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CANINE MORPHOLOGY
Canine teeth are single rooted but can, rarely, be double rooted in the lower jaw. Canine roots and crowns are longer (taller) than those of incisors. Modern human upper canines have two strong marginal ridges and a midline elevation running from the cingulum to the tip. These usually define two shallow lingual mesial and distal fossae but PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength ofthese
ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT The human adolescent growth spurt is the rapid and intense increase in the rate of growth in height and weight that occurs during the adolescent stage of the human life cycle. The human adolescent growth spurt is noted in virtually all of the long bones of the body and most other skeletal elements. The major exception is the female pelvis HAR1 (HUMAN ACCELERATED REGION 1) Human Accelerated Regions 1 (HAR1) is part of the cis-antisense RNA gene pair HAR1F and HAR1R, which are expressed in neurons during human embryonic cortical development and adult brain. PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells. AGE OF FONTANELLES / CRANIAL SUTURES CLOSURE Fontanelles are membranous areas that have not yet ossified in the developing cranial vault of neonatal and juvenile animals. Fontanelles allow for rapid stretching and deformation of the cranium as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading tostiffen
PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. HOME | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING INABOUTSYMPOSIARESEARCHTRAININGRESOURCESSUPPORT Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of the human phenomenon". In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions.CANINE MORPHOLOGY
Canine teeth are single rooted but can, rarely, be double rooted in the lower jaw. Canine roots and crowns are longer (taller) than those of incisors. Modern human upper canines have two strong marginal ridges and a midline elevation running from the cingulum to the tip. These usually define two shallow lingual mesial and distal fossae but PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength ofthese
ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT The human adolescent growth spurt is the rapid and intense increase in the rate of growth in height and weight that occurs during the adolescent stage of the human life cycle. The human adolescent growth spurt is noted in virtually all of the long bones of the body and most other skeletal elements. The major exception is the female pelvis HAR1 (HUMAN ACCELERATED REGION 1) Human Accelerated Regions 1 (HAR1) is part of the cis-antisense RNA gene pair HAR1F and HAR1R, which are expressed in neurons during human embryonic cortical development and adult brain. PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells. AGE OF FONTANELLES / CRANIAL SUTURES CLOSURE Fontanelles are membranous areas that have not yet ossified in the developing cranial vault of neonatal and juvenile animals. Fontanelles allow for rapid stretching and deformation of the cranium as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading tostiffen
PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. HUMAN ORIGINS AND HUMANITY'S FUTURE: PAST, PRESENT AND This is an online-only event. Please email carta-info@anthropogeny.org with any technical issues. Talks will be recorded by UCSD-TV and posted on this page in the weeks following the event. Follow this event page, as well as CARTA’s Facebook (@ucsdcarta) and Twitter (@CARTAUCSD) accounts forCANINE MORPHOLOGY
Canine teeth are single rooted but can, rarely, be double rooted in the lower jaw. Canine roots and crowns are longer (taller) than those of incisors. Modern human upper canines have two strong marginal ridges and a midline elevation running from the cingulum to the tip. These usually define two shallow lingual mesial and distal fossae but CULTURAL TRANSMISSION The classic anthropological definition of culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (E. B. Tylor 1871). However it is defined, it is agreed that culture is passed on from generation to generation—or"horizontally
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND DISEASE Pascal Gagneux. This Domain lists topics dealing with biological traits related to reproductive organs and systems, their function and diseases. Hide. Domain Topics. There are 43 topics in this domain. Topic Name. Topic Authors. Advertisement of Ovulation. PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength ofthese
INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. ESRD usually occurs as chronic renal failure and worsens to the point where the kidney functions at less than 10% of its normal ability and deathoccurs
DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. COGNITIVE TRADE-OFF HYPOTHESIS Cognitive Trade-off Hypothesis. As proposed by Tetsuro Matsuzawa, postulates that a trade-off between superior language facility at the expense of memory ability based on social life occurred during human evolution. In comparison to chimpanzees, who possess superior short-term memory abilities and no known language, humansde-emphasized short
