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TRANSLATING LATEX TO PLAIN TEX Translating LaTeX to Plain TeX Unfortunately, no “general”, simple, automatic process is likely to succeed at this task. See “How does LaTeX relate to Plain TeX” for further details. Obviously, trivial documents will translate in a trivial way. THE STYLE OF DOCUMENT TITLES The style of document titles The titling package provides a number of facilities that permit manipulation of the appearance of a \maketitle command, the \thanks commands within it, and so on. The package also defines a titlingpage environment, that offers something in between the standard classes’ titlepage option and the titlepage environment, and is itself somewhat configurable. FIGURE (OR TABLE) EXACTLY WHERE I WANT IT Figure (or table) exactly. where I want it. This is of course a contradiction: figure and table are designed to float, and will always have the potential to appear away from where you asked for them. Therefore you need something that behaves like a figure or table environment, except that itAN EXTRA }?
An extra. } ? You’ve looked at your LaTeX source and there’s no sign of a misplaced } on the line in question. Well, no: this is TeX’s cryptic way of hinting that you’ve put a fragile command in a moving argument. For example, \footnote is fragile, and if we putthat
NOT IN OUTER PAR MODE This example makes little sense as it stands; however, it is conceivable that sane uses could be found (for example, using a package such as algorithm2e to place two algorithms side-by-side).. Another common occurrence is when the user wants a figure somewhereinside a table:
CENTRING A VERY WIDE FIGURE OR TABLE Centring a very wide figure or table The normal means of centring a figure or table object is to include \centering at the top of the float. This doesn’t help if the object is wider than \textwidth — the object starts at the left margin and juts out into the right margin (which is actually doubly unsatisfactory, since as well as looking bad, the float won’t be placed until the next HOW TO CREATE A \SUBSUBSUBSECTION If you want to program the change yourself, you’ll find that the commands ( \section all the way down to \subparagraph) are defined in terms of the internal \@startsection command, which takes 6 arguments. Before attempting this sort of work, you are well advised to read the LaTeX sources ( ltsect.dtx in the LaTeX distribution) and the source NON-PDF SPECIAL IGNORED! Non-PDF special ignored! This is a pdfTeX error: pdfTeX is running in PDF output mode, and it has encountered a \special command. pdfTeX is able to generate its own output, and in this mode of operation has no need of \special commands (which allow the user to pass information to the driver being used to generate output). PDFTEX DESTINATION … IGNORED pdfTeX destination ignored. arises because of duplicate page numbers in your document. The problem is usually soluble: see PDF page destinations — which answer also describes the problem in more detail. If the identifier in the message is different, for example name {figure.1.1}, the problem is (often) due to a problem of packageinteraction.
APPENDIXES | THE TEX FAQ Appendixes LaTeX provides an exceedingly simple mechanism for appendixes: the command \appendix switches the document from generating sections (in article class) or chapters (in report or book classes) to producing appendixes. Section or chapter numbering is restarted and the representation of the counter switches toalphabetic.
TRANSLATING LATEX TO PLAIN TEX Translating LaTeX to Plain TeX Unfortunately, no “general”, simple, automatic process is likely to succeed at this task. See “How does LaTeX relate to Plain TeX” for further details. Obviously, trivial documents will translate in a trivial way. THE STYLE OF DOCUMENT TITLES The style of document titles The titling package provides a number of facilities that permit manipulation of the appearance of a \maketitle command, the \thanks commands within it, and so on. The package also defines a titlingpage environment, that offers something in between the standard classes’ titlepage option and the titlepage environment, and is itself somewhat configurable. FIGURE (OR TABLE) EXACTLY WHERE I WANT IT Figure (or table) exactly. where I want it. This is of course a contradiction: figure and table are designed to float, and will always have the potential to appear away from where you asked for them. Therefore you need something that behaves like a figure or table environment, except that itAN EXTRA }?
