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reactants.
OXYGENATED WATER PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC NONSENSE Two common lies to confuse consumers. Low values of oxygen in our tissues causes cancer.Not so: Cancerous cells, being more primitive and often lacking an adequate blood supply, metabolize anaerobically, and so are able to get along with less oxygen. The oxygen content of the atmosphere was once much higher than at present (implying that 21%is not enough).
DUBIOUS WATER TREATMENT SCHEMES Dubious water-treatment schemes. This page profiles water-treatment schemes other than those involving permanent magnets or magical " catalysts ". All of these I consider "dubious" in the sense that there is no credible evidence in the reputable scientific or engineering literature that these devices work, and in most cases there is noreason
STEVE LOWER'S WEB PAGES Steve's professional Web page. Steve's personal Web page. Chemistry instruction and education. Chem1 Virtual Textbook. A free, on-line textbook for General Chemistry. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: THE FIRST LAW The pages in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook offer a thorough introduction to thermodynamics at the first-year university level. The Second Law and its applications to chemical equilibrium are covered in a separate lesson set.. All chemical changes are accompanied by the absorption or release of heat. CANADIAN FOLK SONGS CENTENNIAL COLLECTION In 1967, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and RCA Victor Ltd. issued a 9-LP set of folk songs in celebration of the centennial of Canada's Confederation. This unique and wonderful set has long been unavailable to the public, so as a "spare-time" project I have reproduced the English-language versions of the extensive notes that came with the records, and have searched out the texts of the CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND CALCULATIONS In a chemical reaction, one or more reactants are transformed into products:. reactants → products. The purpose of a chemical equation is to express this relation in terms of the formulas of the actual reactants and products that define a particular chemical change. For example, the reaction of mercury with oxygen to produce mercuric oxide would be expressed by the equation CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Chemical equilibrium Page 3 of 28 atoms that prevents two objects from simultaneously occupying the same space, acting in this case between the table surface and the book. FLANAGAN'S SHENANIGANS: HYDRIDE ION CRACKPOT CHEMISTRY the blarney: the science: When Crystal Energy is added to water it makes it "The Most Biologically Active Water in The World", according to Dr. Patrick Flanagan.An utterly meaningless statement. A solution of sodium cyanide would be an even more "biologically active" water!. When Crystal Energy made with Flanagan Microclusters added to water ---water molecules which are clumped together and UNDERSTANDING ENTROPY The following four panels illustrate these relations for the four possible sign-combinations of ΔH and ΔS.. Please take the time to understand each of these examples, taking special note of the plots of ΔH vs T for each case. (Asking students to construct and interpret one of these plots for a reaction having given values of ΔH and ΔS is a commen exam question in university-level courses WHY CHEMICAL REACTIONS ARE NOT ALWAYS "COMPLETE" Why some chemical reactions are not complete. back to referring page] Students often wonder why many chemical reactions yield an equilibrium mixture in which a significant amount of the reactants are present, even though the products have a lower standard free energy than thereactants.
OXYGENATED WATER PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC NONSENSE Two common lies to confuse consumers. Low values of oxygen in our tissues causes cancer.Not so: Cancerous cells, being more primitive and often lacking an adequate blood supply, metabolize anaerobically, and so are able to get along with less oxygen. The oxygen content of the atmosphere was once much higher than at present (implying that 21%is not enough).
DUBIOUS WATER TREATMENT SCHEMES Dubious water-treatment schemes. This page profiles water-treatment schemes other than those involving permanent magnets or magical " catalysts ". All of these I consider "dubious" in the sense that there is no credible evidence in the reputable scientific or engineering literature that these devices work, and in most cases there is noreason
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND CALCULATIONS In a chemical reaction, one or more reactants are transformed into products:. reactants → products. The purpose of a chemical equation is to express this relation in terms of the formulas of the actual reactants and products that define a particular chemical change. For example, the reaction of mercury with oxygen to produce mercuric oxide would be expressed by the equationREACTION MECHANISMS
The mechanism of a chemical reaction is the sequence of actual events that take place as reactant molecules are converted into products. Each of these events constitutes an elementary step that can be represented as a coming-together of discrete particles ("collison") or as the breaking-up of a molecule ("dissociation") into simpler units. The molecular entity that emerges from each step may LE CHATELIER PRINCIPLE The Le Châtelier principle tells us that a net reaction will occur in the direction that will partially counteract this change. Since the reaction is endothermic, a shift of the equilibrium to the right will take place. Nitric oxide, the product of this reaction, is a major air pollutant which initiates a sequence of steps leading to theELECTROCHEMISTRY
Page 3 1 ¥ Chemistry and electricity The connection between chemistry and electricity is a very old one, going back to ALESSAN- DRO VOLTA'S discovery, in 1793, that electricity could be produced by placing two dissimilar metals on opposite sides of a moistened paper. WATER AND HYDROGEN BONDING Ammonia (mp –78, bp –33°C) is hydrogen-bonded in the liquid and solid states. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for ammonia 's remarkably high solubility in water. Many organic (carboxylic) acids form hydrogen-bonded dimers in the solid state. Here the hydrogen bonding acceptor is the electron cloud of a DENSITY AND ITS USES The presence of "volume" in this definition introduces a slight complication: volumes are temperature-dependent owing to thermal expansion. At 4°C, water has its maximum density of almost exactly 1.000 g mL –1, so if the equivalent volume of water is assumed to be at this temperature, then the density and specific gravity can be considered numerically identical. CATALYTIC WATER TREATMENT PSEUDOSCIENCE Magnetic water treatment, as discussed in the MagScams page, has been around for some time. Beginning in the 1990s, a number of water treatment promoters claimed to use a "catalyst" of some kind to "soften" water or at least to prevent scale formation. In many of these instances, the use of the term "catalytic" has less to do withcatalysts
THE NERNST EQUATION