DIFFICULTY BREASTFEEDING Breastfeeding (i.e., sucking the mammary gland to ingest milk) is a defining feature of mammalian infant care. Human mother-infant dyads are unique from other primates with regard to the difficulty engaging in this practice. Unlike most other mammals that breastfeed their young fairly automatically, primate mothers need support and teachingin
DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males COGNITIVE TRADE-OFF HYPOTHESIS Cognitive Trade-off Hypothesis. As proposed by Tetsuro Matsuzawa, postulates that a trade-off between superior language facility at the expense of memory ability based on social life occurred during human evolution. In comparison to chimpanzees, who possess superior short-term memory abilities and no known language, humansde-emphasized short
HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells.TETSURO MATSUZAWA
Tetsuro Matsuzawa. Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild. His laboratory work, known as "Ai project," focuses on the language-like skills and the concept of numbers established in a42-year
ALISON BROOKS
Alison Brooks. Alison S. Brooks is a professor of anthropology and international affairs at the George Washington University and a founding member of the Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology (CASHP). In addition, she is a research associate in the Human Origins Program at the National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian
MICHEL BRUNET
Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural SciencesState
CAROLINE TUTIN
Caroline Tutin is affiliated to the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon and to the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Stirling, Scotland. After 30 years of full-time field research on the ecology and behaviour of wild chimpanzees and gorillas, her main focus is now on conservation. DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males COGNITIVE TRADE-OFF HYPOTHESIS Cognitive Trade-off Hypothesis. As proposed by Tetsuro Matsuzawa, postulates that a trade-off between superior language facility at the expense of memory ability based on social life occurred during human evolution. In comparison to chimpanzees, who possess superior short-term memory abilities and no known language, humansde-emphasized short
HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells.TETSURO MATSUZAWA
Tetsuro Matsuzawa. Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild. His laboratory work, known as "Ai project," focuses on the language-like skills and the concept of numbers established in a42-year
ALISON BROOKS
Alison Brooks. Alison S. Brooks is a professor of anthropology and international affairs at the George Washington University and a founding member of the Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology (CASHP). In addition, she is a research associate in the Human Origins Program at the National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian
MICHEL BRUNET
Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural SciencesState
CAROLINE TUTIN
Caroline Tutin is affiliated to the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon and to the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Stirling, Scotland. After 30 years of full-time field research on the ecology and behaviour of wild chimpanzees and gorillas, her main focus is now on conservation. HUMAN ORIGINS AND HUMANITY'S FUTURE: PAST, PRESENT AND This is an online-only event. Please email carta-info@anthropogeny.org with any technical issues. Talks will be recorded by UCSD-TV and posted on this page in the weeks following the event. Follow this event page, as well as CARTA’s Facebook (@ucsdcarta) and Twitter (@CARTAUCSD) accounts for CULTURAL TRANSMISSION The classic anthropological definition of culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (E. B. Tylor 1871). However it is defined, it is agreed that culture is passed on from generation to generation—or"horizontally
MOCA TOPICS
This page lists MOCA Topics. Each topic presents existing data about a particular difference between humans and non-human hominids. Topics are grouped into MOCA Domains.Displaying 301 - REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND DISEASE Pascal Gagneux. This Domain lists topics dealing with biological traits related to reproductive organs and systems, their function and diseases. Hide. Domain Topics. There are 43 topics in this domain. Topic Name. Topic Authors. Advertisement of Ovulation. PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength ofthese
DIFFICULTY BREASTFEEDING Breastfeeding (i.e., sucking the mammary gland to ingest milk) is a defining feature of mammalian infant care. Human mother-infant dyads are unique from other primates with regard to the difficulty engaging in this practice. Unlike most other mammals that breastfeed their young fairly automatically, primate mothers need support and teachingin
END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. ESRD usually occurs as chronic renal failure and worsens to the point where the kidney functions at less than 10% of its normal ability and deathoccurs
TWINNING FREQUENCY
