VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS Welcome to Very Short Introductions Brilliant. Sharp. Inspiring. Discover a new topic or subject with these intelligent and serious introductions written by authors who are experts in their field.

BROWSE IN RELIGION

Connected by their mutual—if differentiated—veneration of the One God proclaimed by Abraham, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam compose a family of related traditions. SLEEP: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Sleep: A Very Short Introduction addresses the biological and psychological aspects of sleep. What is sleep? Why do we need it? How much is enough? What is the impact of modern society on sleep? We spend about a third of our lives asleep. References to sleep abound in literature and art, sleep has been recognized as fundamental to the

human condition.

VIRUSES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Viruses are by far the most abundant life forms on the planet. They play a vital role in controlling the marine environment and are essential to the ocean's delicate ecosystem. Viruses: A Very Short Introduction analyses the threat of emerging virus infections, recounting stories of renowned killer viruses such as Ebola and rabies. It pinpoints wild animals as the source of the most recent FASHION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Fashion: A Very Short Introduction presents fashion's myriad influences and manifestations. Fashion is a dynamic global industry that plays an important role in the economic, political, cultural, and social lives of an international audience. It spans high art and popular culture, and is a significant part of material and visual culture. How does fashion reflect and shape contemporary culture? CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and HOBBES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Hobbes's reputation was paradoxical. He was hostile to dogmatism of every kind, yet he was seen as a brusque dogmatist. He was hostile to the intellectual authorities of the churches, but yet he wanted his own philosophical works to be the authoritative texts within the universities. The Conclusion tries to explain this paradox by placing Hobbes within a wider paradox, one which is 4. CINEMA AS ART FORM In the years before World War I there were few people who thought that cinema was or might become an art form. From about 1910, however, signs emerged that cinema was on the road to acquiring some sort of legitimacy. These signs initially pointed in different directions, but eventually a cluster of forms developed, which were to become the cinema as we know it today. ‘Cinema as art CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE OF FREE SPEECH The Conclusion looks to how the free speech debate will continue in the future. So long as we continue to recognise free speech's importance to democracy, then the hope is that we feel braver about resisting pressure to censor ourselves for fear of offending someone. Sometimes we do need to give greater weight to other considerations besides freedom of expression. 10. CONCLUSION: WHY POLITICS CAN’T DO WITHOUT IDEOLOGY If discourse, emotion, criticism, culture all intersect with the concept of ideology and claim it for their own, can politics still declare a prior vested interest in ideology? Can ‘ideology’ still be employed as shorthand for political ideology? This ‘Conclusion: why politics can't do without ideology’ makes the case for its core role in political ideology. VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS Welcome to Very Short Introductions Brilliant. Sharp. Inspiring. Discover a new topic or subject with these intelligent and serious introductions written by authors who are experts in their field.

BROWSE IN RELIGION

Connected by their mutual—if differentiated—veneration of the One God proclaimed by Abraham, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam compose a family of related traditions. SLEEP: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Sleep: A Very Short Introduction addresses the biological and psychological aspects of sleep. What is sleep? Why do we need it? How much is enough? What is the impact of modern society on sleep? We spend about a third of our lives asleep. References to sleep abound in literature and art, sleep has been recognized as fundamental to the

human condition.

VIRUSES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Viruses are by far the most abundant life forms on the planet. They play a vital role in controlling the marine environment and are essential to the ocean's delicate ecosystem. Viruses: A Very Short Introduction analyses the threat of emerging virus infections, recounting stories of renowned killer viruses such as Ebola and rabies. It pinpoints wild animals as the source of the most recent FASHION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Fashion: A Very Short Introduction presents fashion's myriad influences and manifestations. Fashion is a dynamic global industry that plays an important role in the economic, political, cultural, and social lives of an international audience. It spans high art and popular culture, and is a significant part of material and visual culture. How does fashion reflect and shape contemporary culture? CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and HOBBES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Hobbes's reputation was paradoxical. He was hostile to dogmatism of every kind, yet he was seen as a brusque dogmatist. He was hostile to the intellectual authorities of the churches, but yet he wanted his own philosophical works to be the authoritative texts within the universities. The Conclusion tries to explain this paradox by placing Hobbes within a wider paradox, one which is 4. CINEMA AS ART FORM In the years before World War I there were few people who thought that cinema was or might become an art form. From about 1910, however, signs emerged that cinema was on the road to acquiring some sort of legitimacy. These signs initially pointed in different directions, but eventually a cluster of forms developed, which were to become the cinema as we know it today. ‘Cinema as art CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE OF FREE SPEECH The Conclusion looks to how the free speech debate will continue in the future. So long as we continue to recognise free speech's importance to democracy, then the hope is that we feel braver about resisting pressure to censor ourselves for fear of offending someone. Sometimes we do need to give greater weight to other considerations besides freedom of expression. 10. CONCLUSION: WHY POLITICS CAN’T DO WITHOUT IDEOLOGY If discourse, emotion, criticism, culture all intersect with the concept of ideology and claim it for their own, can politics still declare a prior vested interest in ideology? Can ‘ideology’ still be employed as shorthand for political ideology? This ‘Conclusion: why politics can't do without ideology’ makes the case for its core role in political ideology.

