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VIRTUE ETHICS AND CARE ETHICS ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION The number of animals used in animal experimentation is certainly smaller than that of those used in others such as animal farming or the fishing industry. 1 Yet it has been estimated to be well above 100 million animals who are used every year. 2. The ways in which these animals can be harmed in experimental procedures, also known as ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION ANIMALS IN NATURAL DISASTERS HOW FIREWORKS HARM NONHUMAN ANIMALS Fireworks and other explosive materials affect animals who live with humans, whose reactions we can easily see. They also harm many more animals in urban and wild environments. Nonhuman animals can experience acute and chronic stress, hearing damage, blindness, lost homes, abandoned children, and sickness or death due to posioning, fright, or disorientation. Read more ANIMALS AND POLITICS WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUSL’UTILITARISME
L’utilitarisme. L’utilitarisme est une théorie éthique selon laquelle nous devrions agir de manière à apporter, engendrer, créer le plus de bonheur possible dans le monde. Cette théorie défend les trois points suivants : (1) La quantité de bonheur (ou la satisfaction des désirs) devrait être la plus importante possible. ETHICAL THEORIES AND NONHUMAN ANIMALS Ethical theories and nonhuman animals. Ethics is a critical reflection on how we should act and why. Animal ethics is the field of ethics that deals with how and why we should take nonhuman animals into account in our moral decisions. Different ethical theories disagree about how we should act in many situations. For example, according tosome
VIRTUE ETHICS AND CARE ETHICS ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION The number of animals used in animal experimentation is certainly smaller than that of those used in others such as animal farming or the fishing industry. 1 Yet it has been estimated to be well above 100 million animals who are used every year. 2. The ways in which these animals can be harmed in experimental procedures, also known as ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION ANIMALS IN NATURAL DISASTERS HOW FIREWORKS HARM NONHUMAN ANIMALS Fireworks and other explosive materials affect animals who live with humans, whose reactions we can easily see. They also harm many more animals in urban and wild environments. Nonhuman animals can experience acute and chronic stress, hearing damage, blindness, lost homes, abandoned children, and sickness or death due to posioning, fright, or disorientation. Read more ANIMALS AND POLITICS WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUSL’UTILITARISME
L’utilitarisme. L’utilitarisme est une théorie éthique selon laquelle nous devrions agir de manière à apporter, engendrer, créer le plus de bonheur possible dans le monde. Cette théorie défend les trois points suivants : (1) La quantité de bonheur (ou la satisfaction des désirs) devrait être la plus importante possible. ETHICAL THEORIES AND NONHUMAN ANIMALS Ethical theories and nonhuman animals. Ethics is a critical reflection on how we should act and why. Animal ethics is the field of ethics that deals with how and why we should take nonhuman animals into account in our moral decisions. Different ethical theories disagree about how we should act in many situations. For example, according tosome
ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being ANIMALS AND POLITICS 1 To start reading about this see: Wolff, J. (2006 ) An introduction to political philosophy, 2 nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press; Lawson, K. (2003 ) The human polity: A comparative introduction to political science, 5 th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin; Miller, D. (2003) Political philosophy: A very short introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press; Zeigler, H. (1990) TheANIMAL BRANDING
Fire. Heat branding is a permanent, painful branding method in which a red-hot iron is applied directly to the animal’s skin. This is a traditional branding method for cows, horses, mules, and buffaloes, although it has also been used on sheeps and goats. Calves and colts are branded before being weaned (at approximately 3-5 months of age NEW TEXTS ABOUT SUFFERING-FOCUSED ETHICS AND Suffering-focused ethics. Suffering-focused ethics is a family of ethical theories according to which reducing suffering should have priority over other issues. THE LEGAL STATUS OF NONHUMAN ANIMALS Changing the legal status of nonhuman animals. For this reason, granting significant legal protection to nonhuman animals can only be done in two ways: (1) Completely changing the legal system by replacing it with a brand new one. (2) Granting nonhuman animals the status of legal rights holders. WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUS What beings are not conscious. Beings that have no centralized nervous systems are not sentient. This includes bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants and certain animals. There is the possibility that a number of animals with very simple centralized nervous systems are not sentient either, but this is an open question and cannot be settled LES ANIMAUX ET LES CATASTROPHES NATURELLES Les animaux et les catastrophes naturelles. Les animaux vivant l’état sauvage sont particulièrement vulnérables aux catastrophes naturelles et aux dommages qui en découlent. Les tremblements de terre, les ouragans, les éruptions volcaniques, les tsunamis et les feux de forêt naturels peuvent avoir des conséquencesdévastatrices.
