HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES National Security Policy Spring 2021. Paul Lettow. The Biden administration, as well as future administrations, should look to the national security strategy planning efforts of previous administrations for lessons on how to craft a strategy that establishes a competitive approach to America’s rivals that is. THE TRUTH ABOUT TRIPWIRES: WHY SMALL FORCE DEPLOYMENTS DO A pillar of American grand strategy since 1945 has been the deployment of forces — sometimes smaller and sometimes larger — abroad. A key logic underpinning smaller deployments is that they serve as tripwires: Attacking them is assumed to inevitably trigger broader intervention, deterring aggression. We question this logic. Not only are small tripwire deployments unlikely to prevent an THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA AND In 2005, a U.S. Navy plan was forwarded to Congress: It entailed reducing force structure and transforming to a capabilities-based forward force posture. However, the Navy continued to pursue unattainable force levels and, today, has lost command of the seas to China in the Western Pacific. China’s pace of war is the speed of light through cyberspace, leaving U.S. forces blind and deaf AN EPISODE OF EXISTENTIAL UNCERTAINTY: THE ONTOLOGICAL Despite the fact that the war in eastern Ukraine has been ongoing for over seven years, there remains no satisfactory answer as to what prompted Moscow to invade Donbas in the first place. Explanations range from materialist to ideational — however, none get to the heart of the matter. In addressing this problem, this paper uses the concept of ontological security to explain the motivations THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA … T U.S. Nvy’ L C th S C H R I 150 intends to exploit this U.S. time trade-off by com-manding the new, non-traditional domain of war-fare:

cyberspace.

AMERICA'S ALLIANCES AFTER TRUMP: LESSONS FROM THE SUMMERSEE MORE ON

TNSR.ORG

FROM CITIZEN SOLDIER TO SECULAR SAINT: THE SOCIETAL For nearly 40 years, the American public has placed extraordinary trust and confidence in the military, celebrating heroism and service in diverse venues ranging from religious services to theme parks to sporting events. Survey after survey has shown that Americans revere their military, at least superficially. How members of the military feel about their own service, sacrifices, and POLICY ROUNDTABLE: THE FUTURE OF JAPANESE SECURITY AND The Importance of Japan. To introduce this roundtable, we first make the obvious claim that, while overshadowed by the Sino-American bilateral balance, Japan is a large and capable military power, with the potential to grow even more so with relatively little effort. Japan possesses the world’s third largest economy. WHAT IS A CYBER WARRIOR? THE EMERGENCE OF U.S. … W I Cer Warr? T Eergen U.S. Mtary Cer Eert, 1967–2018 62 How have military cyber operations, a diverse set of activities that often differ little from civilian cyber security work, achieved CAPTAIN PROFESSOR SIR: SOME LESSONS FROM MICHAEL … Captain Professor Sir: Some Lessons from Michael Howard 113 In this featured roundtable essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 2, Beatrice Heuser writes about the life and work of the late Sir Michael Howard. HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES National Security Policy Spring 2021. Paul Lettow. The Biden administration, as well as future administrations, should look to the national security strategy planning efforts of previous administrations for lessons on how to craft a strategy that establishes a competitive approach to America’s rivals that is. THE TRUTH ABOUT TRIPWIRES: WHY SMALL FORCE DEPLOYMENTS DO A pillar of American grand strategy since 1945 has been the deployment of forces — sometimes smaller and sometimes larger — abroad. A key logic underpinning smaller deployments is that they serve as tripwires: Attacking them is assumed to inevitably trigger broader intervention, deterring aggression. We question this logic. Not only are small tripwire deployments unlikely to prevent an THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA AND In 2005, a U.S. Navy plan was forwarded to Congress: It entailed reducing force structure and transforming to a capabilities-based forward force posture. However, the Navy continued to pursue unattainable force levels and, today, has lost command of the seas to China in the Western Pacific. China’s pace of war is the speed of light through cyberspace, leaving U.S. forces blind and deaf AN EPISODE OF EXISTENTIAL UNCERTAINTY: THE ONTOLOGICAL Despite the fact that the war in eastern Ukraine has been ongoing for over seven years, there remains no satisfactory answer as to what prompted Moscow to invade Donbas in the first place. Explanations range from materialist to ideational — however, none get to the heart of the matter. In addressing this problem, this paper uses the concept of ontological security to explain the motivations THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA … T U.S. Nvy’ L C th S C H R I 150 intends to exploit this U.S. time trade-off by com-manding the new, non-traditional domain of war-fare:

cyberspace.

AMERICA'S ALLIANCES AFTER TRUMP: LESSONS FROM THE SUMMERSEE MORE ON

TNSR.ORG

FROM CITIZEN SOLDIER TO SECULAR SAINT: THE SOCIETAL For nearly 40 years, the American public has placed extraordinary trust and confidence in the military, celebrating heroism and service in diverse venues ranging from religious services to theme parks to sporting events. Survey after survey has shown that Americans revere their military, at least superficially. How members of the military feel about their own service, sacrifices, and POLICY ROUNDTABLE: THE FUTURE OF JAPANESE SECURITY AND The Importance of Japan. To introduce this roundtable, we first make the obvious claim that, while overshadowed by the Sino-American bilateral balance, Japan is a large and capable military power, with the potential to grow even more so with relatively little effort. Japan possesses the world’s third largest economy. WHAT IS A CYBER WARRIOR? THE EMERGENCE OF U.S. … W I Cer Warr? T Eergen U.S. Mtary Cer Eert, 1967–2018 62 How have military cyber operations, a diverse set of activities that often differ little from civilian cyber security work, achieved CAPTAIN PROFESSOR SIR: SOME LESSONS FROM MICHAEL … Captain Professor Sir: Some Lessons from Michael Howard 113 In this featured roundtable essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 2, Beatrice Heuser writes about the life and work of the late Sir Michael Howard. EROSION BY DEFERENCE: CIVILIAN CONTROL AND THE MILITARY IN Delegating policymaking functions to members of the military profession can undermine civilian control in democracies, and yet democratic leaders continue to do just this. So why do leaders of democratic states delegate policymaking responsibilities to the military? Existing research does not provide a comprehensive answer to this question. To shed light on this understudied phenomenon, I U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY: LESSONS LEARNED The Biden administration, as well as future administrations, should look to the national security strategy planning efforts of previous administrations for lessons on how to craft a strategy that establishes a competitive approach to America’s rivals that is both toughminded and sustainable in order to guide U.S. foreign, defense, and budget policies and decision-making. In this article WHAT IS A CYBER WARRIOR? THE EMERGENCE OF U.S. MILITARY How have military cyber operations, a diverse set of activities that often differ little from civilian cyber security work, achieved the status of “warfighting”? What activities have the greatest warfighting status, what activities have the least, and why? This paper examines the establishment and growth of expertise associated with cyber operations in the individual services and at the THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA … T U.S. Nvy’ L C th S C H R I 150 intends to exploit this U.S. time trade-off by com-manding the new, non-traditional domain of war-fare:

cyberspace.