BROWSE IN RELIGION

Connected by their mutual—if differentiated—veneration of the One God proclaimed by Abraham, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam compose a family of related traditions. BROWSE IN EARTH SCIENCES AND GEOGRAPHY The atmosphere is the thin, diffuse fluid that envelops the Earth’s surface. Despite its apparent fragility, the existence of this fluid is vital for human and other life on Earth. The Atmosphere: A Very Short Introduction describes the physical and chemical characteristics of different layers in the atmosphere, and shows how the atmosphere 3. THE WHAT OF CREATIVITY This chapter examines the ‘what’ of creativity, which is represented by those products coming out of creative processes. These products vary widely. Designer chairs, cups made of entirely new and sustainable materials, and the latest version of a mobile phone are all tangible outcomes. But ideas can also be called creative even if they are, at least at first, intangible. 3. CAUSES OF REFUGEE MOVEMENTS This chapter examines the causes of refugee movements. The majority of mass movements today are caused by internal conflicts, and ethnic cleansing, genocide, and politicide; religious, cultural, and ethnic intolerance; socio-economic inequalities; and increasingly by conflict-induced famine, mass starvation, and climate change. As a consequence, there has been a proliferation of complex HUMOUR: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Humour: A Very Short Introduction considers the relation of humour to emotion and cognition, explores the value of humour in its social functions, and examines the leading humour theories including The Superiority Theory and The Incongruity Theory. Humour, known in every human culture, can serve many functions; it can be used to relieve stress, to promote goodwill among strangers, to AUTISM: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Autism: A Very Short Introduction asks: What causes autism? Is it a genetic disorder, or due to some unknown environmental hazard? Are we facing an autism epidemic? What are the main symptoms, and how does it relate to Asperger syndrome? It explores the relevance to autism of neuroscience, psychology, brain development, and genetics. Everyone has heard of autism, but the POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Political Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction introduces the concepts of political philosophy — authority, democracy, freedom and its limits, justice, feminism, multiculturalism, and nationality. It asks such questions as: Is it really true that what governments do profoundly affects the quality of our lives? Do states need to be able to coerce their subjects if they are to have political UNITED NATIONS: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction provides a brief history of the United Nations (UN), before examining its successes and failures as a guardian of international peace and security, as a promoter of human rights, as a protector of international law, and as an engineer of socio-economic development. The UN's various arms and organizations, such as UNESCO and UNICEF, are discussed 1. WHAT DOES FILM MUSIC DO? Music in film achieves a number of things: it establishes setting; it creates atmosphere; it calls attention to elements; it reinforces or foreshadows narrative developments; it gives meaning to a character's actions or translates their thoughts; and it creates emotion. ‘What does film music do?’ shows, using the example of ‘Stuck in the Middle With You’ from Pulp Fiction, how music 2. THEORIES OF ANXIETY ‘Theories of anxiety’ looks at four key perspectives on anxiety. Firstly, Freud's views on psychoanalysis. Behavioural theories were led by John Broadus Watson's experiments on behaviourism that suggested conditioning was responsible for the development of phobias and these ideas were developed by O.H. Mowrer, Burrhus Skinner, and Joseph Wolpe, resulting in cognitive behaviour VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS Welcome to Very Short Introductions Brilliant. Sharp. Inspiring. Discover a new topic or subject with these intelligent and serious introductions written by authors who are experts in their field.

BROWSE IN RELIGION

Connected by their mutual—if differentiated—veneration of the One God proclaimed by Abraham, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam compose a family of related traditions. SLEEP: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Sleep: A Very Short Introduction addresses the biological and psychological aspects of sleep. What is sleep? Why do we need it? How much is enough? What is the impact of modern society on sleep? We spend about a third of our lives asleep. References to sleep abound in literature and art, sleep has been recognized as fundamental to the

human condition.

VIRUSES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Viruses are by far the most abundant life forms on the planet. They play a vital role in controlling the marine environment and are essential to the ocean's delicate ecosystem. Viruses: A Very Short Introduction analyses the threat of emerging virus infections, recounting stories of renowned killer viruses such as Ebola and rabies. It pinpoints wild animals as the source of the most recent FASHION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Fashion: A Very Short Introduction presents fashion's myriad influences and manifestations. Fashion is a dynamic global industry that plays an important role in the economic, political, cultural, and social lives of an international audience. It spans high art and popular culture, and is a significant part of material and visual culture. How does fashion reflect and shape contemporary culture? CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and HOBBES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Hobbes's reputation was paradoxical. He was hostile to dogmatism of every kind, yet he was seen as a brusque dogmatist. He was hostile to the intellectual authorities of the churches, but yet he wanted his own philosophical works to be the authoritative texts within the universities. The Conclusion tries to explain this paradox by placing Hobbes within a wider paradox, one which is 4. CINEMA AS ART FORM In the years before World War I there were few people who thought that cinema was or might become an art form. From about 1910, however, signs emerged that cinema was on the road to acquiring some sort of legitimacy. These signs initially pointed in different directions, but eventually a cluster of forms developed, which were to become the cinema as we know it today. ‘Cinema as art CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE OF FREE SPEECH The Conclusion looks to how the free speech debate will continue in the future. So long as we continue to recognise free speech's importance to democracy, then the hope is that we feel braver about resisting pressure to censor ourselves for fear of offending someone. Sometimes we do need to give greater weight to other considerations besides freedom of expression. 10. CONCLUSION: WHY POLITICS CAN’T DO WITHOUT IDEOLOGY If discourse, emotion, criticism, culture all intersect with the concept of ideology and claim it for their own, can politics still declare a prior vested interest in ideology? Can ‘ideology’ still be employed as shorthand for political ideology? This ‘Conclusion: why politics can't do without ideology’ makes the case for its core role in political ideology. VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS Welcome to Very Short Introductions Brilliant. Sharp. Inspiring. Discover a new topic or subject with these intelligent and serious introductions written by authors who are experts in their field.