The Nernst equation for this cell is. E = E° - (0.059/ N) log Q = 0 - 0.29 log 0.1 = +0.285 v. Concentration cells. (Hayek, 5 min) Note that E° for a concentration cell is always zero, since this would be the potential of a cell in which the electroactive species are at unit activity in both compartments. THE BUNKHOUSE: WATER PSEUDOSCIENCE GALLERY These dormant codes are awakened (to begin replicating) by light filled sacred geometric shapes, the Language of Light. ,,flows from "higher" dimensions into our world holds an electromagnetic inscription encoded in the geometric shapes. A direct teaching on your cellular level, heard by your DNA. Asea water. DUBIOUS WATER TREATMENT SCHEMES This page profiles water-treatment schemes other than those involving permanent magnets or magical "catalysts".All of these I consider "dubious" in the sense that there is no credible evidence in the reputable scientific or engineering literature that these devices work, and in most cases there is no reason, based on present scientific knowledge, to believe that they even can work. STEVE LOWER'S WEB PAGESVIRTUAL TEXTBOOKALL ABOUT WATERWHY CAISTEPHEN LOWERRESOURCES FOR CHEMISTRY EDUCATORS Steve's professional Web page. Steve's personal Web page. Chemistry instruction and education. Chem1 Virtual Textbook. A free, on-line textbook for General Chemistry. CHEM1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (New version, 2018) The eight lessons in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook cover elementary electrochemistry in somewhat greater depth than is found in standard textbooks, but at a level still suitable for first-year college and advanced high school courses. It should also be helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in analytical and physical chemistry. ACID-BASE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Acid-base fundamental concepts. For your convenience, this lesson set is divided into 7 sections. To access the part you want, click one of the lesson titles immediately below; you can also go directly to any sub-section within a lesson by clicking on a smaller heading. 1- Introduction: What is an acid? FLANAGAN'S SHENANIGANS: HYDRIDE ION CRACKPOT CHEMISTRY the blarney: the science: When Crystal Energy is added to water it makes it "The Most Biologically Active Water in The World", according to Dr. Patrick Flanagan.An utterly meaningless statement. A solution of sodium cyanide would be an even more "biologically active" water!. When Crystal Energy made with Flanagan Microclusters added to water ---water molecules which are clumped together and CANADIAN FOLK SONGS CENTENNIAL COLLECTION In 1967, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and RCA Victor Ltd. issued a 9-LP set of folk songs in celebration of the centennial of Canada's Confederation. This unique and wonderful set has long been unavailable to the public, so as a "spare-time" project I have reproduced the English-language versions of the extensive notes that came with the records, and have searched out the texts of the CATALYTIC WATER TREATMENT PSEUDOSCIENCE Magnetic water treatment, as discussed in the MagScams page, has been around for some time. Beginning in the 1990s, a number of water treatment promoters claimed to use a "catalyst" of some kind to "soften" water or at least to prevent scale formation. In many of these instances, the use of the term "catalytic" has less to do withcatalysts
EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS Expressing the equilibrium constant in terms of x gives. Yes, this is a quadratic, but not one you need to solve, so don't pan!c! All we need to do is use the density information to determine what fraction x of P 4 is dissociated, and then substitute it into the equation to find the value of K p.. At this point we hope you remember those gas laws that you were told you would be using later in HARD WATER AND WATER SOFTENING Every household and every factory uses water, and none of it is pure. One class of impurity that is of special interest is "hardness". This refers to the presence of dissolved ions, mainly of calcium Ca 2+ and magnesium Mg 2+ which are acquired through contact with rocks and sediments in the environment. The positive electrical charges of these ions are balanced by the presence of anions DUBIOUS WATER TREATMENT SCHEMES Dubious water-treatment schemes. This page profiles water-treatment schemes other than those involving permanent magnets or magical " catalysts ". All of these I consider "dubious" in the sense that there is no credible evidence in the reputable scientific or engineering literature that these devices work, and in most cases there is noreason
WONKY WATER BUNK
The overall formula is K (Mg,Fe) 3 AlSi 3 O 10 (F,OH) 2. It is virtually insoluble in ordinary water, but in common with other minerals of its type, it can slowly break down in STEVE LOWER'S WEB PAGESVIRTUAL TEXTBOOKALL ABOUT WATERWHY CAISTEPHEN LOWERRESOURCES FOR CHEMISTRY EDUCATORS Steve's professional Web page. Steve's personal Web page. Chemistry instruction and education. Chem1 Virtual Textbook. A free, on-line textbook for General Chemistry. CHEM1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (New version, 2018) The eight lessons in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook cover elementary electrochemistry in somewhat greater depth than is found in standard textbooks, but at a level still suitable for first-year college and advanced high school courses. It should also be helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in analytical and physical chemistry. ACID-BASE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Acid-base fundamental concepts. For your convenience, this lesson set is divided into 7 sections. To access the part you want, click one of the lesson titles immediately below; you can also go directly to any sub-section within a lesson by clicking on a smaller heading. 1- Introduction: What is an acid? FLANAGAN'S SHENANIGANS: HYDRIDE ION CRACKPOT CHEMISTRY the blarney: the science: When Crystal Energy is added to water it makes it "The Most Biologically Active Water in The World", according to Dr. Patrick Flanagan.An utterly meaningless statement. A solution of sodium cyanide would be an even more "biologically active" water!. When Crystal Energy made with Flanagan Microclusters added to water ---water molecules which are clumped together and CANADIAN FOLK SONGS CENTENNIAL COLLECTION In 1967, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and RCA Victor Ltd. issued a 9-LP set of folk songs in celebration of the centennial of Canada's Confederation. This unique and wonderful set has long been unavailable to the public, so as a "spare-time" project I have reproduced the English-language versions of the extensive notes that came with the records, and have searched out the texts of the CATALYTIC WATER TREATMENT PSEUDOSCIENCE Magnetic water treatment, as discussed in the MagScams page, has been around for some time. Beginning in the 1990s, a number of water treatment promoters claimed to use a "catalyst" of some kind to "soften" water or at least to prevent scale formation. In many of these instances, the use of the term "catalytic" has less to do withcatalysts
EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS Expressing the equilibrium constant in terms of x gives. Yes, this is a quadratic, but not one you need to solve, so don't pan!c! All we need to do is use the density information to determine what fraction x of P 4 is dissociated, and then substitute it into the equation to find the value of K p.. At this point we hope you remember those gas laws that you were told you would be using later in HARD WATER AND WATER SOFTENING Every household and every factory uses water, and none of it is pure. One class of impurity that is of special interest is "hardness". This refers to the presence of dissolved ions, mainly of calcium Ca 2+ and magnesium Mg 2+ which are acquired through contact with rocks and sediments in the environment. The positive electrical charges of these ions are balanced by the presence of anions DUBIOUS WATER TREATMENT SCHEMES Dubious water-treatment schemes. This page profiles water-treatment schemes other than those involving permanent magnets or magical " catalysts ". All of these I consider "dubious" in the sense that there is no credible evidence in the reputable scientific or engineering literature that these devices work, and in most cases there is noreason
WONKY WATER BUNK
The overall formula is K (Mg,Fe) 3 AlSi 3 O 10 (F,OH) 2. It is virtually insoluble in ordinary water, but in common with other minerals of its type, it can slowly break down in CHEM1 ONLINE TEXTBOOK MAIN MENU Second Semester / advanced 20 All about chemical equilibrium This thorough treatment sets out the underlying concepts without invoking thermodynamics or complicated calculations; considerable emphasis is placed on the distinction between Q and K.The section on equilibrium calculations contains problem examples illustrating techniques such as iterative and graphical solutions of polynomials CANADIAN FOLK SONGS CENTENNIAL COLLECTION In 1967, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and RCA Victor Ltd. issued a 9-LP set of folk songs in celebration of the centennial of Canada's Confederation. This unique and wonderful set has long been unavailable to the public, so as a "spare-time" project I have reproduced the English-language versions of the extensive notes that came with the records, and have searched out the texts of the INTEGRAL RATE LAW, HALF-LIFE ln e x = x) yields. Solving for the half-life, we obtain the simple relation. which tells us that the half-life of a first-order reaction is a constant. This means that 100,000 molecules of a reactant will be reduced to 50,000 in the same time interval needed for ten molcules tobe reduced to five.
EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS Expressing the equilibrium constant in terms of x gives. Yes, this is a quadratic, but not one you need to solve, so don't pan!c! All we need to do is use the density information to determine what fraction x of P 4 is dissociated, and then substitute it into the equation to find the value of K p.. At this point we hope you remember those gas laws that you were told you would be using later inELECTROCHEMISTRY
Page 3 1 ¥ Chemistry and electricity The connection between chemistry and electricity is a very old one, going back to ALESSAN- DRO VOLTA'S discovery, in 1793, that electricity could be produced by placing two dissimilar metals on opposite sides of a moistened paper. PROTON TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS Proton transfer reactions. As you should recall from your earlier introduction to acids and bases, the +1 electric charge of the tiny proton (a bare hydrogen nucleus) is contained in such a miniscule volume of space that the resulting charge density is far too large to enable its independent existence in solution; it will always attach to, and essentially bury itself in, the non-bonding WHY CHEMICAL REACTIONS ARE NOT ALWAYS "COMPLETE" Why some chemical reactions are not complete. back to referring page] Students often wonder why many chemical reactions yield an equilibrium mixture in which a significant amount of the reactants are present, even though the products have a lower standard free energy than thereactants.
OXYGENATED WATER PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC NONSENSE Superoxygenated water is latest sports scam; Oxygenated water: Fad and fiction in one expensive burp; Oxygen is good—even when it's not there; alternative medicine's claims for the efficacy of supplemental oxygen are less than convincing—especially when the supplement contains no oxygen (an article by Dr. Harriet A. Hall - Skeptical Inquirer, Jan-Feb 2004)WONKY WATER BUNK
The market for "alternative" health products is a large and growing one, aided partly by the general decline in science education and the attendant popularity of pseudoscientific beliefs and entertainments in the popular culture. JOHN ELLIS ELECTRON WATER MACHINE: JUNK SCIENCE DEBUNKED The John Ellis Electron Water/Air Machine™ is one of many devices that falsely purport to restructure or otherwise alter drinking water in ways unknown to modern science in order to make it more healthy or physiologically effective. In spite of the obvious vacuity of the claims, the device was widely promoted to the scientifically naïve, even in otherwise-respectable publications such as STEVE LOWER'S WEB PAGESVIRTUAL TEXTBOOKALL ABOUT WATERWHY CAISTEPHEN LOWERRESOURCES FOR CHEMISTRY EDUCATORS Steve's professional Web page. Steve's personal Web page. Chemistry instruction and education. Chem1 Virtual Textbook. A free, on-line textbook for General Chemistry. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: THE FIRST LAW The pages in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook offer a thorough introduction to thermodynamics at the first-year university level. The Second Law and its applications to chemical equilibrium are covered in a separate lesson set.. All chemical changes are accompanied by the absorption or release of heat. CANADIAN FOLK SONGS CENTENNIAL COLLECTION In 1967, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and RCA Victor Ltd. issued a 9-LP set of folk songs in celebration of the centennial of Canada's Confederation. This unique and wonderful set has long been unavailable to the public, so as a "spare-time" project I have reproduced the English-language versions of the extensive notes that came with the records, and have searched out the texts of the CHEM1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (New version, 2018) The eight lessons in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook cover elementary electrochemistry in somewhat greater depth than is found in standard textbooks, but at a level still suitable for first-year college and advanced high school courses. It should also be helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in analytical and physical chemistry. ACID-BASE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Acid-base fundamental concepts. For your convenience, this lesson set is divided into 7 sections. To access the part you want, click one of the lesson titles immediately below; you can also go directly to any sub-section within a lesson by clicking on a smaller heading. 1- Introduction: What is an acid? WATER AND HYDROGEN BONDING Ammonia (mp –78, bp –33°C) is hydrogen-bonded in the liquid and solid states. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for ammonia 's remarkably high solubility in water. Many organic (carboxylic) acids form hydrogen-bonded dimers in the solid state. Here the hydrogen bonding acceptor is the electron cloud of a "MAGNETIZED WATER: SNAKE-OIL FOR SUCKERS A substance is magnetized when its constituent molecules or structural elements can be permanently aligned in a definite direction by the influence of an external magnetic field.. This can only happen in solids, and is known as ferromagnetism.Molecules that possess an odd number of electrons can be temporarily aligned by an applied magnetic field; such molecules are said to be paramagnetic. FLANAGAN'S SHENANIGANS: HYDRIDE ION CRACKPOT CHEMISTRY the blarney: the science: When Crystal Energy is added to water it makes it "The Most Biologically Active Water in The World", according to Dr. Patrick Flanagan.An utterly meaningless statement. A solution of sodium cyanide would be an even more "biologically active" water!. When Crystal Energy made with Flanagan Microclusters added to water ---water molecules which are clumped together and PI WATER, PI-MAG WATER PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC SNAKE OIL PiMag Water. PiMag™ water is the brand of "Pi Water" marketed by Nikken, a California-based company that offers a broad range of products based on weird magnetic and "far-infrared" (i.e., heat) effects, none of which has any scientific basis. According to the USPTO, "PIMAG" is their trademark for "Magnetic fluid conditioningunits for the
DUBIOUS WATER TREATMENT SCHEMES Dubious water-treatment schemes. This page profiles water-treatment schemes other than those involving permanent magnets or magical " catalysts ". All of these I consider "dubious" in the sense that there is no credible evidence in the reputable scientific or engineering literature that these devices work, and in most cases there is noreason
STEVE LOWER'S WEB PAGESVIRTUAL TEXTBOOKALL ABOUT WATERWHY CAISTEPHEN LOWERRESOURCES FOR CHEMISTRY EDUCATORS Steve's professional Web page. Steve's personal Web page. Chemistry instruction and education. Chem1 Virtual Textbook. A free, on-line textbook for General Chemistry. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: THE FIRST LAW The pages in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook offer a thorough introduction to thermodynamics at the first-year university level. The Second Law and its applications to chemical equilibrium are covered in a separate lesson set.. All chemical changes are accompanied by the absorption or release of heat. CANADIAN FOLK SONGS CENTENNIAL COLLECTION In 1967, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and RCA Victor Ltd. issued a 9-LP set of folk songs in celebration of the centennial of Canada's Confederation. This unique and wonderful set has long been unavailable to the public, so as a "spare-time" project I have reproduced the English-language versions of the extensive notes that came with the records, and have searched out the texts of the CHEM1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (New version, 2018) The eight lessons in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook cover elementary electrochemistry in somewhat greater depth than is found in standard textbooks, but at a level still suitable for first-year college and advanced high school courses. It should also be helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in analytical and physical chemistry. ACID-BASE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Acid-base fundamental concepts. For your convenience, this lesson set is divided into 7 sections. To access the part you want, click one of the lesson titles immediately below; you can also go directly to any sub-section within a lesson by clicking on a smaller heading. 1- Introduction: What is an acid? WATER AND HYDROGEN BONDING Ammonia (mp –78, bp –33°C) is hydrogen-bonded in the liquid and solid states. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for ammonia 's remarkably high solubility in water. Many organic (carboxylic) acids form hydrogen-bonded dimers in the solid state. Here the hydrogen bonding acceptor is the electron cloud of a "MAGNETIZED WATER: SNAKE-OIL FOR SUCKERS A substance is magnetized when its constituent molecules or structural elements can be permanently aligned in a definite direction by the influence of an external magnetic field.. This can only happen in solids, and is known as ferromagnetism.Molecules that possess an odd number of electrons can be temporarily aligned by an applied magnetic field; such molecules are said to be paramagnetic. FLANAGAN'S SHENANIGANS: HYDRIDE ION CRACKPOT CHEMISTRY the blarney: the science: When Crystal Energy is added to water it makes it "The Most Biologically Active Water in The World", according to Dr. Patrick Flanagan.An utterly meaningless statement. A solution of sodium cyanide would be an even more "biologically active" water!. When Crystal Energy made with Flanagan Microclusters added to water ---water molecules which are clumped together and PI WATER, PI-MAG WATER PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC SNAKE OIL PiMag Water. PiMag™ water is the brand of "Pi Water" marketed by Nikken, a California-based company that offers a broad range of products based on weird magnetic and "far-infrared" (i.e., heat) effects, none of which has any scientific basis. According to the USPTO, "PIMAG" is their trademark for "Magnetic fluid conditioningunits for the
DUBIOUS WATER TREATMENT SCHEMES Dubious water-treatment schemes. This page profiles water-treatment schemes other than those involving permanent magnets or magical " catalysts ". All of these I consider "dubious" in the sense that there is no credible evidence in the reputable scientific or engineering literature that these devices work, and in most cases there is noreason
CHEM1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (New version, 2018) The eight lessons in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook cover elementary electrochemistry in somewhat greater depth than is found in standard textbooks, but at a level still suitable for first-year college and advanced high school courses. It should also be helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in analytical and physical chemistry. VISUALIZATION IN CHEMISTRY Jmol is a free, open source molecule viewer for students, educators, and researchers in chemistry and biochemistry. It is cross-platform, running on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux/Unix systems. It includes the jMolApplet that can be integrated into Web pages, the Jmol application, a standalone Java application that runs on the desktop, and the JmolViewer, a development tool kit that can be POLYMERS AND PLASTICS: A CHEMICAL INTRODUCTION Plastics and natural materials such as rubber or cellulose are composed of very large molecules called polymers. Polymers are constructed from relatively small molecular fragments known as monomers that are joined together. Wool, cotton, silk, wood and leather are examples of natural polymers that have been known and used since ancient times. INTEGRAL RATE LAW, HALF-LIFE ln e x = x) yields. Solving for the half-life, we obtain the simple relation. which tells us that the half-life of a first-order reaction is a constant. This means that 100,000 molecules of a reactant will be reduced to 50,000 in the same time interval needed for ten molcules tobe reduced to five.