WORMHOLE ESCALATION IN THE NEW NUCLEAR AGE Wormhole Escalation in the New Nuclear Age. Increasingly capable and intrusive digital information technologies, advanced dual-use military capabilities, and diffused global power structures will reshape future crises and conflicts between nuclear-armed adversaries and challenge traditional ways of thinking about escalation and stability. COERCION THEORY: A BASIC INTRODUCTION FOR PRACTITIONERS While coercion theory may be well understood in the academy, it is less well understood by practitioners, especially in the military. This can cause difficulties in civil-military communications and cause problems for national strategy and military outcomes. In this essay, Tami Davis Biddle clarifies, systematizes, and makes more readily accessible the language of coercion theory. PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis 55 Do cyber capabilities create novel risks of

a future political

WHAT IS A CYBER WARRIOR? THE EMERGENCE OF U.S. … W I Cer Warr? T Eergen U.S. Mtary Cer Eert, 1967–2018 62 How have military cyber operations, a diverse set of activities that often differ little from civilian cyber security work, achieved POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS NOW AND The appointment of so many marines also raises questions about service parochialism, or at least the appearance thereof, in the Pentagon. Gone are the days, to say the least, when the Marine Corps feared for its very existence. 11. Civil-military relations experts and observers have noted these issues with concern. CROSSROADS: COUNTER-TERRORISM AND THE INTERNET Crossroads: Counter-terrorism and the Internet. Brian Fishman, who leads the effort against terrorist and hate organizations at Facebook, argues that counter-terrorism researchers need to tailor their recommendations to the corporate policymakers inside tech companies who want to do far more than the bare minimum. HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES National Security Policy Spring 2021. Paul Lettow. The Biden administration, as well as future administrations, should look to the national security strategy planning efforts of previous administrations for lessons on how to craft a strategy that establishes a competitive approach to America’s rivals that is. THE TRUTH ABOUT TRIPWIRES: WHY SMALL FORCE DEPLOYMENTS DO A pillar of American grand strategy since 1945 has been the deployment of forces — sometimes smaller and sometimes larger — abroad. A key logic underpinning smaller deployments is that they serve as tripwires: Attacking them is assumed to inevitably trigger broader intervention, deterring aggression. We question this logic. Not only are small tripwire deployments unlikely to prevent an U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY: LESSONS LEARNED THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA AND In 2005, a U.S. Navy plan was forwarded to Congress: It entailed reducing force structure and transforming to a capabilities-based forward force posture. However, the Navy continued to pursue unattainable force levels and, today, has lost command of the seas to China in the Western Pacific. China’s pace of war is the speed of light through cyberspace, leaving U.S. forces blind and deaf AN EPISODE OF EXISTENTIAL UNCERTAINTY: THE ONTOLOGICAL Despite the fact that the war in eastern Ukraine has been ongoing for over seven years, there remains no satisfactory answer as to what prompted Moscow to invade Donbas in the first place. Explanations range from materialist to ideational — however, none get to the heart of the matter. In addressing this problem, this paper uses the concept of ontological security to explain the motivations THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA … T U.S. Nvy’ L C th S C H R I 150 intends to exploit this U.S. time trade-off by com-manding the new, non-traditional domain of war-fare:

cyberspace.

AMERICA'S ALLIANCES AFTER TRUMP: LESSONS FROM THE SUMMERSEE MORE ON

TNSR.ORG

COERCION THEORY: A BASIC INTRODUCTION FOR PRACTITIONERS While coercion theory may be well understood in the academy, it is less well understood by practitioners, especially in the military. This can cause difficulties in civil-military communications and cause problems for national strategy and military outcomes. In this essay, Tami Davis Biddle clarifies, systematizes, and makes more readily accessible the language of coercion theory. PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis 55 Do cyber capabilities create novel risks of

a future political

FROM CITIZEN SOLDIER TO SECULAR SAINT: THE SOCIETAL For nearly 40 years, the American public has placed extraordinary trust and confidence in the military, celebrating heroism and service in diverse venues ranging from religious services to theme parks to sporting events. Survey after survey has shown that Americans revere their military, at least superficially. How members of the military feel about their own service, sacrifices, and HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES National Security Policy Spring 2021. Paul Lettow. The Biden administration, as well as future administrations, should look to the national security strategy planning efforts of previous administrations for lessons on how to craft a strategy that establishes a competitive approach to America’s rivals that is. THE TRUTH ABOUT TRIPWIRES: WHY SMALL FORCE DEPLOYMENTS DO A pillar of American grand strategy since 1945 has been the deployment of forces — sometimes smaller and sometimes larger — abroad. A key logic underpinning smaller deployments is that they serve as tripwires: Attacking them is assumed to inevitably trigger broader intervention, deterring aggression. We question this logic. Not only are small tripwire deployments unlikely to prevent an U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY: LESSONS LEARNED THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA AND In 2005, a U.S. Navy plan was forwarded to Congress: It entailed reducing force structure and transforming to a capabilities-based forward force posture. However, the Navy continued to pursue unattainable force levels and, today, has lost command of the seas to China in the Western Pacific. China’s pace of war is the speed of light through cyberspace, leaving U.S. forces blind and deaf AN EPISODE OF EXISTENTIAL UNCERTAINTY: THE ONTOLOGICAL Despite the fact that the war in eastern Ukraine has been ongoing for over seven years, there remains no satisfactory answer as to what prompted Moscow to invade Donbas in the first place. Explanations range from materialist to ideational — however, none get to the heart of the matter. In addressing this problem, this paper uses the concept of ontological security to explain the motivations THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA … T U.S. Nvy’ L C th S C H R I 150 intends to exploit this U.S. time trade-off by com-manding the new, non-traditional domain of war-fare:

cyberspace.