BROWSE IN RELIGION

Connected by their mutual—if differentiated—veneration of the One God proclaimed by Abraham, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam compose a family of related traditions. SLEEP: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Sleep: A Very Short Introduction addresses the biological and psychological aspects of sleep. What is sleep? Why do we need it? How much is enough? What is the impact of modern society on sleep? We spend about a third of our lives asleep. References to sleep abound in literature and art, sleep has been recognized as fundamental to the

human condition.

VIRUSES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Viruses are by far the most abundant life forms on the planet. They play a vital role in controlling the marine environment and are essential to the ocean's delicate ecosystem. Viruses: A Very Short Introduction analyses the threat of emerging virus infections, recounting stories of renowned killer viruses such as Ebola and rabies. It pinpoints wild animals as the source of the most recent FASHION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Fashion: A Very Short Introduction presents fashion's myriad influences and manifestations. Fashion is a dynamic global industry that plays an important role in the economic, political, cultural, and social lives of an international audience. It spans high art and popular culture, and is a significant part of material and visual culture. How does fashion reflect and shape contemporary culture? CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and HOBBES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Hobbes's reputation was paradoxical. He was hostile to dogmatism of every kind, yet he was seen as a brusque dogmatist. He was hostile to the intellectual authorities of the churches, but yet he wanted his own philosophical works to be the authoritative texts within the universities. The Conclusion tries to explain this paradox by placing Hobbes within a wider paradox, one which is 4. CINEMA AS ART FORM In the years before World War I there were few people who thought that cinema was or might become an art form. From about 1910, however, signs emerged that cinema was on the road to acquiring some sort of legitimacy. These signs initially pointed in different directions, but eventually a cluster of forms developed, which were to become the cinema as we know it today. ‘Cinema as art CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE OF FREE SPEECH The Conclusion looks to how the free speech debate will continue in the future. So long as we continue to recognise free speech's importance to democracy, then the hope is that we feel braver about resisting pressure to censor ourselves for fear of offending someone. Sometimes we do need to give greater weight to other considerations besides freedom of expression. 10. CONCLUSION: WHY POLITICS CAN’T DO WITHOUT IDEOLOGY If discourse, emotion, criticism, culture all intersect with the concept of ideology and claim it for their own, can politics still declare a prior vested interest in ideology? Can ‘ideology’ still be employed as shorthand for political ideology? This ‘Conclusion: why politics can't do without ideology’ makes the case for its core role in political ideology.

BROWSE IN RELIGION

Connected by their mutual—if differentiated—veneration of the One God proclaimed by Abraham, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam compose a family of related traditions. BROWSE IN EARTH SCIENCES AND GEOGRAPHY The atmosphere is the thin, diffuse fluid that envelops the Earth’s surface. Despite its apparent fragility, the existence of this fluid is vital for human and other life on Earth. The Atmosphere: A Very Short Introduction describes the physical and chemical characteristics of different layers in the atmosphere, and shows how the atmosphere 3. THE WHAT OF CREATIVITY This chapter examines the ‘what’ of creativity, which is represented by those products coming out of creative processes. These products vary widely. Designer chairs, cups made of entirely new and sustainable materials, and the latest version of a mobile phone are all tangible outcomes. But ideas can also be called creative even if they are, at least at first, intangible. 3. CAUSES OF REFUGEE MOVEMENTS This chapter examines the causes of refugee movements. The majority of mass movements today are caused by internal conflicts, and ethnic cleansing, genocide, and politicide; religious, cultural, and ethnic intolerance; socio-economic inequalities; and increasingly by conflict-induced famine, mass starvation, and climate change. As a consequence, there has been a proliferation of complex HUMOUR: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Humour: A Very Short Introduction considers the relation of humour to emotion and cognition, explores the value of humour in its social functions, and examines the leading humour theories including The Superiority Theory and The Incongruity Theory. Humour, known in every human culture, can serve many functions; it can be used to relieve stress, to promote goodwill among strangers, to AUTISM: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Autism: A Very Short Introduction asks: What causes autism? Is it a genetic disorder, or due to some unknown environmental hazard? Are we facing an autism epidemic? What are the main symptoms, and how does it relate to Asperger syndrome? It explores the relevance to autism of neuroscience, psychology, brain development, and genetics. Everyone has heard of autism, but the POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Political Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction introduces the concepts of political philosophy — authority, democracy, freedom and its limits, justice, feminism, multiculturalism, and nationality. It asks such questions as: Is it really true that what governments do profoundly affects the quality of our lives? Do states need to be able to coerce their subjects if they are to have political UNITED NATIONS: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction provides a brief history of the United Nations (UN), before examining its successes and failures as a guardian of international peace and security, as a promoter of human rights, as a protector of international law, and as an engineer of socio-economic development. The UN's various arms and organizations, such as UNESCO and UNICEF, are discussed 1. WHAT DOES FILM MUSIC DO? Music in film achieves a number of things: it establishes setting; it creates atmosphere; it calls attention to elements; it reinforces or foreshadows narrative developments; it gives meaning to a character's actions or translates their thoughts; and it creates emotion. ‘What does film music do?’ shows, using the example of ‘Stuck in the Middle With You’ from Pulp Fiction, how music 2. THEORIES OF ANXIETY ‘Theories of anxiety’ looks at four key perspectives on anxiety. Firstly, Freud's views on psychoanalysis. Behavioural theories were led by John Broadus Watson's experiments on behaviourism that suggested conditioning was responsible for the development of phobias and these ideas were developed by O.H. Mowrer, Burrhus Skinner, and Joseph Wolpe, resulting in cognitive behaviour VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS Welcome to Very Short Introductions Brilliant. Sharp. Inspiring. Discover a new topic or subject with these intelligent and serious introductions written by authors who are experts in their field. 6. EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS Once an acute emerging virus is successfully established in a population, it generally settles into a mode of cyclical epidemics during which many susceptible people are infected and become immune to further attack. When most are immune, the virus moves on, only returning when a new susceptible population has emerged, generally consisting of those born since the last epidemic. SLEEP: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Sleep: A Very Short Introduction addresses the biological and psychological aspects of sleep. What is sleep? Why do we need it? How much is enough? What is the impact of modern society on sleep? We spend about a third of our lives asleep. References to sleep abound in literature and art, sleep has been recognized as fundamental to the

