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vehicles.
FUELS: CANADA
Table 1 Fuel Types and Applications; Standard Fuel Type Intended Application; CAN/CGSB-3.517 Automotive Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Type A-LS: High speed diesel engine applications involving frequent and relatively wide variations in loads and speeds and when ambient temperatures require better low temperature properties. NEWS: ACHATES 10.6 L OPPOSED-PISTON DIESEL ENGINE—STATUS 25 March 2021. Achates Power has been developing a 10.6 L opposed-piston (OP) 2-stroke cycle diesel engine, targeting Class 8 heavy-duty truck applications. In December, the company announced that the 3-cylinder, 300 kW OP engine achieved NOx emissions of 0.02 g/bhp-hr, which would meet the California 2027 emission requirements over the FTP cycle. . Earlier this month, Achates CALCULATOR: SMOKE DENSITY Smoke Density. This calculator computes diesel soot density from smoke opacity. The algorithm is explained in the Smoke Opacity paper, Eq. (3) - Eq. (8). A discussion on the applicability and limitations of this calculation is included in the paper. EMISSION STANDARDS: CANADA: OFF-ROAD ENGINES Tier 4 Standards. On November 17, 2011, Environment Canada adopted amendments to the Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine Emission Regulations which align Canadian emission standards with the US EPA Tier 4 standards for nonroad engines, including the emission limits, testing methods and effective dates. Most of these requirements are defined by reference to the pertinent sections of the US PUMP-LINE-NOZZLE INJECTION SYSTEM Abstract: In pump-line-nozzle (P-L-N) diesel fuel injection systems, the pump is connected with the injection nozzle through a high pressure fuel line.The P-L-N system can utilize in-line, distributor/rotary, and unit injection pumps. In its “classic” version, the system is controlled mechanically through specialized components such as the governor. EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: MARINE DIESEL ENGINES c - This standard level drops to 0.10 g/kWh in 2018 for < 600 kW engines. Table 6. Tier 3 Standards for Marine Diesel Category 1 Commercial High Power Density (> 35 kW/dm 3) Engines And All Diesel Recreational Engines. a - < 75 kW engines ≥ 0.9 dm 3 /cylinder are ENGINE EXHAUST BACK PRESSURESEE MORE ON DIESELNET.COM EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: NONROAD DIESEL ENGINES Manufacturers who signed the 1998 Consent Decrees with the EPA may have been required to meet the Tier 3 standards one year ahead of schedule (i.e. beginning in 2005).. Voluntary, more stringent emission standards that manufacturers could use to earn a designation of “Blue Sky Series” engines (applicable to Tier 1-3 certifications) are listed in Table 2. DIESELNET: ENGINE & EMISSION TECHNOLOGY ONLINEDIESELNETNEWSDIRECTORYSTANDARDSTECHNOLOGYRESOURCES DieselNet, the only information service exclusively devoted to internal combustion engines and emissions, is an internet knowledge base for technical and business information on diesel engines, fuels, emissions and technologies required by the clean and efficient diesel engines of the future. DIESELNET: ENGINE EMISSION STANDARDSOFF-ROAD ENGINESEUROPEAN UNIONAUSTRALIANSPSINDIACHINA Summary of exhaust emission standards and regulations for engines andvehicles.
FUELS: CANADA
Table 1 Fuel Types and Applications; Standard Fuel Type Intended Application; CAN/CGSB-3.517 Automotive Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Type A-LS: High speed diesel engine applications involving frequent and relatively wide variations in loads and speeds and when ambient temperatures require better low temperature properties. NEWS: ACHATES 10.6 L OPPOSED-PISTON DIESEL ENGINE—STATUS 25 March 2021. Achates Power has been developing a 10.6 L opposed-piston (OP) 2-stroke cycle diesel engine, targeting Class 8 heavy-duty truck applications. In December, the company announced that the 3-cylinder, 300 kW OP engine achieved NOx emissions of 0.02 g/bhp-hr, which would meet the California 2027 emission requirements over the FTP cycle. . Earlier this month, Achates CALCULATOR: SMOKE DENSITY Smoke Density. This calculator computes diesel soot density from smoke opacity. The algorithm is explained in the Smoke Opacity paper, Eq. (3) - Eq. (8). A discussion on the applicability and limitations of this calculation is included in the paper. EMISSION STANDARDS: CANADA: OFF-ROAD ENGINES Tier 4 Standards. On November 17, 2011, Environment Canada adopted amendments to the Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine Emission Regulations which align Canadian emission standards with the US EPA Tier 4 standards for nonroad engines, including the emission limits, testing methods and effective dates. Most of these requirements are defined by reference to the pertinent sections of the US PUMP-LINE-NOZZLE INJECTION SYSTEM Abstract: In pump-line-nozzle (P-L-N) diesel fuel injection systems, the pump is connected with the injection nozzle through a high pressure fuel line.The P-L-N system can utilize in-line, distributor/rotary, and unit injection pumps. In its “classic” version, the system is controlled mechanically through specialized components such as the governor. EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: MARINE DIESEL ENGINES c - This standard level drops to 0.10 g/kWh in 2018 for < 600 kW engines. Table 6. Tier 3 Standards for Marine Diesel Category 1 Commercial High Power Density (> 35 kW/dm 3) Engines And All Diesel Recreational Engines. a - < 75 kW engines ≥ 0.9 dm 3 /cylinder are ENGINE EXHAUST BACK PRESSURESEE MORE ON DIESELNET.COM EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: NONROAD DIESEL ENGINES Manufacturers who signed the 1998 Consent Decrees with the EPA may have been required to meet the Tier 3 standards one year ahead of schedule (i.e. beginning in 2005).. Voluntary, more stringent emission standards that manufacturers could use to earn a designation of “Blue Sky Series” engines (applicable to Tier 1-3 certifications) are listed in Table 2. EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: MARINE DIESEL ENGINES Category 1 and Category 2 marine diesel engines typically range in size from about 500 to 8,000 kW (700 to 11,000 hp). These engines are used to provide propulsion power on many kinds of vessels including tugboats, pushboats, supply vessels, fishing vessels, and other commercial vessels in and around ports. FUELS: CANADA: BIODIESEL FUEL Summary of Canadian biodiesel fuel regulations and specifications. Canada: Biodiesel Fuel. In Canada, CAN/CGSB-3.520 establishes specifications for blends of automotive diesel fuel containing low levels of Biodiesel Esters (blends from B1 to B5), Table 1. EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS—TIER 1 Tier 3 standards were finalized on March 3, 2014, to be phased-in between 2017 and 2025. Tier 1 standards applied to all new light-duty vehicles (LDV) of less than 8500 lb gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). The Tier 2 rule extended the applicability of the light-duty emission standards to medium-duty passenger vehicles (MDPV) with GVWRbetween
SYNTHETIC DIESEL FUEL Synthetic Diesel Fuel. W. Addy Majewski. Abstract: Synthetic diesel fuels can be made from carbon containing feedstocks, such as natural gas or coal, in a process developed by Fischer and Tropsch in the 1920s. That process has been further developed by oil companies and is considered a viable option of natural gas utilization. EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: HEAVY-DUTY ONROAD ENGINES The EPA rule of December 21, 2000 included two components: (1) 2007 and later heavy-duty engine emission standards, and (2) diesel fuel regulations. CARB adopted virtually identical 2007 heavy-duty engine standards in October 2001. The emission standards included new, very stringent limits for PM (0.01 g/bhp·hr) and NOx (0.20g/bhp·hr).