An extra. } ? You’ve looked at your LaTeX source and there’s no sign of a misplaced } on the line in question. Well, no: this is TeX’s cryptic way of hinting that you’ve put a fragile command in a moving argument. For example, \footnote is fragile, and if we putthat
NOT IN OUTER PAR MODE This example makes little sense as it stands; however, it is conceivable that sane uses could be found (for example, using a package such as algorithm2e to place two algorithms side-by-side).. Another common occurrence is when the user wants a figure somewhereinside a table:
CENTRING A VERY WIDE FIGURE OR TABLE Centring a very wide figure or table The normal means of centring a figure or table object is to include \centering at the top of the float. This doesn’t help if the object is wider than \textwidth — the object starts at the left margin and juts out into the right margin (which is actually doubly unsatisfactory, since as well as looking bad, the float won’t be placed until the next HOW TO CREATE A \SUBSUBSUBSECTION If you want to program the change yourself, you’ll find that the commands ( \section all the way down to \subparagraph) are defined in terms of the internal \@startsection command, which takes 6 arguments. Before attempting this sort of work, you are well advised to read the LaTeX sources ( ltsect.dtx in the LaTeX distribution) and the source NON-PDF SPECIAL IGNORED! Non-PDF special ignored! This is a pdfTeX error: pdfTeX is running in PDF output mode, and it has encountered a \special command. pdfTeX is able to generate its own output, and in this mode of operation has no need of \special commands (which allow the user to pass information to the driver being used to generate output). PDFTEX DESTINATION … IGNORED pdfTeX destination ignored. arises because of duplicate page numbers in your document. The problem is usually soluble: see PDF page destinations — which answer also describes the problem in more detail. If the identifier in the message is different, for example name {figure.1.1}, the problem is (often) due to a problem of packageinteraction.
FIGURE (OR TABLE) EXACTLY WHERE I WANT IT Figure (or table) exactly where I want it This is of course a contradiction: figure and table are designed to float, and will always have the potential to appear away from where you asked for them. Therefore you need something that behaves like a figure or table environment, except that it doesn’t allow the figure or table to float.. The most straightforward way is to use of the float PLEASE TYPE A COMMAND OR SAY \END Please type a command or say \end. Sometimes, when you are running (La)TeX, it will abruptly stop and present you with a prompt (by default, just a * character). Many people (including this author) will reflexively hit the “return” key, pretty much immediately, and of PACKAGE REPORTS “COMMAND ALREADY DEFINED” does the job; restoring the amsmath version of the command, and making the txfonts version of the command available as \TXFiint.. Documentation of savesym doesn’t amount to much: the only commands are \savesymbol and \restoresymbol, as noted above.. FAQ ID: Q-alreadydef About the FAQ — Contributors — ContributorsAN EXTRA }?
An extra }?. You’ve looked at your LaTeX source and there’s no sign of a misplaced } on the line in question. Well, no: this is TeX’s cryptic way of hinting that you’ve put a fragile command in a moving argument. For example, \footnote is fragile, and if we putthat
HOW DOES HYPHENATION WORK IN TEX? TeX uses a pretty good system for hyphenation (originally designed by Frank Liang — you may view his Ph.D. thesis online) and while it’s capable of missing “sensible” hyphenation points, it seldom selects grossly wrong ones. The algorithm matches candidates for hyphenation against a set of “hyphenation patterns”. Thecandidates for
CONTROLLING WIDOWS AND ORPHANS Controlling widows and orphans Widows (the last line of a paragraph at the start of a page) and orphans (the first line of paragraph at the end of a page) interrupt the reader’s flow, and are generally considered “bad form”; (La)TeX takes some precautions to avoidthem,
INCLUDING A FILE VERBATIM IN LATEX Including a file verbatim in LaTeX. A good way is to use Rainer Schöpf’s verbatim package, which provides a command \verbatiminput that takes a file name as argument: Another way is to use the alltt environment, which requires the alltt package. The environment interprets its contents “mostly” verbatim, but executes any(La)TeX commands
SUPPORT PACKAGE EXPL3 TOO OLD Frequently Asked Question List for TeX. Errors. Support package expl3 too old . Some (rather modern) packages are written using the LaTeX3 programming environment.Since LaTeX3 is still under development, the author cannot reliably guess what version of LaTeX3 the user has installed, and whether that version is adequate for the currentpackage.
