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entwickelt, von
VISUALGO - MÁSCARA DE BIT (MANIPULACIÓN DE BITS) Bitmask provide an efficient way to manipulate a small set of Booleans.By using bitwise operations, Boolean flags can be checked, turned on (or turned off) easily and quickly. It can be used in various algorithms such as the Dynamic Programming solution for Travelling Salesman Problem to speed up crucial (small) set-based operations.Click 'Next' (on the top right)/press 'Page Down' toadvance
VISUALGO - VISUALISING DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMSVISU ALGO NETTRANSLATIONTRAININGRECURSION TREE/DAGBITMASKHASH TABLE VisuAlgo was conceptualised in 2011 by Dr Steven Halim as a tool to help his students better understand data structures and algorithms, by allowing them to learn the basics on their own and at their own pace. Together with his students from the National University of Singapore, a series of visualisations were developed and consolidated, from simple sorting algorithms to complex graph data VISUALGO - GRAPH TRAVERSAL (DEPTH/BREADTH FIRST SEARCH)RECURSION TREE AND DAGGRAPH DATA STRUCTURESVISUALGOSTATISTICSLOGINQUEUE Given a graph, we can use the O(V+E) DFS (Depth-First Search) or BFS (Breadth-First Search) algorithm to traverse the graph and explore the features/properties of the graph. Each algorithm has its own characteristics, features, and side-effects that we will explore in this visualization.This visualization is rich with a lot of DFS and BFS variants (all run in O(V+E)) such as: Topological Sort VISUALGO - NETWORK FLOW (MAX FLOW, MIN CUT) Maximum (Max) Flow is one of the problems in the family of problems involving flow in networks.In Max Flow problem, we aim to find the maximum flow from a particular source vertex s to a particular sink vertex t in a weighted directed graph G.There are several algorithms for finding the maximum flow including Ford Fulkerson's method, Edmonds Karp's algorithm, and Dinic's algorithm (there are VISUALGO - BINARY SEARCH TREE, AVL TREE A Binary Search Tree (BST) is a binary tree in which each vertex has only up to 2 children that satisfies BST property: All vertices in the left subtree of a vertex must hold a value smaller than its own and all vertices in the right subtree of a vertex must hold a value larger than its own (we have assumption that all values are distinct integers in this visualization and small tweak is VISUALGO - BINARY HEAP (PRIORITY QUEUE) A Binary (Max) Heap is a complete binary tree that maintains the Max Heap property. Binary Heap is one possible data structure to model an efficient Priority Queue (PQ) Abstract Data Type (ADT). In a PQ, each element has a "priority" and an element with higher priority is served before an element with lower priority (ties are broken with standard First-In First-Out (FIFO) rule as with normal VISUALGO - BINARY SEARCH TREE, AVL TREE A Binary Search Tree (BST) is a binary tree in which each vertex has only up to 2 children that satisfies BST property: All vertices in the left subtree of a vertex must hold a value smaller than its own and all vertices in the right subtree of a vertex must hold a value larger than its own (we have assumption that all values are distinct integers in this visualization and small tweak is VISUALGO - METRIC NO REPEAT TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM Traveling salesman problem: TSP is a problem that tries to find a tour of minimum cost that visits every city once. In this visualization, it is assumed that the underlying graph is a complete graph with (near-)metric distance (meaning the distance function satisfies the triangle inequality) by taking the distance of two points and round it to the nearest integer. VISUALGO - BINÄRER SUCH BAUM, AVL BAUM A Binary Search Tree (BST) is a binary tree in which each vertex has only up to 2 children that satisfies BST property: All vertices in the left subtree of a vertex must hold a value smaller than its own and all vertices in the right subtree of a vertex must hold a value larger than its own (we have assumption that all values are distinct integers in this visualization and small tweak is VISUALGO - VISUALGO DATEN STRUKTUR ALGORITHMUSTRANSLATE THIS PAGE VisuAlgo wurde 2011 von Dr. Steven Halim als Werkzeug für seine Studenten erstellt, um diesen ein besseres Verständnis von Datenstrukturen und Algorithmen zu vermitteln. Dabei wird ein eigentständiges Lernen auf einer persönlichen Schwierigkeitsstufe ermöglicht. Zusammen mit seinen Studentenden an der National University of Singapore wurden eine Reihe von Visualisierungenentwickelt, von
