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JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
ETHEL MINOR
Ethel Minor. Raised in Chicago, Illinois. Through her journalism and alliance-building in the Movement, Ethel Minor fought for justice for oppressed people around the world. She grew up in Chicago but was living in South America when the sit-in movement erupted in 1960. While in Colombia, Minor learned to speak fluent Spanish, a skill thatDOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
NONVIOLENT ACTION GROUP (NAG) Energized by the Greensboro sit-ins, a group of students at Howard University organized themselves as the Nonviolent Action Group (NAG) to combat racism and segregation in Washington, DC and the adjacent states of Maryland and Virginia. Like other similar organizations of MCCOMB PROJECT COMES OUT AGAINST THE VIETNAM WAR SNCC had first come to McComb in the summer of 1961, brought there by local NAACP leader C.C. Bryant. It was the organization’s first voter registration project in the Deep South and was met with extreme violence from the white community. McComb and its surrounding counties were notorious Klan strongholds. In September, two months after SNCCRALPH ALLEN
Ralph Allen. As part of SNCC’s expanding efforts in Southwest Georgia, “sidekicks” Ralph Allen and Don Harris began organizing voter registration and direct action in Sumter County in early 1963. Their efforts quickly led to emergence of the Sumter County Movement, an umbrella for all local organizations active in the freedomstruggle.
BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
BERTHA GOBER
Bertha Gober . Raised in Albany, Georgia. Bertha Gober was active in SNCC early in its history when one of its priorities was direct action against segregation. Her poignant and powerful song, “We’ll Never Turn Back,” written after the murder of Herbert Lee in Mississippi, can be called SNCC’s anthem. Journalist John Poppy, stunned by the power of her voice, called it “part lament ON AFRICAN LIBERATION DAY (OBSERVED MAY 27, 1972), 60,000 On African Liberation Day (observed May 27, 1972), 60,000 black people in the Western Hemisphere demonstrated support and concern for th eir brothers and sisters in southern Africa . LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government.JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
ETHEL MINOR
Ethel Minor. Raised in Chicago, Illinois. Through her journalism and alliance-building in the Movement, Ethel Minor fought for justice for oppressed people around the world. She grew up in Chicago but was living in South America when the sit-in movement erupted in 1960. While in Colombia, Minor learned to speak fluent Spanish, a skill thatDOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
NONVIOLENT ACTION GROUP (NAG) Energized by the Greensboro sit-ins, a group of students at Howard University organized themselves as the Nonviolent Action Group (NAG) to combat racism and segregation in Washington, DC and the adjacent states of Maryland and Virginia. Like other similar organizations of MCCOMB PROJECT COMES OUT AGAINST THE VIETNAM WAR SNCC had first come to McComb in the summer of 1961, brought there by local NAACP leader C.C. Bryant. It was the organization’s first voter registration project in the Deep South and was met with extreme violence from the white community. McComb and its surrounding counties were notorious Klan strongholds. In September, two months after SNCCRALPH ALLEN
Ralph Allen. As part of SNCC’s expanding efforts in Southwest Georgia, “sidekicks” Ralph Allen and Don Harris began organizing voter registration and direct action in Sumter County in early 1963. Their efforts quickly led to emergence of the Sumter County Movement, an umbrella for all local organizations active in the freedomstruggle.
BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
BERTHA GOBER
Bertha Gober . Raised in Albany, Georgia. Bertha Gober was active in SNCC early in its history when one of its priorities was direct action against segregation. Her poignant and powerful song, “We’ll Never Turn Back,” written after the murder of Herbert Lee in Mississippi, can be called SNCC’s anthem. Journalist John Poppy, stunned by the power of her voice, called it “part lament ON AFRICAN LIBERATION DAY (OBSERVED MAY 27, 1972), 60,000 On African Liberation Day (observed May 27, 1972), 60,000 black people in the Western Hemisphere demonstrated support and concern for th eir brothers and sisters in southern Africa .FRIENDS OF SNCC
Friends of SNCC . By 1963, SNCC had morphed from a coordinating body for college-based protest groups into a cadre of full-time organizers, invested in voter registration campaigns throughout the South.The organization had more voter registration workers on the ground than any other civil rights organization, yet received less than $24,000 of the $500,000 distributed by the Voter Education DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom Parties NONVIOLENT ACTION GROUP (NAG) Energized by the Greensboro sit-ins, a group of students at Howard University organized themselves as the Nonviolent Action Group (NAG) to combat racism and segregation in Washington, DC and the adjacent states of Maryland and Virginia. Like other similar organizations ofFREEDOM SCHOOLS
As planning for the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project got underway, a large question hanging over discussions was how best to utilize hundreds of incoming inexperienced volunteers. SNCC’s Charlie Cobb thought, “let’s use their education,” and in December 1963, proposed an education program–Freedom Schools–for young Black Mississippians, who suffered in an educational environment thatPEGGY JEAN CONNOR
October 29, 1932 – January 13, 2018 Raised in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. When two young SNCC organizers, Curtis Hayes and Hollis Watkins, came to Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1962, Peggy Jean Connor, owner of a beauty shop, was curious.She had no plans toETHEL MINOR
Ethel Minor. Raised in Chicago, Illinois. Through her journalism and alliance-building in the Movement, Ethel Minor fought for justice for oppressed people around the world. She grew up in Chicago but was living in South America when the sit-in movement erupted in 1960. While in Colombia, Minor learned to speak fluent Spanish, a skill that SOUTHWEST GEORGIA: BORN INTO THE MOVEMENT Born Into the Movement. Albany, Georgia was the economic hub of Southwest Georgia, located nearly two hundred miles south of Atlanta. “A great fertile land, luxuriant with forests of pine, oak, ash, hickory, and poplar, hot with the sun and damp with the rich black swampland,” W.E.B. DuBois wrote atAMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
BERTHA GOBER
Bertha Gober . Raised in Albany, Georgia. Bertha Gober was active in SNCC early in its history when one of its priorities was direct action against segregation. Her poignant and powerful song, “We’ll Never Turn Back,” written after the murder of Herbert Lee in Mississippi, can be called SNCC’s anthem. Journalist John Poppy, stunned by the power of her voice, called it “part lament SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South.AMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
NATIONAL FARM WORKERS ASSOCIATION (NFWA) Along with experienced union organizer Dolores Huerta, in 1962 Chavez formed the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), which later became the United Farm Workers of America. Union dues were hefty, $3.50 a month; a lot for underpaid farm workers struggling to make ends meet. But Chavez felt it helped each member feel that they were“an
NASHVILLE STUDENT MOVEMENT Nashville Student Movement . Nashville, Tennessee, the “Athens of the South,” was a racist as any southern city, and planning for sit-ins was underway there, even before sit-ins broke out in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960. Rev. DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom PartiesJANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
LUVAUGHN BROWN
Luvaughn Brown. 1944 –. Raised in Mississippi. Luvaughn Brown grew up tough and angry in Jackson, Mississippi; “always ready to fight,” he told an interviewer years later. His father was abusive. The city was completely segregated. Then when he was just 16-years old, he met James Bevel and Bernard Lafayette. In a sense, theychanged his
DOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
FREEDOM PARTIES TO BLACK POWER 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom Parties. 1965-1969 Freedom Parties to Black Power. 1968-Present SNCC LegaciesBRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South.AMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