CALCULATOR: SULFATE PARTICULATES An estimate of sulfate particulate emissions for a given sulfur content in the fuel and (catalytic) conversion of sulfur dioxide. The formation of sulfate particulates is discussed in the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst paper. This calculation follows Eqns. (6) - (10) from the paper. Input Data. Enter the required input data and press“Calculate
EMISSION STANDARDS: IMO MARINE ENGINE REGULATIONS IMO Marine Engine Regulations. Background; NOx Emission Standards; Sulfur Content of Fuel; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Other Provisions; Background. International Maritime Organization (IMO) is an agency of the United Nations which has been formed to promote maritime safety. It was formally established by an international conference in Geneva in 1948, and became active in 1958 EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: STATIONARY SI ENGINES (NSPS) The new source performance standards (NSPS) for reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE) establish US federal emission requirements for a number of categories of spark ignition (SI) engines. The Spark Ignition NSPS rule was adopted in 2008 and amended in 2011 . NSPS emission regulations for stationary SI engines EMISSION STANDARDS: PERU: ON-ROAD VEHICLES AND ENGINES Peru: On-Road Vehicles and Engines. Maximum permissible emission limits for existing vehicles, new imported or domestically assembled vehicles and used imported vehicles have been established by decree D.S. N° 047-2001-MTC: Since January 1, 2003 all new light-duty vehicles in Peru have been required to meet either US or EU emissionstandards
DIESEL EXHAUST: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS, EXPOSURE A summary of health effects of diesel exhaust, including its carcinogenic potential. Based on the report by Health Effects Institute. October 1997. DIESELNET: ENGINE & EMISSION TECHNOLOGY ONLINEDIESELNETNEWSDIRECTORYSTANDARDSTECHNOLOGYRESOURCES DieselNet, the only information service exclusively devoted to internal combustion engines and emissions, is an internet knowledge base for technical and business information on diesel engines, fuels, emissions and technologies required by the clean and efficient diesel engines of the future. DIESELNET: ENGINE EMISSION STANDARDSOFF-ROAD ENGINESEUROPEAN UNIONAUSTRALIANSPSINDIACHINA Summary of exhaust emission standards and regulations for engines andvehicles.
NEWS: ACHATES 10.6 L OPPOSED-PISTON DIESEL ENGINE—STATUS 25 March 2021. Achates Power has been developing a 10.6 L opposed-piston (OP) 2-stroke cycle diesel engine, targeting Class 8 heavy-duty truck applications. In December, the company announced that the 3-cylinder, 300 kW OP engine achieved NOx emissions of 0.02 g/bhp-hr, which would meet the California 2027 emission requirements over the FTP cycle. . Earlier this month, Achates EMISSION STANDARDS: CANADA: OFF-ROAD ENGINES Tier 4 Standards. On November 17, 2011, Environment Canada adopted amendments to the Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine Emission Regulations which align Canadian emission standards with the US EPA Tier 4 standards for nonroad engines, including the emission limits, testing methods and effective dates. Most of these requirements are defined by reference to the pertinent sections of the US EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS—CALIFORNIA Low Emission Vehicle III (LEV III) Standards. The LEV III emission standards—adopted in January 2012 and amended in December 2012 —are phased-in over the 2015-2025 model years.Manufacturers can certify vehicles to the LEV III standards before model year 2015. EMISSION STANDARDS: GERMANY: STATIONARY ENGINES Germany: Stationary Engines. Background; Engine Emission Standards; Background Emissions from stationary engines in Germany are controlled by the TA Luft regulation introduced in 1986 and later by the 44 th BImSchV introduced in 2019.. The Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft, in short referred to as TA Luft, is a regulation covering air quality requirements—including emissions EMISSION STANDARDS: CHINA: NONROAD DIESEL ENGINES Regulatory Background. China’s emission requirements for diesel mobile nonroad engines have been progressively tightened from Stage I through Stage IV standards. Some of the important regulatory steps include: Stage I/II standards: The first emission standards for mobile nonroad diesel engines (GB 20891-2007) were adopted in 2007 . ASH ACCUMULATION IN DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS Abstract: The accumulation of ash in diesel particulate filters is an important factor limiting the filter’s service life, increasing its pressure drop and having an adverse effect on fuel economy.The main sources of ash are engine lube oil additives, as well as fuels and engine wear and corrosion. A number of studies have been conducted and test methods have been developed to investigate EMISSION TEST CYCLES: ISO 8178 The ISO 8178 is an international standard for exhaust emission measurement from a number of non-road engine applications. It is used for emission certification and/or type approval testing in many countries, including the United States, European Union and Japan. Depending on the legislation, the cycle can be defined by reference tothe ISO 8178
RTS 95 CYCLE
RTS 95 Cycle. The RTS 95—also referred to as RTS Aggressive or RTS 95 Aggressive—is a chassis dynamometer test cycle representing aggressive driving, including urban, rural and motorway segments. The vehicle speed during the RTS 95 test is shown in Figure 1. The cycle has been developed based on a subset of the WLTP database, with high DIESELNET: ENGINE & EMISSION TECHNOLOGY ONLINEDIESELNETNEWSDIRECTORYSTANDARDSTECHNOLOGYRESOURCES DieselNet, the only information service exclusively devoted to internal combustion engines and emissions, is an internet knowledge base for technical and business information on diesel engines, fuels, emissions and technologies required by the clean and efficient diesel engines of the future. DIESELNET: ENGINE EMISSION STANDARDSOFF-ROAD ENGINESEUROPEAN UNIONAUSTRALIANSPSINDIACHINA Summary of exhaust emission standards and regulations for engines andvehicles.