Twinning is the conception and subsequent birth of two offspring. Its frequency in human populations varies with geographical populations (high in Nigeria; low in Japan) and occurs in chimpanzees with a higher frequency (human rate ~0.43%; chimpanzee rate ~2.36%; monozygotic rate 0.43%)1. PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males PROCONSUL HESELONI DISTAL RADIAL AND ULNAR EPIPHYSES FROM Abstract: Only two distal epiphyses of a radius and ulna are consensually attributed to the holotype skeleton of Proconsul heseloni, KNM-RU 2036. PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells.TWINNING FREQUENCY
Twinning is the conception and subsequent birth of two offspring. Its frequency in human populations varies with geographical populations (high in Nigeria; low in Japan) and occurs in chimpanzees with a higher frequency (human rate ~0.43%; chimpanzee rate ~2.36%; monozygotic rate 0.43%)1.TETSURO MATSUZAWA
Tetsuro Matsuzawa. Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild. His laboratory work, known as "Ai project," focuses on the language-like skills and the concept of numbers established in a42-year
ALISON BROOKS
Alison Brooks. Alison S. Brooks is a professor of anthropology and international affairs at the George Washington University and a founding member of the Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology (CASHP). In addition, she is a research associate in the Human Origins Program at the National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian
MICHEL BRUNET
Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural SciencesState
CAROLINE TUTIN
Caroline Tutin is affiliated to the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon and to the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Stirling, Scotland. After 30 years of full-time field research on the ecology and behaviour of wild chimpanzees and gorillas, her main focus is now on conservation. PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells.TWINNING FREQUENCY
Twinning is the conception and subsequent birth of two offspring. Its frequency in human populations varies with geographical populations (high in Nigeria; low in Japan) and occurs in chimpanzees with a higher frequency (human rate ~0.43%; chimpanzee rate ~2.36%; monozygotic rate 0.43%)1.TETSURO MATSUZAWA
Tetsuro Matsuzawa. Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild. His laboratory work, known as "Ai project," focuses on the language-like skills and the concept of numbers established in a42-year
ALISON BROOKS
Alison Brooks. Alison S. Brooks is a professor of anthropology and international affairs at the George Washington University and a founding member of the Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology (CASHP). In addition, she is a research associate in the Human Origins Program at the National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian
MICHEL BRUNET
Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural SciencesState
CAROLINE TUTIN
Caroline Tutin is affiliated to the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon and to the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Stirling, Scotland. After 30 years of full-time field research on the ecology and behaviour of wild chimpanzees and gorillas, her main focus is now on conservation. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND DISEASE Pascal Gagneux. This Domain lists topics dealing with biological traits related to reproductive organs and systems, their function and diseases. Hide. Domain Topics. There are 43 topics in this domain. Topic Name. Topic Authors. Advertisement of Ovulation.MOCA TOPICS
This page lists MOCA Topics. Each topic presents existing data about a particular difference between humans and non-human hominids. Topics are grouped into MOCA Domains.Displaying 301 -PATERNAL CARE
Paternal care is a broader category of behavior than related concepts such as paternal investment, with the latter referring to investment by a male in biological offspring at some reproductive fitness cost to himself and reproductive fitness benefit to his offspring. In mammals, less than 5% of species show male investment in parenting. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION The classic anthropological definition of culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (E. B. Tylor 1871). However it is defined, it is agreed that culture is passed on from generation to generation—or"horizontally
PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength ofthese
END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. ESRD usually occurs as chronic renal failure and worsens to the point where the kidney functions at less than 10% of its normal ability and deathoccurs
TWINNING FREQUENCY
Twinning is the conception and subsequent birth of two offspring. Its frequency in human populations varies with geographical populations (high in Nigeria; low in Japan) and occurs in chimpanzees with a higher frequency (human rate ~0.43%; chimpanzee rate ~2.36%; monozygotic rate 0.43%)1. COGNITIVE TRADE-OFF HYPOTHESIS Cognitive Trade-off Hypothesis. As proposed by Tetsuro Matsuzawa, postulates that a trade-off between superior language facility at the expense of memory ability based on social life occurred during human evolution. In comparison to chimpanzees, who possess superior short-term memory abilities and no known language, humansde-emphasized short
MICHEL BRUNET
Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural SciencesState