NATIONAL FARM WORKERS ASSOCIATION (NFWA) Along with experienced union organizer Dolores Huerta, in 1962 Chavez formed the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), which later became the United Farm Workers of America. Union dues were hefty, $3.50 a month; a lot for underpaid farm workers struggling to make ends meet. But Chavez felt it helped each member feel that they were“an
NASHVILLE STUDENT MOVEMENT Nashville Student Movement . Nashville, Tennessee, the “Athens of the South,” was a racist as any southern city, and planning for sit-ins was underway there, even before sit-ins broke out in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960. Rev. DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom PartiesJANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
LUVAUGHN BROWN
Luvaughn Brown. 1944 –. Raised in Mississippi. Luvaughn Brown grew up tough and angry in Jackson, Mississippi; “always ready to fight,” he told an interviewer years later. His father was abusive. The city was completely segregated. Then when he was just 16-years old, he met James Bevel and Bernard Lafayette. In a sense, theychanged his
DOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
FREEDOM PARTIES TO BLACK POWER 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom Parties. 1965-1969 Freedom Parties to Black Power. 1968-Present SNCC LegaciesBRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South.FRIENDS OF SNCC
Friends of SNCC . By 1963, SNCC had morphed from a coordinating body for college-based protest groups into a cadre of full-time organizers, invested in voter registration campaigns throughout the South.The organization had more voter registration workers on the ground than any other civil rights organization, yet received less than $24,000 of the $500,000 distributed by the Voter Education LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government.LUVAUGHN BROWN
Luvaughn Brown. 1944 –. Raised in Mississippi. Luvaughn Brown grew up tough and angry in Jackson, Mississippi; “always ready to fight,” he told an interviewer years later. His father was abusive. The city was completely segregated. Then when he was just 16-years old, he met James Bevel and Bernard Lafayette. In a sense, theychanged his
BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
ETHEL MINOR
Ethel Minor. Raised in Chicago, Illinois. Through her journalism and alliance-building in the Movement, Ethel Minor fought for justice for oppressed people around the world. She grew up in Chicago but was living in South America when the sit-in movement erupted in 1960. While in Colombia, Minor learned to speak fluent Spanish, a skill thatCASEY HAYDEN
By November 1964, “we were in disarray after the summer of ‘64 on all fronts,” and the SNCC staff had gathered at Waveland, Mississippi to openly critique and reevaluate the organization. There, Casey Hayden and fellow SNCC activist Mary King, co-authored a paper noting gender inequalities within SNCC.The following year, she and King wrote another, longer paper, entitled, “Sex andCYNTHIA WASHINGTON
Cynthia Washington. Photograph of Cynthia Washington, undated, crmvet.org. “I never was a true believer in nonviolence, but was willing to go along for the sake of the strategy and goals. we heard that James Chaney had been beaten to death before they shot him. The thought of being beat up, jailed, even being shot,was one
FANNIE LOU HAMER FOUNDS FREEDOM FARM COOPERATIVE Fannie Lou Hamer founds Freedom Farm Cooperative. “I know what the pain of hunger is about,” Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer told a crowd in Madison, Wisconsin. “My family was some of the poorest people that was in the state of Mississippiwe were sharecroppers.”. In 1969, Mrs. Hamer founded the Freedom Farm Cooperative with a $10,000donation
REPORT TO THE SCEF BOARD FROM THE DEEP SOUTH PROJECT, UNDATED Title: Report to the SCEF Board From the Deep South Project, undated Author: Dorothy Zellner, SCEF Keywords: Civil Rights Movement, Southern Freedom Movement, poverty, economic justice, white organizing, southern whites, Southern Conference Education Fund (SCEF) SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South.CHARLES MCLAURIN
Charles McLaurin . Raised in Jackson, Mississippi. In the wake of the Freedom Rides, young Mississippians led the way in remaking SNCC into an organization of organizers.Charles “Mac” McLaurin, emerged from the direct action campaigns and sit-in protests of the Jackson Movement, but when Mississippi NAACP state field secretary Medgar Evers, introduced him to the idea of voter registrationAMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
NASHVILLE STUDENT MOVEMENT Nashville Student Movement . Nashville, Tennessee, the “Athens of the South,” was a racist as any southern city, and planning for sit-ins was underway there, even before sit-ins broke out in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960. Rev.BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom PartiesDOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
LUVAUGHN BROWN