DIFFÉRENTES THÉORIES ÉTHIQUES Différentes théories éthiques. Selon l’ éthique utilitariste, un résultat optimal est celui qui permet de maximiser la somme de bien-être ou de bonheur de chaque individu. En d’autres termes, si l’on pouvait additionner le bien-être et le mal-être del’ensemble des
L’UTILITARISME
L’utilitarisme. L’utilitarisme est une théorie éthique selon laquelle nous devrions agir de manière à apporter, engendrer, créer le plus de bonheur possible dans le monde. Cette théorie défend les trois points suivants : (1) La quantité de bonheur (ou la satisfaction des désirs) devrait être la plus importante possible. ETHICAL THEORIES AND NONHUMAN ANIMALS Ethical theories and nonhuman animals. Ethics is a critical reflection on how we should act and why. Animal ethics is the field of ethics that deals with how and why we should take nonhuman animals into account in our moral decisions. Different ethical theories disagree about how we should act in many situations. For example, according tosome
ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION The number of animals used in animal experimentation is certainly smaller than that of those used in others such as animal farming or the fishing industry. 1 Yet it has been estimated to be well above 100 million animals who are used every year. 2. The ways in which these animals can be harmed in experimental procedures, also known as VIRTUE ETHICS AND CARE ETHICS ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION DIFFÉRENTES THÉORIES ÉTHIQUES ANIMALS AND POLITICS HOW FIREWORKS HARM NONHUMAN ANIMALS Fireworks and other explosive materials affect animals who live with humans, whose reactions we can easily see. They also harm many more animals in urban and wild environments. Nonhuman animals can experience acute and chronic stress, hearing damage, blindness, lost homes, abandoned children, and sickness or death due to posioning, fright, or disorientation. Read more LES ANIMAUX ET LES CATASTROPHES NATURELLES Les animaux et les catastrophes naturelles. Les animaux vivant l’état sauvage sont particulièrement vulnérables aux catastrophes naturelles et aux dommages qui en découlent. Les tremblements de terre, les ouragans, les éruptions volcaniques, les tsunamis et les feux de forêt naturels peuvent avoir des conséquencesdévastatrices.
ANIMAIS USADOS PARA VESTUÁRIO Animais usados para vestuário. Uma das razões pelas quais os animais não humanos são frequentemente vítimas de sofrimento, privação e morte, é a produção de materiais para vestuário. Consequentemente, o uso de vestuário de origem animal significa um dano para muitos animais que são indivíduos com capacidade de sofrer e desfrutar. ETHICAL THEORIES AND NONHUMAN ANIMALS Ethical theories and nonhuman animals. Ethics is a critical reflection on how we should act and why. Animal ethics is the field of ethics that deals with how and why we should take nonhuman animals into account in our moral decisions. Different ethical theories disagree about how we should act in many situations. For example, according tosome
ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION The number of animals used in animal experimentation is certainly smaller than that of those used in others such as animal farming or the fishing industry. 1 Yet it has been estimated to be well above 100 million animals who are used every year. 2. The ways in which these animals can be harmed in experimental procedures, also known as VIRTUE ETHICS AND CARE ETHICS ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION DIFFÉRENTES THÉORIES ÉTHIQUES ANIMALS AND POLITICS HOW FIREWORKS HARM NONHUMAN ANIMALS Fireworks and other explosive materials affect animals who live with humans, whose reactions we can easily see. They also harm many more animals in urban and wild environments. Nonhuman animals can experience acute and chronic stress, hearing damage, blindness, lost homes, abandoned children, and sickness or death due to posioning, fright, or disorientation. Read more LES ANIMAUX ET LES CATASTROPHES NATURELLES Les animaux et les catastrophes naturelles. Les animaux vivant l’état sauvage sont particulièrement vulnérables aux catastrophes naturelles et aux dommages qui en découlent. Les tremblements de terre, les ouragans, les éruptions volcaniques, les tsunamis et les feux de forêt naturels peuvent avoir des conséquencesdévastatrices.