AMERICA'S ALLIANCES AFTER TRUMP: LESSONS FROM THE SUMMERSEE MORE ON

TNSR.ORG

COERCION THEORY: A BASIC INTRODUCTION FOR PRACTITIONERS While coercion theory may be well understood in the academy, it is less well understood by practitioners, especially in the military. This can cause difficulties in civil-military communications and cause problems for national strategy and military outcomes. In this essay, Tami Davis Biddle clarifies, systematizes, and makes more readily accessible the language of coercion theory. PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis 55 Do cyber capabilities create novel risks of

a future political

FROM CITIZEN SOLDIER TO SECULAR SAINT: THE SOCIETAL For nearly 40 years, the American public has placed extraordinary trust and confidence in the military, celebrating heroism and service in diverse venues ranging from religious services to theme parks to sporting events. Survey after survey has shown that Americans revere their military, at least superficially. How members of the military feel about their own service, sacrifices, and EROSION BY DEFERENCE: CIVILIAN CONTROL AND THE MILITARY IN “f you want to get into a debate with a four-star Marine general, I think that that’s something highly inappropriate.” Sarah Sanders, White House Press Secretary1. The United States has experienced multiple episodes of civil-military tension that have bordered on eroding norms of civilian control over the last 30 years.2 The Trump administration amplified the politicization of the PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Ben Buchanan Fiona S. Cunningham Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis Texas National Security Review: Volume 3, Issue 4 (Fall 2020) THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA … T U.S. Nvy’ L C th S C H R I 150 intends to exploit this U.S. time trade-off by com-manding the new, non-traditional domain of war-fare:

cyberspace.

ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TO Artificial intelligence (AI) promises to increase military efficiency, but also poses unique challenges to multinational military operations and decision-making that scholars and policymakers have yet to explore. The data- and resource-intensive nature of AI development creates barriers to burden-sharing and interoperability that can hamper multinational operations. By accelerating the speed WORMHOLE ESCALATION IN THE NEW NUCLEAR AGE Wormhole Escalation in the New Nuclear Age. Increasingly capable and intrusive digital information technologies, advanced dual-use military capabilities, and diffused global power structures will reshape future crises and conflicts between nuclear-armed adversaries and challenge traditional ways of thinking about escalation and stability. KEEPING NORMS NORMAL: ANCIENT PERSPECTIVES ON NORMS IN The norms that uphold democratic values are a vital part of a healthy system of civil-military relations, but they are not well understood in the United States today. Ancient political philosophers, however, developed rich analyses of what norms are and how they work. We argue Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius established useful ways of thinking about civilian control focused on the apportionment WHAT IS A CYBER WARRIOR? THE EMERGENCE OF U.S. MILITARY How have military cyber operations, a diverse set of activities that often differ little from civilian cyber security work, achieved the status of “warfighting”? What activities have the greatest warfighting status, what activities have the least, and why? This paper examines the establishment and growth of expertise associated with cyber operations in the individual services and at the POLICY ROUNDTABLE: THE FUTURE OF JAPANESE SECURITY AND The Importance of Japan. To introduce this roundtable, we first make the obvious claim that, while overshadowed by the Sino-American bilateral balance, Japan is a large and capable military power, with the potential to grow even more so with relatively little effort. Japan possesses the world’s third largest economy. CROSSROADS: COUNTER-TERRORISM AND THE INTERNET Crossroads: Counter-terrorism and the Internet. Brian Fishman, who leads the effort against terrorist and hate organizations at Facebook, argues that counter-terrorism researchers need to tailor their recommendations to the corporate policymakers inside tech companies who want to do far more than the bare minimum. DAVID BETZ HUGO STANFORD-TUCK The City Is Neutral: On Urban Warfare in the 21st Century 63 “to point out lessons , but to isolate things that need thinking about.”9 We conducted fieldwork in the United Kingdom, HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES National Security Policy Spring 2021. Paul Lettow. The Biden administration, as well as future administrations, should look to the national security strategy planning efforts of previous administrations for lessons on how to craft a strategy that establishes a competitive approach to America’s rivals that is. EROSION BY DEFERENCE: CIVILIAN CONTROL AND THE MILITARY IN “f you want to get into a debate with a four-star Marine general, I think that that’s something highly inappropriate.” Sarah Sanders, White House Press Secretary1. The United States has experienced multiple episodes of civil-military tension that have bordered on eroding norms of civilian control over the last 30 years.2 The Trump administration amplified the politicization of the THE TRUTH ABOUT TRIPWIRES: WHY SMALL FORCE DEPLOYMENTS DO A pillar of American grand strategy since 1945 has been the deployment of forces — sometimes smaller and sometimes larger — abroad. A key logic underpinning smaller deployments is that they serve as tripwires: Attacking them is assumed to inevitably trigger broader intervention, deterring aggression. We question this logic. Not only are small tripwire deployments unlikely to prevent an THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA AND In 2005, a U.S. Navy plan was forwarded to Congress: It entailed reducing force structure and transforming to a capabilities-based forward force posture. However, the Navy continued to pursue unattainable force levels and, today, has lost command of the seas to China in the Western Pacific. China’s pace of war is the speed of light through cyberspace, leaving U.S. forces blind and deaf AN EPISODE OF EXISTENTIAL UNCERTAINTY: THE ONTOLOGICAL Despite the fact that the war in eastern Ukraine has been ongoing for over seven years, there remains no satisfactory answer as to what prompted Moscow to invade Donbas in the first place. Explanations range from materialist to ideational — however, none get to the heart of the matter. In addressing this problem, this paper uses the concept of ontological security to explain the motivations COERCION THEORY: A BASIC INTRODUCTION FOR PRACTITIONERS While coercion theory may be well understood in the academy, it is less well understood by practitioners, especially in the military. This can cause difficulties in civil-military communications and cause problems for national strategy and military outcomes. In this essay, Tami Davis Biddle clarifies, systematizes, and makes more readily accessible the language of coercion theory. THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA … T U.S. Nvy’ L C th S C H R I 150 intends to exploit this U.S. time trade-off by com-manding the new, non-traditional domain of war-fare:

cyberspace.

PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis 55 Do cyber capabilities create novel risks of