human condition.

VIRUSES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Viruses are by far the most abundant life forms on the planet. They play a vital role in controlling the marine environment and are essential to the ocean's delicate ecosystem. Viruses: A Very Short Introduction analyses the threat of emerging virus infections, recounting stories of renowned killer viruses such as Ebola and rabies. It pinpoints wild animals as the source of the most recent 10. CONCLUSION: WHY POLITICS CAN’T DO WITHOUT IDEOLOGY If discourse, emotion, criticism, culture all intersect with the concept of ideology and claim it for their own, can politics still declare a prior vested interest in ideology? Can ‘ideology’ still be employed as shorthand for political ideology? This ‘Conclusion: why politics can't do without ideology’ makes the case for its core role in political ideology. AUTISM: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Autism: A Very Short Introduction asks: What causes autism? Is it a genetic disorder, or due to some unknown environmental hazard? Are we facing an autism epidemic? What are the main symptoms, and how does it relate to Asperger syndrome? It explores the relevance to autism of neuroscience, psychology, brain development, and genetics. Everyone has heard of autism, but the CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and 4. CINEMA AS ART FORM In the years before World War I there were few people who thought that cinema was or might become an art form. From about 1910, however, signs emerged that cinema was on the road to acquiring some sort of legitimacy. These signs initially pointed in different directions, but eventually a cluster of forms developed, which were to become the cinema as we know it today. ‘Cinema as art CONCLUSION: THE IDENTITY OF IDENTITY The word ‘identity’ suggests immutability, self-sameness, and permanency, while in fact it does what other words also do: it changes its meaning, now so rapidly that it is hard to keep track. ‘Conclusion: the identity of identity’ concludes that, on the individual level, identities have become a matter of negotiating and, as the need to do so arises, renegotiating your place, your CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE OF FREE SPEECH The Conclusion looks to how the free speech debate will continue in the future. So long as we continue to recognise free speech's importance to democracy, then the hope is that we feel braver about resisting pressure to censor ourselves for fear of offending someone. Sometimes we do need to give greater weight to other considerations besides freedom of expression. VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS Welcome to Very Short Introductions Brilliant. Sharp. Inspiring. Discover a new topic or subject with these intelligent and serious introductions written by authors who are experts in their field. 6. EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS Once an acute emerging virus is successfully established in a population, it generally settles into a mode of cyclical epidemics during which many susceptible people are infected and become immune to further attack. When most are immune, the virus moves on, only returning when a new susceptible population has emerged, generally consisting of those born since the last epidemic. SLEEP: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Sleep: A Very Short Introduction addresses the biological and psychological aspects of sleep. What is sleep? Why do we need it? How much is enough? What is the impact of modern society on sleep? We spend about a third of our lives asleep. References to sleep abound in literature and art, sleep has been recognized as fundamental to the

human condition.