NEWS: ACHATES 10.6 L OPPOSED-PISTON DIESEL ENGINE—STATUS 25 March 2021. Achates Power has been developing a 10.6 L opposed-piston (OP) 2-stroke cycle diesel engine, targeting Class 8 heavy-duty truck applications. In December, the company announced that the 3-cylinder, 300 kW OP engine achieved NOx emissions of 0.02 g/bhp-hr, which would meet the California 2027 emission requirements over the FTP cycle. . Earlier this month, Achates EMISSION STANDARDS: CANADA: OFF-ROAD ENGINES Tier 4 Standards. On November 17, 2011, Environment Canada adopted amendments to the Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine Emission Regulations which align Canadian emission standards with the US EPA Tier 4 standards for nonroad engines, including the emission limits, testing methods and effective dates. Most of these requirements are defined by reference to the pertinent sections of the US EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS—CALIFORNIA Low Emission Vehicle III (LEV III) Standards. The LEV III emission standards—adopted in January 2012 and amended in December 2012 —are phased-in over the 2015-2025 model years.Manufacturers can certify vehicles to the LEV III standards before model year 2015. EMISSION STANDARDS: GERMANY: STATIONARY ENGINES Germany: Stationary Engines. Background; Engine Emission Standards; Background Emissions from stationary engines in Germany are controlled by the TA Luft regulation introduced in 1986 and later by the 44 th BImSchV introduced in 2019.. The Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft, in short referred to as TA Luft, is a regulation covering air quality requirements—including emissions EMISSION STANDARDS: CHINA: NONROAD DIESEL ENGINES Regulatory Background. China’s emission requirements for diesel mobile nonroad engines have been progressively tightened from Stage I through Stage IV standards. Some of the important regulatory steps include: Stage I/II standards: The first emission standards for mobile nonroad diesel engines (GB 20891-2007) were adopted in 2007 . ASH ACCUMULATION IN DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS Abstract: The accumulation of ash in diesel particulate filters is an important factor limiting the filter’s service life, increasing its pressure drop and having an adverse effect on fuel economy.The main sources of ash are engine lube oil additives, as well as fuels and engine wear and corrosion. A number of studies have been conducted and test methods have been developed to investigate EMISSION TEST CYCLES: ISO 8178 The ISO 8178 is an international standard for exhaust emission measurement from a number of non-road engine applications. It is used for emission certification and/or type approval testing in many countries, including the United States, European Union and Japan. Depending on the legislation, the cycle can be defined by reference tothe ISO 8178
RTS 95 CYCLE
RTS 95 Cycle. The RTS 95—also referred to as RTS Aggressive or RTS 95 Aggressive—is a chassis dynamometer test cycle representing aggressive driving, including urban, rural and motorway segments. The vehicle speed during the RTS 95 test is shown in Figure 1. The cycle has been developed based on a subset of the WLTP database, with highFUELS: CANADA
Table 1 Fuel Types and Applications; Standard Fuel Type Intended Application; CAN/CGSB-3.517 Automotive Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Type A-LS: High speed diesel engine applications involving frequent and relatively wide variations in loads and speeds and when ambient temperatures require better low temperature properties. EMISSION TEST CYCLES: WLTC WLTC Test Cycles Class 3 Cycle. With the highest power-to-mass ratio, Class 3 is representative of vehicles driven in Europe and Japan. Class 3 vehicles are divided into 2 subclasses according to their maximum speed: Class 3a with v_max < 120 km/h and Class 3b with v_max≥ 120 km/h.
EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS—TIER 1 Tier 3 standards were finalized on March 3, 2014, to be phased-in between 2017 and 2025. Tier 1 standards applied to all new light-duty vehicles (LDV) of less than 8500 lb gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). The Tier 2 rule extended the applicability of the light-duty emission standards to medium-duty passenger vehicles (MDPV) with GVWRbetween
SYNTHETIC DIESEL FUEL Synthetic Diesel Fuel. W. Addy Majewski. Abstract: Synthetic diesel fuels can be made from carbon containing feedstocks, such as natural gas or coal, in a process developed by Fischer and Tropsch in the 1920s. That process has been further developed by oil companies and is considered a viable option of natural gas utilization. ASH ACCUMULATION IN DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS Abstract: The accumulation of ash in diesel particulate filters is an important factor limiting the filter’s service life, increasing its pressure drop and having an adverse effect on fuel economy.The main sources of ash are engine lube oil additives, as well as fuels and engine wear and corrosion. A number of studies have been conducted and test methods have been developed to investigate EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: MARINE DIESEL ENGINES c - This standard level drops to 0.10 g/kWh in 2018 for < 600 kW engines. Table 6. Tier 3 Standards for Marine Diesel Category 1 Commercial High Power Density (> 35 kW/dm 3) Engines And All Diesel Recreational Engines. a - < 75 kW engines ≥ 0.9 dm 3 /cylinder are EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: HEAVY-DUTY ONROAD ENGINES The EPA rule of December 21, 2000 included two components: (1) 2007 and later heavy-duty engine emission standards, and (2) diesel fuel regulations. CARB adopted virtually identical 2007 heavy-duty engine standards in October 2001. The emission standards included new, very stringent limits for PM (0.01 g/bhp·hr) and NOx (0.20g/bhp·hr).