VISUALGO - MÁSCARA DE BIT (MANIPULACIÓN DE BITS) Bitmask provide an efficient way to manipulate a small set of Booleans.By using bitwise operations, Boolean flags can be checked, turned on (or turned off) easily and quickly. It can be used in various algorithms such as the Dynamic Programming solution for Travelling Salesman Problem to speed up crucial (small) set-based operations.Click 'Next' (on the top right)/press 'Page Down' toadvance
VISUALGO - SINGLE-SOURCE SHORTEST PATHS (BELLMAN FORD'S The objective of the SSSP problem is to find the shortest path weight from s to each vertex u ∈ V, denoted as δ(s, u) (δ is pronounced as 'delta') and also the actual shortest path from s to u.. The path weight of a path p is simply the summation of edge weights along that path.. The weight of the shortest path from s to s is trivial: 0. The weight of the shortest path from s to any VISUALGO - NETWORK FLOW (MAX FLOW, MIN CUT) Maximum (Max) Flow is one of the problems in the family of problems involving flow in networks.In Max Flow problem, we aim to find the maximum flow from a particular source vertex s to a particular sink vertex t in a weighted directed graph G.There are several algorithms for finding the maximum flow including Ford Fulkerson's method, Edmonds Karp's algorithm, and Dinic's algorithm (there are VISUALGO - BINARY SEARCH TREE, AVL TREE A Binary Search Tree (BST) is a binary tree in which each vertex has only up to 2 children that satisfies BST property: All vertices in the left subtree of a vertex must hold a value smaller than its own and all vertices in the right subtree of a vertex must hold a value larger than its own (we have assumption that all values are distinct integers in this visualization and small tweak is VISUALGO - MINIMUM SPANNING TREE (PRIM'S, KRUSKAL'S) A Spanning Tree (ST) of a connected undirected weighted graph G is a subgraph of G that is a tree and connects (spans) all vertices of G. A graph G can have multiple STs, each with different total weight (the sum of edge weights in the ST).A Min(imum) Spanning Tree (MST) of G is an ST of G that has the smallest total weight among the various STs. VISUALGO - SUFFIX TREE A Suffix Tree is a compressed tree containing all the suffixes of the given text as their keys and positions in the text as their values. Suffix Tree provides a particularly fast implementation for many important string operations. This data structure is very related to Suffix Array data structure. VISUALGO - METRIC NO REPEAT TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM Traveling salesman problem: TSP is a problem that tries to find a tour of minimum cost that visits every city once. In this visualization, it is assumed that the underlying graph is a complete graph with (near-)metric distance (meaning the distance function satisfies the triangle inequality) by taking the distance of two points and round it to the nearest integer. VISUALGO - SORTING (BUBBLE, SELECTION, INSERTION, MERGE Sorting is a very classic problem of reordering items (that can be compared, e.g. integers, floating-point numbers, strings, etc) of an array (or a list) in a certain order (increasing, non-decreasing, decreasing, non-increasing, lexicographical, etc).There are many different sorting algorithms, each has its own advantages and limitations.Sorting is commonly used as the introductory problem in VISUALGO - SEGMENT TREE A Segment Tree (ST) is a binary tree that is build on top of an (usually integer) array so that we can solve the Range Min/Max/Sum Query as well as any Range Update Query of this array in O(log N) time instead of the naive O(N) time. Given an array A of N (usually integer) elements, we can build the corresponding RMinQ/RMaxQ/RSumQ Segment Tree in O(N) time. VISUALGO - XÉT TOÀN ĐỒ THỊ (TÌM KIẾM THEO CHIỀUSÂU/RỘNG)
Given a graph, we can use the O(V+E) DFS (Depth-First Search) or BFS (Breadth-First Search) algorithm to traverse the graph and explore the features/properties of the graph. Each algorithm has its own characteristics, features, and side-effects that we will explore in this visualization.This visualization is rich with a lot of DFS and BFS variants (all run in O(V+E)) such as: Topological SortVISUALGO -
アニメーションを介してデータ構造とアルゴリズムを…
VisuAlgo は,
学生が自分のペースで自習することでデータ構造とアルゴリズムをより理解できるためのツールとして 2011 年に Steven Halim により構想されました. VisuAlgo は 24 時間いつでも教えてくれる Halim 博士のクローンのようなものです. Halim 博士は何人かの National University of Singapore の学生 7 VisuAlgo.net / en zh es pt ru id de bn ja ko vi Login Translation Training Pro tip: We notice that you are not logged in. There are growing features that are only available for users who are logged in. Basically, VisuAlgo can be customized for YOU. VisuAlgo user account is free and you can register now.VISUALGO.NET/EN
VISUALISING DATA STRUCTURES AND ALGORITHMS THROUGH ANIMATION▿