VIRUSES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Viruses are by far the most abundant life forms on the planet. They play a vital role in controlling the marine environment and are essential to the ocean's delicate ecosystem. Viruses: A Very Short Introduction analyses the threat of emerging virus infections, recounting stories of renowned killer viruses such as Ebola and rabies. It pinpoints wild animals as the source of the most recent 10. CONCLUSION: WHY POLITICS CAN’T DO WITHOUT IDEOLOGY If discourse, emotion, criticism, culture all intersect with the concept of ideology and claim it for their own, can politics still declare a prior vested interest in ideology? Can ‘ideology’ still be employed as shorthand for political ideology? This ‘Conclusion: why politics can't do without ideology’ makes the case for its core role in political ideology. AUTISM: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Autism: A Very Short Introduction asks: What causes autism? Is it a genetic disorder, or due to some unknown environmental hazard? Are we facing an autism epidemic? What are the main symptoms, and how does it relate to Asperger syndrome? It explores the relevance to autism of neuroscience, psychology, brain development, and genetics. Everyone has heard of autism, but the CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and 4. CINEMA AS ART FORM In the years before World War I there were few people who thought that cinema was or might become an art form. From about 1910, however, signs emerged that cinema was on the road to acquiring some sort of legitimacy. These signs initially pointed in different directions, but eventually a cluster of forms developed, which were to become the cinema as we know it today. ‘Cinema as art CONCLUSION: THE IDENTITY OF IDENTITY The word ‘identity’ suggests immutability, self-sameness, and permanency, while in fact it does what other words also do: it changes its meaning, now so rapidly that it is hard to keep track. ‘Conclusion: the identity of identity’ concludes that, on the individual level, identities have become a matter of negotiating and, as the need to do so arises, renegotiating your place, your CONCLUSION: THE FUTURE OF FREE SPEECH The Conclusion looks to how the free speech debate will continue in the future. So long as we continue to recognise free speech's importance to democracy, then the hope is that we feel braver about resisting pressure to censor ourselves for fear of offending someone. Sometimes we do need to give greater weight to other considerations besides freedom of expression. DESCARTES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Descartes: A Very Short Introduction explores the life and work of a man who made fundamental contributions to physics, mathematics, and optics, and reported useful observations in meteorology and physiology. Had he confined himself to the natural sciences, his achievement would have been remarkable enough. But his range was

considerably wider.

3. THE WHAT OF CREATIVITY This chapter examines the ‘what’ of creativity, which is represented by those products coming out of creative processes. These products vary widely. Designer chairs, cups made of entirely new and sustainable materials, and the latest version of a mobile phone are all tangible outcomes. But ideas can also be called creative even if they are, at least at first, intangible. 3. CAUSES OF REFUGEE MOVEMENTS This chapter examines the causes of refugee movements. The majority of mass movements today are caused by internal conflicts, and ethnic cleansing, genocide, and politicide; religious, cultural, and ethnic intolerance; socio-economic inequalities; and increasingly by conflict-induced famine, mass starvation, and climate change. As a consequence, there has been a proliferation of complex 1. WHAT IS LEADERSHIP? ‘What is leadership?’ explains that there is no general agreement on the basic meaning of ‘leadership’, but acknowledges that we do need to know what the various definitions are to make sense of each other's arguments. The four types of leadership considered are position-based, person-based, result-based, and process-based. Using case studies such as Benjamin Franklin and Admiral 4. RESPONDING TO REFUGEE MOVEMENTS This chapter discusses the global refugee system. The fundamental principles are detailed in the 1951 Refugee Convention and the core institution of the system is the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). These instruments are supposed to ensure that refugees have access to key rights. However, today’s global refugee system has often had difficulty in providing PLATE TECTONICS: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION A revolution occurred in geology in the 1960s: plate tectonics. The idea that continents had drifted with respect to one another had been proposed decades before, but now the mechanism became clear. The Earth’s crust and upper mantle is divided into a small number of rigid, moving plates (approximately twenty of them). Plate tectonics explains much of the structure and phenomena seen PHOTOGRAPHY: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Photography: A Very Short Introduction examines the definition, importance, and meaning of photography by combining a sense of the historical development of photography with an analysis of its purpose and meaning within a wider cultural context. Photographs are everywhere, in print and online. They are an integral part of our daily lives from sensationalist images in tabloid papers, to CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and U.S. CONSTITUTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION The U.S. Constitution: A Very Short Introduction explores the major themes of American constitutional history—federalism, the balance of powers, property, representation, equality, rights, and security. Informed by the latest scholarship, each theme illustrates how the Constitution has served as a dynamic framework for legitimating power and advancing liberty. COMPLEXITY: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION From the movement of flocks of birds to the Internet, environmental sustainability, and market regulation, the study and understanding of complex non-linear systems has become highly influential over the last thirty years. Complexity: A Very Short Introduction introduces the key elements and conceptual framework of complexity. From complex physical systems such as fluid flow and the VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS Welcome to Very Short Introductions Brilliant. Sharp. Inspiring. Discover a new topic or subject with these intelligent and serious introductions written by authors who are experts in their field. 6. EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS Once an acute emerging virus is successfully established in a population, it generally settles into a mode of cyclical epidemics during which many susceptible people are infected and become immune to further attack. When most are immune, the virus moves on, only returning when a new susceptible population has emerged, generally consisting of those born since the last epidemic. SLEEP: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Sleep: A Very Short Introduction addresses the biological and psychological aspects of sleep. What is sleep? Why do we need it? How much is enough? What is the impact of modern society on sleep? We spend about a third of our lives asleep. References to sleep abound in literature and art, sleep has been recognized as fundamental to the

human condition.

DESCARTES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Descartes: A Very Short Introduction explores the life and work of a man who made fundamental contributions to physics, mathematics, and optics, and reported useful observations in meteorology and physiology. Had he confined himself to the natural sciences, his achievement would have been remarkable enough. But his range was

considerably wider.