a future political

FROM CITIZEN SOLDIER TO SECULAR SAINT: THE SOCIETAL For nearly 40 years, the American public has placed extraordinary trust and confidence in the military, celebrating heroism and service in diverse venues ranging from religious services to theme parks to sporting events. Survey after survey has shown that Americans revere their military, at least superficially. How members of the military feel about their own service, sacrifices, and DAVID BETZ HUGO STANFORD-TUCK The City Is Neutral: On Urban Warfare in the 21st Century 63 “to point out lessons , but to isolate things that need thinking about.”9 We conducted fieldwork in the United Kingdom, HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES National Security Policy Spring 2021. Paul Lettow. The Biden administration, as well as future administrations, should look to the national security strategy planning efforts of previous administrations for lessons on how to craft a strategy that establishes a competitive approach to America’s rivals that is. EROSION BY DEFERENCE: CIVILIAN CONTROL AND THE MILITARY IN “f you want to get into a debate with a four-star Marine general, I think that that’s something highly inappropriate.” Sarah Sanders, White House Press Secretary1. The United States has experienced multiple episodes of civil-military tension that have bordered on eroding norms of civilian control over the last 30 years.2 The Trump administration amplified the politicization of the THE TRUTH ABOUT TRIPWIRES: WHY SMALL FORCE DEPLOYMENTS DO A pillar of American grand strategy since 1945 has been the deployment of forces — sometimes smaller and sometimes larger — abroad. A key logic underpinning smaller deployments is that they serve as tripwires: Attacking them is assumed to inevitably trigger broader intervention, deterring aggression. We question this logic. Not only are small tripwire deployments unlikely to prevent an THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA AND In 2005, a U.S. Navy plan was forwarded to Congress: It entailed reducing force structure and transforming to a capabilities-based forward force posture. However, the Navy continued to pursue unattainable force levels and, today, has lost command of the seas to China in the Western Pacific. China’s pace of war is the speed of light through cyberspace, leaving U.S. forces blind and deaf AN EPISODE OF EXISTENTIAL UNCERTAINTY: THE ONTOLOGICAL Despite the fact that the war in eastern Ukraine has been ongoing for over seven years, there remains no satisfactory answer as to what prompted Moscow to invade Donbas in the first place. Explanations range from materialist to ideational — however, none get to the heart of the matter. In addressing this problem, this paper uses the concept of ontological security to explain the motivations COERCION THEORY: A BASIC INTRODUCTION FOR PRACTITIONERS While coercion theory may be well understood in the academy, it is less well understood by practitioners, especially in the military. This can cause difficulties in civil-military communications and cause problems for national strategy and military outcomes. In this essay, Tami Davis Biddle clarifies, systematizes, and makes more readily accessible the language of coercion theory. THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA … T U.S. Nvy’ L C th S C H R I 150 intends to exploit this U.S. time trade-off by com-manding the new, non-traditional domain of war-fare:

cyberspace.

PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis 55 Do cyber capabilities create novel risks of

a future political

FROM CITIZEN SOLDIER TO SECULAR SAINT: THE SOCIETAL For nearly 40 years, the American public has placed extraordinary trust and confidence in the military, celebrating heroism and service in diverse venues ranging from religious services to theme parks to sporting events. Survey after survey has shown that Americans revere their military, at least superficially. How members of the military feel about their own service, sacrifices, and DAVID BETZ HUGO STANFORD-TUCK The City Is Neutral: On Urban Warfare in the 21st Century 63 “to point out lessons , but to isolate things that need thinking about.”9 We conducted fieldwork in the United Kingdom,

SUBMISSIONS

Submissions. The Texas National Security Review is committed to excellence, scholarly rigor, and big ideas. We aim for articles published in this journal to end up on university syllabi and policy desks from Washington to Tokyo, and to be cited as the foundational research and analysis on world affairs. The Texas National Security

Review

WORMHOLE ESCALATION IN THE NEW NUCLEAR AGE Wormhole Escalation in the New Nuclear Age. Increasingly capable and intrusive digital information technologies, advanced dual-use military capabilities, and diffused global power structures will reshape future crises and conflicts between nuclear-armed adversaries and challenge traditional ways of thinking about escalation and stability. PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Ben Buchanan Fiona S. Cunningham Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis Texas National Security Review: Volume 3, Issue 4 (Fall 2020) FRANCE’S WAR IN THE SAHEL AND THE EVOLUTION OF COUNTER Criticism of French military operations in the Sahel region of Africa raises questions about the French army’s heritage of colonial and counter-insurgency (COIN) operations and its relevance today. The French army is heir to practices and doctrines that originated in 19th-century colonial operations and the Cold War. Common features of French approaches have been a de-emphasis on military THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA … T U.S. Nvy’ L C th S C H R I 150 intends to exploit this U.S. time trade-off by com-manding the new, non-traditional domain of war-fare:

cyberspace.

ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TO Artificial intelligence (AI) promises to increase military efficiency, but also poses unique challenges to multinational military operations and decision-making that scholars and policymakers have yet to explore. The data- and resource-intensive nature of AI development creates barriers to burden-sharing and interoperability that can hamper multinational operations. By accelerating the speed KEEPING NORMS NORMAL: ANCIENT PERSPECTIVES ON NORMS IN The norms that uphold democratic values are a vital part of a healthy system of civil-military relations, but they are not well understood in the United States today. Ancient political philosophers, however, developed rich analyses of what norms are and how they work. We argue Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius established useful ways of thinking about civilian control focused on the apportionment WHAT IS A CYBER WARRIOR? THE EMERGENCE OF U.S. MILITARY How have military cyber operations, a diverse set of activities that often differ little from civilian cyber security work, achieved the status of “warfighting”? What activities have the greatest warfighting status, what activities have the least, and why? This paper examines the establishment and growth of expertise associated with cyber operations in the individual services and at the POLICY ROUNDTABLE: THE FUTURE OF JAPANESE SECURITY AND The Importance of Japan. To introduce this roundtable, we first make the obvious claim that, while overshadowed by the Sino-American bilateral balance, Japan is a large and capable military power, with the potential to grow even more so with relatively little effort. Japan possesses the world’s third largest economy. DAVID BETZ HUGO STANFORD-TUCK The City Is Neutral: On Urban Warfare in the 21st Century 63 “to point out lessons , but to isolate things that need thinking about.”9 We conducted fieldwork in the United Kingdom, HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES National Security Policy Spring 2021. Paul Lettow. The Biden administration, as well as future administrations, should look to the national security strategy planning efforts of previous administrations for lessons on how to craft a strategy that establishes a competitive approach to America’s rivals that is. ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOSEE MORE ON TNSR.ORGARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONS PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis 55 Do cyber capabilities create novel risks of

a future political

COERCION THEORY: A BASIC INTRODUCTION FOR PRACTITIONERS While coercion theory may be well understood in the academy, it is less well understood by practitioners, especially in the military. This can cause difficulties in civil-military communications and cause problems for national strategy and military outcomes. In this essay, Tami Davis Biddle clarifies, systematizes, and makes more readily accessible the language of coercion theory. ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONSMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ADVANTAGESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE EXAMPLESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE PDF