Luvaughn Brown. 1944 –. Raised in Mississippi. Luvaughn Brown grew up tough and angry in Jackson, Mississippi; “always ready to fight,” he told an interviewer years later. His father was abusive. The city was completely segregated. Then when he was just 16-years old, he met James Bevel and Bernard Lafayette. In a sense, theychanged his
FREEDOM PARTIES TO BLACK POWER 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom Parties. 1965-1969 Freedom Parties to Black Power. 1968-Present SNCC Legacies SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South.CHARLES MCLAURIN
Charles McLaurin . Raised in Jackson, Mississippi. In the wake of the Freedom Rides, young Mississippians led the way in remaking SNCC into an organization of organizers.Charles “Mac” McLaurin, emerged from the direct action campaigns and sit-in protests of the Jackson Movement, but when Mississippi NAACP state field secretary Medgar Evers, introduced him to the idea of voter registrationAMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
NASHVILLE STUDENT MOVEMENT Nashville Student Movement . Nashville, Tennessee, the “Athens of the South,” was a racist as any southern city, and planning for sit-ins was underway there, even before sit-ins broke out in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960. Rev.BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom PartiesDOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
LUVAUGHN BROWN
Luvaughn Brown. 1944 –. Raised in Mississippi. Luvaughn Brown grew up tough and angry in Jackson, Mississippi; “always ready to fight,” he told an interviewer years later. His father was abusive. The city was completely segregated. Then when he was just 16-years old, he met James Bevel and Bernard Lafayette. In a sense, theychanged his
FREEDOM PARTIES TO BLACK POWER 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom Parties. 1965-1969 Freedom Parties to Black Power. 1968-Present SNCC LegaciesFRIENDS OF SNCC
Friends of SNCC . By 1963, SNCC had morphed from a coordinating body for college-based protest groups into a cadre of full-time organizers, invested in voter registration campaigns throughout the South.The organization had more voter registration workers on the ground than any other civil rights organization, yet received less than $24,000 of the $500,000 distributed by the Voter Education LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government. AFRICAN LIBERATION MOVEMENTS African Liberation Movements . As the Cold War intensified in the 1950s, the United States government used anti-communism to undermine progressive struggles for social change, including the anti-colonial and anti-imperial alliance between Africans and Black Americans.Black activism on international political issues was often deemed anti-American, and the civil rights establishment, onceETHEL MINOR
Ethel Minor. Raised in Chicago, Illinois. Through her journalism and alliance-building in the Movement, Ethel Minor fought for justice for oppressed people around the world. She grew up in Chicago but was living in South America when the sit-in movement erupted in 1960. While in Colombia, Minor learned to speak fluent Spanish, a skill thatLUVAUGHN BROWN
Luvaughn Brown. 1944 –. Raised in Mississippi. Luvaughn Brown grew up tough and angry in Jackson, Mississippi; “always ready to fight,” he told an interviewer years later. His father was abusive. The city was completely segregated. Then when he was just 16-years old, he met James Bevel and Bernard Lafayette. In a sense, theychanged his
FREEDOM SCHOOLS
As planning for the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project got underway, a large question hanging over discussions was how best to utilize hundreds of incoming inexperienced volunteers. SNCC’s Charlie Cobb thought, “let’s use their education,” and in December 1963, proposed an education program–Freedom Schools–for young Black Mississippians, who suffered in an educational environment that NATIONAL FARM WORKERS ASSOCIATION (NFWA) Along with experienced union organizer Dolores Huerta, in 1962 Chavez formed the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), which later became the United Farm Workers of America. Union dues were hefty, $3.50 a month; a lot for underpaid farm workers struggling to make ends meet. But Chavez felt it helped each member feel that they were“an
CASEY HAYDEN
By November 1964, “we were in disarray after the summer of ‘64 on all fronts,” and the SNCC staff had gathered at Waveland, Mississippi to openly critique and reevaluate the organization. There, Casey Hayden and fellow SNCC activist Mary King, co-authored a paper noting gender inequalities within SNCC.The following year, she and King wrote another, longer paper, entitled, “Sex andGLORIA RICHARDSON
Gloria Richardson, leader of the Cambridge, Maryland Nonviolent Action Committee (CNAC), was as tough as they come. “We can’t deal with her; we can’t deal without her,” bemoaned a white Citizens’ Council spokesman during the height of protests in the Eastern Shore city. Ebony magazine dubbed her “The lady general of civilrights.”.