VIRUSES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Viruses are by far the most abundant life forms on the planet. They play a vital role in controlling the marine environment and are essential to the ocean's delicate ecosystem. Viruses: A Very Short Introduction analyses the threat of emerging virus infections, recounting stories of renowned killer viruses such as Ebola and rabies. It pinpoints wild animals as the source of the most recent 10. CONCLUSION: WHY POLITICS CAN’T DO WITHOUT IDEOLOGY If discourse, emotion, criticism, culture all intersect with the concept of ideology and claim it for their own, can politics still declare a prior vested interest in ideology? Can ‘ideology’ still be employed as shorthand for political ideology? This ‘Conclusion: why politics can't do without ideology’ makes the case for its core role in political ideology. AUTISM: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Autism: A Very Short Introduction asks: What causes autism? Is it a genetic disorder, or due to some unknown environmental hazard? Are we facing an autism epidemic? What are the main symptoms, and how does it relate to Asperger syndrome? It explores the relevance to autism of neuroscience, psychology, brain development, and genetics. Everyone has heard of autism, but the CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and 4. CINEMA AS ART FORM In the years before World War I there were few people who thought that cinema was or might become an art form. From about 1910, however, signs emerged that cinema was on the road to acquiring some sort of legitimacy. These signs initially pointed in different directions, but eventually a cluster of forms developed, which were to become the cinema as we know it today. ‘Cinema as art CONCLUSION: THE IDENTITY OF IDENTITY The word ‘identity’ suggests immutability, self-sameness, and permanency, while in fact it does what other words also do: it changes its meaning, now so rapidly that it is hard to keep track. ‘Conclusion: the identity of identity’ concludes that, on the individual level, identities have become a matter of negotiating and, as the need to do so arises, renegotiating your place, your VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS Welcome to Very Short Introductions Brilliant. Sharp. Inspiring. Discover a new topic or subject with these intelligent and serious introductions written by authors who are experts in their field. 6. EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS Once an acute emerging virus is successfully established in a population, it generally settles into a mode of cyclical epidemics during which many susceptible people are infected and become immune to further attack. When most are immune, the virus moves on, only returning when a new susceptible population has emerged, generally consisting of those born since the last epidemic. SLEEP: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Sleep: A Very Short Introduction addresses the biological and psychological aspects of sleep. What is sleep? Why do we need it? How much is enough? What is the impact of modern society on sleep? We spend about a third of our lives asleep. References to sleep abound in literature and art, sleep has been recognized as fundamental to the

human condition.

DESCARTES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Descartes: A Very Short Introduction explores the life and work of a man who made fundamental contributions to physics, mathematics, and optics, and reported useful observations in meteorology and physiology. Had he confined himself to the natural sciences, his achievement would have been remarkable enough. But his range was

considerably wider.

VIRUSES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Viruses are by far the most abundant life forms on the planet. They play a vital role in controlling the marine environment and are essential to the ocean's delicate ecosystem. Viruses: A Very Short Introduction analyses the threat of emerging virus infections, recounting stories of renowned killer viruses such as Ebola and rabies. It pinpoints wild animals as the source of the most recent 10. CONCLUSION: WHY POLITICS CAN’T DO WITHOUT IDEOLOGY If discourse, emotion, criticism, culture all intersect with the concept of ideology and claim it for their own, can politics still declare a prior vested interest in ideology? Can ‘ideology’ still be employed as shorthand for political ideology? This ‘Conclusion: why politics can't do without ideology’ makes the case for its core role in political ideology. AUTISM: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Autism: A Very Short Introduction asks: What causes autism? Is it a genetic disorder, or due to some unknown environmental hazard? Are we facing an autism epidemic? What are the main symptoms, and how does it relate to Asperger syndrome? It explores the relevance to autism of neuroscience, psychology, brain development, and genetics. Everyone has heard of autism, but the CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and 4. CINEMA AS ART FORM In the years before World War I there were few people who thought that cinema was or might become an art form. From about 1910, however, signs emerged that cinema was on the road to acquiring some sort of legitimacy. These signs initially pointed in different directions, but eventually a cluster of forms developed, which were to become the cinema as we know it today. ‘Cinema as art CONCLUSION: THE IDENTITY OF IDENTITY The word ‘identity’ suggests immutability, self-sameness, and permanency, while in fact it does what other words also do: it changes its meaning, now so rapidly that it is hard to keep track. ‘Conclusion: the identity of identity’ concludes that, on the individual level, identities have become a matter of negotiating and, as the need to do so arises, renegotiating your place, your DESCARTES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Descartes: A Very Short Introduction explores the life and work of a man who made fundamental contributions to physics, mathematics, and optics, and reported useful observations in meteorology and physiology. Had he confined himself to the natural sciences, his achievement would have been remarkable enough. But his range was

considerably wider.