ENGINE EXHAUST BACK PRESSURE Introduction; Effect on Emissions and Fuel Consumption; Effect on Engine Performance; Introduction Definition. Engine exhaust back pressure is defined as the exhaust gas pressure that is produced by the engine to overcome the hydraulic resistance of the exhaust system in order to discharge the gases into the atmosphere. For this discussion, the exhaust back pressure is the gage pressure in the EMISSION STANDARDS: PERU: ON-ROAD VEHICLES AND ENGINES Peru: On-Road Vehicles and Engines. Maximum permissible emission limits for existing vehicles, new imported or domestically assembled vehicles and used imported vehicles have been established by decree D.S. N° 047-2001-MTC: Since January 1, 2003 all new light-duty vehicles in Peru have been required to meet either US or EU emissionstandards
EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CALIFORNIA: LIGHT-DUTY ZEV The California Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) regulation is applicable to new 2018 and later passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty vehicles and allows these vehicles to be certified as ZEVs if they produce zero exhaust emissions of any criteria pollutant, precursor pollutant, or greenhouse gas, under any possible operational modes or DIESELNET: ENGINE & EMISSION TECHNOLOGY ONLINEDIESELNETNEWSDIRECTORYSTANDARDSTECHNOLOGYRESOURCES DieselNet, the only information service exclusively devoted to internal combustion engines and emissions, is an internet knowledge base for technical and business information on diesel engines, fuels, emissions and technologies required by the clean and efficient diesel engines of the future. DIESELNET: ENGINE EMISSION STANDARDSOFF-ROAD ENGINESEUROPEAN UNIONAUSTRALIANSPSINDIACHINA Summary of exhaust emission standards and regulations for engines andvehicles.
NEWS: ACHATES 10.6 L OPPOSED-PISTON DIESEL ENGINE—STATUS 25 March 2021. Achates Power has been developing a 10.6 L opposed-piston (OP) 2-stroke cycle diesel engine, targeting Class 8 heavy-duty truck applications. In December, the company announced that the 3-cylinder, 300 kW OP engine achieved NOx emissions of 0.02 g/bhp-hr, which would meet the California 2027 emission requirements over the FTP cycle. . Earlier this month, Achates EMISSION STANDARDS: CANADA: OFF-ROAD ENGINES Tier 4 Standards. On November 17, 2011, Environment Canada adopted amendments to the Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine Emission Regulations which align Canadian emission standards with the US EPA Tier 4 standards for nonroad engines, including the emission limits, testing methods and effective dates. Most of these requirements are defined by reference to the pertinent sections of the US EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS—CALIFORNIA Low Emission Vehicle III (LEV III) Standards. The LEV III emission standards—adopted in January 2012 and amended in December 2012 —are phased-in over the 2015-2025 model years.Manufacturers can certify vehicles to the LEV III standards before model year 2015. EMISSION STANDARDS: GERMANY: STATIONARY ENGINES Germany: Stationary Engines. Background; Engine Emission Standards; Background Emissions from stationary engines in Germany are controlled by the TA Luft regulation introduced in 1986 and later by the 44 th BImSchV introduced in 2019.. The Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft, in short referred to as TA Luft, is a regulation covering air quality requirements—including emissions EMISSION STANDARDS: CHINA: NONROAD DIESEL ENGINES Regulatory Background. China’s emission requirements for diesel mobile nonroad engines have been progressively tightened from Stage I through Stage IV standards. Some of the important regulatory steps include: Stage I/II standards: The first emission standards for mobile nonroad diesel engines (GB 20891-2007) were adopted in 2007 . ASH ACCUMULATION IN DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS Abstract: The accumulation of ash in diesel particulate filters is an important factor limiting the filter’s service life, increasing its pressure drop and having an adverse effect on fuel economy.The main sources of ash are engine lube oil additives, as well as fuels and engine wear and corrosion. A number of studies have been conducted and test methods have been developed to investigate EMISSION TEST CYCLES: ISO 8178 The ISO 8178 is an international standard for exhaust emission measurement from a number of non-road engine applications. It is used for emission certification and/or type approval testing in many countries, including the United States, European Union and Japan. Depending on the legislation, the cycle can be defined by reference tothe ISO 8178
RTS 95 CYCLE
RTS 95 Cycle. The RTS 95—also referred to as RTS Aggressive or RTS 95 Aggressive—is a chassis dynamometer test cycle representing aggressive driving, including urban, rural and motorway segments. The vehicle speed during the RTS 95 test is shown in Figure 1. The cycle has been developed based on a subset of the WLTP database, with high DIESELNET: ENGINE & EMISSION TECHNOLOGY ONLINEDIESELNETNEWSDIRECTORYSTANDARDSTECHNOLOGYRESOURCES DieselNet, the only information service exclusively devoted to internal combustion engines and emissions, is an internet knowledge base for technical and business information on diesel engines, fuels, emissions and technologies required by the clean and efficient diesel engines of the future. DIESELNET: ENGINE EMISSION STANDARDSOFF-ROAD ENGINESEUROPEAN UNIONAUSTRALIANSPSINDIACHINA Summary of exhaust emission standards and regulations for engines andvehicles.