CYNTHIA WASHINGTON
Cynthia Washington. Photograph of Cynthia Washington, undated, crmvet.org. “I never was a true believer in nonviolence, but was willing to go along for the sake of the strategy and goals. we heard that James Chaney had been beaten to death before they shot him. The thought of being beat up, jailed, even being shot,was one
SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South.CHARLES MCLAURIN
Charles McLaurin . Raised in Jackson, Mississippi. In the wake of the Freedom Rides, young Mississippians led the way in remaking SNCC into an organization of organizers.Charles “Mac” McLaurin, emerged from the direct action campaigns and sit-in protests of the Jackson Movement, but when Mississippi NAACP state field secretary Medgar Evers, introduced him to the idea of voter registrationAMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
NASHVILLE STUDENT MOVEMENT Nashville Student Movement . Nashville, Tennessee, the “Athens of the South,” was a racist as any southern city, and planning for sit-ins was underway there, even before sit-ins broke out in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960. Rev.BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom PartiesDOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
LUVAUGHN BROWN
Luvaughn Brown. 1944 –. Raised in Mississippi. Luvaughn Brown grew up tough and angry in Jackson, Mississippi; “always ready to fight,” he told an interviewer years later. His father was abusive. The city was completely segregated. Then when he was just 16-years old, he met James Bevel and Bernard Lafayette. In a sense, theychanged his
FREEDOM PARTIES TO BLACK POWER 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom Parties. 1965-1969 Freedom Parties to Black Power. 1968-Present SNCC Legacies SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South.CHARLES MCLAURIN
Charles McLaurin . Raised in Jackson, Mississippi. In the wake of the Freedom Rides, young Mississippians led the way in remaking SNCC into an organization of organizers.Charles “Mac” McLaurin, emerged from the direct action campaigns and sit-in protests of the Jackson Movement, but when Mississippi NAACP state field secretary Medgar Evers, introduced him to the idea of voter registrationAMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
NASHVILLE STUDENT MOVEMENT Nashville Student Movement . Nashville, Tennessee, the “Athens of the South,” was a racist as any southern city, and planning for sit-ins was underway there, even before sit-ins broke out in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960. Rev.BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom PartiesDOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
LUVAUGHN BROWN
Luvaughn Brown. 1944 –. Raised in Mississippi. Luvaughn Brown grew up tough and angry in Jackson, Mississippi; “always ready to fight,” he told an interviewer years later. His father was abusive. The city was completely segregated. Then when he was just 16-years old, he met James Bevel and Bernard Lafayette. In a sense, theychanged his
FREEDOM PARTIES TO BLACK POWER 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom Parties. 1965-1969 Freedom Parties to Black Power. 1968-Present SNCC LegaciesFRIENDS OF SNCC
Friends of SNCC . By 1963, SNCC had morphed from a coordinating body for college-based protest groups into a cadre of full-time organizers, invested in voter registration campaigns throughout the South.The organization had more voter registration workers on the ground than any other civil rights organization, yet received less than $24,000 of the $500,000 distributed by the Voter Education LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government. AFRICAN LIBERATION MOVEMENTS African Liberation Movements . As the Cold War intensified in the 1950s, the United States government used anti-communism to undermine progressive struggles for social change, including the anti-colonial and anti-imperial alliance between Africans and Black Americans.Black activism on international political issues was often deemed anti-American, and the civil rights establishment, onceETHEL MINOR
Ethel Minor. Raised in Chicago, Illinois. Through her journalism and alliance-building in the Movement, Ethel Minor fought for justice for oppressed people around the world. She grew up in Chicago but was living in South America when the sit-in movement erupted in 1960. While in Colombia, Minor learned to speak fluent Spanish, a skill thatLUVAUGHN BROWN
Luvaughn Brown. 1944 –. Raised in Mississippi. Luvaughn Brown grew up tough and angry in Jackson, Mississippi; “always ready to fight,” he told an interviewer years later. His father was abusive. The city was completely segregated. Then when he was just 16-years old, he met James Bevel and Bernard Lafayette. In a sense, theychanged his
FREEDOM SCHOOLS
As planning for the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project got underway, a large question hanging over discussions was how best to utilize hundreds of incoming inexperienced volunteers. SNCC’s Charlie Cobb thought, “let’s use their education,” and in December 1963, proposed an education program–Freedom Schools–for young Black Mississippians, who suffered in an educational environment that NATIONAL FARM WORKERS ASSOCIATION (NFWA) Along with experienced union organizer Dolores Huerta, in 1962 Chavez formed the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), which later became the United Farm Workers of America. Union dues were hefty, $3.50 a month; a lot for underpaid farm workers struggling to make ends meet. But Chavez felt it helped each member feel that they were“an
CASEY HAYDEN
By November 1964, “we were in disarray after the summer of ‘64 on all fronts,” and the SNCC staff had gathered at Waveland, Mississippi to openly critique and reevaluate the organization. There, Casey Hayden and fellow SNCC activist Mary King, co-authored a paper noting gender inequalities within SNCC.The following year, she and King wrote another, longer paper, entitled, “Sex andGLORIA RICHARDSON
Gloria Richardson, leader of the Cambridge, Maryland Nonviolent Action Committee (CNAC), was as tough as they come. “We can’t deal with her; we can’t deal without her,” bemoaned a white Citizens’ Council spokesman during the height of protests in the Eastern Shore city. Ebony magazine dubbed her “The lady general of civilrights.”.