Allies and Artificial Intelligence: Obstacles to Operations and Decision-Making 59 and processes,13 their effectiveness at reassuring friends and deterring rivals,14 and their survival amid changing political conditions.15 Much of this work has overlooked the effects

of specific tech-

POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CYBER CONFLICT AS AN INTELLIGENCESEE MORE ON

TNSR.ORG

CAPTAIN PROFESSOR SIR: SOME LESSONS FROM MICHAEL … Captain Professor Sir: Some Lessons from Michael Howard 113 In this featured roundtable essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 2, Beatrice Heuser writes about the life and work of the late Sir Michael Howard. DAVID BETZ HUGO STANFORD-TUCK The City Is Neutral: On Urban Warfare in the 21st Century 63 “to point out lessons , but to isolate things that need thinking about.”9 We conducted fieldwork in the United Kingdom, 68 THE SCHOLAR BLUNT NOT THE HEART, ENRA GE IT 69 Malcolm Dispute it like a man. Macduff I shall do so; But I must also feel it as a man: I cannot but remember such things were, That were most precious to me. POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS NOW ANDAMERICAN CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS PDFUS CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS DEFINITIONCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS THEORYSAMUEL HUNTINGTON CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSHIP The appointment of so many marines also raises questions about service parochialism, or at least the appearance thereof, in the Pentagon. Gone are the days, to say the least, when the Marine Corps feared for its very existence. 11. Civil-military relations experts and observers have noted these issues with concern. HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES National Security Policy Spring 2021. Paul Lettow. The Biden administration, as well as future administrations, should look to the national security strategy planning efforts of previous administrations for lessons on how to craft a strategy that establishes a competitive approach to America’s rivals that is. ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOSEE MORE ON TNSR.ORGARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONS PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis 55 Do cyber capabilities create novel risks of

a future political

COERCION THEORY: A BASIC INTRODUCTION FOR PRACTITIONERS While coercion theory may be well understood in the academy, it is less well understood by practitioners, especially in the military. This can cause difficulties in civil-military communications and cause problems for national strategy and military outcomes. In this essay, Tami Davis Biddle clarifies, systematizes, and makes more readily accessible the language of coercion theory. ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONSMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ADVANTAGESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE EXAMPLESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE PDF

Allies and Artificial Intelligence: Obstacles to Operations and Decision-Making 59 and processes,13 their effectiveness at reassuring friends and deterring rivals,14 and their survival amid changing political conditions.15 Much of this work has overlooked the effects

of specific tech-

POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CYBER CONFLICT AS AN INTELLIGENCESEE MORE ON

TNSR.ORG

CAPTAIN PROFESSOR SIR: SOME LESSONS FROM MICHAEL … Captain Professor Sir: Some Lessons from Michael Howard 113 In this featured roundtable essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 2, Beatrice Heuser writes about the life and work of the late Sir Michael Howard. DAVID BETZ HUGO STANFORD-TUCK The City Is Neutral: On Urban Warfare in the 21st Century 63 “to point out lessons , but to isolate things that need thinking about.”9 We conducted fieldwork in the United Kingdom, 68 THE SCHOLAR BLUNT NOT THE HEART, ENRA GE IT 69 Malcolm Dispute it like a man. Macduff I shall do so; But I must also feel it as a man: I cannot but remember such things were, That were most precious to me. POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS NOW ANDAMERICAN CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS PDFUS CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS DEFINITIONCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS THEORYSAMUEL HUNTINGTON CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSHIP The appointment of so many marines also raises questions about service parochialism, or at least the appearance thereof, in the Pentagon. Gone are the days, to say the least, when the Marine Corps feared for its very existence. 11. Civil-military relations experts and observers have noted these issues with concern. EROSION BY DEFERENCE: CIVILIAN CONTROL AND THE MILITARY IN “f you want to get into a debate with a four-star Marine general, I think that that’s something highly inappropriate.” Sarah Sanders, White House Press Secretary1. The United States has experienced multiple episodes of civil-military tension that have bordered on eroding norms of civilian control over the last 30 years.2 The Trump administration amplified the politicization of the THE TRUTH ABOUT TRIPWIRES: WHY SMALL FORCE DEPLOYMENTS DO A pillar of American grand strategy since 1945 has been the deployment of forces — sometimes smaller and sometimes larger — abroad. A key logic underpinning smaller deployments is that they serve as tripwires: Attacking them is assumed to inevitably trigger broader intervention, deterring aggression. We question this logic. Not only are small tripwire deployments unlikely to prevent an THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA AND In 2005, a U.S. Navy plan was forwarded to Congress: It entailed reducing force structure and transforming to a capabilities-based forward force posture. However, the Navy continued to pursue unattainable force levels and, today, has lost command of the seas to China in the Western Pacific. China’s pace of war is the speed of light through cyberspace, leaving U.S. forces blind and deaf WORMHOLE ESCALATION IN THE NEW NUCLEAR AGE Wormhole Escalation in the New Nuclear Age. Increasingly capable and intrusive digital information technologies, advanced dual-use military capabilities, and diffused global power structures will reshape future crises and conflicts between nuclear-armed adversaries and challenge traditional ways of thinking about escalation and stability. COERCION THEORY: A BASIC INTRODUCTION FOR PRACTITIONERS While coercion theory may be well understood in the academy, it is less well understood by practitioners, especially in the military. This can cause difficulties in civil-military communications and cause problems for national strategy and military outcomes. In this essay, Tami Davis Biddle clarifies, systematizes, and makes more readily accessible the language of coercion theory. ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TO Allies and Artificial Intelligence: Obstacles to Operations and Decision-Making 59 and processes,13 their effectiveness at reassuring friends and deterring rivals,14 and their survival amid changing political conditions.15 Much of this work has overlooked the effects

of specific tech-

CAPTAIN PROFESSOR SIR: SOME LESSONS FROM MICHAEL … Captain Professor Sir: Some Lessons from Michael Howard 113 In this featured roundtable essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 2, Beatrice Heuser writes about the life and work of the late Sir Michael Howard. POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS NOW AND The appointment of so many marines also raises questions about service parochialism, or at least the appearance thereof, in the Pentagon. Gone are the days, to say the least, when the Marine Corps feared for its very existence. 11. Civil-military relations experts and observers have noted these issues with concern. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION, AND World leaders, CEOs, and academics have suggested that a revolution in artificial intelligence is upon us. Are they right, and what will advances in artificial intelligence mean for international competition and the balance of power? This article evaluates how developments in artificial intelligence (AI) — advanced, narrow applications in particular — are poised to influence military power RSONS SSY RUBLES, DOLLARS, AND POWER: U.S. INTELLIGENCE ON Rubles, Dollars, and Power: U.S. Intelligence on the Soviet Economy and Long-Term Competition Even with access to official budgetary figures, the team discovered it could HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES In this roundtable, our contributors review H.R. McMaster’s book “Battlegrounds: The Fight to Defend the Free World.” They explore the implications of McMaster’s core arguments for U.S. national security policy, the future of conservative national security policy, and American civil-military relations. ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOSEE MORE ON TNSR.ORGARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONS ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONSMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ADVANTAGESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE EXAMPLESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE PDF