NEWS: ACHATES 10.6 L OPPOSED-PISTON DIESEL ENGINE—STATUS 25 March 2021. Achates Power has been developing a 10.6 L opposed-piston (OP) 2-stroke cycle diesel engine, targeting Class 8 heavy-duty truck applications. In December, the company announced that the 3-cylinder, 300 kW OP engine achieved NOx emissions of 0.02 g/bhp-hr, which would meet the California 2027 emission requirements over the FTP cycle. . Earlier this month, Achates EMISSION STANDARDS: CANADA: OFF-ROAD ENGINES Tier 4 Standards. On November 17, 2011, Environment Canada adopted amendments to the Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine Emission Regulations which align Canadian emission standards with the US EPA Tier 4 standards for nonroad engines, including the emission limits, testing methods and effective dates. Most of these requirements are defined by reference to the pertinent sections of the US EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS—CALIFORNIA Low Emission Vehicle III (LEV III) Standards. The LEV III emission standards—adopted in January 2012 and amended in December 2012 —are phased-in over the 2015-2025 model years.Manufacturers can certify vehicles to the LEV III standards before model year 2015. EMISSION STANDARDS: GERMANY: STATIONARY ENGINES Germany: Stationary Engines. Background; Engine Emission Standards; Background Emissions from stationary engines in Germany are controlled by the TA Luft regulation introduced in 1986 and later by the 44 th BImSchV introduced in 2019.. The Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft, in short referred to as TA Luft, is a regulation covering air quality requirements—including emissions EMISSION STANDARDS: CHINA: NONROAD DIESEL ENGINES Regulatory Background. China’s emission requirements for diesel mobile nonroad engines have been progressively tightened from Stage I through Stage IV standards. Some of the important regulatory steps include: Stage I/II standards: The first emission standards for mobile nonroad diesel engines (GB 20891-2007) were adopted in 2007 . ASH ACCUMULATION IN DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS Abstract: The accumulation of ash in diesel particulate filters is an important factor limiting the filter’s service life, increasing its pressure drop and having an adverse effect on fuel economy.The main sources of ash are engine lube oil additives, as well as fuels and engine wear and corrosion. A number of studies have been conducted and test methods have been developed to investigate EMISSION TEST CYCLES: ISO 8178 The ISO 8178 is an international standard for exhaust emission measurement from a number of non-road engine applications. It is used for emission certification and/or type approval testing in many countries, including the United States, European Union and Japan. Depending on the legislation, the cycle can be defined by reference tothe ISO 8178
RTS 95 CYCLE
RTS 95 Cycle. The RTS 95—also referred to as RTS Aggressive or RTS 95 Aggressive—is a chassis dynamometer test cycle representing aggressive driving, including urban, rural and motorway segments. The vehicle speed during the RTS 95 test is shown in Figure 1. The cycle has been developed based on a subset of the WLTP database, with highFUELS: CANADA
Table 1 Fuel Types and Applications; Standard Fuel Type Intended Application; CAN/CGSB-3.517 Automotive Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Type A-LS: High speed diesel engine applications involving frequent and relatively wide variations in loads and speeds and when ambient temperatures require better low temperature properties. EMISSION TEST CYCLES: WLTC WLTC Test Cycles Class 3 Cycle. With the highest power-to-mass ratio, Class 3 is representative of vehicles driven in Europe and Japan. Class 3 vehicles are divided into 2 subclasses according to their maximum speed: Class 3a with v_max < 120 km/h and Class 3b with v_max≥ 120 km/h.
EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS—TIER 1 Tier 3 standards were finalized on March 3, 2014, to be phased-in between 2017 and 2025. Tier 1 standards applied to all new light-duty vehicles (LDV) of less than 8500 lb gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). The Tier 2 rule extended the applicability of the light-duty emission standards to medium-duty passenger vehicles (MDPV) with GVWRbetween
SYNTHETIC DIESEL FUEL Synthetic Diesel Fuel. W. Addy Majewski. Abstract: Synthetic diesel fuels can be made from carbon containing feedstocks, such as natural gas or coal, in a process developed by Fischer and Tropsch in the 1920s. That process has been further developed by oil companies and is considered a viable option of natural gas utilization. ASH ACCUMULATION IN DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS Abstract: The accumulation of ash in diesel particulate filters is an important factor limiting the filter’s service life, increasing its pressure drop and having an adverse effect on fuel economy.The main sources of ash are engine lube oil additives, as well as fuels and engine wear and corrosion. A number of studies have been conducted and test methods have been developed to investigate EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: MARINE DIESEL ENGINES c - This standard level drops to 0.10 g/kWh in 2018 for < 600 kW engines. Table 6. Tier 3 Standards for Marine Diesel Category 1 Commercial High Power Density (> 35 kW/dm 3) Engines And All Diesel Recreational Engines. a - < 75 kW engines ≥ 0.9 dm 3 /cylinder are EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: HEAVY-DUTY ONROAD ENGINES The EPA rule of December 21, 2000 included two components: (1) 2007 and later heavy-duty engine emission standards, and (2) diesel fuel regulations. CARB adopted virtually identical 2007 heavy-duty engine standards in October 2001. The emission standards included new, very stringent limits for PM (0.01 g/bhp·hr) and NOx (0.20g/bhp·hr).
ENGINE EXHAUST BACK PRESSURE Introduction; Effect on Emissions and Fuel Consumption; Effect on Engine Performance; Introduction Definition. Engine exhaust back pressure is defined as the exhaust gas pressure that is produced by the engine to overcome the hydraulic resistance of the exhaust system in order to discharge the gases into the atmosphere. For this discussion, the exhaust back pressure is the gage pressure in the EMISSION STANDARDS: PERU: ON-ROAD VEHICLES AND ENGINES Peru: On-Road Vehicles and Engines. Maximum permissible emission limits for existing vehicles, new imported or domestically assembled vehicles and used imported vehicles have been established by decree D.S. N° 047-2001-MTC: Since January 1, 2003 all new light-duty vehicles in Peru have been required to meet either US or EU emissionstandards
EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CALIFORNIA: LIGHT-DUTY ZEV The California Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) regulation is applicable to new 2018 and later passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty vehicles and allows these vehicles to be certified as ZEVs if they produce zero exhaust emissions of any criteria pollutant, precursor pollutant, or greenhouse gas, under any possible operational modes or DIESELNET: ENGINE & EMISSION TECHNOLOGY ONLINEDIESELNETNEWSDIRECTORYSTANDARDSTECHNOLOGYRESOURCES DieselNet, the only information service exclusively devoted to internal combustion engines and emissions, is an internet knowledge base for technical and business information on diesel engines, fuels, emissions and technologies required by the clean and efficient diesel engines of the future. DIESELNET: ENGINE EMISSION STANDARDSOFF-ROAD ENGINESEUROPEAN UNIONAUSTRALIANSPSINDIACHINA Summary of exhaust emission standards and regulations for engines andvehicles.