CYNTHIA WASHINGTON
Cynthia Washington. Photograph of Cynthia Washington, undated, crmvet.org. “I never was a true believer in nonviolence, but was willing to go along for the sake of the strategy and goals. we heard that James Chaney had been beaten to death before they shot him. The thought of being beat up, jailed, even being shot,was one
LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government.JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
DOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom Parties MCCOMB PROJECT COMES OUT AGAINST THE VIETNAM WAR SNCC had first come to McComb in the summer of 1961, brought there by local NAACP leader C.C. Bryant. It was the organization’s first voter registration project in the Deep South and was met with extreme violence from the white community. McComb and its surrounding counties were notorious Klan strongholds. In September, two months after SNCCRALPH ALLEN
Ralph Allen. As part of SNCC’s expanding efforts in Southwest Georgia, “sidekicks” Ralph Allen and Don Harris began organizing voter registration and direct action in Sumter County in early 1963. Their efforts quickly led to emergence of the Sumter County Movement, an umbrella for all local organizations active in the freedomstruggle.
BERTHA GOBER
Bertha Gober . Raised in Albany, Georgia. Bertha Gober was active in SNCC early in its history when one of its priorities was direct action against segregation. Her poignant and powerful song, “We’ll Never Turn Back,” written after the murder of Herbert Lee in Mississippi, can be called SNCC’s anthem. Journalist John Poppy, stunned by the power of her voice, called it “part lamentPEGGY JEAN CONNOR
October 29, 1932 – January 13, 2018. Raised in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. When two young SNCC organizers, Curtis Hayes and Hollis Watkins, came to Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1962, Peggy Jean Connor, owner of a beauty shop, was curious. She had no ON AFRICAN LIBERATION DAY (OBSERVED MAY 27, 1972), 60,000 On African Liberation Day (observed May 27, 1972), 60,000 black people in the Western Hemisphere demonstrated support and concern for th eir brothers and sisters in southern Africa . LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government.JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
DOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom Parties MCCOMB PROJECT COMES OUT AGAINST THE VIETNAM WAR SNCC had first come to McComb in the summer of 1961, brought there by local NAACP leader C.C. Bryant. It was the organization’s first voter registration project in the Deep South and was met with extreme violence from the white community. McComb and its surrounding counties were notorious Klan strongholds. In September, two months after SNCCRALPH ALLEN
Ralph Allen. As part of SNCC’s expanding efforts in Southwest Georgia, “sidekicks” Ralph Allen and Don Harris began organizing voter registration and direct action in Sumter County in early 1963. Their efforts quickly led to emergence of the Sumter County Movement, an umbrella for all local organizations active in the freedomstruggle.