AVOGADRO'S NUMBER AND THE MOLE Things to understand about Avogadro's number N A • It is a number, just as is "dozen", and thus is dimensionless. • It is a huge number, far greater in magnitude than we can visualize; see here for some interesting comparisons with other huge numbers. • Its practical use is limited to counting tiny things like atoms, molecules, "formula units", electrons, or photons. CATALYTIC WATER TREATMENT PSEUDOSCIENCE Magnetic water treatment, as discussed in the MagScams page, has been around for some time. Beginning in the 1990s, a number of water treatment promoters claimed to use a "catalyst" of some kind to "soften" water or at least to prevent scale formation. In many of these instances, the use of the term "catalytic" has less to do withcatalysts
EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS Expressing the equilibrium constant in terms of x gives. Yes, this is a quadratic, but not one you need to solve, so don't pan!c! All we need to do is use the density information to determine what fraction x of P 4 is dissociated, and then substitute it into the equation to find the value of K p.. At this point we hope you remember those gas laws that you were told you would be using later inTHE NERNST EQUATION
The Nernst equation for this cell is. E = E° - (0.059/ N) log Q = 0 - 0.29 log 0.1 = +0.285 v. Concentration cells. (Hayek, 5 min) Note that E° for a concentration cell is always zero, since this would be the potential of a cell in which the electroactive species are at unit activity in both compartments. HARD WATER AND WATER SOFTENING Every household and every factory uses water, and none of it is pure. One class of impurity that is of special interest is "hardness". This refers to the presence of dissolved ions, mainly of calcium Ca 2+ and magnesium Mg 2+ which are acquired through contact with rocks and sediments in the environment. The positive electrical charges of these ions are balanced by the presence of anions STRUCTURED WATER PSEUDOSCIENCE AND QUACKERY The patented Template Induction Process was designed to creates rings of water (5, 6, and 7 membered rings) that are collapsed around organic complexes such as proteins, amino acids and other compounds. High frequency vibration is applied to the water-protein complex usingthe latest in
STEVE LOWER'S WEB PAGESVIRTUAL TEXTBOOKALL ABOUT WATERWHY CAISTEPHEN LOWERRESOURCES FOR CHEMISTRY EDUCATORS Steve's professional Web page. Steve's personal Web page. Chemistry instruction and education. Chem1 Virtual Textbook. A free, on-line textbook for General Chemistry. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: THE FIRST LAW The pages in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook offer a thorough introduction to thermodynamics at the first-year university level. The Second Law and its applications to chemical equilibrium are covered in a separate lesson set.. All chemical changes are accompanied by the absorption or release of heat. CANADIAN FOLK SONGS CENTENNIAL COLLECTION In 1967, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and RCA Victor Ltd. issued a 9-LP set of folk songs in celebration of the centennial of Canada's Confederation. This unique and wonderful set has long been unavailable to the public, so as a "spare-time" project I have reproduced the English-language versions of the extensive notes that came with the records, and have searched out the texts of the CHEM1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (New version, 2018) The eight lessons in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook cover elementary electrochemistry in somewhat greater depth than is found in standard textbooks, but at a level still suitable for first-year college and advanced high school courses. It should also be helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in analytical and physical chemistry. ACID-BASE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Acid-base fundamental concepts. For your convenience, this lesson set is divided into 7 sections. To access the part you want, click one of the lesson titles immediately below; you can also go directly to any sub-section within a lesson by clicking on a smaller heading. 1- Introduction: What is an acid? WATER AND HYDROGEN BONDING Ammonia (mp –78, bp –33°C) is hydrogen-bonded in the liquid and solid states. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for ammonia 's remarkably high solubility in water. Many organic (carboxylic) acids form hydrogen-bonded dimers in the solid state. Here the hydrogen bonding acceptor is the electron cloud of a "MAGNETIZED WATER: SNAKE-OIL FOR SUCKERS A substance is magnetized when its constituent molecules or structural elements can be permanently aligned in a definite direction by the influence of an external magnetic field.. This can only happen in solids, and is known as ferromagnetism.Molecules that possess an odd number of electrons can be temporarily aligned by an applied magnetic field; such molecules are said to be paramagnetic. FLANAGAN'S SHENANIGANS: HYDRIDE ION CRACKPOT CHEMISTRY the blarney: the science: When Crystal Energy is added to water it makes it "The Most Biologically Active Water in The World", according to Dr. Patrick Flanagan.An utterly meaningless statement. A solution of sodium cyanide would be an even more "biologically active" water!. When Crystal Energy made with Flanagan Microclusters added to water ---water molecules which are clumped together and PI WATER, PI-MAG WATER PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC SNAKE OILPI WATER FILTERPI WATER TORRANCEPI WATER SYSTEMRASPBERRY PI WATER FLOW SENSORNIKKEN PI WATERRASPBERRY PI WATER COOLING KIT PiMag Water. PiMag™ water is the brand of "Pi Water" marketed by Nikken, a California-based company that offers a broad range of products based on weird magnetic and "far-infrared" (i.e., heat) effects, none of which has any scientific basis. According to the USPTO, "PIMAG" is their trademark for "Magnetic fluid conditioningunits for the
