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SURGERY | SUMMARY
A leading educational and public engagement platform exploring the people, places and technologies that have enabled biotechnology to transform our healthcare and the world we live in today SCALING UP PRODUCTION: THE THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODY CENTRE The Centre was facilitated by £1.4 million from the MRC and the Wellcome Foundation. The MRC also paid £400,000 to cover the capital cost of setting up TAC and was to provide £200,000 annually to cover the running costs over 5 years. Additional funds were secured from the Kay Kendall Trust, which helped cover the costs for the production of SCALING UP PRODUCTION: THE THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODY CENTRE The Centre was facilitated by £1.4 million from the MRC and the Wellcome Foundation. The MRC also paid £400,000 to cover the capital cost of setting up TAC and was to provide £200,000 annually to cover the running costs over 5 years. Additional funds were secured from the Kay Kendall Trust, which helped cover the costs for the production ofSURGERY | SUMMARY
A leading educational and public engagement platform exploring the people, places and technologies that have enabled biotechnology to transform our healthcare and the world we live in todayGENE THERAPY
GENE THERAPY
PROFESSOR JENNIFER DOUDNA Profile: Doudna first made her name uncovering the basic structure and function of the first ribozyme, a type of catalytic ribonucleic acid (RNA) that helps catalyse chemical reactions. This work helped lay the foundation for her later helping to pioneer CRISPR-Cas 9, a tool that has provided the means to edit genes on an unprecedented scale and atminimal cost.
SCALING UP PRODUCTION: THE THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODY CENTRE In September 1990, after three years of planning, the Cambridge group opened what was to be called the Therapeutic Antibody Centre (TAC). The Centre was facilitated by £1.4 million from the MRC and the Wellcome Foundation. SCALING UP PRODUCTION: THE THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODY CENTRE In September 1990, after three years of planning, the Cambridge group opened what was to be called the Therapeutic Antibody Centre (TAC). The Centre was facilitated by £1.4 million from the MRC and the Wellcome Foundation.SURGERY | SUMMARY
A leading educational and public engagement platform exploring the people, places and technologies that have enabled biotechnology to transform our healthcare and the world we live in today SCALING UP PRODUCTION: THE THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODY CENTRE The Centre was facilitated by £1.4 million from the MRC and the Wellcome Foundation. The MRC also paid £400,000 to cover the capital cost of setting up TAC and was to provide £200,000 annually to cover the running costs over 5 years. Additional funds were secured from the Kay Kendall Trust, which helped cover the costs for the production of SCALING UP PRODUCTION: THE THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODY CENTRE The Centre was facilitated by £1.4 million from the MRC and the Wellcome Foundation. The MRC also paid £400,000 to cover the capital cost of setting up TAC and was to provide £200,000 annually to cover the running costs over 5 years. Additional funds were secured from the Kay Kendall Trust, which helped cover the costs for the production of PHYSIOLOGY | SUMMARY Walter B Cannon was born in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, USA. 26 Sep 1886. Archibald Vivian Hill was born in Bristol, UKDONATE
ACROSS THE WORLD ANTI-SCIENCE SCEPTICISM IS ON THE RISE. HELP US PUSH BACK AGAINST THIS WORRYING TREND BY EDUCATING PEOPLE ABOUT THE SCIENCE BEHIND MANY OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES. YOU CAN SUPPORT US FROM AS LITTLE AS $1. What is Biotechnologywhat is
biotechnology?
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WHATISBIOTECHNOLOGY IS A LEADING EDUCATIONAL AND PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT PLATFORM THAT BRINGS TOGETHER THE STORIES ABOUT THE SCIENCES, PEOPLE AND PLACES THAT HAVE ENABLED BIOTECHNOLOGY TO TRANSFORM MEDICINE AND THE WORLD WE LIVE IN TODAY Click here if you would prefer a plain version of this page THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC As part of our mission to educate we have started to cover the COVID-19 pandemic focusing on the diagnostics, vaccines and treatments being developed across the world and the scientists at the front of the battle to identify and treat the virus. We will be running regularly updated COVID-19 briefings and developing resources and materials about COVID-19. Click here to access those COVID-19 relatedresources .
