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THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH The event that began the transition from Old English to Middle English was the Norman Conquest of 1066, when William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy and, later, William I of England) invaded the island of Britain from his home base in northern France, and settled in THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH This process, referred to as agglutination, is a simple way to completely alter or subtly revise the meanings of existing words, to create other parts of speech out of words (e.g. verbs from nouns, adverbs form adjectives, etc), or to create completely new words from new roots. There are very few rules in the addition of affixes inEnglish, and
“THE LORD'S PRAYER” IN OLD ENGLISH (WITH MIDDLE ENGLISH “The Lord's Prayer” in Old English (with Middle English and Modern English translations) Old English Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum, si þin nama gehalgod. BEGINNING OF THE PROLOGUE OF “BEOWULF” from many peoples seized mead-benches; and terrorised the fearsome Heruli after first he was. found helpless and destitute, he then knew recompense for that, he waxed under the clouds, throve in honours, until to him each of the bordering tribes. beyond the whale-road hadto
THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH There are many books and many websites describing the journey of the English language from its ancient origins to today’s dynamic and powerful communication tool (you can find some of them on my Sources and Links page). Some follow it in minute and excruciating technical detail, some are brief one-page summaries, and you may be wondering: do we really need another? THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH Today, English is the second or third most popular mother tongue in the world, with an estimated 350-400 million native speakers. But, crucially, it is also the common tongue for many non-English speakers the world over, and almost a quarter of the globe’s population - maybe 1½-2 billion people - can understand it and have at least some basic competence in its use, whether written or spoken. THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH The new Anglo-Saxon nation, once known in antiquity as Albion and then Britannia under the Romans, nevertheless became known as Anglaland or Englaland (the Land of the Angles), later shortened to England, and its emerging language as Englisc (now referred to as Old English or Anglo-Saxon, or sometimes Anglo-Frisian). THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH The English colonization of North America had begun as early as 1600. Jamestown, Virginia was founded in 1607, and the Pilgrim Fathers settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620. The first settlers were, then, contemporaries of Shakespeare (1564-1616), Bacon (1561-1626) and Donne (1572-1631), and would have spoken a similar dialect. THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH The History of English - Before English(Prehistory - c. 500AD) Little or nothing is known about the original hunter-gatherer inhabitants of the British Isles before they were cut off from the rest of Europe by the English Channel (around 5000-6000 BC).Indeed, little is know of the so-called Beaker People and others who moved into the British Isles from Europe around 2500 BC, and were probably THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH Historically, the essential factor for the establishment of a global language is that it is spoken by those who wield power. Latin was the lingua franca of its time, although it was only ever a minority language within the Roman Empire as a whole. Crucially, though, it was the language of the powerful leaders and administrators and of theRoman
THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH The event that began the transition from Old English to Middle English was the Norman Conquest of 1066, when William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy and, later, William I of England) invaded the island of Britain from his home base in northern France, and settled in THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH This process, referred to as agglutination, is a simple way to completely alter or subtly revise the meanings of existing words, to create other parts of speech out of words (e.g. verbs from nouns, adverbs form adjectives, etc), or to create completely new words from new roots. There are very few rules in the addition of affixes inEnglish, and
“THE LORD'S PRAYER” IN OLD ENGLISH (WITH MIDDLE ENGLISH “The Lord's Prayer” in Old English (with Middle English and Modern English translations) Old English Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum, si þin nama gehalgod. BEGINNING OF THE PROLOGUE OF “BEOWULF” from many peoples seized mead-benches; and terrorised the fearsome Heruli after first he was. found helpless and destitute, he then knew recompense for that, he waxed under the clouds, throve in honours, until to him each of the bordering tribes. beyond the whale-road hadto
THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH Today, English is the second or third most popular mother tongue in the world, with an estimated 350-400 million native speakers. But, crucially, it is also the common tongue for many non-English speakers the world over, and almost a quarter of the globe’s population - maybe 1½-2 billion people - can understand it and have at least some basic competence in its use, whether written or spoken. THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH The Great Vowel Shift. (from ELLO) A major factor separating Middle English from Modern English is known as the Great Vowel Shift, a radical change in pronunciation during the 15th, 16th and 17th Century, as a result of which long vowel sounds began to be made higher and further forward in the mouth (short vowel sounds werelargely unchanged).
THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH “The Adventure of English” by Melvin Bragg (Sceptre, 2003) “Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language” by David Crystal (Cambridge University Press, 1995) “English as a Global Language” by David Crystal (Cambridge University Press, 1997) “Mother Tongue” by Bill Bryson (Penguin Books, 1990) THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH Search is case insensitive by default. Use the Power Search to change this.; Search is for whole words only by default (e.g. "grade" will only find the word "grade" and not "anterograde" or "retrograde"). Use the Power Search to change this.; Expand a search with a wildcard (*): adding a * to the end of a term will match all endings (e.g. "neur*" will match "neuron", "neuronal" and THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH The last native speaker of Manx, a Celtic language spoken on the tiny Isle of Man, died in the 1960s. Further afield, Ubykh, a highly complex Caucasian language with 82 consonants and just 3 vowels, once spoken by 50,000 people in the Crimea region of eastern Europe, went the same way in 1992. It is difficult to pinpoint the total number of THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH The majority of this website is devoted to the history and development of the English language, but the inclusion of a handful of more general topics related to language development might help to throw some additional light on how English has come to be where - and how - it is:. How New Words Are Created (including by Creating from Scratch, by Adoption or Borrowing, by Adding Prefixes and BEGINNING OF THE PROLOGUE OF “BEOWULF” from many peoples seized mead-benches; and terrorised the fearsome Heruli after first he was. found helpless and destitute, he then knew recompense for that, he waxed under the clouds, throve in honours, until to him each of the bordering tribes. beyond the whale-road hadto
EXCERPT FROM THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST. MATTHEW CH. 26 Excerpt from the Gospel According to St. Matthew Ch. 26 (Douay Version, 1582) 69. But Peter sat without in the court, and there came to him one wench, saying, Thou also wast with Jesus the Galilean. BEGINNING OF THE "SIR GAWAIN AND THE GREEN KNIGHT" Beginning of the "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" Sişen şe sege and şe assaut watz sesed at troye Şe bor3 brittened and brent to brondez and askez Şe tulk şat şe trammes of tresoun şer wro3t Qatz tried for his tricherie şe trewest on erşe "BUTTER, BREAD AND GREEN CHEESE" AND NUMBERS ONE TO TEN "Butter, bread and green cheese" and numbers one to ten: Bûter, brea, en griene tsiis, Wa't dat net sizze kin is gjin oprjochte Fries. Ien, twa, trije, fjouwer, fiifINTRODUCTION
HISTORY
TIMELINE
LANGUAGE ISSUES
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
SOURCES & LINKS
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
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The main influences on the development of the English language _ There are many books and many websites describing the journey of the English language from its ancient origins to today’s dynamic and powerful communication tool (you can find some of them on my Sources and Links page). Some follow it in minute and excruciating technical detail, some are brief one-page summaries, and you may be wondering: do we really need another? Well, perhaps not, but I wanted to create one anyway for my own enjoyment and edification. And this one is neither too long and intimidating nor is it too skimpy and “lite”, but, as Goldilocks might have said, just right. Not too much in the way of “fricatives” and “palatizations” and “labialized velars” (this does not pretend to be a work of serious philology), but plenty of rollicking historical detail, action and intrigue. Whatever your thoughts on the matter, English, with all its vagaries and annoying inconsistencies, remains the single most important and influential language in today’s world. Throughout history, it has repeatedly found itself in the right place at the right time: English-speaking Britain was the leading colonial nation in the 17th and 18th Century, as well as the leader of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 18th Century; in the late 19th and 20th Century, English-speaking America was the leading economic power, and was also at the forefront of the electronic and digital revolution of the late20th Century.
But, it has also proved itself the most flexible and resilient of languages, remarkable for its ability to adopt and absorb vocabulary from other cultures. It has survived incursions by invading armies, outfaced potential extinction on more than one occasion, and navigated the changing cultural _zeitgeist_, growing ever stronger in the process. Its continued vitality is evidenced by the number and diversity of its worldwide variations today. The main part of this website, the History , can be read as a kind of story, in chapters, following the development of the English language from its Indo-European origins , through Old English and Middle English to Early Modern English and Late Modern English , before a brief look at English Today . But there is also section on Language Issues (including How New Words are Created , Language and Geography and English as a Global Language ), a Timeline of important dates in the development of English, a Glossary of some of the technical and historical terms used, and a list of Sources and Links . I would like to acknowledge at this point my debt to the various websites, books and television series which I have raided, adapted and combined unapologetically, many of which are listed in the Sources and Links page. This is a personal project not a scholarly work, and I have not provided unimpeachable references to original sources for every point I make, although I have given specific references and credits for all images used. Please feel free to contact me if you have any issues about the content or attributions (or lack thereof) or to point out any absolute howlers I may havemade.
Incidentally, in case you were wondering, the spelling throughout this website is largely the Canadian English of my adopted country Canada (which itself is a hybrid of British and American spelling), although the words introduced - most of which arrived before Canada was Canada - are generally in British English. Contemporary English spelling is a whole new subject requiring a whole new website, but for starters you can look at another website of mine on Canadian, British and AmericanSpelling .
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
TIMELINE
LANGUAGE ISSUES
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
SOURCES & LINKS
2011 Luke Mastin
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
TIMELINE
LANGUAGE ISSUES
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
SOURCES & LINKS
Details
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