PROCONSUL HESELONI DISTAL RADIAL AND ULNAR EPIPHYSES FROM Abstract: Only two distal epiphyses of a radius and ulna are consensually attributed to the holotype skeleton of Proconsul heseloni, KNM-RU 2036. HOME | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING INABOUTSYMPOSIARESEARCHTRAININGRESOURCESSUPPORT Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of the human phenomenon". In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION The classic anthropological definition of culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (E. B. Tylor 1871). However it is defined, it is agreed that culture is passed on from generation to generation—or"horizontally
PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength ofthese
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND DISEASE Pascal Gagneux. This Domain lists topics dealing with biological traits related to reproductive organs and systems, their function and diseases. Hide. Domain Topics. There are 43 topics in this domain. Topic Name. Topic Authors. Advertisement of Ovulation. PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT The human adolescent growth spurt is the rapid and intense increase in the rate of growth in height and weight that occurs during the adolescent stage of the human life cycle. The human adolescent growth spurt is noted in virtually all of the long bones of the body and most other skeletal elements. The major exception is the female pelvis AGE OF FONTANELLES / CRANIAL SUTURES CLOSURE Fontanelles are membranous areas that have not yet ossified in the developing cranial vault of neonatal and juvenile animals. Fontanelles allow for rapid stretching and deformation of the cranium as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading tostiffen
PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. HOME | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING INABOUTSYMPOSIARESEARCHTRAININGRESOURCESSUPPORT Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of the human phenomenon". In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION The classic anthropological definition of culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (E. B. Tylor 1871). However it is defined, it is agreed that culture is passed on from generation to generation—or"horizontally
PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength ofthese
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND DISEASE Pascal Gagneux. This Domain lists topics dealing with biological traits related to reproductive organs and systems, their function and diseases. Hide. Domain Topics. There are 43 topics in this domain. Topic Name. Topic Authors. Advertisement of Ovulation. PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT The human adolescent growth spurt is the rapid and intense increase in the rate of growth in height and weight that occurs during the adolescent stage of the human life cycle. The human adolescent growth spurt is noted in virtually all of the long bones of the body and most other skeletal elements. The major exception is the female pelvis AGE OF FONTANELLES / CRANIAL SUTURES CLOSURE Fontanelles are membranous areas that have not yet ossified in the developing cranial vault of neonatal and juvenile animals. Fontanelles allow for rapid stretching and deformation of the cranium as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading tostiffen
PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND DISEASE Pascal Gagneux. This Domain lists topics dealing with biological traits related to reproductive organs and systems, their function and diseases. Hide. Domain Topics. There are 43 topics in this domain. Topic Name. Topic Authors. Advertisement of Ovulation. SYMPOSIA | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN The location of CARTA symposia rotates between the Salk Institute and the UC San Diego campus and medical school. These symposia draw live audiences of up to 800 people and are accessible across the globe via live webcast. Each presentation is video recorded and later broadcast by UC-TV before being archived at the CARTA website, the UCSD-TV SKELETAL ROBUSTICITY Skeletal robusticity refers to the strength of a skeletal element relative to some mechanically relevant measure of body size, and is generally considered to reflect the magnitude of the mechanical loads that are habitually incurred by that element as the organism interacts with its environment. Through both genetically-mediated adaptationsfor
ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT The human adolescent growth spurt is the rapid and intense increase in the rate of growth in height and weight that occurs during the adolescent stage of the human life cycle. The human adolescent growth spurt is noted in virtually all of the long bones of the body and most other skeletal elements. The major exception is the female pelvis END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. ESRD usually occurs as chronic renal failure and worsens to the point where the kidney functions at less than 10% of its normal ability and deathoccurs
MIND-ALTERING DRUG USE Given the nebulous definition of the term "mind," mind-altering drug use can be defined either narrowly, as the intentional consumption of substances for their ability to produce profound perceptual and cognitive alterations, or more generally, as the intentional consumption of any psychoactive substance, regardless of markedperceptual changes.
DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern.WILD BOY OF AVEYRON
Definition: A French feral child who was captured in 1800 at the estimated age of twelve. A young physician, Jean Marc Gaspard Itard, worked with the boy for five years and gave him his name, Victor. Itard was interested in determining what Victor could learn and devised procedures to teach words and recorded his progress. INTRASPECIFIC AGGRESSION Heidi Sharipov. Humans and other animals exhibit aggression, defined as action or threat of action that causes harm against another. Violence is differentiated as escalated aggression that includes the use of physical force against another. As in most species, males tend to show more physical aggression than females, although femalestypically
RELATIVE THUMB LENGTH Humans have thumbs that are long relative to the other digits of the hand (as compared to apes and most other primates). This relative elongation is derived in part by an elongation of the thumb bones themselves (the first metacarpal and the proximal and distal pollical phalanges), by a shortening of the other digits, and by a more distal positioning of the thumb on the hand. HOME | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING INABOUTSYMPOSIARESEARCHTRAININGRESOURCESSUPPORT Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of the human phenomenon". In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION The classic anthropological definition of culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (E. B. Tylor 1871). However it is defined, it is agreed that culture is passed on from generation to generation—or"horizontally
PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength ofthese
ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT The human adolescent growth spurt is the rapid and intense increase in the rate of growth in height and weight that occurs during the adolescent stage of the human life cycle. The human adolescent growth spurt is noted in virtually all of the long bones of the body and most other skeletal elements. The major exception is the female pelvis PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. AGE OF FONTANELLES / CRANIAL SUTURES CLOSURE Fontanelles are membranous areas that have not yet ossified in the developing cranial vault of neonatal and juvenile animals. Fontanelles allow for rapid stretching and deformation of the cranium as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow. END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. ESRD usually occurs as chronic renal failure and worsens to the point where the kidney functions at less than 10% of its normal ability and deathoccurs
BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading tostiffen
PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. HOME | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING INABOUTSYMPOSIARESEARCHTRAININGRESOURCESSUPPORT Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of the human phenomenon". In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION The classic anthropological definition of culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (E. B. Tylor 1871). However it is defined, it is agreed that culture is passed on from generation to generation—or"horizontally
PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength ofthese
ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT The human adolescent growth spurt is the rapid and intense increase in the rate of growth in height and weight that occurs during the adolescent stage of the human life cycle. The human adolescent growth spurt is noted in virtually all of the long bones of the body and most other skeletal elements. The major exception is the female pelvis PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. AGE OF FONTANELLES / CRANIAL SUTURES CLOSURE Fontanelles are membranous areas that have not yet ossified in the developing cranial vault of neonatal and juvenile animals. Fontanelles allow for rapid stretching and deformation of the cranium as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow. END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. ESRD usually occurs as chronic renal failure and worsens to the point where the kidney functions at less than 10% of its normal ability and deathoccurs
BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading tostiffen
PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address.MEDIA PLAYER
Click on the corner of the video for closed captioning , to adjust the video quality, or to expand the video to full screen. Email carta-info@anthropogeny.org with any problems viewing this video.. If you enjoyed this video and wish to support CARTA, please consider making a donation.You may also be interested in accessing additional content and services of interest to you. SYMPOSIA | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN The location of CARTA symposia rotates between the Salk Institute and the UC San Diego campus and medical school. These symposia draw live audiences of up to 800 people and are accessible across the globe via live webcast. Each presentation is video recorded and later broadcast by UC-TV before being archived at the CARTA website, the UCSD-TV PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength ofthese
SKELETAL ROBUSTICITY Skeletal robusticity refers to the strength of a skeletal element relative to some mechanically relevant measure of body size, and is generally considered to reflect the magnitude of the mechanical loads that are habitually incurred by that element as the organism interacts with its environment. Through both genetically-mediated adaptationsfor