FASHION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Fashion: A Very Short Introduction presents fashion's myriad influences and manifestations. Fashion is a dynamic global industry that plays an important role in the economic, political, cultural, and social lives of an international audience. It spans high art and popular culture, and is a significant part of material and visual culture. How does fashion reflect and shape contemporary 3. THE WHAT OF CREATIVITY This chapter examines the ‘what’ of creativity, which is represented by those products coming out of creative processes. These products vary widely. Designer chairs, cups made of entirely new and sustainable materials, and the latest version of a mobile phone are all tangible outcomes. But ideas can also be called creative even if they are, at least at first, intangible. 1. WHAT IS LEADERSHIP? ‘What is leadership?’ explains that there is no general agreement on the basic meaning of ‘leadership’, but acknowledges that we do need to know what the various definitions are to make sense of each other's arguments. The four types of leadership considered are position-based, person-based, result-based, and process-based. Using case studies such as Benjamin Franklin and Admiral CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and PEACE: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Peace: A Very Short Introduction explores the evolution of peace in practice and in theory, exploring modern assumptions about peace and the different interpretations of its application. The concept of peace has always attracted radical thought, action, and practices. A term that has been taken to mean merely an absence of overt violence or war is, in the contemporary era, often used 4. RESPONDING TO REFUGEE MOVEMENTS This chapter discusses the global refugee system. The fundamental principles are detailed in the 1951 Refugee Convention and the core institution of the system is the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). These instruments are supposed to ensure that refugees have access to key rights. However, today’s global refugee system has often had difficulty in providing 3. CAUSES OF REFUGEE MOVEMENTS This chapter examines the causes of refugee movements. The majority of mass movements today are caused by internal conflicts, and ethnic cleansing, genocide, and politicide; religious, cultural, and ethnic intolerance; socio-economic inequalities; and increasingly by conflict-induced famine, mass starvation, and climate change. As a consequence, there has been a proliferation of complex 2. REFUGEES: A SHORT HISTORY This chapter traces the history of refugees. Throughout all periods of human history, people have been forcibly displaced and have fled their homes as a consequence of political, ethnic, and religious persecution, and wars. The practice of receiving societies and religious institutions offering some form of protection, political belonging, and rights for the displaced has an equally long history. 6. CIVIL SOCIETY, NGOS, AND REFUGEES This chapter focuses on the role of civil society, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and refugee-led initiatives in protecting and assisting refugees and other forced migrants. A number of civil society actors were involved with the drafting of the 1951 Refugee Convention. Moreover, it was a civil society movement that persuaded states to declare the UN’s World Refugee Year 60 years ago. VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS Welcome to Very Short Introductions Brilliant. Sharp. Inspiring. Discover a new topic or subject with these intelligent and serious introductions written by authors who are experts in their field. 6. EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS Once an acute emerging virus is successfully established in a population, it generally settles into a mode of cyclical epidemics during which many susceptible people are infected and become immune to further attack. When most are immune, the virus moves on, only returning when a new susceptible population has emerged, generally consisting of those born since the last epidemic. VIRUSES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Viruses are by far the most abundant life forms on the planet. They play a vital role in controlling the marine environment and are essential to the ocean's delicate ecosystem. Viruses: A Very Short Introduction analyses the threat of emerging virus infections, recounting stories of renowned killer viruses such as Ebola and rabies. It pinpoints wild animals as the source of the most recent SLEEP: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Sleep: A Very Short Introduction addresses the biological and psychological aspects of sleep. What is sleep? Why do we need it? How much is enough? What is the impact of modern society on sleep? We spend about a third of our lives asleep. References to sleep abound in literature and art, sleep has been recognized as fundamental to the

human condition.

1. WHAT IS LEADERSHIP? ‘What is leadership?’ explains that there is no general agreement on the basic meaning of ‘leadership’, but acknowledges that we do need to know what the various definitions are to make sense of each other's arguments. The four types of leadership considered are position-based, person-based, result-based, and process-based. Using case studies such as Benjamin Franklin and Admiral HOBBES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Hobbes's reputation was paradoxical. He was hostile to dogmatism of every kind, yet he was seen as a brusque dogmatist. He was hostile to the intellectual authorities of the churches, but yet he wanted his own philosophical works to be the authoritative texts within the universities. The Conclusion tries to explain this paradox by placing Hobbes within a wider paradox, one which is 10. CONCLUSION: WHY POLITICS CAN’T DO WITHOUT IDEOLOGY If discourse, emotion, criticism, culture all intersect with the concept of ideology and claim it for their own, can politics still declare a prior vested interest in ideology? Can ‘ideology’ still be employed as shorthand for political ideology? This ‘Conclusion: why politics can't do without ideology’ makes the case for its core role in political ideology. CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and ROMAN REPUBLIC: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Examining the political structure of the Republic and reflecting on the values and beliefs held by Romans of the time, it traces the legacy of the Republic through the Empire and the early Christian church to the Renaissance and the eighteenth-century revolutions in the USA and France. Less. ‘The Roman Republic’ describes the rise

of the

1. DEFINING PEACE

‘Defining peace’ explains why there is no single definition of peace and looks at theories about peace. A narrow version of peace would be basic but relatively insecure. A broader version produces a more complex state of peace which would be more sustainable. Using a multiple approach would result in an even more complex but more stable state. Each version tries to answer the same VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS Welcome to Very Short Introductions Brilliant. Sharp. Inspiring. Discover a new topic or subject with these intelligent and serious introductions written by authors who are experts in their field. 6. EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS Once an acute emerging virus is successfully established in a population, it generally settles into a mode of cyclical epidemics during which many susceptible people are infected and become immune to further attack. When most are immune, the virus moves on, only returning when a new susceptible population has emerged, generally consisting of those born since the last epidemic. VIRUSES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Viruses are by far the most abundant life forms on the planet. They play a vital role in controlling the marine environment and are essential to the ocean's delicate ecosystem. Viruses: A Very Short Introduction analyses the threat of emerging virus infections, recounting stories of renowned killer viruses such as Ebola and rabies. It pinpoints wild animals as the source of the most recent SLEEP: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Sleep: A Very Short Introduction addresses the biological and psychological aspects of sleep. What is sleep? Why do we need it? How much is enough? What is the impact of modern society on sleep? We spend about a third of our lives asleep. References to sleep abound in literature and art, sleep has been recognized as fundamental to the

human condition.