No result were found.> adelson velskii landisalgorithmandrewarrayarticulation pointaugmenting pathavlbellman fordbfsbinarybinary heapbinary indexed treebinary search treebipartitebitbit manipulationbitmaskbridgebstbubblecompletecomputationalconcaveconvexconvex hullcountingcs1010cs1020cs2010cs2020cs2040cs3230cs3233cs4234cutcut vertexcycle findingdagdata structuredequedfsdijkstradinicdisjointdoublydpdsdynamicdynamic programmingedmonds karpfenwickfenwick treefindfloydford fulkersongenericgeometrygeometry (polygon)grahamgraphgraph matchinggraph structuresgraph traversalhash tableheapinsertinsertionjarviskruskallcplcslinearlinkedlinked listlistlrsmarchmatchingmathmaxmax flowmergeminmin cutmin spanning treemin vertex covermonotone chainmstnetwork flownp-hardopen addressingpath compressionpointprimprioritypriority queueprobingquadraticqueuequickradixrandomized quickrangerecursionrecursion tree/dagrecursivescansccsearchsegmentsegment treeselectselectionsetshortest pathsingle sourcesingle-sourcesortsortingspanningss shortest pathsssspstacksteiner treestringsuffixsuffix arraysuffix treesumtabletortoise-haretraveling salesmantreeunion by rankunion-finddsupdatewinding
DO YOU KNOW? Next Random Tip VisuAlgo has two main components: The visualization pages (currently 23) and the Online Quiz component (currently 12 and will be 23 too in the near future). We do not script any of the questions in Online Quiz :O and all answers will be graded almost instantly :). You can try the online quiz at our training page or by clicking the 'Training' button on the visualization module. This is the English (default) interface for https://visualgo.net . VisuAlgo will gradually grow into a multilingual site. Try visiting the other versions of VisuAlgo, e.g. Chinese ; Indonesian ; Russian ; etc (see statistics page ). In VisuAlgo, you can use _your own input_ for any algorithm instead of the sample inputs. Try graph drawing feature in these 6 graph-related visualizations: Graph DS , DFS/BFS , MST , SSSP , Max Flow , and Matching . You can also click tag _'graph'_ in any of these 6 graph-related visualization boxes or type in _'graph'_ in the searchbox.
To compare 2 related algorithms, e.g. Kruskal's vs Prim's on the same graph, open 2 VisuAlgo pages in 2 windows and juxtapose them. Click here to see the screenshot. You can visualize the recursion tree (or DAG, if there are overlapping subproblems and Dynamic Programming (DP) is applicable) of ANY valid recursive function that can be written in JavaScript. Click here to see thescreenshot.
VisuAlgo loads fast for first time visitors, but it loads 'almost instantly' for returning visitors as we cache lots of static content of VisuAlgo :) (please do not use incognito or private browsing mode to keep the cache). Moreover, if you have registered a VisuAlgo account, we will load VisuAlgo according to your preferences after youlogin .
Each visualization page has an 'e-Lecture Mode' that is accessible from that page's top right corner that explains the data structure and/or algorithm being visualized. This e-Lecture mode is automatically shown to first time (or non logged-in) visitors to showcase the data structure and/or the algorithm being visualized. The quality of e-Lecture Mode will gradually be made to reach the lecture standard of algorithm classes in National University of Singapore :). Please check four newest features of VisuAlgo: 1). Multi-lingual capability (you don't have to rely on /en language at all times if you are not native English speaker), 2). User accounts (there are interesting perks and customizations available for loyal users, please register a free account now ), 3). Much more powerful e-Lecture mode to reach "NUS standard", and 4). Visualizations of NP-hard problems (currently MVC, TSP, and Steiner Tree). VisuAlgo has two main components: The visualization pages (currently 23) and the Online Quiz component (currently 12 and will be 23 too in the near future). We do not script any of the questions in Online Quiz :O and all answers will be graded almost instantly :). You can try the online quiz at our training page or by clicking the 'Training' button on the visualization module. Search the term 'algorithm visualization'in your
favorite Search Engine, do you see VisuAlgo in the first page of the search result :)? Next level: Search that term again, but in your native language (if it is not English). Is VisuAlgo still listed in the first page? :). And get ready to be surprised: Search the name of your favorite data structure or algorithm without mentioning the keyword 'animation' or 'visualization'. Is VisuAlgo still listed in the first page? :):). VisuAlgo currently receives about ~3000 hits/day from various Computer Science students and teachers worldwide. Although this is a good number, we will keep improving VisuAlgo so that it can be even more useful for much more (new) CS students worldwide annually. Please spread the word if you are our returning visitors (register a free VisuAlgo account so that we can know who you are) and likethis tool :).