NEWS: ACHATES 10.6 L OPPOSED-PISTON DIESEL ENGINE—STATUS 25 March 2021. Achates Power has been developing a 10.6 L opposed-piston (OP) 2-stroke cycle diesel engine, targeting Class 8 heavy-duty truck applications. In December, the company announced that the 3-cylinder, 300 kW OP engine achieved NOx emissions of 0.02 g/bhp-hr, which would meet the California 2027 emission requirements over the FTP cycle. . Earlier this month, Achates EMISSION STANDARDS: GERMANY: STATIONARY ENGINES Germany: Stationary Engines. Background; Engine Emission Standards; Background Emissions from stationary engines in Germany are controlled by the TA Luft regulation introduced in 1986 and later by the 44 th BImSchV introduced in 2019.. The Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft, in short referred to as TA Luft, is a regulation covering air quality requirements—including emissions EMISSION STANDARDS: CANADA: OFF-ROAD ENGINES Tier 4 Standards. On November 17, 2011, Environment Canada adopted amendments to the Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine Emission Regulations which align Canadian emission standards with the US EPA Tier 4 standards for nonroad engines, including the emission limits, testing methods and effective dates. Most of these requirements are defined by reference to the pertinent sections of the US EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: STATIONARY SI ENGINES (NSPS) The new source performance standards (NSPS) for reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE) establish US federal emission requirements for a number of categories of spark ignition (SI) engines. The Spark Ignition NSPS rule was adopted in 2008 and amended in 2011 . NSPS emission regulations for stationary SI engines EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS—CALIFORNIA Low Emission Vehicle III (LEV III) Standards. The LEV III emission standards—adopted in January 2012 and amended in December 2012 —are phased-in over the 2015-2025 model years.Manufacturers can certify vehicles to the LEV III standards before model year 2015. EMISSION STANDARDS: CHINA: NONROAD DIESEL ENGINES Regulatory Background. China’s emission requirements for diesel mobile nonroad engines have been progressively tightened from Stage I through Stage IV standards. Some of the important regulatory steps include: Stage I/II standards: The first emission standards for mobile nonroad diesel engines (GB 20891-2007) were adopted in 2007 .RTS 95 CYCLE
RTS 95 Cycle. The RTS 95—also referred to as RTS Aggressive or RTS 95 Aggressive—is a chassis dynamometer test cycle representing aggressive driving, including urban, rural and motorway segments. The vehicle speed during the RTS 95 test is shown in Figure 1. The cycle has been developed based on a subset of the WLTP database, with high ENGINE EXHAUST BACK PRESSURESEE MORE ON DIESELNET.COM DIESELNET: ENGINE & EMISSION TECHNOLOGY ONLINEDIESELNETNEWSDIRECTORYSTANDARDSTECHNOLOGYRESOURCES DieselNet, the only information service exclusively devoted to internal combustion engines and emissions, is an internet knowledge base for technical and business information on diesel engines, fuels, emissions and technologies required by the clean and efficient diesel engines of the future. DIESELNET: ENGINE EMISSION STANDARDSOFF-ROAD ENGINESEUROPEAN UNIONAUSTRALIANSPSINDIACHINA Summary of exhaust emission standards and regulations for engines andvehicles.
NEWS: ACHATES 10.6 L OPPOSED-PISTON DIESEL ENGINE—STATUS 25 March 2021. Achates Power has been developing a 10.6 L opposed-piston (OP) 2-stroke cycle diesel engine, targeting Class 8 heavy-duty truck applications. In December, the company announced that the 3-cylinder, 300 kW OP engine achieved NOx emissions of 0.02 g/bhp-hr, which would meet the California 2027 emission requirements over the FTP cycle. . Earlier this month, Achates EMISSION STANDARDS: GERMANY: STATIONARY ENGINES Germany: Stationary Engines. Background; Engine Emission Standards; Background Emissions from stationary engines in Germany are controlled by the TA Luft regulation introduced in 1986 and later by the 44 th BImSchV introduced in 2019.. The Technische Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft, in short referred to as TA Luft, is a regulation covering air quality requirements—including emissions EMISSION STANDARDS: CANADA: OFF-ROAD ENGINES Tier 4 Standards. On November 17, 2011, Environment Canada adopted amendments to the Off-Road Compression-Ignition Engine Emission Regulations which align Canadian emission standards with the US EPA Tier 4 standards for nonroad engines, including the emission limits, testing methods and effective dates. Most of these requirements are defined by reference to the pertinent sections of the US EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: STATIONARY SI ENGINES (NSPS) The new source performance standards (NSPS) for reciprocating internal combustion engines (RICE) establish US federal emission requirements for a number of categories of spark ignition (SI) engines. The Spark Ignition NSPS rule was adopted in 2008 and amended in 2011 . NSPS emission regulations for stationary SI engines EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CARS AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS—CALIFORNIA Low Emission Vehicle III (LEV III) Standards. The LEV III emission standards—adopted in January 2012 and amended in December 2012 —are phased-in over the 2015-2025 model years.Manufacturers can certify vehicles to the LEV III standards before model year 2015. EMISSION STANDARDS: CHINA: NONROAD DIESEL ENGINES Regulatory Background. China’s emission requirements for diesel mobile nonroad engines have been progressively tightened from Stage I through Stage IV standards. Some of the important regulatory steps include: Stage I/II standards: The first emission standards for mobile nonroad diesel engines (GB 20891-2007) were adopted in 2007 .RTS 95 CYCLE
RTS 95 Cycle. The RTS 95—also referred to as RTS Aggressive or RTS 95 Aggressive—is a chassis dynamometer test cycle representing aggressive driving, including urban, rural and motorway segments. The vehicle speed during the RTS 95 test is shown in Figure 1. The cycle has been developed based on a subset of the WLTP database, with high ENGINE EXHAUST BACK PRESSURESEE MORE ON DIESELNET.COM DIESELNET: ENGINE EMISSION STANDARDS Summary of exhaust emission standards and regulations for engines andvehicles.