Allies and Artificial Intelligence: Obstacles to Operations and Decision-Making 59 and processes,13 their effectiveness at reassuring friends and deterring rivals,14 and their survival amid changing political conditions.15 Much of this work has overlooked the effects

of specific tech-

PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis 55 Do cyber capabilities create novel risks of

a future political

68 THE SCHOLAR BLUNT NOT THE HEART, ENRA GE IT 69 Malcolm Dispute it like a man. Macduff I shall do so; But I must also feel it as a man: I cannot but remember such things were, That were most precious to me. DAVID BETZ HUGO STANFORD-TUCK The City Is Neutral: On Urban Warfare in the 21st Century 63 “to point out lessons , but to isolate things that need thinking about.”9 We conducted fieldwork in the United Kingdom, CAPTAIN PROFESSOR SIR: SOME LESSONS FROM MICHAEL … Captain Professor Sir: Some Lessons from Michael Howard 113 In this featured roundtable essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 2, Beatrice Heuser writes about the life and work of the late Sir Michael Howard. POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CYBER CONFLICT AS AN INTELLIGENCESEE MORE ON

TNSR.ORG

POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS NOW ANDAMERICAN CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS PDFUS CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS DEFINITIONCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS THEORYSAMUEL HUNTINGTON CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSHIP Given the number of current and former generals who have been appointed to the Trump administration, TNSR asked a group of experts to share their thoughts on the impact this is having on civil-military relations in America. ROUNDTABLE: REMEMBERING SIR MICHAEL HOWARD (1922–2019MICHAEL HOWARD FACEBOOKSIR THOMAS HOWARD 1473LTG MICHAEL HOWARDMG MICHAEL HOWARDMICHAEL HOWARD OBITMICHAEL HOWARD MD Note from the Editor: Late last year, Texas National Security Review publisher Ryan Evans came across a lecture delivered by the eminent military historian Sir Michael Howard at the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1967. The lecture embodied many of the themes developed in historian Cathal Nolan’s 2017 book, The Allure of Battle, and Evans and Nolan thought that it could serve as an interesting HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES In this roundtable, our contributors review H.R. McMaster’s book “Battlegrounds: The Fight to Defend the Free World.” They explore the implications of McMaster’s core arguments for U.S. national security policy, the future of conservative national security policy, and American civil-military relations. ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOSEE MORE ON TNSR.ORGARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONS ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONSMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ADVANTAGESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE EXAMPLESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE PDF

Allies and Artificial Intelligence: Obstacles to Operations and Decision-Making 59 and processes,13 their effectiveness at reassuring friends and deterring rivals,14 and their survival amid changing political conditions.15 Much of this work has overlooked the effects

of specific tech-

PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis 55 Do cyber capabilities create novel risks of

a future political

68 THE SCHOLAR BLUNT NOT THE HEART, ENRA GE IT 69 Malcolm Dispute it like a man. Macduff I shall do so; But I must also feel it as a man: I cannot but remember such things were, That were most precious to me. DAVID BETZ HUGO STANFORD-TUCK The City Is Neutral: On Urban Warfare in the 21st Century 63 “to point out lessons , but to isolate things that need thinking about.”9 We conducted fieldwork in the United Kingdom, CAPTAIN PROFESSOR SIR: SOME LESSONS FROM MICHAEL … Captain Professor Sir: Some Lessons from Michael Howard 113 In this featured roundtable essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 2, Beatrice Heuser writes about the life and work of the late Sir Michael Howard. POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CYBER CONFLICT AS AN INTELLIGENCESEE MORE ON

TNSR.ORG

POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS NOW ANDAMERICAN CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS PDFUS CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS DEFINITIONCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS THEORYSAMUEL HUNTINGTON CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSHIP Given the number of current and former generals who have been appointed to the Trump administration, TNSR asked a group of experts to share their thoughts on the impact this is having on civil-military relations in America. ROUNDTABLE: REMEMBERING SIR MICHAEL HOWARD (1922–2019MICHAEL HOWARD FACEBOOKSIR THOMAS HOWARD 1473LTG MICHAEL HOWARDMG MICHAEL HOWARDMICHAEL HOWARD OBITMICHAEL HOWARD MD Note from the Editor: Late last year, Texas National Security Review publisher Ryan Evans came across a lecture delivered by the eminent military historian Sir Michael Howard at the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1967. The lecture embodied many of the themes developed in historian Cathal Nolan’s 2017 book, The Allure of Battle, and Evans and Nolan thought that it could serve as an interesting THE TRUTH ABOUT TRIPWIRES: WHY SMALL FORCE DEPLOYMENTS DO A pillar of American grand strategy since 1945 has been the deployment of forces — sometimes smaller and sometimes larger — abroad. A key logic underpinning smaller deployments is that they serve as tripwires: Attacking them is assumed to inevitably trigger broader intervention, deterring aggression. We question this logic. Not only are small tripwire deployments unlikely to prevent an ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TO Artificial intelligence (AI) promises to increase military efficiency, but also poses unique challenges to multinational military operations and decision-making that scholars and policymakers have yet to explore. The data- and resource-intensive nature of AI development creates barriers to burden-sharing and interoperability that can hamper multinational operations. By accelerating the speed ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TO Allies and Artificial Intelligence: Obstacles to Operations and Decision-Making 59 and processes,13 their effectiveness at reassuring friends and deterring rivals,14 and their survival amid changing political conditions.15 Much of this work has overlooked the effects

of specific tech-

THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA AND In 2005, a U.S. Navy plan was forwarded to Congress: It entailed reducing force structure and transforming to a capabilities-based forward force posture. However, the Navy continued to pursue unattainable force levels and, today, has lost command of the seas to China in the Western Pacific. China’s pace of war is the speed of light through cyberspace, leaving U.S. forces blind and deaf COERCION THEORY: A BASIC INTRODUCTION FOR PRACTITIONERS While coercion theory may be well understood in the academy, it is less well understood by practitioners, especially in the military. This can cause difficulties in civil-military communications and cause problems for national strategy and military outcomes. In this essay, Tami Davis Biddle clarifies, systematizes, and makes more readily accessible the language of coercion theory. CAPTAIN PROFESSOR SIR: SOME LESSONS FROM MICHAEL … Captain Professor Sir: Some Lessons from Michael Howard 113 In this featured roundtable essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 2, Beatrice Heuser writes about the life and work of the late Sir Michael Howard. POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CYBER CONFLICT AS AN INTELLIGENCE 1. Introduction: Is Cyber Conflict an Intelligence Contest? Robert Chesney and Max Smeets Cyber war is out. But what is in? Scholars now generally recognize the limits of cyber war as a useful concept and/or framework for interpreting the strategic activity taking place in and

through cyberspace.

POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS NOW AND Given the number of current and former generals who have been appointed to the Trump administration, TNSR asked a group of experts to share their thoughts on the impact this is having on civil-military relations in America.

ISKANDER REHMAN

Raison d’Etat: Richelieu’s Grand Strategy During The Thirty Years’ War Renowned for his fierce intellect, mastery of the dark arts of propaganda, and unshakeable belief in the centralizing virtues RSONS SSY RUBLES, DOLLARS, AND POWER: U.S. INTELLIGENCE ON Rubles, Dollars, and Power: U.S. Intelligence on the Soviet Economy and Long-Term Competition Even with access to official budgetary figures, the team discovered it could HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES In this roundtable, our contributors review H.R. McMaster’s book “Battlegrounds: The Fight to Defend the Free World.” They explore the implications of McMaster’s core arguments for U.S. national security policy, the future of conservative national security policy, and American civil-military relations. ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOSEE MORE ON TNSR.ORGARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONS ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONSMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ADVANTAGESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE EXAMPLESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE PDF

Allies and Artificial Intelligence: Obstacles to Operations and Decision-Making 59 and processes,13 their effectiveness at reassuring friends and deterring rivals,14 and their survival amid changing political conditions.15 Much of this work has overlooked the effects

of specific tech-

PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis 55 Do cyber capabilities create novel risks of

a future political

68 THE SCHOLAR BLUNT NOT THE HEART, ENRA GE IT 69 Malcolm Dispute it like a man. Macduff I shall do so; But I must also feel it as a man: I cannot but remember such things were, That were most precious to me. DAVID BETZ HUGO STANFORD-TUCK The City Is Neutral: On Urban Warfare in the 21st Century 63 “to point out lessons , but to isolate things that need thinking about.”9 We conducted fieldwork in the United Kingdom, CAPTAIN PROFESSOR SIR: SOME LESSONS FROM MICHAEL … Captain Professor Sir: Some Lessons from Michael Howard 113 In this featured roundtable essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 2, Beatrice Heuser writes about the life and work of the late Sir Michael Howard. POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CYBER CONFLICT AS AN INTELLIGENCESEE MORE ON

TNSR.ORG

POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS NOW ANDAMERICAN CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS PDFUS CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS DEFINITIONCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS THEORYSAMUEL HUNTINGTON CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSHIP Given the number of current and former generals who have been appointed to the Trump administration, TNSR asked a group of experts to share their thoughts on the impact this is having on civil-military relations in America. ROUNDTABLE: REMEMBERING SIR MICHAEL HOWARD (1922–2019MICHAEL HOWARD FACEBOOKSIR THOMAS HOWARD 1473LTG MICHAEL HOWARDMG MICHAEL HOWARDMICHAEL HOWARD OBITMICHAEL HOWARD MD Note from the Editor: Late last year, Texas National Security Review publisher Ryan Evans came across a lecture delivered by the eminent military historian Sir Michael Howard at the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1967. The lecture embodied many of the themes developed in historian Cathal Nolan’s 2017 book, The Allure of Battle, and Evans and Nolan thought that it could serve as an interesting HOME - TEXAS NATIONAL SECURITY REVIEWMASTHEADABOUTSUBMISSIONSLATEST PRINT ISSUEPAST ISSUESROUNDTABLES In this roundtable, our contributors review H.R. McMaster’s book “Battlegrounds: The Fight to Defend the Free World.” They explore the implications of McMaster’s core arguments for U.S. national security policy, the future of conservative national security policy, and American civil-military relations. ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOSEE MORE ON TNSR.ORGARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONS ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TOARMY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MILITARYARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MILITARY APPLICATIONSMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ADVANTAGESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE EXAMPLESMILITARY ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE PDF

Allies and Artificial Intelligence: Obstacles to Operations and Decision-Making 59 and processes,13 their effectiveness at reassuring friends and deterring rivals,14 and their survival amid changing political conditions.15 Much of this work has overlooked the effects

of specific tech-

PREPARING THE CYBER BATTLEFIELD Preparing the Cyber Battlefield: Assessing a Novel Escalation Risk in a Sino-American Crisis 55 Do cyber capabilities create novel risks of

a future political

68 THE SCHOLAR BLUNT NOT THE HEART, ENRA GE IT 69 Malcolm Dispute it like a man. Macduff I shall do so; But I must also feel it as a man: I cannot but remember such things were, That were most precious to me. DAVID BETZ HUGO STANFORD-TUCK The City Is Neutral: On Urban Warfare in the 21st Century 63 “to point out lessons , but to isolate things that need thinking about.”9 We conducted fieldwork in the United Kingdom, CAPTAIN PROFESSOR SIR: SOME LESSONS FROM MICHAEL … Captain Professor Sir: Some Lessons from Michael Howard 113 In this featured roundtable essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 2, Beatrice Heuser writes about the life and work of the late Sir Michael Howard. POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CYBER CONFLICT AS AN INTELLIGENCESEE MORE ON

TNSR.ORG

POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS NOW ANDAMERICAN CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS PDFUS CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS DEFINITIONCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS THEORYSAMUEL HUNTINGTON CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSCIVIL MILITARY RELATIONSHIP Given the number of current and former generals who have been appointed to the Trump administration, TNSR asked a group of experts to share their thoughts on the impact this is having on civil-military relations in America. ROUNDTABLE: REMEMBERING SIR MICHAEL HOWARD (1922–2019MICHAEL HOWARD FACEBOOKSIR THOMAS HOWARD 1473LTG MICHAEL HOWARDMG MICHAEL HOWARDMICHAEL HOWARD OBITMICHAEL HOWARD MD Note from the Editor: Late last year, Texas National Security Review publisher Ryan Evans came across a lecture delivered by the eminent military historian Sir Michael Howard at the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1967. The lecture embodied many of the themes developed in historian Cathal Nolan’s 2017 book, The Allure of Battle, and Evans and Nolan thought that it could serve as an interesting THE TRUTH ABOUT TRIPWIRES: WHY SMALL FORCE DEPLOYMENTS DO A pillar of American grand strategy since 1945 has been the deployment of forces — sometimes smaller and sometimes larger — abroad. A key logic underpinning smaller deployments is that they serve as tripwires: Attacking them is assumed to inevitably trigger broader intervention, deterring aggression. We question this logic. Not only are small tripwire deployments unlikely to prevent an ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TO Artificial intelligence (AI) promises to increase military efficiency, but also poses unique challenges to multinational military operations and decision-making that scholars and policymakers have yet to explore. The data- and resource-intensive nature of AI development creates barriers to burden-sharing and interoperability that can hamper multinational operations. By accelerating the speed ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TO Allies and Artificial Intelligence: Obstacles to Operations and Decision-Making 59 and processes,13 their effectiveness at reassuring friends and deterring rivals,14 and their survival amid changing political conditions.15 Much of this work has overlooked the effects