ANIMAIS USADOS PARA VESTUÁRIO Animais usados para vestuário. Uma das razões pelas quais os animais não humanos são frequentemente vítimas de sofrimento, privação e morte, é a produção de materiais para vestuário. Consequentemente, o uso de vestuário de origem animal significa um dano para muitos animais que são indivíduos com capacidade de sofrer e desfrutar. ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION Animal consciousness and cognition. Animal sentience studies look at nonhuman animals’ ability to have positive and negative experiences. At the most basic level, positive and negative experiences are pain and pleasure, but they can also include psychological states ofsuffering and joy.
ANIMALS AND POLITICS 1 To start reading about this see: Wolff, J. (2006 ) An introduction to political philosophy, 2 nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press; Lawson, K. (2003 ) The human polity: A comparative introduction to political science, 5 th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin; Miller, D. (2003) Political philosophy: A very short introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press; Zeigler, H. (1990) The ANIMALS IN NATURAL DISASTERS Animals in natural disasters. Animals living in the wild are particularly vulnerable in natural disasters. Earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and forest fires can have devastating consequences. Many animals die, drowned or buried alive by dirt, ash, lava, or snow; crushed to death in collapsed or burnt burrows; smashedANIMAL BRANDING
Fire. Heat branding is a permanent, painful branding method in which a red-hot iron is applied directly to the animal’s skin. This is a traditional branding method for cows, horses, mules, and buffaloes, although it has also been used on sheeps and goats. Calves and colts are branded before being weaned (at approximately 3-5 months of age NEW TEXTS ABOUT SUFFERING-FOCUSED ETHICS AND Suffering-focused ethics. Suffering-focused ethics is a family of ethical theories according to which reducing suffering should have priority over other issues. THE LEGAL STATUS OF NONHUMAN ANIMALS Changing the legal status of nonhuman animals. For this reason, granting significant legal protection to nonhuman animals can only be done in two ways: (1) Completely changing the legal system by replacing it with a brand new one. (2) Granting nonhuman animals the status of legal rights holders. FISHING — ANIMAL ETHICS Fishing. Although the use of animals for food products affects many different species including birds and other animals, the largest number of victims are aquatic animals. The total number of fishes and other aquatic animals caught every year is very difficult to calculate. Measurements are usually made in tons, which makes it impossible to determine the exact number of individual animals killed.UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that defends that we should act in ways that bring about as much happiness as possible in the world. This theory defends the following four things: (1) Disvalue (i.e., what is negative) consists in either suffering, that is, negative experiences (for hedonistic utilitarianism) or frustrated TRANSPORT TO THE SLAUGHTERHOUSE The sheer quantity of animals dying during transport gives us an idea of what the experience during the journey to the slaughterhouse must be like. Stress is the biggest factor in the deaths of these animals during their journey. An estimated 47% of animal mortality cases ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 1 Every year tens of billions are killed in slaughterhouses and trillions are fished and killed in fish factories. For estimations regarding this see: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021) “Livestock primary”, FAOSTAT, February 19 .See also Mood, A. & Brooke, P. (2010) “Estimating the number of fish caught in global fishing each year ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITIONUTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that defends that we should act in ways that bring about as much happiness as possiblein the world.