FUELS: CANADA
Table 1 Fuel Types and Applications; Standard Fuel Type Intended Application; CAN/CGSB-3.517 Automotive Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Type A-LS: High speed diesel engine applications involving frequent and relatively wide variations in loads and speeds and when ambient temperatures require better low temperature properties. EMISSION TEST CYCLES: WLTC WLTC Test Cycles Class 3 Cycle. With the highest power-to-mass ratio, Class 3 is representative of vehicles driven in Europe and Japan. Class 3 vehicles are divided into 2 subclasses according to their maximum speed: Class 3a with v_max < 120 km/h and Class 3b with v_max≥ 120 km/h.
EMISSION TEST CYCLES: LOW LOAD CYCLE (LLC) Low Load Cycle (LLC) Time-speed-torque data points. The Low Load Cycle (LLC) has been developed at the SwRI for the California Air Resources Board (CARB) for use in low NOx emission regulations for heavy-duty onroad engines .The test represents real-world urban tractor and vocational vehicle operations, characterized by low engine loads. PUMP-LINE-NOZZLE INJECTION SYSTEM Abstract: In pump-line-nozzle (P-L-N) diesel fuel injection systems, the pump is connected with the injection nozzle through a high pressure fuel line.The P-L-N system can utilize in-line, distributor/rotary, and unit injection pumps. In its “classic” version, the system is controlled mechanically through specialized components such as the governor. ENGINE EXHAUST BACK PRESSURE Introduction; Effect on Emissions and Fuel Consumption; Effect on Engine Performance; Introduction Definition. Engine exhaust back pressure is defined as the exhaust gas pressure that is produced by the engine to overcome the hydraulic resistance of the exhaust system in order to discharge the gases into the atmosphere. For this discussion, the exhaust back pressure is the gage pressure in the ASH ACCUMULATION IN DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTERS Abstract: The accumulation of ash in diesel particulate filters is an important factor limiting the filter’s service life, increasing its pressure drop and having an adverse effect on fuel economy.The main sources of ash are engine lube oil additives, as well as fuels and engine wear and corrosion. A number of studies have been conducted and test methods have been developed to investigate EMISSION STANDARDS: THAILAND: ON-ROAD VEHICLES AND ENGINES Thailand: On-Road Vehicles and Engines. Vehicle emission standards in Thailand are developed by the Thai Industrial Standards Institute (), an agancy within the Ministry of Industry, and the Pollution Control Department (), an agancy of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.Thai emission regulations are based on European emission standards and test procedures. EMISSION STANDARDS: PERU: ON-ROAD VEHICLES AND ENGINES Peru: On-Road Vehicles and Engines. Maximum permissible emission limits for existing vehicles, new imported or domestically assembled vehicles and used imported vehicles have been established by decree D.S. N° 047-2001-MTC: Since January 1, 2003 all new light-duty vehicles in Peru have been required to meet either US or EU emissionstandards
EMISSION STANDARDS: USA: CALIFORNIA: LIGHT-DUTY ZEV The California Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) regulation is applicable to new 2018 and later passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty vehicles and allows these vehicles to be certified as ZEVs if they produce zero exhaust emissions of any criteria pollutant, precursor pollutant, or greenhouse gas, under any possible operational modes or* DieselNet
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30 April 2020: Summary of the 41st International Vienna Motor Symposium, which was held this year as a ‘virtual event’ 20 April 2020: A historic day for oil markets—WTI (West Texas Intermediate) crude for May delivery traded negative for the first time ever, at one point reaching a negative $40 per barrel , and settled for the day at negative $37.63 a barrel. This means, oil producers and/or traders must pay to have oil taken off their hands. Oil prices appear to be dragged down by concerns that US crude storage capacity may be filling up. Some Canadian blends fell into the negative territory aswell.
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SENSORS, INC.: Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS), SEMTECH ECOSTAR emissions analyzers LIEBHERR: Heavy-duty diesel and natural gas engines for ag, construction, mining and oil & gas applications 16 April 2020: Global oil demand will drop by 27% in April and by some 10% for the entire year, according to a report by Rystad Energy. This drop in energy consumption, while most devastating to the world’s economy, is actually inline with the targets of the Paris Agreement 9 April 2020: The summary of emission standards for stationary engines in Germany has been updated with the requirements of the 44th BImSchV regulation. 6 April 2020: A new Technology Guide paper covers Renewable Hydrocarbon Fuels such as those produced via hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Two related papers have also been updated: Alternative Fuels and Biodiesel—Mono Alkyl Esters . 1 April 2020: US EPA and NHTSA released a final rule setting corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) and CO2 emission standards for model years 2021-2026 passenger cars and light trucks, relaxing the standardsadopted in 2012
30 March 2020: Summary of the technical sessions from the 11th International AVL Exhaust Gas and Particulate Emissions Forum held in Ludwigsburg, Germany on March 3-4, 2020—one of the last conferences before the Coronavirus shutdown 25 March 2020: European industry associations representing the non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) sector have called on the EU to adopt an imminent moratorium on NRMM exhaust emission regulations in response to disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the current disruption of the global supply chain, the industry will not be able to produce machinery with the already produced and procured Stage IV ‘transitional’ engines and to place it on the market before the Stage V regulatory deadlines 23 March 2020: Updated Technology Guide paper about Gasoline Particulate Filters . 19 March 2020: Updated Technology Guide paper about Synthetic DieselFuel .