BLOOD GROUP ANTIGEN TYPES AND PREVALENCE Timing of appearance of the difference in the Hominin Lineage as a defined date or a lineage separation event. The point in time associated with lineage separation events may change in the future as the scientific community agrees upon better time estimates. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading tostiffen
END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. ESRD usually occurs as chronic renal failure and worsens to the point where the kidney functions at less than 10% of its normal ability and deathoccurs
DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. INTRASPECIFIC AGGRESSION Heidi Sharipov. Humans and other animals exhibit aggression, defined as action or threat of action that causes harm against another. Violence is differentiated as escalated aggression that includes the use of physical force against another. As in most species, males tend to show more physical aggression than females, although femalestypically
RELATIVE THUMB LENGTH Humans have thumbs that are long relative to the other digits of the hand (as compared to apes and most other primates). This relative elongation is derived in part by an elongation of the thumb bones themselves (the first metacarpal and the proximal and distal pollical phalanges), by a shortening of the other digits, and by a more distal positioning of the thumb on the hand. PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading tostiffen
DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells.PATERNAL CARE
Paternal care is a broader category of behavior than related concepts such as paternal investment, with the latter referring to investment by a male in biological offspring at some reproductive fitness cost to himself and reproductive fitness benefit to his offspring. In mammals, less than 5% of species show male investment in parenting.TETSURO MATSUZAWA
Tetsuro Matsuzawa. Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild. His laboratory work, known as "Ai project," focuses on the language-like skills and the concept of numbers established in a42-year
PROCONSUL HESELONI DISTAL RADIAL AND ULNAR EPIPHYSES FROM Abstract: Only two distal epiphyses of a radius and ulna are consensually attributed to the holotype skeleton of Proconsul heseloni, KNM-RU 2036.MICHEL BRUNET
Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural SciencesState
CAROLINE TUTIN
Caroline Tutin is affiliated to the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon and to the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Stirling, Scotland. After 30 years of full-time field research on the ecology and behaviour of wild chimpanzees and gorillas, her main focus is now on conservation. PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading tostiffen
DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r = 0.9. This is also typical for most primates. However, both chimpanzees and humans deviate from this general mammalian pattern. HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells.PATERNAL CARE
Paternal care is a broader category of behavior than related concepts such as paternal investment, with the latter referring to investment by a male in biological offspring at some reproductive fitness cost to himself and reproductive fitness benefit to his offspring. In mammals, less than 5% of species show male investment in parenting.TETSURO MATSUZAWA
Tetsuro Matsuzawa. Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild. His laboratory work, known as "Ai project," focuses on the language-like skills and the concept of numbers established in a42-year
PROCONSUL HESELONI DISTAL RADIAL AND ULNAR EPIPHYSES FROM Abstract: Only two distal epiphyses of a radius and ulna are consensually attributed to the holotype skeleton of Proconsul heseloni, KNM-RU 2036.MICHEL BRUNET
Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural SciencesState
CAROLINE TUTIN
Caroline Tutin is affiliated to the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon and to the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Stirling, Scotland. After 30 years of full-time field research on the ecology and behaviour of wild chimpanzees and gorillas, her main focus is now on conservation. HOME | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of the human phenomenon". In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions.CANINE MORPHOLOGY
Canine teeth are single rooted but can, rarely, be double rooted in the lower jaw. Canine roots and crowns are longer (taller) than those of incisors. Modern human upper canines have two strong marginal ridges and a midline elevation running from the cingulum to the tip. These usually define two shallow lingual mesial and distal fossae butPATERNAL CARE
Paternal care is a broader category of behavior than related concepts such as paternal investment, with the latter referring to investment by a male in biological offspring at some reproductive fitness cost to himself and reproductive fitness benefit to his offspring. In mammals, less than 5% of species show male investment in parenting. PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Gyrification (or cortical folding) is the the process by which the brain’s surface forms ridges and valleys (e.g. gyri and sulci). This occurs during neuronal migration over the course of development. As the layers of cortex are established, interconnections grow between neurons. Gyri are thought to be formed by the tensile strength ofthese