1. WHAT IS LEADERSHIP? ‘What is leadership?’ explains that there is no general agreement on the basic meaning of ‘leadership’, but acknowledges that we do need to know what the various definitions are to make sense of each other's arguments. The four types of leadership considered are position-based, person-based, result-based, and process-based. Using case studies such as Benjamin Franklin and Admiral HOBBES: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Hobbes's reputation was paradoxical. He was hostile to dogmatism of every kind, yet he was seen as a brusque dogmatist. He was hostile to the intellectual authorities of the churches, but yet he wanted his own philosophical works to be the authoritative texts within the universities. The Conclusion tries to explain this paradox by placing Hobbes within a wider paradox, one which is 10. CONCLUSION: WHY POLITICS CAN’T DO WITHOUT IDEOLOGY If discourse, emotion, criticism, culture all intersect with the concept of ideology and claim it for their own, can politics still declare a prior vested interest in ideology? Can ‘ideology’ still be employed as shorthand for political ideology? This ‘Conclusion: why politics can't do without ideology’ makes the case for its core role in political ideology. CORRUPTION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Corruption is one of the biggest global issues, ahead of extreme poverty, unemployment, the rising cost of food and energy, climate change, and terrorism. It is thought to be one of the principal causes of poverty around the globe. Its significance in the contemporary world cannot be overestimated. Corruption: A Very Short Introduction notes that corruption is as old as humanity itself, and ROMAN REPUBLIC: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Examining the political structure of the Republic and reflecting on the values and beliefs held by Romans of the time, it traces the legacy of the Republic through the Empire and the early Christian church to the Renaissance and the eighteenth-century revolutions in the USA and France. Less. ‘The Roman Republic’ describes the rise

of the

1. DEFINING PEACE

‘Defining peace’ explains why there is no single definition of peace and looks at theories about peace. A narrow version of peace would be basic but relatively insecure. A broader version produces a more complex state of peace which would be more sustainable. Using a multiple approach would result in an even more complex but more stable state. Each version tries to answer the same

BROWSE IN RELIGION

Connected by their mutual—if differentiated—veneration of the One God proclaimed by Abraham, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam compose a family of related traditions. BROWSE IN EARTH SCIENCES AND GEOGRAPHY The atmosphere is the thin, diffuse fluid that envelops the Earth’s surface. Despite its apparent fragility, the existence of this fluid is vital for human and other life on Earth. The Atmosphere: A Very Short Introduction describes the physical and chemical characteristics of different layers in the atmosphere, and shows how the atmosphere

BROWSE IN CHEMISTRY

Crystals have fascinated us for centuries with their beauty and symmetry, and have often been invested with magical powers. The development of X-ray diffraction heralded the scientific FASHION: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Fashion: A Very Short Introduction presents fashion's myriad influences and manifestations. Fashion is a dynamic global industry that plays an important role in the economic, political, cultural, and social lives of an international audience. It spans high art and popular culture, and is a significant part of material and visual culture. How does fashion reflect and shape contemporary BACTERIA: A VERY SHORT INTRODUCTION Bacteria form a fundamental branch of life. They are the oldest forms of life as we know it, and they are still the most prolific living organisms. Bacteria: A Very Short Introduction explores the nature of bacteria, their origin and evolution, bacteria in the environment, and bacteria and disease. Bacteria inhabit every part of the Earth's surface, its ocean depths, and even terrains such as 3. THE WHAT OF CREATIVITY This chapter examines the ‘what’ of creativity, which is represented by those products coming out of creative processes. These products vary widely. Designer chairs, cups made of entirely new and sustainable materials, and the latest version of a mobile phone are all tangible outcomes. But ideas can also be called creative even if they are, at least at first, intangible. 3. CAUSES OF REFUGEE MOVEMENTS This chapter examines the causes of refugee movements. The majority of mass movements today are caused by internal conflicts, and ethnic cleansing, genocide, and politicide; religious, cultural, and ethnic intolerance; socio-economic inequalities; and increasingly by conflict-induced famine, mass starvation, and climate change. As a consequence, there has been a proliferation of complex 4. RESPONDING TO REFUGEE MOVEMENTS This chapter discusses the global refugee system. The fundamental principles are detailed in the 1951 Refugee Convention and the core institution of the system is the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). These instruments are supposed to ensure that refugees have access to key rights. However, today’s global refugee system has often had difficulty in providing 6. CIVIL SOCIETY, NGOS, AND REFUGEES This chapter focuses on the role of civil society, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and refugee-led initiatives in protecting and assisting refugees and other forced migrants. A number of civil society actors were involved with the drafting of the 1951 Refugee Convention. Moreover, it was a civil society movement that persuaded states to declare the UN’s World Refugee Year 60 years ago. 2. REFUGEES: A SHORT HISTORY This chapter traces the history of refugees. Throughout all periods of human history, people have been forcibly displaced and have fled their homes as a consequence of political, ethnic, and religious persecution, and wars. The practice of receiving societies and religious institutions offering some form of protection, political belonging, and rights for the displaced has an equally long history. We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. By clicking 'continue' or by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time.

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Don't have an account? Sign in via your Institution You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Sign in with your library card Please enter your library card number WELCOME TO VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS BRILLIANT. SHARP. INSPIRING. Discover a new topic or subject with these intelligent and serious introductions written by authors who are experts in their field. Find

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