13 March 2020: Due to government actions to contain the corona virus, technical conferences are being canceled en masse all over the world. The latest casualties include the SAE WCX Congress and the ETH Nanoparticle conference. Please see our updated Calendar of Events and cancel your bookings for events that have been postponed. 9 March 2020: The United States may need to encourage mergers within the oil industry and effectively create a state-backed oil company to ensure uninterrupted oil and gas production from shale formations, reports Reuters . Shale drilling has been struggling since its beginnings. Chevron, one of the big players in the Permian basin, lost $5 billion last year when the average price for West Texas Intermediate was $57 a barrel. Today, that benchmark fell to just over $31 a barrel. The US government could quietly encourage industry consolidation. It could also take a page from the financial crisis playbook by backstopping debt or creating a fund to absorb bad loans. That would make it easier for shale drillers to keep operating, despite steep losses. 25 February 2020: Heavy-duty diesel and natural gas engines from Liebherr , for agricultural, construction, mining and oil &gas applications.
20 February 2020: The updated summary of Brazilian emission standards for light-duty vehicles now covers PROCONVE L-7 and L-8 emission regulations. 14 February 2020: The deadline for submitting paper offers for the SAE Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting to be held September 22-24, 2020 in Kraków, Poland has been extended to February 28th 13 February 2020: For your reading pleasure, we have updated and refreshed two more Technology Guide papers on fuel injection: Fuel Injection for Clean Diesel Engines and Common Rail Fuel Injection System Components.
12 February 2020: A Finnish government report warns that the increasingly unsustainable economics of the oil industry may lead to a major disturbance in the global financial system and energy markets 11 February 2020: Global CO2 emissions were unchanged at 33 Gt in 2019 even as the world economy expanded by 2.9%, according to data by the International Energy Agency(IEA).
Emissions decreased in the EU, USA, and Japan, and increased by about the same amount in the rest of the world. The decrease of emissions in advanced economies was attributed to switching from coal to natural gas and renewables for power generation, milder weather compared with 2018, and weaker global economic growth. The United States saw the largest decline in energy-related CO2 emissions in 2019 on a country basis—a fall of 140 Mt, or 2.9%, to 4.8 Gt. US emissions are now down almost 1 Gt from their peak in 2000, the largest absolute decline by any country over that period. Energy-related CO2 emissions in the European Union, including the UK, dropped by 160 Mt, or 5%, to 2.9 Gt. The power sector drove the trend, with a decline of 120 Mt of CO2, or 12%, resulting from increasing renewables and switching from coal to gas. Emissions outside advanced economies grew by close to 400 Mt in 2019, with almost 80% of the increase coming from Asia. 5 February 2020: The updated Business Page of Bosmal more accurately reflects their current engine, vehicle and vehicle components testing capabilities. 30 January 2020: Updated Technology Guide paper on Common Rail Fuel Injection —expanded sections on common rail system dynamics and on injector drift compensation. 29 January 2020: Mercedes-Benz software reflash for their Euro 5 diesels may not be very effective in reducing NOx, suggests a video byZDF television
(in German). Emissions Analytics (Nick Molden & Sam Boyle) tested a Euro 5 Mercedes car that belongs to Stefan Carstens (EngineSens), using a PEMS emissions analyzer in urban driving. They measured 715 mg/km NOx before the reflash. After the software update, NOx actually increased, reaching 764 and 792 mg/km (two tests). The Euro 5 NEDC NOx limit (which may or may not be applicable to real urban driving) is180 mg/km.
27 January 2020: The recent report by Ricardo, commissioned and publicized by T&E—albeit from a different angle—actually shows that the tested Euro 6d-temp diesel cars were remarkably clean 21 January 2020: A new study by University Maritime Advisory Services(UMAS)
and Energy Transitions Commission (ETC) prepared for the GlobalMaritime Forum
(see also slides from Davos 2020)
estimates that reducing carbon emissions from shipping by 50% would require an investment of $1 - $1.1 trillion between 2030 and 2050, or an average of $50bn to $70bn annually for 20 years. The biggest share of investments (87%) would be needed in the land-based infrastructure and production facilities for low carbon fuels. This “low carbon” fuel mix is dominated by ammonia, with almost 100% of the fleet using NH3 by 2050. Other fuel options include H2, CH3OH and LNG. By comparison, the conversion of the shipping fleet to run on ammonia is considered a minor undertaking—only 13% of the overall investments would be related to the ship machinery and onboard storage required for a ship to run on low carbon fuels. While aimed at reducing GHG emissions, the scheme does not appear particularly sustainable—it assumes a continuing increase in transport demand resulting in an increasing number of ships through 2050, and is guided by “a profit maximization approach” rather than by environmental sustainability principles. International shipping produces about 2.2% of global GHGemissions.
19 January 2020: An open letter by Dr. Andreas Mayer, in response to the “New diesels, new problems” report by Transport & Environment 9 January 2020: Updated Technology Guide paper presenting the top level introduction to Alternative Fuels . 6 January 2020: The US EPA released an Advance Notice of Proposed Rule (ANPR) soliciting pre-proposal comments on their Cleaner Trucks Initiative (CTI) rulemaking DIESEL ENGINE & EMISSIONS The diesel engine is the most efficient power plant among all known types of internal combustion engines. Heavy trucks, urban buses, and industrial equipment are powered almost exclusively by diesel engines all over the world. For the foreseeable future, the world’s transportation needs will continue to rely on the diesel engine and its gasoline counterpart. However, both engine technologies have been evolving to meet two major challenges: lower emissions and increasedenergy efficiency.
Internal combustion engines are significant contributors to air pollution. In response, clean diesel technologies with near-zero emissions of NOx and PM have been developed and introduced in regions with the most stringent emission standards. As this trend spreads to other parts of the world, the environmental focus has shifted to climate changing emissions and energy efficiency. The environmental benefit of low greenhouse gas emissions, traditionally associated with the diesel engine, is no longer sufficient. To meet future greenhouse gas and fuel economy regulations, new technologies are being developed—low temperature combustion, waste heat recovery, powertrain electrification, to name a few—that further increase the efficiency not only of the diesel engine powertrain but the entire vehicle as well. Under low-carbon regulatory policies, the scope for potential improvements is no longer limited to engines and vehicles, but also includes life cycle effects of fuel production and vehiclemanufacture.
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