of specific tech-

THE U.S. NAVY’S LOSS OF COMMAND OF THE SEAS TO CHINA AND In 2005, a U.S. Navy plan was forwarded to Congress: It entailed reducing force structure and transforming to a capabilities-based forward force posture. However, the Navy continued to pursue unattainable force levels and, today, has lost command of the seas to China in the Western Pacific. China’s pace of war is the speed of light through cyberspace, leaving U.S. forces blind and deaf COERCION THEORY: A BASIC INTRODUCTION FOR PRACTITIONERS While coercion theory may be well understood in the academy, it is less well understood by practitioners, especially in the military. This can cause difficulties in civil-military communications and cause problems for national strategy and military outcomes. In this essay, Tami Davis Biddle clarifies, systematizes, and makes more readily accessible the language of coercion theory. CAPTAIN PROFESSOR SIR: SOME LESSONS FROM MICHAEL … Captain Professor Sir: Some Lessons from Michael Howard 113 In this featured roundtable essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 2, Beatrice Heuser writes about the life and work of the late Sir Michael Howard. POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CYBER CONFLICT AS AN INTELLIGENCE 1. Introduction: Is Cyber Conflict an Intelligence Contest? Robert Chesney and Max Smeets Cyber war is out. But what is in? Scholars now generally recognize the limits of cyber war as a useful concept and/or framework for interpreting the strategic activity taking place in and

through cyberspace.

POLICY ROUNDTABLE: CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS NOW AND Given the number of current and former generals who have been appointed to the Trump administration, TNSR asked a group of experts to share their thoughts on the impact this is having on civil-military relations in America.

ISKANDER REHMAN

Raison d’Etat: Richelieu’s Grand Strategy During The Thirty Years’ War Renowned for his fierce intellect, mastery of the dark arts of propaganda, and unshakeable belief in the centralizing virtues RSONS SSY RUBLES, DOLLARS, AND POWER: U.S. INTELLIGENCE ON Rubles, Dollars, and Power: U.S. Intelligence on the Soviet Economy and Long-Term Competition Even with access to official budgetary figures, the team discovered it could menu-toggle-trans Toggle navigation Search here: zoom Search Toggle navigation

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One War Is Not Enough: Strategy and Force Planning for Great Power

Competition

ONE WAR IS NOT ENOUGH: STRATEGY AND FORCE PLANNING FOR GREAT POWER

COMPETITION

Great Power Competition Spring

2020

Hal Brands , Evan Braden

Montgomery

What are the implications of the Department of Defense's adoption of a one-war standard that is focused on defeating a great-power rival? Hal Brands and Evan Braden Montgomery discuss the gap between America's global commitments and the military challenges it… Allies and Artificial Intelligence: Obstacles to Operations and

Decision-Making

ALLIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: OBSTACLES TO OPERATIONS AND

DECISION-MAKING

Artificial Intelligence Spring

2020

Erik Lin-Greenberg

Artificial intelligence (AI) promises to increase military efficiency, but also poses unique challenges to multinational military operations and decision-making that scholars and policymakers have yet to explore. The data- and resource-intensive nature of AI… Coercion Theory: A Basic Introduction for Practitioners COERCION THEORY: A BASIC INTRODUCTION FOR PRACTITIONERS Military Strategy Spring 2020

Tami Davis Biddle

While coercion theory may be well understood in the academy, it is less well understood by practitioners, especially in the military. This can cause difficulties in civil-military communications and cause problems for national strategy and military outcomes.… Does Might Make Right? Individuals, Ethics, and Exceptionalism DOES MIGHT MAKE RIGHT? INDIVIDUALS, ETHICS, AND EXCEPTIONALISM

TNSR Spring 2020

Francis J. Gavin

In his introductory essay for Vol. 3, Iss. 1 of TNSR, the chair of our editorial board, Francis J. Gavin, discusses the choices made by individual statesmen, how to evaluate their motives, and the role of ethics in making grand strategic choices. Forming the Grand Strategist According to Shakespeare FORMING THE GRAND STRATEGIST ACCORDING TO SHAKESPEARE Grand Strategy Winter 2019/2020 Peter Campbell , Richard

Jordan

Shakespeare, like Clausewitz and Sun Tzu, locates the crux of strategic genius in the analysis of character, both of individuals and of societies. A key ingredient in strategic education, therefore, should be the close study of human character — not least… The Ethics of Acquiring Disruptive Military Technologies THE ETHICS OF ACQUIRING DISRUPTIVE MILITARY TECHNOLOGIES Technology Winter 2019/2020

C. Anthony Pfaff

Technological innovation is proceeding at a rapid pace and is having a dramatic effect on warfare. Not only do technologies such as artificial intelligence, human enhancement, and cyber reduce risk to soldiers and civilians alike, they also expand the kinds of… What Went Wrong? U.S.-China Relations from Tiananmen to Trump WHAT WENT WRONG? U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS FROM TIANANMEN TO TRUMP History Winter 2019/2020

James B. Steinberg

James Steinberg looks back at the relationship between the United States and China over the last 30 years and asks whether a better outcome could have been produced had different decisions been made. SIGN UP TO THE NEWSLETTER

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LATEST ROUNDTABLES

WHAT IS A ROUNDTABLE? Roundtables are where we get to hear from multiple experts on either a subject matter or a recently published book. These collections of essays allow for detailed debates and discussions from a variety of viewpoints so that we can deeply explore a given topic or book.

February 24, 2020

ROUNDTABLE: REMEMBERING SIR MICHAEL HOWARD (1922–2019) Margaret C. Martin , Thomas Crosbie , Cathal J. Nolan

, Paul L. Miles

For this special roundtable, we asked our contributors to discuss the life and work of Sir Michael Howard, and specifically his 1967 lecture at the U.S. Air Force Academy. Foreign Policy February 13, 2020 POLICY ROUNDTABLE: THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE EAST Andrew Miller , Steven A. Cook , Ariane M. Tabatabai , Or (Ori) Rabinowitz What does the future hold for the Middle East and U.S. policy in the region? We asked a group of scholars and practitioners to weigh in and

discuss.

Weak States February 05, 2020 BOOK REVIEW ROUNDTABLE: A SAVAGE ORDER Laura E. Bailey , Susanna P. Campbell , Daniel Mahanty , Isaiah (Ike) Wilson We got together a group of experts to review Rachel Kleinfeld’s book “A Savage Order,” which examines the causes of persistent

violence.

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