COVID-19 BRIEFING FOR 9TH MAY 2020 This latest briefing highlights that over 3,000 healthcare workers have now been screened for COVID-19 since the research laboratory in Cambridge set up its diagnostic testing facilities at the beginning of April. While not yet published, the data collected is important because it represents one of the largest screening datasets of asymptomatic healthcare workers in the world. One of the highlights in the data collected in the last few days is that many of the workers who test positive are probably at the tail end of their infection. This suggests that there are now less infections in the community as a result of the lock down. The briefing also discusses a study launched in Vietnam in 2012 that can provide important lessons in terms of what strategy can be used in the future to follow the transmission of animal viruses infections into humans which is vital in terms of limiting the toll of Covid-19 and other potential pandemics. Read thisCOVID-19 Briefing .
WOMEN IN BIOTECHNOLOGY We are pleased to publish some reflections from women about what they see as the most important change for women in the life sciences and healthcare sector in recent years. Click here to see their comments and contribute your own reflections.
This is part of an ongoing public engagement project to champion the contributions of women in the biomedical sciences. Click here to find out more about this project. Find out about
some of the hidden women at the cutting edge of the science by visiting our profiles of some of the women who have helped shapebiotechnology
. Click
here to see a timeline of initiatives implemented to promote gender equality in the biomedical sciences.
Click here to see a timeline of some some key biomedical discoveries in which women played a pivotal role.
THIS DAY IN BIOTECHNOLOGY The following events took place on this day (16th May) in years past: 1845-05-16T00:00:00+0000Pasteur Institute ILYA ILYICH MECHNIKOV WAS BORN IN KHARKOV (NOW KHARKIV), RUSSIAN EMPIRE (NOW UKRAINE) (1845) Mechnikov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1908 for his discovery of phagocytes (macrophages), a type of immune cell that protects the body by ingesting harmful foreign substances like bacteria and dead or dying cells. He made the discovery in 1882 while studying an unusual group of cells that clustered around thorns he pinned into starfish larvae. Based on this work he hypothesised that inflammation resulted from the process by which white blood cells attacked and destroyed bacteria. The scientific community took time to accept this idea. Sciences: Immunology.
1947-05-16T00:00:00+0000Cambridge University FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS DIED (1947) Hopkins was a British biochemist who shared the 1929 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering vitamins and demonstrating they are an important nutrient in the diet. This was based on experiments he carried out on rats in 1901. He also helped establish the chemistry of muscle contraction, showing that lactic acid accumulates in working muscle in 1907. In 1922 he isolated and demonstrated the importance of tripeptide gluathione to the utilisation of oxygen by the cell. Sciences: Biochemistry,
Cell
.
THE SCIENCES
Visit our science section to explore some of the most important sciences behind biotechnology and medicine including: Transgenicanimals
.
Transgenic animals are those that have had their genes deliberately altered to give them specific characteristics they would not otherwise possess naturally. Such genetically modified animals play a pivotal role in determining the genetic cause of disease and the discovery and testing of new treatments. Click here to learn more about transgenicanimals
.
click here to browse all the sciencesSPECIAL EXHIBITIONS
Ever wanted to tread in the footsteps of scientists to understand how they come up with new ideas in the laboratory and translate these into new products for patients? You can do this by visiting our special exhibitions section. Using photographs, laboratory notebooks and other historical sources, these exhibitions bring to life some of this process. See for yourself some of the ups and downs the scientists have faced along the way. SEATTLE GENETICS: A CASE STUDY OF DRUG DEVELOPMENT Drug discovery and development is a very complex process. Getting a drug to market can take years, even decades, and involves many scientific, financial and regulatory hurdles. This makes drug discovery and development a highly risky and a long and expensive business. Many drugs that appear promising in the laboratory fall by the wayside in clinical trials because they prove unsafe or ineffective. A great deal of money can thus be invested by a company in a drug candidate with little return. In this exhibition we follow the complex process of drug discovery and development through the story of Seattle Genetics, a small American biotechnology company set up in 1998 to develop cancer therapeutics. As the exhibition reveals, the success of drug development is not only reliant on scientific and clinical progress. Securing enough funding and the right partners is also essential to the process. Click here to view the exhibition Click here to view the exhibition THE PATH TO DNA SEQUENCING: THE LIFE AND WORK OF FREDERICK SANGER One of the most important tools in biotechnology and medicine today is DNA sequencing, invented by Frederick Sanger, a British biochemist. This exhibition follows the journey of Sanger starting in the 1940s when he began looking for ways to decipher the composition of proteins through to his development of DNA sequencing in the 1970s. Come see the time-consuming and painstaking steps Sanger went through to perfect the DNA sequencing technique and the many different areas of medicine where DNA sequencing is now being applied all the way from the Human Genome Project through to cancer and antimicrobialresistance.