VIRTUE ETHICS AND CARE ETHICS HOW FIREWORKS HARM NONHUMAN ANIMALS Fireworks and other explosive materials affect animals who live with humans, whose reactions we can easily see. They also harm many more animals in urban and wild environments. Nonhuman animals can experience acute and chronic stress, hearing damage, blindness, lost homes, abandoned children, and sickness or death due to posioning, fright, or disorientation. Read moreCONTRACTARIANISM
Further readings. Arneson, R. (2002) “The end of welfare as we know it? Scanlon versus welfarist consequentialism”, Social Theory and Practice, 28, pp. 315-336 WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUSCHICKENS AND HENS
Chickens and hens. About 50 billion chickens and hens are killed each year across the world. Their massive exploitation has resulted in their becoming the most numerous bird species in the world. VIEWS SUPPORTING SPECIESISM In our section about animals and ethics we include several texts explaining the arguments for rejecting speciesism.These arguments have been used by different animal ethicists to oppose discrimination against nonhuman animals. However, the idea that such discrimination should be rejected is still far from widely accepted. ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 1 Every year tens of billions are killed in slaughterhouses and trillions are fished and killed in fish factories. For estimations regarding this see: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021) “Livestock primary”, FAOSTAT, February 19 .See also Mood, A. & Brooke, P. (2010) “Estimating the number of fish caught in global fishing each year ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITIONUTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that defends that we should act in ways that bring about as much happiness as possiblein the world.
VIRTUE ETHICS AND CARE ETHICS HOW FIREWORKS HARM NONHUMAN ANIMALS Fireworks and other explosive materials affect animals who live with humans, whose reactions we can easily see. They also harm many more animals in urban and wild environments. Nonhuman animals can experience acute and chronic stress, hearing damage, blindness, lost homes, abandoned children, and sickness or death due to posioning, fright, or disorientation. Read moreCONTRACTARIANISM
Further readings. Arneson, R. (2002) “The end of welfare as we know it? Scanlon versus welfarist consequentialism”, Social Theory and Practice, 28, pp. 315-336 WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUSCHICKENS AND HENS
Chickens and hens. About 50 billion chickens and hens are killed each year across the world. Their massive exploitation has resulted in their becoming the most numerous bird species in the world. VIEWS SUPPORTING SPECIESISM In our section about animals and ethics we include several texts explaining the arguments for rejecting speciesism.These arguments have been used by different animal ethicists to oppose discrimination against nonhuman animals. However, the idea that such discrimination should be rejected is still far from widely accepted. ETHICAL THEORIES AND NONHUMAN ANIMALS Ethical theories and nonhuman animals. Ethics is a critical reflection on how we should act and why. Animal ethics is the field of ethics that deals with how and why we should take nonhuman animals into account in our moral decisions. WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUS What beings are not conscious. Beings that have no centralized nervous systems are not sentient. This includes bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants and certain animals. ANIMALS AND POLITICS 1 To start reading about this see: Wolff, J. (2006 ) An introduction to political philosophy, 2 nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press; Lawson, K. (2003 ) The human polity: A comparative introduction to political science, 5 th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin; Miller, D. (2003) Political philosophy: A very short introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press; Zeigler, H. (1990) TheANIMAL INTERESTS
Animal interests. The term “interest” is used to describe what is beneficial for someone. That is, in other words, what promotes what is good for anyone whose life can go well or ill. NEW TEXTS ABOUT SUFFERING-FOCUSED ETHICS AND Suffering-focused ethics. Suffering-focused ethics is a family of ethical theories according to which reducing suffering should have priority over other issues. VIEWS SUPPORTING SPECIESISM In our section about animals and ethics we include several texts explaining the arguments for rejecting speciesism.These arguments have been used by different animal ethicists to oppose discrimination against nonhuman animals. However, the idea that such discrimination should be rejected is still far from widely accepted. ANIMALS KEPT AS COMPANIONS OR FOR LEISURE Animals kept as companions or for leisure. Many animals are bred and bought because people like to spend part of their free time with them. These are sold as “companion animals.” EXPLOITATION OF COWS, CALVES AND STEERS Exploitation of cows, calves and steers. Cows and their sons, calves and steers, are exploited for several purposes. Cows are kept to produce milk, for which they are kept in a continuous reproductive cycle: they give birth to calves from which they are separated shortlyafter, and