DUBIOUS WATER TREATMENT SCHEMESCOOLING TOWER TREATMENT CHEMICALSCOOLING TOWER CHEMICAL TREATMENT BASICSCOOLING TOWER CHEMICAL TREATMENT DIAGRAMDOLPHIN WATER TREATMENT COOLING TOWER Dubious water-treatment schemes. This page profiles water-treatment schemes other than those involving permanent magnets or magical " catalysts ". All of these I consider "dubious" in the sense that there is no credible evidence in the reputable scientific or engineering literature that these devices work, and in most cases there is noreason
STEVE LOWER'S WEB PAGESVIRTUAL TEXTBOOKALL ABOUT WATERWHY CAISTEPHEN LOWERRESOURCES FOR CHEMISTRY EDUCATORS Steve's professional Web page. Steve's personal Web page. Chemistry instruction and education. Chem1 Virtual Textbook. A free, on-line textbook for General Chemistry. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: THE FIRST LAW The pages in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook offer a thorough introduction to thermodynamics at the first-year university level. The Second Law and its applications to chemical equilibrium are covered in a separate lesson set.. All chemical changes are accompanied by the absorption or release of heat. CANADIAN FOLK SONGS CENTENNIAL COLLECTION In 1967, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and RCA Victor Ltd. issued a 9-LP set of folk songs in celebration of the centennial of Canada's Confederation. This unique and wonderful set has long been unavailable to the public, so as a "spare-time" project I have reproduced the English-language versions of the extensive notes that came with the records, and have searched out the texts of the CHEM1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (New version, 2018) The eight lessons in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook cover elementary electrochemistry in somewhat greater depth than is found in standard textbooks, but at a level still suitable for first-year college and advanced high school courses. It should also be helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in analytical and physical chemistry. ACID-BASE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Acid-base fundamental concepts. For your convenience, this lesson set is divided into 7 sections. To access the part you want, click one of the lesson titles immediately below; you can also go directly to any sub-section within a lesson by clicking on a smaller heading. 1- Introduction: What is an acid? WATER AND HYDROGEN BONDING Ammonia (mp –78, bp –33°C) is hydrogen-bonded in the liquid and solid states. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for ammonia 's remarkably high solubility in water. Many organic (carboxylic) acids form hydrogen-bonded dimers in the solid state. Here the hydrogen bonding acceptor is the electron cloud of a "MAGNETIZED WATER: SNAKE-OIL FOR SUCKERS A substance is magnetized when its constituent molecules or structural elements can be permanently aligned in a definite direction by the influence of an external magnetic field.. This can only happen in solids, and is known as ferromagnetism.Molecules that possess an odd number of electrons can be temporarily aligned by an applied magnetic field; such molecules are said to be paramagnetic. FLANAGAN'S SHENANIGANS: HYDRIDE ION CRACKPOT CHEMISTRY the blarney: the science: When Crystal Energy is added to water it makes it "The Most Biologically Active Water in The World", according to Dr. Patrick Flanagan.An utterly meaningless statement. A solution of sodium cyanide would be an even more "biologically active" water!. When Crystal Energy made with Flanagan Microclusters added to water ---water molecules which are clumped together and PI WATER, PI-MAG WATER PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC SNAKE OILPI WATER FILTERPI WATER TORRANCEPI WATER SYSTEMRASPBERRY PI WATER FLOW SENSORNIKKEN PI WATERRASPBERRY PI WATER COOLING KIT PiMag Water. PiMag™ water is the brand of "Pi Water" marketed by Nikken, a California-based company that offers a broad range of products based on weird magnetic and "far-infrared" (i.e., heat) effects, none of which has any scientific basis. According to the USPTO, "PIMAG" is their trademark for "Magnetic fluid conditioningunits for the
DUBIOUS WATER TREATMENT SCHEMESCOOLING TOWER TREATMENT CHEMICALSCOOLING TOWER CHEMICAL TREATMENT BASICSCOOLING TOWER CHEMICAL TREATMENT DIAGRAMDOLPHIN WATER TREATMENT COOLING TOWER Dubious water-treatment schemes. This page profiles water-treatment schemes other than those involving permanent magnets or magical " catalysts ". All of these I consider "dubious" in the sense that there is no credible evidence in the reputable scientific or engineering literature that these devices work, and in most cases there is noreason
CHEM1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (New version, 2018) The eight lessons in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook cover elementary electrochemistry in somewhat greater depth than is found in standard textbooks, but at a level still suitable for first-year college and advanced high school courses. It should also be helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in analytical and physical chemistry. VISUALIZATION IN CHEMISTRY Jmol is a free, open source molecule viewer for students, educators, and researchers in chemistry and biochemistry. It is cross-platform, running on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux/Unix systems. It includes the jMolApplet that can be integrated into Web pages, the Jmol application, a standalone Java application that runs on the desktop, and the JmolViewer, a development tool kit that can be POLYMERS AND PLASTICS: A CHEMICAL INTRODUCTION Plastics and natural materials such as rubber or cellulose are composed of very large molecules called polymers. Polymers are constructed from relatively small molecular fragments known as monomers that are joined together. Wool, cotton, silk, wood and leather are examples of natural polymers that have been known and used since ancient times. INTEGRAL RATE LAW, HALF-LIFE ln e x = x) yields. Solving for the half-life, we obtain the simple relation. which tells us that the half-life of a first-order reaction is a constant. This means that 100,000 molecules of a reactant will be reduced to 50,000 in the same time interval needed for ten molcules tobe reduced to five.