FLOAT(S) LOST
Frequently Asked Question List for TeX. Errors. Float(s) lost Theerror
PDFTEX DESTINATION … IGNORED pdfTeX destination ignored. arises because of duplicate page numbers in your document. The problem is usually soluble: see PDF page destinations — which answer also describes the problem in more detail. If the identifier in the message is different, for example name {figure.1.1}, the problem is (often) due to a problem of packageinteraction.
Frequently Asked Question List for TeX×
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THE TEX FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION LISTQUESTION CATEGORIES
* Background
* Bibliographies
* Concepts
* Documentation
* Errors
* Floats
* Fonts
* Formatting
* Graphics
* Installing
* Misc
* Programming
* Usage
QUESTION TAGS
Citations – Classes – Ctan – Deprecated – Figures – Footnotes – Hyphenation – Index – Labels – Latex – Latex3 – Layout – Lists – Luatex – Macros – Math – Metafont – Pdftex – References – Structure – Tables – Toc – Unicode –Xetex
BACKGROUND
* Getting started
* How can I be sure it’s really TeX? * How does LaTeX relate to Plain TeX? * How should I pronounce “LaTeX(2ε)”? * How should I pronounce “TeX”? * If TeX is so good, how come it’s free? * Reading (La)TeX files * Should I use Plain TeX or LaTeX?* TeX User Groups
* The CTAN catalogue * Things with “TeX” in the name * What are XeTeX and LuaTeX? * What are the AMS packages (amsmath, etc.)?* What is ε-TeX?
* What is CTAN?
* What is ConTeXt?
* What is Eplain?
* What is LaTeX2e?
* What is LaTeX?
* What is MetaFont?
* What is MetaPost?
* What is TeX?
* What is Texinfo?
* What is pdfTeX?
* What is the future of TeX? * What’s “writing in TeX”? * Why is TeX not a WYSIWYG system?BIBLIOGRAPHIES
* Accents in bibliographies * BibTeX doesn’t understand lists of names * BibTeX sorting and name prefixes * Capitalisation in BibTeX * Choosing a bibliography style * Creating a BibTeX bibliography file * Creating a bibliography style * Format of numbers in the bibliography * Listing all your BibTeX entries * Making HTML of your Bibliography * Multi-letter initials in BibTeX * Multiple bibliographies? * Multiple citations * Non-english bibliographies * Normal use of BibTeX from LaTeX * Putting bibliography entries in text * Reconstructing bib files * Reducing spacing in the bibliography * References from the bibliography to the citation * Separate bibliographies per chapter? * Sorting and compressing citations * Sorting lists of citations * String too long in BibTeX * Table of contents rearranges “unsrt” ordering * URLs in BibTeX bibliographies * Using BibTeX with Plain TeXCONCEPTS
* Adobe font formats * Documented LaTeX sources (dtx files) * How does hyphenation work in TeX? * Spawning programs from (La)TeX: \write18* Unicode and TeX
* What are “resolutions”? * What are (TeX) macros * What are LaTeX “environments” * What are LaTeX classes and packages? * What are PK files? * What are TFM files? * What are encodings? * What are the EC fonts? * What are virtual fonts? * What is “Encapsulated PostScript” (“EPS”)? * What is a DVI driver? * What is a DVI file? * What is the “Berry naming scheme”?* What is the TDS?