Click here to view the exhibition Click here to view the exhibition THE LIFE STORY OF A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY A third of all new medicines introduced into the world today are monoclonal antibodies, many of which go on to become blockbuster drugs. This exhibition is the story of how one specific monoclonal antibody, the oldest humanised monoclonal antibody created with therapeutic potential, moved from the laboratory bench through to the clinic and the impact it has had on patients' lives. The antibody, which originated from the CAMbridge PATHology family of antibodies, started life in 1979 not as a therapeutic, but as a laboratory tool for understanding the immune system. Within a short time, however, the antibody, YTH66.9, was being used to improve the success of bone marrow transplants and as a treatment for leukaemia, lymphoma, vasculitis, organ transplants and multiple sclerosis. Highlighting the many twists and turns that this monoclonal antibody took over time, this exhibition explores the multitude of actors and events involved in the making of a biotechnology drug. Click here to view the exhibition Click here to view the exhibition A HEALTHCARE REVOLUTION IN THE MAKING: THE STORY OF CÉSAR MILSTEIN AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES Today monoclonal antibodies are indispensable to medicine. They are not only used as therapeutics, comprising six out of ten of the best selling drugs in the world, but are also critical to unravelling the pathways of disease and integral components of diagnostic tests. Yet, the story of how these unsung microscopic heroes came into the world and helped change healthcare remains largely untold. The journey of monoclonal antibodies all started when an Argentinian émigré called César Milstein arrived at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, the same laboratory where Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA. This exhibition tells the story of how Milstein came to develop monoclonal antibodies and demonstrated their clinical application for the first time. Click here to view the exhibition Click here to view the exhibitionTHE PEOPLE
Exploring the lives and works of the leading people from across the world like Rosalind Franklin (pictured) whose efforts have helped build biotechnology into a world changing science. Rosalind Franklin (Born:1920-07-25T00:00:00+00001920 - Died: 1958-04-16T00:00:00+00001958) Rosalind Franklin was an x-ray crystallographer whose work helped uncover the double-helix structure of DNA. Click here to learn more about Rosalind Franklin.
click here to browse all the peopleTHE PLACES
Exploring the places and institutions, and people working in them, across the world like Laboratory of Molecular Biology (pictured) where the science of biotechnology has been developed. A pioneer in the field of molecular biology, the Laboratory of Molecular Biology was the place where the helix-structure of DNA was finally determined and where the first long-surviving monoclonal antibodies were created. Click here to learn more about Laboratory of MolecularBiology
.
click here to browse all the placesTIMELINE
An ever-growing list of events, currently 2216 events, that have contributed to the growth of biotechnology. Click here to browse thetimeline .
For timelines for specific sciences click here: antibodies,
CRISPR-Cas9
,
genetics
,
gene therapy
,
immunotherapy
,
monoclonal antibodies,
vaccines
,
virology
.
For timelines for specific places click here: Cambridge University,
Harvard University
,
The Laboratory of Molecular Biology,
The Pasteur Institute,
Rockefeller University,
The Wistar Institute.
For timelines for specific people click here: Cesar Milstein,
Fred Sanger
,
Donall Thomas
,
Herman Waldmann
.