AVOGADRO'S NUMBER AND THE MOLE Things to understand about Avogadro's number N A • It is a number, just as is "dozen", and thus is dimensionless. • It is a huge number, far greater in magnitude than we can visualize; see here for some interesting comparisons with other huge numbers. • Its practical use is limited to counting tiny things like atoms, molecules, "formula units", electrons, or photons. CATALYTIC WATER TREATMENT PSEUDOSCIENCE Magnetic water treatment, as discussed in the MagScams page, has been around for some time. Beginning in the 1990s, a number of water treatment promoters claimed to use a "catalyst" of some kind to "soften" water or at least to prevent scale formation. In many of these instances, the use of the term "catalytic" has less to do withcatalysts
EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS Expressing the equilibrium constant in terms of x gives. Yes, this is a quadratic, but not one you need to solve, so don't pan!c! All we need to do is use the density information to determine what fraction x of P 4 is dissociated, and then substitute it into the equation to find the value of K p.. At this point we hope you remember those gas laws that you were told you would be using later inTHE NERNST EQUATION
The Nernst equation for this cell is. E = E° - (0.059/ N) log Q = 0 - 0.29 log 0.1 = +0.285 v. Concentration cells. (Hayek, 5 min) Note that E° for a concentration cell is always zero, since this would be the potential of a cell in which the electroactive species are at unit activity in both compartments. HARD WATER AND WATER SOFTENING Every household and every factory uses water, and none of it is pure. One class of impurity that is of special interest is "hardness". This refers to the presence of dissolved ions, mainly of calcium Ca 2+ and magnesium Mg 2+ which are acquired through contact with rocks and sediments in the environment. The positive electrical charges of these ions are balanced by the presence of anions STRUCTURED WATER PSEUDOSCIENCE AND QUACKERY The patented Template Induction Process was designed to creates rings of water (5, 6, and 7 membered rings) that are collapsed around organic complexes such as proteins, amino acids and other compounds. High frequency vibration is applied to the water-protein complex usingthe latest in
STEVE LOWER'S WEB PAGESVIRTUAL TEXTBOOKALL ABOUT WATERWHY CAISTEPHEN LOWERRESOURCES FOR CHEMISTRY EDUCATORS Steve's professional Web page. Steve's personal Web page. Chemistry instruction and education. Chem1 Virtual Textbook. A free, on-line textbook for General Chemistry. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: THE FIRST LAW The pages in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook offer a thorough introduction to thermodynamics at the first-year university level. The Second Law and its applications to chemical equilibrium are covered in a separate lesson set.. All chemical changes are accompanied by the absorption or release of heat. ACID-BASE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Acids and bases touch upon virtually all areas of chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology. This set of lessons will get you started by presenting the underlying concepts in a systematic way. CANADIAN FOLK SONGS CENTENNIAL COLLECTION In 1967, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and RCA Victor Ltd. issued a 9-LP set of folk songs in celebration of the centennial of Canada's Confederation. This unique and wonderful set has long been unavailable to the public, so as a "spare-time" project I have reproduced the English-language versions of the extensive notes that came with the records, and have searched out the texts of the CHEM1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (New version, 2018) The eight lessons in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook cover elementary electrochemistry in somewhat greater depth than is found in standard textbooks, but at a level still suitable for first-year college and advanced high school courses. It should also be helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in analytical and physical chemistry. "MAGNETIZED WATER: SNAKE-OIL FOR SUCKERS A substance is magnetized when its constituent molecules or structural elements can be permanently aligned in a definite direction by the influence of an external magnetic field.. This can only happen in solids, and is known as ferromagnetism.Molecules that possess an odd number of electrons can be temporarily aligned by an applied magnetic field; such molecules are said to be paramagnetic. PI WATER, PI-MAG WATER PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC SNAKE OILPI WATER FILTERPI WATER TORRANCEPI WATER SYSTEMRASPBERRY PI WATER FLOW SENSORNIKKEN PI WATERRASPBERRY PI WATER COOLING KIT PiMag Water. PiMag™ water is the brand of "Pi Water" marketed by Nikken, a California-based company that offers a broad range of products based on weird magnetic and "far-infrared" (i.e., heat) effects, none of which has any scientific basis.According to the USPTO, "PIMAG" is their trademark for "Magnetic fluid conditioning units for the treatment of water for domestic, commercial and FLANAGAN'S SHENANIGANS: HYDRIDE ION CRACKPOT CHEMISTRY the blarney: the science: When Crystal Energy is added to water it makes it "The Most Biologically Active Water in The World", according to Dr. Patrick Flanagan.An utterly meaningless statement. A solution of sodium cyanide would be an even more "biologically active" water!. When Crystal Energy made with Flanagan Microclusters added to water ---water molecules which are clumped together and WATER AND HYDROGEN BONDING But when the H 2 O molecules are crowded together in the liquid, these attractive forces exert a very noticeable effect, which we call (somewhat misleadingly) hydrogen bonding.And at temperatures low enough to turn off the disruptive effects of thermal motions, water freezes into ice in which the hydrogen bonds form a rigid and stablenetwork.
DUBIOUS WATER TREATMENT SCHEMESCOOLING TOWER TREATMENT CHEMICALSCOOLING TOWER CHEMICAL TREATMENT BASICSCOOLING TOWER CHEMICAL TREATMENT DIAGRAMDOLPHIN WATER TREATMENT COOLING TOWER This page profiles water-treatment schemes other than those involving permanent magnets or magical "catalysts".All of these I consider "dubious" in the sense that there is no credible evidence in the reputable scientific or engineering literature that these devices work, and in most cases there is no reason, based on present scientific knowledge, to believe that they even can work. STEVE LOWER'S WEB PAGESVIRTUAL TEXTBOOKALL ABOUT WATERWHY CAISTEPHEN LOWERRESOURCES FOR CHEMISTRY EDUCATORS Steve's professional Web page. Steve's personal Web page. Chemistry instruction and education. Chem1 Virtual Textbook. A free, on-line textbook for General Chemistry. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: THE FIRST LAW The pages in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook offer a thorough introduction to thermodynamics at the first-year university level. The Second Law and its applications to chemical equilibrium are covered in a separate lesson set.. All chemical changes are accompanied by the absorption or release of heat. ACID-BASE FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Acids and bases touch upon virtually all areas of chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology. This set of lessons will get you started by presenting the underlying concepts in a systematic way. CANADIAN FOLK SONGS CENTENNIAL COLLECTION In 1967, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and RCA Victor Ltd. issued a 9-LP set of folk songs in celebration of the centennial of Canada's Confederation. This unique and wonderful set has long been unavailable to the public, so as a "spare-time" project I have reproduced the English-language versions of the extensive notes that came with the records, and have searched out the texts of the CHEM1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (New version, 2018) The eight lessons in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook cover elementary electrochemistry in somewhat greater depth than is found in standard textbooks, but at a level still suitable for first-year college and advanced high school courses. It should also be helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in analytical and physical chemistry. "MAGNETIZED WATER: SNAKE-OIL FOR SUCKERS A substance is magnetized when its constituent molecules or structural elements can be permanently aligned in a definite direction by the influence of an external magnetic field.. This can only happen in solids, and is known as ferromagnetism.Molecules that possess an odd number of electrons can be temporarily aligned by an applied magnetic field; such molecules are said to be paramagnetic. PI WATER, PI-MAG WATER PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC SNAKE OILPI WATER FILTERPI WATER TORRANCEPI WATER SYSTEMRASPBERRY PI WATER FLOW SENSORNIKKEN PI WATERRASPBERRY PI WATER COOLING KIT PiMag Water. PiMag™ water is the brand of "Pi Water" marketed by Nikken, a California-based company that offers a broad range of products based on weird magnetic and "far-infrared" (i.e., heat) effects, none of which has any scientific basis.According to the USPTO, "PIMAG" is their trademark for "Magnetic fluid conditioning units for the treatment of water for domestic, commercial and FLANAGAN'S SHENANIGANS: HYDRIDE ION CRACKPOT CHEMISTRY the blarney: the science: When Crystal Energy is added to water it makes it "The Most Biologically Active Water in The World", according to Dr. Patrick Flanagan.An utterly meaningless statement. A solution of sodium cyanide would be an even more "biologically active" water!. When Crystal Energy made with Flanagan Microclusters added to water ---water molecules which are clumped together and WATER AND HYDROGEN BONDING But when the H 2 O molecules are crowded together in the liquid, these attractive forces exert a very noticeable effect, which we call (somewhat misleadingly) hydrogen bonding.And at temperatures low enough to turn off the disruptive effects of thermal motions, water freezes into ice in which the hydrogen bonds form a rigid and stablenetwork.