END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. ESRD usually occurs as chronic renal failure and worsens to the point where the kidney functions at less than 10% of its normal ability and deathoccurs
HAR1 (HUMAN ACCELERATED REGION 1) Human Accelerated Regions 1 (HAR1) is part of the cis-antisense RNA gene pair HAR1F and HAR1R, which are expressed in neurons during human embryonic cortical development and adult brain. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY However, by aligning the hallux with the rest of the digits the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments and muscles of the foot are aligned to permit a longitudinal arch of the foot, integral for shock absorption during bipedal walking and running. Humans also have an osteoligamentous structure of the foot that tightens during loading tostiffen
PENIS SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY Orangutans have smaller penises (erect length ~ 8.5 cm) and gorilla penises are even smaller (erect length ~ 6 cm). Neither orangutan nor gorilla exhibit a chimpanzee/bonobo-like filiform penis, and both, like humans also posses a glans penis. Penis size may also be related to group composition and sexual competition in that primate males PROCONSUL HESELONI DISTAL RADIAL AND ULNAR EPIPHYSES FROM Abstract: Only two distal epiphyses of a radius and ulna are consensually attributed to the holotype skeleton of Proconsul heseloni, KNM-RU 2036.MICHEL BRUNET
Michel Brunet. Michel Brunet spent most of his childhood in a farm in Poitou (South-West of France). He entered the Sorbonne in Paris where he studied Natural Sciences and paleontology. He defended his doctorate in paleontology in 1966. Then he went to the University of Poitiers to study Paleogen mammals and completed his Natural SciencesState
HOME | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING INABOUTSYMPOSIARESEARCHTRAININGRESOURCESSUPPORT Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of the human phenomenon". In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions. END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY Humans differ from all other primates in having nonopposable big toes (halluces). This greatly compromises arboreal abilities, since the foot cannot be used to grasp supports effectively. TORTURE | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN Torture is defined as "the action or practice of inflicting severe pain on someone as a punishment or to force them to do or say something, or for the pleasure of the person inflicting the pain."PATERNAL CARE
Paternal care refers to the time and resources given by a biological father to his offspring. Paternal care is a broader category of behavior than related concepts such as paternal investment, with the latter referring to investment by a male in biological offspring at some reproductive fitness cost to himself and reproductive fitness benefit to his offspring. PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells. DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r= 0.9.
TETSURO MATSUZAWA
Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild. HOME | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING INABOUTSYMPOSIARESEARCHTRAININGRESOURCESSUPPORT Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of the human phenomenon". In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions. END STAGE RENAL DISEASE End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), also called chronic kidney failure (CKF) is a complete failure or near complete loss of the kidney to function at a level that will maintain day to day life. BIPEDAL FOOT MORPHOLOGY Humans differ from all other primates in having nonopposable big toes (halluces). This greatly compromises arboreal abilities, since the foot cannot be used to grasp supports effectively. TORTURE | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN Torture is defined as "the action or practice of inflicting severe pain on someone as a punishment or to force them to do or say something, or for the pleasure of the person inflicting the pain."PATERNAL CARE
Paternal care refers to the time and resources given by a biological father to his offspring. Paternal care is a broader category of behavior than related concepts such as paternal investment, with the latter referring to investment by a male in biological offspring at some reproductive fitness cost to himself and reproductive fitness benefit to his offspring. PHANTOMS IN THE BRAIN: PROBING THE MYSTERIES OF THE HUMAN Abstract: Neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran is internationally renowned for uncovering answers to the deep and quirky questions of human nature that few scientists have dared to address. INNOVATION (LANGUAGE CHANGE AND VARIATION) Human language is a dynamic system constantly evolving at a pace that vastly outstrips biological evolution. Significant changes in the system can occur within one or two generations, such that over mere hundreds of years, diverging linguistic variants that may no longer be mutually intelligible can arise across different geographical, cultural, or historical populations. HLA-DRB1*11 (MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, CLASS II The major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 allele 11 (HLA-DRB1*11) has an important role in the primate immune system as it presents foreign antigens to T-cells. DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r= 0.9.