BERTHA GOBER
Bertha Gober . Raised in Albany, Georgia. Bertha Gober was active in SNCC early in its history when one of its priorities was direct action against segregation. Her poignant and powerful song, “We’ll Never Turn Back,” written after the murder of Herbert Lee in Mississippi, can be called SNCC’s anthem. Journalist John Poppy, stunned by the power of her voice, called it “part lamentPEGGY JEAN CONNOR
October 29, 1932 – January 13, 2018. Raised in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. When two young SNCC organizers, Curtis Hayes and Hollis Watkins, came to Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1962, Peggy Jean Connor, owner of a beauty shop, was curious. She had no ON AFRICAN LIBERATION DAY (OBSERVED MAY 27, 1972), 60,000 On African Liberation Day (observed May 27, 1972), 60,000 black people in the Western Hemisphere demonstrated support and concern for th eir brothers and sisters in southern Africa .FRIENDS OF SNCC
Friends of SNCC . By 1963, SNCC had morphed from a coordinating body for college-based protest groups into a cadre of full-time organizers, invested in voter registration campaigns throughout the South.The organization had more voter registration workers on the ground than any other civil rights organization, yet received less than $24,000 of the $500,000 distributed by the Voter Education DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom PartiesETHEL MINOR
Ethel Minor. Raised in Chicago, Illinois. Through her journalism and alliance-building in the Movement, Ethel Minor fought for justice for oppressed people around the world. She grew up in Chicago but was living in South America when the sit-in movement erupted in 1960. While in Colombia, Minor learned to speak fluent Spanish, a skill thatFREEDOM SCHOOLS
As planning for the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project got underway, a large question hanging over discussions was how best to utilize hundreds of incoming inexperienced volunteers. SNCC’s Charlie Cobb thought, “let’s use their education,” and in December 1963, proposed an education program–Freedom Schools–for young Black Mississippians, who suffered in an educational environment that NASHVILLE STUDENT MOVEMENT Nashville Student Movement . Nashville, Tennessee, the “Athens of the South,” was a racist as any southern city, and planning for sit-ins was underway there, even before sit-ins broke out in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960. Rev.TREATY OF CAMBRIDGE
It was dubbed the “Treaty of Cambridge.”. Key elements of the “treaty” committed the local government to school desegregation and desegregation of public facilities, established a human rights commission, and created a provision for public housing. But almost immediately after the talks, Cambridge’s local government beganbacking away
BERTHA GOBER
Bertha Gober . Raised in Albany, Georgia. Bertha Gober was active in SNCC early in its history when one of its priorities was direct action against segregation. Her poignant and powerful song, “We’ll Never Turn Back,” written after the murder of Herbert Lee in Mississippi, can be called SNCC’s anthem. Journalist John Poppy, stunned by the power of her voice, called it “part lamentWILLIE RICKS
Willie Ricks. 1943 –. Raised in Chattanooga, Tennessee. “Note: extremely radical, militant individual,” read the arrest card of SNCC’s field organizer, Willie “Mukasa” Ricks. Nicknamed “The Reverend” because of his fiery oratorical style, Ricks was known for his significant contribution toMURIEL TILLINGHAST
Muriel Tillinghast . Muriel Tillinghast, with her words, actions, and presence, was a teacher. Soon after arriving in Mississippi as a volunteer for the 1964 Summer Project, she joined Bob Wright and Louis Grant–two other volunteers–in Mayersville, the tiny county seat of Issaquena County.There, the young Howard University student organized a Freedom School that brought members of the VOTER REGISTRATION EXPANDS IN SOUTHWEST MISSISSIPPI A few Black citizens had successfully registered by mid-August, and farmers in Amite and Walthall Counties asked SNCC to bring its voter registration work to their counties. Southwest Mississippi was Klan country, and these rural counties were even more dangerous than McComb. But Moses knew the risk local people were taking by invitinghim, and
SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South. LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government.JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
FREEDOM SCHOOLS
As planning for the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project got underway, a large question hanging over discussions was how best to utilize hundreds of incoming inexperienced volunteers. SNCC’s Charlie Cobb thought, “let’s use their education,” and in December 1963, proposed an education program–Freedom Schools–for young Black Mississippians, who suffered in an educational environment thatAMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
DOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom PartiesPEGGY JEAN CONNOR
October 29, 1932 – January 13, 2018. Raised in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. When two young SNCC organizers, Curtis Hayes and Hollis Watkins, came to Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1962, Peggy Jean Connor, owner of a beauty shop, was curious. She had noCYNTHIA WASHINGTON
Cynthia Washington. Photograph of Cynthia Washington, undated, crmvet.org. “I never was a true believer in nonviolence, but was willing to go along for the sake of the strategy and goals. we heard that James Chaney had been beaten to death before they shot him. The thought of being beat up, jailed, even being shot,was one
SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South. LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government.JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