*
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SORTING TRAINING
array algorithm bubble select insert selection insertion merge quick randomized quick counting radix sort cs1010 cs1020 cs2020 cs2040 cs3230 list data structure sorting*
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BITMASK TRAINING
bit manipulation set cs3233 array list ds data structure bitmask*
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LINKED LIST TRAINING stack queue doubly deque cs1020 cs2020 cs2040 array ds data structurelinked
*
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HASH TABLE TRAINING
open addressing linear quadratic probing cs1020 cs2020 cs2040 ds datastructure
*
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BINARY HEAP TRAINING priority queue recursive cs2010 cs2020 cs2040 recursion ds data structure binary heap*
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BINARY SEARCH TREE TRAINING adelson velskii landis set table avl cs2010 cs2020 cs2040 recursion recursive ds data structure set bst binary search tree priority queue*
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GRAPH STRUCTURES TRAINING tree complete bipartite dag cs2010 cs2020 cs2040 graph ds datastructure
*
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UNION-FIND DS TRAINING path compression disjoint set data structure union by rank cs2010 cs2020 cs2040 cs3233 array tree find ds*
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SEGMENT TREE
dynamic range sum min max cs3233 segment tree ds data structure*
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FENWICK TREE
binary indexed tree bit dynamic fenwick range sum point update cs3233 binary ds data structure*
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RECURSION TREE/DAG TRAINING dynamic programming dp generic cs1010 cs1020 cs2010 cs2020 cs2040 cs3233 cs4234 recursive algorithm recursion tree dag*
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GRAPH TRAVERSAL TRAINING bfs dfs cs2010 cs2020 cs2040 bipartite scc cut vertex articulation point bridge cs2020 graph algorithm*
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MIN SPANNING TREE TRAINING mst prim kruskal graph min spanning cs2010 cs2020 cs2040 treealgorithm
*
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SS SHORTEST PATHS TRAINING sssp single-source bfs dijkstra bellman ford cs2010 cs2020 cs2040 single source shortest path graph algorithm*
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NETWORK FLOW
max flow edmonds karp min cut dinic ford fulkerson graph cs3233cs4234 algorithm
*
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GRAPH MATCHING
augmenting path bipartite graph cs3233 cs4234 matching algorithm*
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CYCLE FINDING
floyd tortoise-hare math cs3233 algorithm*
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SUFFIX TREE
string matching lrs lcs cs3233 suffix tree ds data structure*
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SUFFIX ARRAY
lcp cs3233 matching lrs lcs suffix array string ds data structure*
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GEOMETRY (POLYGON)
convex cut winding concave cs3233 computational geometry algorithm*
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CONVEX HULL
andrew monotone chain graham scan jarvis march cs3233 computationalgeometry algorithm
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MIN VERTEX COVER
np-hard graph bipartite tree tree dp bipartite matching max flowcs3233 cs4234
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TRAVELING SALESMAN
np-hard graph dp mst cs3233 cs4234*
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STEINER TREE
np-hard graph mst cs4234 About Team Terms of useABOUT
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VisuAlgo was conceptualised in 2011 by Dr Steven Halim as a tool to help his students better understand data structures and algorithms, by allowing them to learn the basics on their own and at their own pace. VisuAlgo contains many advanced algorithms that are discussed in Dr Steven Halim's book ('Competitive Programming', co-authored with his brother Dr Felix Halim) and beyond. Today, some of these advanced algorithms visualization/animation can only be found in VisuAlgo. Though specifically designed for National University of Singapore (NUS) students taking various data structure and algorithm classes (e.g. CS1010, CS1020, CS2010, CS2020, CS3230, and CS3230), as advocators of online learning, we hope that curious minds around the world will find these visualisations useful too. VisuAlgo is not designed to work well on small touch screens (e.g. smartphones) from the outset due to the need to cater for many complex algorithm visualizations that require lots of pixels and click-and-drag gestures for interaction. The minimum screen resolution for a respectable user experience is 1024x768 and only the landing page is relatively mobile-friendly. VisuAlgo is an ongoing project and more complex visualisations are still being developed. The most exciting development is the automated question generator and verifier (the online quiz system) that allows students to test their knowledge of basic data structures and algorithms. The questions are randomly generated via some rules and students' answers are instantly and automatically graded upon submission to our grading server. This online quiz system, when it is adopted by more CS instructors worldwide, should technically eliminate manual basic data structure and algorithm questions from typical Computer Science examinations in many Universities. By setting a small (but non-zero) weightage on passing the online quiz, a CS instructor can (significantly) increase his/her students mastery on these basic questions as the students have virtually infinite number of training questions that can be verified instantly before they take the online quiz. The training mode currently contains questions for 12 visualization modules. We will soon add the remaining 8 visualization modules so that every visualization module in VisuAlgo have online quiz component. Another active branch of development is the internationalization sub-project of VisuAlgo. We want to prepare a database of CS terminologies for all English text that ever appear in VisuAlgo system. This is a big task and requires crowdsourcing. Once the system is ready, we will invite VisuAlgo visitors to contribute, especially if you are not a native English speaker. Currently, we have also written public notes about VisuAlgo in various languages: zh, id
,
kr , vn
,
th .
