISIONCAPACITORSDIODESRC NETWORKSTRANSFORMERSTRANSISTORSDC CIRCUITS Basic Electronics Tutorials and Revision is a free online Electronics Tutorials Resource for Beginners and Beyond on all aspects of BasicElectronics
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER BASICS NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATIONSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS 555 CIRCUITS USING THE 555 TIMER AS AN ASTABLE OSCILLATOR Where: t 1 is the output high duration, t 2 is the output low duration, T is the periodic time of the output waveform, ƒ is the frequency of the output waveform, and 0.693 = ln(2) When connected as an astable oscillator, capacitor C charges through R A and R B but discharges only through R B.Thus the duty cycle D is determined by the ratio of these two resistors. WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR TUTORIAL AND THEORY In the RC Oscillator tutorial we saw that a number of resistors and capacitors can be connected together with an inverting amplifier to produce an oscillating circuit.. One of the simplest sine wave oscillators which uses a RC network in place of the conventional LC tuned tank circuit to produce a sinusoidal output waveform, is called a Wien Bridge Oscillator. SALLEN AND KEY FILTER DESIGN FOR SECOND ORDER RC FILTERS The Sallen and Key Filter design is a second-order active filter topology which we can use as the basic building blocks for implementing higher order filter circuits, such as low-pass (LPF), high-pass (HPF) and band-pass (BPF) filter circuits.. As we have seen in this filters section, electronic filters, either passive or active, are used in circuits where a signals amplitude is only required RECTIFICATION OF A THREE PHASE SUPPLY USING DIODESSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS TRIAC TUTORIAL AND TRIAC SWITCHING CIRCUITSSEE MORE ON ELECTRONICS-TUTORIALS.WS VOLTAGE DIVIDER AND VOLTAGE DIVISION Voltage Divider Circuits are useful in providing different voltage levels from a common supply voltage. This common supply can be a single supply either positive or negative, for example, +5V, +12V, -5V or -12V, etc. with respect to a common point or ground, usually 0V, or it could be across a dual supply, for example ±5V, or ±12V, etc. TRANSFORMER BASICS AND TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLES One of the main reasons that we use alternating AC voltages and currents in our homes and workplace’s is that AC supplies can be easily generated at a convenient voltage, transformed (hence the name transformer) into much higher voltages and then distributed around the country using a national grid of pylons and cables over very longdistances.
COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER TUTORIAL The Common Collector Amplifier is another type of bipolar junction transistor, (BJT) configuration where the input signal is applied to the base terminal and the output signal taken from the emitter terminal. Thus the collector terminal is common to both the input and output circuits. This type of configuration is called Common Collector, (CC) because the collector terminal is effectively INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER The simple light-activated circuit above, converts a current generated by the photo-diode into a voltage. The feedback resistor Rƒ sets the operating voltage point at the inverting input and controls the amount of output. The output voltage is given as Vout = I s x Rƒ.Therefore, the output voltage is proportional to the amount of input current generated by the photo-diode. SERIES RLC CIRCUIT AND RLC SERIES CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Instead of analysing each passive element separately, we can combine all three together into a series RLC circuit. The analysis of a series RLC circuit is the same as that for the dual series R L and R C circuits we looked at previously, except this time we need to take into account the magnitudes of both X L and X C to find the overall circuit reactance. . Series RLC circuits are classed as NON-INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION Voltage Follower (Unity Gain Buffer) If we made the feedback resistor, Rƒ equal to zero, (Rƒ = 0), and resistor R2 equal to infinity, (R2 = ∞), then the resulting circuit would have a fixed gain of “1” (unity) as all the output voltage is fed back to the inverting input terminal (negative feedback).This configuration would produce a special type of the non-inverting amplifier circuit INTRODUCTION TO THE AMPLIFIER AN AMPLIFIER TUTORIAL Note that for the Power Gain you can also divide the power obtained at the output with the power obtained at the input. Also when calculating the gain of an amplifier, the subscripts v, i and p are used to denote the type of signal gain being used.. The power gain (Ap) or power level of the amplifier can also be expressed in Decibels, (dB).The Bel (B) is a logarithmic unit (base 10) of DEMORGAN'S THEOREM AND LAWS DeMorgan’s Theory. DeMorgan’s Theorems are basically two sets of rules or laws developed from the Boolean expressions for AND, OR and NOT using two input variables, A and B.These two rules or theorems allow the input variables to be negated and converted from one form of a Boolean function into an opposite form. PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT AND RLC PARALLEL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS In the above parallel RLC circuit, we can see that the supply voltage, V S is common to all three components whilst the supply current I S consists of three parts. The current flowing through the resistor, I R, the current flowing through the inductor, I L and the current through the capacitor, I C.. But the current flowing through each branch and therefore each component will be different to OHMS LAW TUTORIAL AND POWER IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS By knowing any two values of the Voltage, Current or Resistance quantities we can use Ohms Law to find the third missing value.Ohms Law is used extensively in electronics formulas and calculations so it is “very important to understand and accurately remember these formulas”.. To find the Voltage, ( V ) V (volts) = I(amps) x R (Ω)
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND PHASORS IN POLAR OR RECTANGULAR FORM Complex Numbers can also have “zero” real or imaginary parts such as: Z = 6 + j0 or Z = 0 + j4.In this case the points are plotted directly onto the real or imaginary axis. Also, the angle of a complex number can be calculated using simple trigonometry to calculate the angles of right-angled triangles, or measured anti-clockwise around the Argand diagram starting from the positive real axis. KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW AND THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Gustav Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is the second of his fundamental laws we can use for circuit analysis. His voltage law states that for a closed loop series path the algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero.This is because acircuit loop is
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Voltage Divider Circuits are useful in providing different voltage levels from a common supply voltage. This common supply can be a single supply either positive or negative, for example, +5V, +12V, -5V or -12V, etc. with respect to a common point or ground, usually 0V, orit cou...
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