* Writing (text) files from TeX* \special commands
DOCUMENTATION
* (La)TeX tutorials
* BibTeX Documentation* Books on LaTeX
* Books on TeX, Plain TeX and relations* Books on Type
* Books on other TeX-related matters * Books relevant to TeX and friends * Documentation of packages * Freely available (La)TeX books * Getting help online * How to ask a question * How to make a “minimum example” * Learning to write LaTeX classes and packages * MetaFont and MetaPost Tutorials * Online introductions: LaTeX * Online introductions: Plain TeX * Reference documents * Specialist mailing lists* The PicTeX manual
* Tutorials, etc., for TeX-based systems * Typography tutorials * WIKI books for TeX and friends * Where can I find the symbol for … * Where to find FAQsERRORS
* Accents misbehave in tabbing * Alignment tab changed to \cr* An extra }?
* Capacity exceeded
* Capacity exceeded — input levels * Checksum mismatch in font * Controlling widows and orphans* Enlarging TeX
* Entering compatibility mode * Extra vertical space in floats * Fatal format file error; I’m stymied* Float(s) lost
* Graphics division by zero * How to approach errors * I asked for “empty”, but the page is numbered * Illegal parameter number in definition * Improper \hyphenation will be flushed * LaTeX gets cross-references wrong * LaTeX won’t include from other directories * Link text doesn’t break at end line * Mismatched mode ljfour and resolution 8000 * Missing $ inserted * Missing \begin{document} * Missing number, treated as zero * Missing symbol commands * My brackets don’t match * No line here to end * No room for a new “_thing_” * Non-PDF special ignored! * Not in outer par mode * Old LaTeX font references such as \tenrm * Option clash for package * Package reports “command already defined” * Page number is wrong at start of page * Perhaps a missing \item? * Please type a command or say \end * Start of line goes awry * Support package expl3 too old * The structure of TeX error messages * Token not allowed in PDFDocEncoded string* Too deeply nested
* Too many math alphabets * Too many unprocessed floats * Two-column float numbers out of order * Unable to read an entire line * Underlined text won’t break * Unknown graphics extension * Warning Font shape … not available * What’s happened to initex? * Where are the am fonts? * Where are the msx and msy fonts? * Why are my sections numbered 0.1 …? * Why doesn’t verbatim work within …? * Why is my table/figure/… not centred? * \end occurred inside a group * \normalsize not defined * \spacefactor complaints * epsf gives up after a bit * pdfTeX destination … ignoredFLOATS
* Centring a very wide figure or table * Diagonal separation in corner cells of tables * Facing floats on 2-page spread * Figure (or table) _exactly_ where I want it * Fixed-width tables * Floats in multicolumn setting * Floats on their own on float pages * Flowing text around figures * How to alter the alignment of tabular cells * How to change a whole row of a table * Merging cells in a column of a table * Moving tables and figures in LaTeX * Placing two-column floats at bottom of page * Spacing lines in tables * Tables longer than a single page * The design of tables * The thickness of rules in LaTeX tables * Variable-width columns in tables * Vertical layout of float pagesFONTS
* Acquiring bitmap fonts * Characters disappear from figures in pdfTeX * Choice of Type 1 fonts for typesetting Maths * Deploying Type 1 fonts * Fonts go fuzzy when you switch to T1 * Fuzzy fonts because Ghostscript too old * Getting “free” fonts not in your distribution * Getting MetaFont to do what you want * Previewing files using Type 1 fonts * TeX font metric files for Type 1 fonts * The wrong type of fonts in PDF * Unicode Maths using OpenType fonts * Using Adobe Type 1 fonts with TeX * Using non-standard fonts in Plain TeX * Using the “Concrete” fonts * Using the Latin Modern fonts * Weird characters in dvips output * Which font files should be keptFORMATTING
* 1-column abstract in 2-column document * A “report” from lots of ‘article’s * Adobe Reader messing with print size * Alternative head- and footlines in LaTeX* Appendixes