TEAM
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PROJECT LEADER & ADVISOR (JUL 2011-PRESENT) Dr Steven Halim , Senior Lecturer, School of Computing (SoC), National University of Singapore(NUS)
Dr Felix Halim , Software Engineer, Google(Mountain View)
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCHERS 1 (JUL 2011-APR 2012) Koh Zi Chun, Victor Loh Bo Huai FINAL YEAR PROJECT/UROP STUDENTS 1 (JUL 2012-DEC 2013) Phan Thi Quynh Trang, Peter Phandi, Albert Millardo Tjindradinata,Nguyen Hoang Duy
FINAL YEAR PROJECT/UROP STUDENTS 2 (JUN 2013-APR 2014) Rose Marie Tan Zhao Yun , Ivan Reinaldo UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCHERS 2 (MAY 2014-JUL 2014) Jonathan Irvin Gunawan, Nathan Azaria, Ian Leow Tze Wei, Nguyen Viet Dung, Nguyen Khac Tung, Steven Kester Yuwono, Cao Shengze, MohanJishnu
FINAL YEAR PROJECT/UROP STUDENTS 3 (JUN 2014-APR 2015) Erin Teo Yi Ling, Wang Zi FINAL YEAR PROJECT/UROP STUDENTS 4 (JUN 2016-DEC 2017) Truong Ngoc Khanh, John Kevin Tjahjadi, Gabriella Michelle, Muhammad Rais Fathin Mudzakir List of translators who have contributed ≥100 translations can be found at statistics page.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project is made possible by the generous Teaching Enhancement Grant from NUS Centre for Development of Teaching and Learning (CDTL).TERMS OF USE
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VisuAlgo is free of charge for Computer Science community on earth. If you like VisuAlgo, the only payment that we ask of you is for you to TELL THE EXISTENCE OF VISUALGO TO OTHER COMPUTER SCIENCE STUDENTS/INSTRUCTORS that you know =) via Facebook, Twitter, course webpage, blog review, email, etc. If you are a data structure and algorithm STUDENT/INSTRUCTOR, you are allowed to use this website directly for your classes. If you take screen shots (videos) from this website, you can use the screen shots (videos) elsewhere as long as you cite the URL of this website (http://visualgo.net) and/or list of publications below as reference. However, you are NOT allowed to download VisuAlgo (client-side) files and HOST IT on your own website as it is PLAGIARISM. As of now, we do NOT allow other people to fork this project and create variants of VisuAlgo. Using the offline copy of (client-side) VisuAlgo for your personal usage is fine. Note that VisuAlgo's online quiz component is by nature has heavy server-side component and there is no easy way to save the server-side scripts and databases locally. Currently, the general public can only use the 'training mode' to access these online quiz system. Currently the 'test mode' is a more controlled environment for using these randomly generated questions and automatic verification for a REAL examination in NUS. Other interested CS instructor should contact Steven if you want to try such 'test mode'. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS This work has been presented briefly at the CLI Workshop at the ACM ICPC World Finals 2012 (Poland, Warsaw) and at the IOI Conference at IOI 2012 (Sirmione-Montichiari, Italy). You can click this linkto read our 2012
paper about this system (it was not yet called VisuAlgo back in 2012). This work is done mostly by my past students. The most recent final reports are here: Erin , Wang Zi, Rose , Ivan
.
BUG REPORTS OR REQUEST FOR NEW FEATURES VisuAlgo is not a finished project. Dr Steven Halim is still actively improving VisuAlgo. If you are using VisuAlgo and spot a bug in any of our visualization page/online quiz tool or if you want to request for new features, please contact Dr Steven Halim. His contact is the concatenation of his name and add gmail dot com.Details
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