DUBIOUS WATER TREATMENT SCHEMESCOOLING TOWER TREATMENT CHEMICALSCOOLING TOWER CHEMICAL TREATMENT BASICSCOOLING TOWER CHEMICAL TREATMENT DIAGRAMDOLPHIN WATER TREATMENT COOLING TOWER This page profiles water-treatment schemes other than those involving permanent magnets or magical "catalysts".All of these I consider "dubious" in the sense that there is no credible evidence in the reputable scientific or engineering literature that these devices work, and in most cases there is no reason, based on present scientific knowledge, to believe that they even can work. CHEM1 ELECTROCHEMISTRY (New version, 2018) The eight lessons in this section of the Chem1 Virtual Textbook cover elementary electrochemistry in somewhat greater depth than is found in standard textbooks, but at a level still suitable for first-year college and advanced high school courses. It should also be helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in analytical and physical chemistry. POLYMERS AND PLASTICS: A CHEMICAL INTRODUCTION Plastics and natural materials such as rubber or cellulose are composed of very large molecules called polymers.Polymers are constructed from relatively small molecular fragments known as monomers that are joined together.. Wool, cotton, silk, wood and leather are examples of natural polymers that have been known and used since ancient times. VISUALIZATION IN CHEMISTRY Jmol is a free, open source molecule viewer for students, educators, and researchers in chemistry and biochemistry. It is cross-platform, running on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux/Unix systems. It includes the jMolApplet that can be integrated into Web pages, the Jmol application, a standalone Java application that runs on the desktop, and the JmolViewer, a development tool kit that can beTHE NERNST EQUATION
The standard cell potentials we discussed in a previous section refer to cells in which all dissolved substances are at unit activity, which essentially means an "effective concentration" of 1M.Similarly, any gases that take part in an electrode reaction are at an effective pressure (known as the fugacity) of 1 atm.If these concentrations or pressures have other values, the cell potential will HARD WATER AND WATER SOFTENING Every household and every factory uses water, and none of it is pure. One class of impurity that is of special interest is "hardness". This refers to the presence of dissolved ions, mainly of calcium Ca 2+ and magnesium Mg 2+ which are acquired through contact with rocks and sediments in the environment. The positive electrical charges of these ions are balanced by the presence of anions INTEGRAL RATE LAW, HALF-LIFE Differential and integral rate laws. Measuring instantaneous rates as we have described on the previous page of this unit is the most direct way of determining the rate law of a reaction, but is not always convenient, and it may not even be possible to do so with anyprecision.
PROTON TRANSFER FUNDAMENTALS Proton transfer reactions. As you should recall from your earlier introduction to acids and bases, the +1 electric charge of the tiny proton (a bare hydrogen nucleus) is contained in such a miniscule volume of space that the resulting charge density is far too large to enable its independent existence in solution; it will always attach to, and essentially bury itself in, the non-bonding CATALYTIC WATER TREATMENT PSEUDOSCIENCE Magnetic water treatment, as discussed in the MagScams page, has been around for some time. Beginning in the 1990s, a number of water treatment promoters claimed to use a "catalyst" of some kind to "soften" water or at least to prevent scale formation. AVOGADRO'S NUMBER AND THE MOLE Things to understand about Avogadro's number N A • It is a number, just as is "dozen", and thus is dimensionless. • It is a huge number, far greater in magnitude than we can visualize; see here for some interesting comparisons with other huge numbers. • Its practical use is limited to counting tiny things like atoms, molecules, "formula units", electrons, or photons. STRUCTURED WATER PSEUDOSCIENCE AND QUACKERY Chemists have long recognized water as a substance having unusual and unique properties that one would not at first sight expect from a small molecule having the formula H 2 O. It is generally agreed that the special properties of water stem from the tendency of its molecules to associate, forming short-lived and ever-changing polymeric units that are sometimes described as "clusters". Looking for one of Steve Lower's Web pages? Here are some shortcuts! Steve's professional Web page Steve's personal Web page CHEMISTRY INSTRUCTION AND EDUCATION Chem1 Virtual Textbook A free, on-line textbook for General Chemistry. It offers a more comprehensive, organized, and measured approach than is found in most standard textbooks. It should also be accessible to advanced high-school students, and helpful as review material for students in more advanced courses in chemistry, biology, geology, and engineering.All about water
A gentle introduction to water and its structure for everyone. What is Chemistry all about? An introduction to the wonderful world of "The Central Science": General Chemistry: Starting Points for Students Resources for Chemistry Educators SCIENCE AND PSEUDOSCIENCE What is pseudoscience? How to recognize it when you see it.AquaScams
water-related pseudoscience, crackpot chemistry and quackery COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTIONWhy CAI?
CAI as a medium for mainline instruction in Chemistry (publishedarticle)
MUSIC
Canadian Folk Songs
... remembering a long-unavailable 1967 9-lp set (includes some audiotracks)
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