* Balancing columns at the end of a document * Better script fonts for maths * Bibliography, index, etc., in TOC * Big letters at the start of a paragraph * Breaking boxes of text * Cancelling \ragged commands * Changing margins “on the fly” * Changing the margins in LaTeX * Changing the space between letters * Code listings in LaTeX * Creating posters with LaTeX * Double-spaced documents in LaTeX * Formatting a thesis in LaTeX * Generating an index in (La)TeX * Getting the right paper geometry from (La)TeX * How to create a \subsubsubsection * How to create crop marks * How to get copyright, trademark, etc. * How to get rid of page numbers * How to set up page layout “by hand” * How to type an “@” sign? * How to typeset an underscore character * Including a file verbatim in LaTeX * Including line numbers in typeset output * Indent after section headings * Letters and the like* Multiple indexes
* My section title is too wide for the page header * Other “document font” sizes? * Overstriking characters * Packages to set up page designs * Page numbering “‹_n_› of ‹_m_›” * Page numbering by chapter * Parallel setting of text * Preventing page breaks between lines* Printing the time
* Producing presentations (including slides) * Putting things at fixed positions on the page * Realistic quotes for verbatim listings * Really blank pages between chapters * Referring to labels in other documents * Referring to things by their name * Replacing the standard classes * Setting bold Greek letters in LaTeX maths * Setting papers for journals * Setting text ragged right * Symbols for the number sets * Table of contents, etc., per chapter * The Principal Value Integral symbol * The format of the Table of Contents, etc. * The size of printed output * The style of captions * The style of document titles * The style of section headings* Typesetting URLs
* Typesetting epigraphs * Typesetting music in TeX * Typesetting pseudocode in LaTeX * Typesetting the Euro sign * Typesetting things in landscape orientation * Unnumbered sections in the Table of Contents * Using “old-style” figures* Using symbols
* Watermarks on every page * Wide figures in two-column documents * Zero paragraph indent * _Curriculum Vitae_ (Résumé)GRAPHICS
* Displaying MetaPost output in ghostscript * Drawing Feynman diagrams in LaTeX* Drawing with TeX
* Imported graphics in dvipdfm * Imported graphics in dvips * Imported graphics in pdfLaTeX * Importing graphics from “somewhere else” * Importing graphics into (La)TeX documents * In-line source for graphics applications * Labelling graphics * Limit the width of imported graphics * Modern graphics file names * Repeated graphics in a document * Top-aligning imported graphicsINSTALLING
* (La)TeX for different machines * (Modern) Windows systems * Commercial TeX implementations * Contributing a file to the archives * Finding (La)TeX files* Finding new fonts
* Finding packages to install * Generating package documentation * Installation using MiKTeX package manager * Installation using TeX Live manager * Installing a PostScript printer built-in font * Installing a Type 1 font * Installing a font provided as MetaFont source * Installing a new font * Installing files “where (La)TeX can find them” * Installing the Type 1 versions of the CM fonts * Installing things on a (La)TeX system * Installing using ready-built ZIP files* Macintosh systems
* Other systems’ TeX availability * Preparing a Type 1 font * Private installations of files * Ready-built installation files on the archive * Repositories of TeX material * Shortcuts to installing files * TeX-friendly editors and shells * Temporary installation of (La)TeX files * The TeX collection * Tidying up after installation * Unix and GNU Linux systems * What was the CTAN nonfree tree? * Where to install packages* Which tree to use
MISC
* (La)TeX-friendly drawing packages * Alternatives to TeX * Automatic sizing of minipage * Conversion from (La)TeX to HTML * Conversion from (La)TeX to plain text * Conversion from SGML or HTML to TeX* DVI previewers
* DVI to PostScript conversion programs * Generating bitmaps from DVI * How many words have you written? * Making outline fonts from MetaFont* Math on the Web
* Other conversions to and from (La)TeX * Output to “other” printers * Quality of PDF from PostScript * Redefining counters’ \the-commands * Replacing the BibTeX–LaTeX mechanism * Reporting a LaTeX bug * Retrieving (La)TeX from DVI, etc. * Spelling checkers for work with TeX * Submitting new material for the FAQ * TeX Engine development * TeXCAD, a drawing package for LaTeX* The LaTeX project