L’UTILITARISME
L’utilitarisme est une théorie éthique selon laquelle nous devrions agir de manière à apporter, engendrer, créer le plus de bonheur possible dans le monde.SPORT FISHING
Further readings. Balon, E. K. (2000) “Defending fishes against recreational fishing: An old problem to be solved in the new millennium”, Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57, pp. 1-8. Burns, K. M. & Restrepo, V. (2002) “Survival of reef fish after rapid depressurization: Field and laboratory studies”, American Fisheries Society Symposium, 30, pp. 148-151. ETHICAL THEORIES AND NONHUMAN ANIMALS Ethical theories and nonhuman animals. Ethics is a critical reflection on how we should act and why. Animal ethics is the field of ethics that deals with how and why we should take nonhuman animals into account in our moral decisions. Different ethical theories disagree about how we should act in many situations. For example, according tosome
ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION The number of animals used in animal experimentation is certainly smaller than that of those used in others such as animal farming or the fishing industry. 1 Yet it has been estimated to be well above 100 million animals who are used every year. 2. The ways in which these animals can be harmed in experimental procedures, also known as VIRTUE ETHICS AND CARE ETHICS THE SITUATION OF ANIMALS IN THE WILD Animals who survive face many threats to their lives and natural harms are part of their everyday experience. This includes physical injuries, illness, hunger, malnutrition and thirst, and psychological stress. Being concerned about the situation of animals in the wild differs from having conservationist views, though the two are oftenconfused.
UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that defends that we should act in ways that bring about as much happiness as possible in the world. This theory defends the following four things: (1) Disvalue (i.e., what is negative) consists in either suffering, that is, negative experiences (for hedonistic utilitarianism) or frustrated ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION HOW FIREWORKS HARM NONHUMAN ANIMALS Fireworks and other explosive materials affect animals who live with humans, whose reactions we can easily see. They also harm many more animals in urban and wild environments. Nonhuman animals can experience acute and chronic stress, hearing damage, blindness, lost homes, abandoned children, and sickness or death due to posioning, fright, or disorientation. Read more WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUSFISH FARMING
Fish farming is the practice of raising and killing fishes and other animals (such as crustacea and amphibians), mainly for food. Fish farming has been growing significantly for many decades. Between 1970 and 2006 the industry grew at a rate of 6.9% per annum, 1 and in recent years close to half of the marine animal products eaten byhumans has
ETHICAL THEORIES AND NONHUMAN ANIMALS Ethical theories and nonhuman animals. Ethics is a critical reflection on how we should act and why. Animal ethics is the field of ethics that deals with how and why we should take nonhuman animals into account in our moral decisions. Different ethical theories disagree about how we should act in many situations. For example, according tosome
ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION The number of animals used in animal experimentation is certainly smaller than that of those used in others such as animal farming or the fishing industry. 1 Yet it has been estimated to be well above 100 million animals who are used every year. 2. The ways in which these animals can be harmed in experimental procedures, also known as VIRTUE ETHICS AND CARE ETHICS THE SITUATION OF ANIMALS IN THE WILD Animals who survive face many threats to their lives and natural harms are part of their everyday experience. This includes physical injuries, illness, hunger, malnutrition and thirst, and psychological stress. Being concerned about the situation of animals in the wild differs from having conservationist views, though the two are oftenconfused.
UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that defends that we should act in ways that bring about as much happiness as possible in the world. This theory defends the following four things: (1) Disvalue (i.e., what is negative) consists in either suffering, that is, negative experiences (for hedonistic utilitarianism) or frustrated ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION HOW FIREWORKS HARM NONHUMAN ANIMALS Fireworks and other explosive materials affect animals who live with humans, whose reactions we can easily see. They also harm many more animals in urban and wild environments. Nonhuman animals can experience acute and chronic stress, hearing damage, blindness, lost homes, abandoned children, and sickness or death due to posioning, fright, or disorientation. Read more WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUSFISH FARMING
Fish farming is the practice of raising and killing fishes and other animals (such as crustacea and amphibians), mainly for food. Fish farming has been growing significantly for many decades. Between 1970 and 2006 the industry grew at a rate of 6.9% per annum, 1 and in recent years close to half of the marine animal products eaten byhumans has
ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUS What beings are not conscious. Beings that have no centralized nervous systems are not sentient. This includes bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants and certain animals. There is the possibility that a number of animals with very simple centralized nervous systems are not sentient either, but this is an open question and cannot be settled ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION Animal consciousness and cognition. Animal sentience studies look at nonhuman animals’ ability to have positive and negative experiences. At the most basic level, positive and negative experiences are pain and pleasure, but they can also include psychological states ofsuffering and joy.
ANIMALS AND POLITICS 1 To start reading about this see: Wolff, J. (2006 ) An introduction to political philosophy, 2 nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press; Lawson, K. (2003 ) The human polity: A comparative introduction to political science, 5 th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin; Miller, D. (2003) Political philosophy: A very short introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press; Zeigler, H. (1990) The ANIMALS IN NATURAL DISASTERS Animals in natural disasters. Animals living in the wild are particularly vulnerable in natural disasters. Earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and forest fires can have devastating consequences. Many animals die, drowned or buried alive by dirt, ash, lava, or snow; crushed to death in collapsed or burnt burrows; smashedCONTRACTARIANISM
This was pointed out in the 70s by Donald VanDeVeer, 5 and has been stressed, in particular, by contractarian theorist Mark Rowlands. 6. Hence we can conclude that contemporary contractarianism, like other ethical theories, is incompatible with the moral exclusion of nonhuman animals, and at odds with speciesism.FISH FARMING
Fish farming is the practice of raising and killing fishes and other animals (such as crustacea and amphibians), mainly for food. Fish farming has been growing significantly for many decades. Between 1970 and 2006 the industry grew at a rate of 6.9% per annum, 1 and in recent years close to half of the marine animal products eaten byhumans has
CHICKENS AND HENS
The lives of chickens and hens are short and full of suffering. The vast majority raised for their flesh or eggs live crammed together in tiny spaces. They only see sunlight when they are taken to a slaughterhouse. They live under artificial light, which results in more economically profitable exploitation, but alters the hens andchickens
VIEWS SUPPORTING SPECIESISM Views supporting speciesism. 29 Jun 2017. In our section about animals and ethics we include several texts explaining the arguments for rejecting speciesism. These arguments have been used by different animal ethicists to oppose discrimination against nonhuman animals. However, the idea that such discrimination should be rejected is stillfar
ANIMAIS USADOS PARA ENTRETENIMIENTO Animais usados para entretenimento. Os animais não humanos são explorados e mortos para entretenimento de muitos modos. O mais significativo deles é sob a forma da caça e, em especial, da pesca esportiva. Além disso, em todo o mundo existem espetáculos em que animais não humanos são forçados a participar. ETHICAL THEORIES AND NONHUMAN ANIMALS Ethical theories and nonhuman animals. Ethics is a critical reflection on how we should act and why. Animal ethics is the field of ethics that deals with how and why we should take nonhuman animals into account in our moral decisions. Different ethical theories disagree about how we should act in many situations. For example, according tosome
ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION The number of animals used in animal experimentation is certainly smaller than that of those used in others such as animal farming or the fishing industry. 1 Yet it has been estimated to be well above 100 million animals who are used every year. 2. The ways in which these animals can be harmed in experimental procedures, also known as VIRTUE ETHICS AND CARE ETHICS THE SITUATION OF ANIMALS IN THE WILD Animals who survive face many threats to their lives and natural harms are part of their everyday experience. This includes physical injuries, illness, hunger, malnutrition and thirst, and psychological stress. Being concerned about the situation of animals in the wild differs from having conservationist views, though the two are oftenconfused.
UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that defends that we should act in ways that bring about as much happiness as possible in the world. This theory defends the following four things: (1) Disvalue (i.e., what is negative) consists in either suffering, that is, negative experiences (for hedonistic utilitarianism) or frustrated ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION HOW FIREWORKS HARM NONHUMAN ANIMALS Fireworks and other explosive materials affect animals who live with humans, whose reactions we can easily see. They also harm many more animals in urban and wild environments. Nonhuman animals can experience acute and chronic stress, hearing damage, blindness, lost homes, abandoned children, and sickness or death due to posioning, fright, or disorientation. Read more WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUSFISH FARMING
Fish farming is the practice of raising and killing fishes and other animals (such as crustacea and amphibians), mainly for food. Fish farming has been growing significantly for many decades. Between 1970 and 2006 the industry grew at a rate of 6.9% per annum, 1 and in recent years close to half of the marine animal products eaten byhumans has
ETHICAL THEORIES AND NONHUMAN ANIMALS Ethical theories and nonhuman animals. Ethics is a critical reflection on how we should act and why. Animal ethics is the field of ethics that deals with how and why we should take nonhuman animals into account in our moral decisions. Different ethical theories disagree about how we should act in many situations. For example, according tosome
ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION The number of animals used in animal experimentation is certainly smaller than that of those used in others such as animal farming or the fishing industry. 1 Yet it has been estimated to be well above 100 million animals who are used every year. 2. The ways in which these animals can be harmed in experimental procedures, also known as VIRTUE ETHICS AND CARE ETHICS THE SITUATION OF ANIMALS IN THE WILD Animals who survive face many threats to their lives and natural harms are part of their everyday experience. This includes physical injuries, illness, hunger, malnutrition and thirst, and psychological stress. Being concerned about the situation of animals in the wild differs from having conservationist views, though the two are oftenconfused.
UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that defends that we should act in ways that bring about as much happiness as possible in the world. This theory defends the following four things: (1) Disvalue (i.e., what is negative) consists in either suffering, that is, negative experiences (for hedonistic utilitarianism) or frustrated ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION HOW FIREWORKS HARM NONHUMAN ANIMALS Fireworks and other explosive materials affect animals who live with humans, whose reactions we can easily see. They also harm many more animals in urban and wild environments. Nonhuman animals can experience acute and chronic stress, hearing damage, blindness, lost homes, abandoned children, and sickness or death due to posioning, fright, or disorientation. Read more WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUSFISH FARMING
Fish farming is the practice of raising and killing fishes and other animals (such as crustacea and amphibians), mainly for food. Fish farming has been growing significantly for many decades. Between 1970 and 2006 the industry grew at a rate of 6.9% per annum, 1 and in recent years close to half of the marine animal products eaten byhumans has
ANIMAL EXPLOITATION: INTRODUCTION Animal exploitation: Introduction. Billions of animals are killed every year by humans for the sake of our own benefit. In addition, they are also made to suffer in terrible ways. They are captured, or they are farmed in uncomfortable and stressful conditions, being WHAT BEINGS ARE NOT CONSCIOUS What beings are not conscious. Beings that have no centralized nervous systems are not sentient. This includes bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants and certain animals. There is the possibility that a number of animals with very simple centralized nervous systems are not sentient either, but this is an open question and cannot be settled ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND COGNITION Animal consciousness and cognition. Animal sentience studies look at nonhuman animals’ ability to have positive and negative experiences. At the most basic level, positive and negative experiences are pain and pleasure, but they can also include psychological states ofsuffering and joy.