TETSURO MATSUZAWA
Tetsuro Matsuzawa is Distinguished Professor at Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS) in Japan. Matsuzawa studies chimpanzee intelligence both in the laboratory and in the wild.MEDIA PLAYER
Click on the corner of the video for closed captioning , to adjust the video quality, or to expand the video to full screen. Email carta-info@anthropogeny.org with any problems viewing this video.. If you enjoyed this video and wish to support CARTA, please consider making a donation.You may also be interested in accessing additional content and services of interest to you.ANXIETY STATES
Anxiety is the normal emotional response to a threatening situation. It has motor accompaniments in flight and freezing, that avoid or minimise the threat, and sympathetic autonomic system activity. SYMPOSIA | CENTER FOR ACADEMIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING IN Public Symposia. CARTA organizes free public symposia addressing particular aspects of human origins and uniqueness and features presentations by scientists, eminent in their respective fields.PATERNAL CARE
Paternal care refers to the time and resources given by a biological father to his offspring. Paternal care is a broader category of behavior than related concepts such as paternal investment, with the latter referring to investment by a male in biological offspring at some reproductive fitness cost to himself and reproductive fitness benefit to his offspring. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION The classic anthropological definition of culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (E. B. Tylor 1871). DIFFICULTY BREASTFEEDING Breastfeeding (i.e., sucking the mammary gland to ingest milk) is a defining feature of mammalian infant care. Human mother-infant dyads are unique from other INTER-BIRTH INTERVALS Life history theory predicts that inter-birth intervals (IBIs) will depend on a trade-off between maternal investment in current and future offspring/reproduction, mediated by somatic maintenance of PATTERN OF GYRIFICATION Increased gyrification allows for greater overall number of neurons and greater processing efficiency. Understanding the mechanism by which humans have achieved the highest gyrification index may give clues on how humans achieve their remarkable cognitive abilities, as well as provide insights into neuronal developmental disorders, such as the widely prevalent autism spectrum disorders. CORPUS CALLOSUM SIZE The corpus callosum size is relatively smaller in humans than in other primates. T he corpus callosum is the main interhemispheric commissure linking the cerebral cortex of the left and right cerebral hemispheres in placental mammals. Analysis of whole brain MRI scans from 11 anthropoid primate species showed that as brain size increases across the primate order, the mid-sagittal area of the DURATION OF LACTATION The duration of lactation in most mammals lasts from birth to the eruption of the first permanent molar. The correlation coefficient between first molar eruption and weaning (cessation of lactation) is r= 0.9.
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Where did we come from? How did we get here? CARTA's primary goal is to "explore and explain the origins of thehuman phenomenon".
In other words, seeking answers to these age-old questions.LATEST NEWS
Anthropogeny Tracks, Volume 7, Issue 2May 24, 2019
Anthropogeny Tracks, Volume 7, Issue 1Mar 15, 2019
CARTA Symposium Topics & Co-Chairs Set for 2020Feb 25, 2019
Anthropogeny Tracks, Volume 6, Issue 3Oct 5, 2018
Anthropogeny Tracks, Volume 6, Issue 2May 25, 2018
all news >
UPCOMING SYMPOSIA
Impact of Early Life Deprivation on Cognition: Implications for the Evolutionary Origins of the Human Mind Oct 11, 2019 - 1:00pm Exploring the Origins of Today's Humans Feb 21, 2020 - 1:00pm The Evolution of Human Physical Activity May 15, 2020 - 1:00pm all upcoming symposia >all past symposia >
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