* The TeX document preparation environment * Translating LaTeX to Plain TeX * Typesetting all those TeX-related logos * Using TeX to read SGML or XML directly * WEB systems for various languages * What is Literate Programming? * What to do if you find a bug * You don’t understand the answerPROGRAMMING
* Active characters in command arguments * Adjusting the presentation of section numbers * Am I using pdfTeX, XeTeX or LuaTeX? * Changing the words babel uses * Commands defined with * options * Comparing the “job name” * Defining LaTeX commands within other commands * Defining a macro from an argument * Defining characters as macros * Defining macros within macros * Detecting that something is empty * Finding if a label is undefined * Finding if you’re on an odd or an even page * Finding the width of a letter, word, or phrase * Fonts at arbitrary sizes * How to break the 9-argument limit * How to change LaTeX’s “fixed names” * How to change the format of labels * How to print contents of variables? * Is the argument a number? * Is this command defined? * Key-value input for macros and package options * LaTeX internal “abbreviations”, etc. * LaTeX3 programming * Making labels from a counter * Master and slave counters * More than one optional argument * Non-letters in macro names * Optional arguments like \section * Patching existing commands * Repeating a command _n_ times * Repeating something for each ‘thing’ in a set* Spaces in macros
* Subverting a token register * The definitions of LaTeX commands * The quality of your LaTeX * There’s a space added after my environment * Transcribing LaTeX command definitions * Using Plain or primitive commands in LaTeX * Using labels as counter values * What’s the reason for “protection”? * \@ and @ in macro names * \edef does not work with \protectUSAGE
* (La)TeX makes overfull lines * (Merely) peculiar hyphenation * Accented words aren’t hyphenated * Adjusting maths font sizes * All the files used by this document * Bits of document from other directories * Cancelling terms in maths expressions * Case-changing oddities * Characters missing from PDF output * Commands gobble following space * Conditional compilation and “comments” * Copy-paste-able/searchable PDF files * Defining a new log-like function in LaTeX* Ellipses
* Even subscript height * Fancy enumeration lists * Finding “8-bit” Type 1 fonts * Footnotes in LaTeX section headings * Footnotes in captions * Footnotes in tables * Footnotes numbered “per page” * Footnotes whose texts are identical * Getting \marginpar on the right side * How many pages are there in my document? * How to adjust list spacing * How to do bold-tt or bold-sc * Hyperref and repeated page numbers * Hyphenation exceptions * Including Plain TeX files in LaTeX * Interrupting enumerated lists * Line-breaking in in-line maths * Makefiles for LaTeX documents * Making PDF documents from (La)TeX * Making hypertext documents from TeX * Marking changed parts of your document * Maths symbols don’t scale up * More than one sequence of footnotes * My words aren’t being hyphenated * Not resetting footnote numbers per chapter * Numbers for referenced equations only * Numbers too large in table of contents, etc. * Only one \baselineskip per paragraph * Preventing hyphenation of a particular word* Proof environment
* Re-using an equation * Replacing Type 3 fonts in PostScript * Rerun messages won't go away * Running equation, figure and table numbering * Set specifications and Dirac brackets * Stopping all hyphenation * Sub- and superscript positioning for operators* Text inside maths
* The comma as a decimal separator * Theorem bodies printed in a roman font * Using a new language with Babel * Version control using RCS, CVS or the like * Weird hyphenation of words * What’s going on in my \include commands? * What’s the name of this file * What’s wrong with \bf, \it, etc.? * What’s wrong with \newfont? * Where have my characters gone? * Why bother with inputenc and fontenc? * Why does LaTeX split footnotes across pages? * Why does it ignore paragraph parameters? * Why doesn’t \linespread work? * Why is the inside margin so narrow? * Why not use eqnarray? * Why use \ in place of $$ … $$? About the FAQ — ContributorsDetails
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