ANIMALS AND POLITICS 1 To start reading about this see: Wolff, J. (2006 ) An introduction to political philosophy, 2 nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press; Lawson, K. (2003 ) The human polity: A comparative introduction to political science, 5 th ed., Boston: Houghton Mifflin; Miller, D. (2003) Political philosophy: A very short introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press; Zeigler, H. (1990) The ANIMALS IN NATURAL DISASTERS Animals in natural disasters. Animals living in the wild are particularly vulnerable in natural disasters. Earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and forest fires can have devastating consequences. Many animals die, drowned or buried alive by dirt, ash, lava, or snow; crushed to death in collapsed or burnt burrows; smashedCONTRACTARIANISM
This was pointed out in the 70s by Donald VanDeVeer, 5 and has been stressed, in particular, by contractarian theorist Mark Rowlands. 6. Hence we can conclude that contemporary contractarianism, like other ethical theories, is incompatible with the moral exclusion of nonhuman animals, and at odds with speciesism.FISH FARMING
Fish farming is the practice of raising and killing fishes and other animals (such as crustacea and amphibians), mainly for food. Fish farming has been growing significantly for many decades. Between 1970 and 2006 the industry grew at a rate of 6.9% per annum, 1 and in recent years close to half of the marine animal products eaten byhumans has
CHICKENS AND HENS
The lives of chickens and hens are short and full of suffering. The vast majority raised for their flesh or eggs live crammed together in tiny spaces. They only see sunlight when they are taken to a slaughterhouse. They live under artificial light, which results in more economically profitable exploitation, but alters the hens andchickens
VIEWS SUPPORTING SPECIESISM Views supporting speciesism. 29 Jun 2017. In our section about animals and ethics we include several texts explaining the arguments for rejecting speciesism. These arguments have been used by different animal ethicists to oppose discrimination against nonhuman animals. However, the idea that such discrimination should be rejected is stillfar
ANIMAIS USADOS PARA ENTRETENIMIENTO Animais usados para entretenimento. Os animais não humanos são explorados e mortos para entretenimento de muitos modos. O mais significativo deles é sob a forma da caça e, em especial, da pesca esportiva. Além disso, em todo o mundo existem espetáculos em que animais não humanos são forçados a participar.* 中文 (中国)
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LITERATURE REVIEW ABOUT INVERTEBRATE SENTIENCE Animal Ethics has released a review of the neuroscientific literature related to the topic of invertebrate sentience. The review examines three main features of nervous systems which are likely to be useful to our understanding of invertebrate sentience: number of neurons in the brain, presence of specific brain structures, and degree of centralization. Read more Latest publicationsMore posts on our blog >>> A NEW ARTICLE ABOUT HOW FIREWORKS HARM NONHUMAN ANIMALS OF ALL SIZES Fireworks can cause psychological and physical harm to nonhuman animals in many ways, affecting far more animals than just those who live with humans. Read more ANIMAL ETHICS IS HIRING A WELFARE BIOLOGY RESEARCH AND OUTREACHCOORDINATOR
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Featured articlesWhere to start >>> WHAT IS SENTIENCE, AND WHY DOES IT MATTER? Sentience is the reason to respect other beings, and all the evidences indicate that vertebrates and a large number of invertebrates aresentient. Read more
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The plight of nonhuman animals & how to helpANIMAL EXPLOITATION
The situation of animals used and killed by humans, although often ignored, is terrible for them to suffer. Animals in their billions are forced to live lives of confinement, filled with pain, boredom and fear, or are captured and deprived of their lives in very painfulways.
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DEFENDING ANIMALS
All around the world there are people helping and defending animals, including those who are exploited by humans and those in need of aid in the wild. You can make a difference too by rejecting animal exploitation and by collaborating with organizations opposingspeciesism.
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ANIMALS IN THE WILD
Many people are learning that the rosy view of nature as a paradise for animals is wrong. Most animals in the wild die shortly after coming into existence, and suffer due to injuries, disease, hunger, hostile weather, attacks or distress. In some cases they can be aided,though.
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ETHICS & ANIMALS
The moral consideration of nonhuman animals can be defended as they are sentient beings, due to which our actions can harm or benefit them. None of the arguments in support of speciesism succeed. This can be claimed regardless of the particular ethical theory we accept.Read more
ANIMAL SENTIENCE
Sentience is what matters when we consider which beings to give moral consideration to. Due to this, we need to study the issues of what physical structures are necessary for sentience, which beings are sentient, and what interests sentient beings may have.Read more
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