THE UNTOLD STORY OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES Yale University Press 2015-06-30 9780300167733 Yale University Press has announced the publication of The Lock and Key of Medicine: Monoclonal Antibodies and the Transformation of Healthcare by Lara V. Marks (Yale University Press,
Amazon
).
Forty years ago, viable monoclonal antibodies, imperceptibly small 'magic bullets', became available for the first time. First produced in 1975 by César Milstein and Georges Köhler at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England (where Watson and Crick unraveled the structure of DNA), Mabs have had a phenomenally far-reaching effect on our society and daily life. The Lock and Key of Medicine is the first book to tell the extraordinary yet unheralded history of monoclonal antibodies, or Mabs. Though unfamiliar to most nonscientists, these microscopic protein molecules are everywhere, quietly shaping our lives and healthcare. They have radically changed understandings of the pathways of disease, enabling faster, cheaper, and more accurate clinical diagnostic testing. Historian of medicine Lara V. Marks recounts the risks and opposition that a daring handful of individuals faced while discovering and developing Mabs, and she addresses the related scientific, medical, technological, business, and social challenges that arose. She offers a saga of entrepreneurs who ultimately changed the healthcare landscape and brought untold relief to millions of patients. Even so, controversies over Mabs remain, which the author explores through the current debates on their cost-effectiveness. ENGINEERING HEALTH: HOW BIOTECHNOLOGY CHANGED MEDICINE The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017-10-27 978-1-78262-084-6 The Royal Society of Chemistry has announced the publication of Engineering Health: How Biotechnology Changed Medicine edited by Lara V. Marks (The Royal Society of Chemistry). Written in
an accessible style, experts trace the development of biotechnologies like stem cells, gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies and synthetic biology and how these are reshaping the diagnostic and therapeuticlandscape.
Building on material from this website, this book shows the challenges behind the application of biotechnology to medicine. With medicines increasingly shifting from small organic molecules to large, complex structures, such as therapeutic proteins, drugs have become more difficult to make, administer and regulate. This book will intrigue anyone interested in the past, present and future of how we engineer better health for ourselves. The rise of biotechnology has major implications for how and where drugs are manufactured, the cost of medicine and how far society is prepared to go to combat disease. CELEBRATING THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES It is now over 40 years since César Milstein and Georges Kohler published their technique for producing monoclonal antibodies. To celebrate the occasion we invite you to watch the film _Un Fuegito_ about the life and work of Milstein, produced by Ana Fraile, Pulpofilms. The film, which you can find on vimeo.com , has been released to help raise funds for a new educational film to promote greater understanding about monoclonal antibodies and how they have transformed the lives of millions of patients across the world. THE DEBATE: GENOME EDITING SCIENTISTS have recently begun to adopt a new technique for genetic engineering, called CRISPR-Cas9, in a wide number fields ranging from agriculture to medicine. Part of its attraction is that it permits genetic engineering on an unprecedented scale and at a very low cost. The technique is already being used in a variety of fields (click here for more information about CRISPR-Cas9).
But because of its potential to modify DNA in human embryos, it has prompted calls for a public debate about where the technology should be applied. Researchers working with WhatIsBiotechnology.org recently ran a pilot survey to gather people's views on the new technology. Dr Lara Marks, Managing Editor of WhatisBiotechnology.org and historian of medicine and Dr Silvia Camporesi, bioethicist at King's College London, led the project. Some 567 people contributed to the debate. The analysis of their contributions is available on this page.
FORTHCOMING PROJECTS We are developing a number of new and exciting projects with highly talented partners and collaborators. These include one with Professor Gordon Dougan and his team at Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre to raise awareness about the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the efforts scientists are now taking to curb its spread in both the hospital setting and out in the community and another with St Saviour's and St Olave's School and Create Fertility to bring to life the history behind IVF to improve young people’s understanding about the challenge of infertility and the science behind its treatment. We are also developing a project with the Education Development Center and the Hepatitis B Foundation to raise greater awareness about how vaccines are made and work to prevent disease, starting with the story of the hepatitis B vaccine. Respond to or comment on this page on our feeds on Facebook,
Instagram or Twitter.
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