FREEDOM SCHOOLS
As planning for the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project got underway, a large question hanging over discussions was how best to utilize hundreds of incoming inexperienced volunteers. SNCC’s Charlie Cobb thought, “let’s use their education,” and in December 1963, proposed an education program–Freedom Schools–for young Black Mississippians, who suffered in an educational environment thatAMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
DOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom PartiesPEGGY JEAN CONNOR
October 29, 1932 – January 13, 2018. Raised in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. When two young SNCC organizers, Curtis Hayes and Hollis Watkins, came to Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1962, Peggy Jean Connor, owner of a beauty shop, was curious. She had noCYNTHIA WASHINGTON
Cynthia Washington. Photograph of Cynthia Washington, undated, crmvet.org. “I never was a true believer in nonviolence, but was willing to go along for the sake of the strategy and goals. we heard that James Chaney had been beaten to death before they shot him. The thought of being beat up, jailed, even being shot,was one
SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South. LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government. INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS International Connections. Founded during the Cold War, SNCC was indelibly shaped by the era’s international politics. Anti-communism became the political norm within the United States, as tensions with the Soviet Union escalated after World War II. Politicians, especially southern politicians, used this domestic Red Scare to stifle politicalTHE STORY OF SNCC
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded in 1942, grew during the 1960s because of a significant influx of young leadership into its ranks; but in that decade, there were more SNCC field secretaries working full time in southern communities than any civil rights organization before or since. Speaking on February 16, 1960 at theWhite Rock
CHARLES MCLAURIN
Charles McLaurin . Raised in Jackson, Mississippi. In the wake of the Freedom Rides, young Mississippians led the way in remaking SNCC into an organization of organizers.Charles “Mac” McLaurin, emerged from the direct action campaigns and sit-in protests of the Jackson Movement, but when Mississippi NAACP state field secretary Medgar Evers, introduced him to the idea of voter registration NASHVILLE STUDENT MOVEMENT Nashville Student Movement . Nashville, Tennessee, the “Athens of the South,” was a racist as any southern city, and planning for sit-ins was underway there, even before sit-ins broke out in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960. Rev.WILLIE RICKS
Willie Ricks. 1943 –. Raised in Chattanooga, Tennessee. “Note: extremely radical, militant individual,” read the arrest card of SNCC’s field organizer, Willie “Mukasa” Ricks. Nicknamed “The Reverend” because of his fiery oratorical style, Ricks was known for his significant contribution toRALPH ALLEN
Ralph Allen. As part of SNCC’s expanding efforts in Southwest Georgia, “sidekicks” Ralph Allen and Don Harris began organizing voter registration and direct action in Sumter County in early 1963. Their efforts quickly led to emergence of the Sumter County Movement, an umbrella for all local organizations active in the freedomstruggle.
E.W. STEPTOE
E.W. Steptoe. February 14, 1907 – April, 1983. Raised in Amite County, Mississippi. E.W. Steptoe speaking to a crowd, 1964, MFDP Records, WHS. Eldridge Willie “E.W.” Steptoe had been involved in the struggle long before SNCC came to Amite County, Mississippi where he lived and farmed. Steptoe’s strength, experience, and support forSNCC
FANNIE LOU HAMER FOUNDS FREEDOM FARM COOPERATIVE Fannie Lou Hamer founds Freedom Farm Cooperative. “I know what the pain of hunger is about,” Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer told a crowd in Madison, Wisconsin. “My family was some of the poorest people that was in the state of Mississippiwe were sharecroppers.”. In 1969, Mrs. Hamer founded the Freedom Farm Cooperative with a $10,000donation
SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South. LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government.JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
FREEDOM SCHOOLS
As planning for the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project got underway, a large question hanging over discussions was how best to utilize hundreds of incoming inexperienced volunteers. SNCC’s Charlie Cobb thought, “let’s use their education,” and in December 1963, proposed an education program–Freedom Schools–for young Black Mississippians, who suffered in an educational environment thatAMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
DOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom PartiesPEGGY JEAN CONNOR
October 29, 1932 – January 13, 2018. Raised in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. When two young SNCC organizers, Curtis Hayes and Hollis Watkins, came to Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1962, Peggy Jean Connor, owner of a beauty shop, was curious. She had noCYNTHIA WASHINGTON
Cynthia Washington. Photograph of Cynthia Washington, undated, crmvet.org. “I never was a true believer in nonviolence, but was willing to go along for the sake of the strategy and goals. we heard that James Chaney had been beaten to death before they shot him. The thought of being beat up, jailed, even being shot,was one
SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South. LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government.JANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge, 1962, Danny Lyon, Memories of the Southern Civil Rights Movement 13, dektol.wordpress.com. In a cramped corner of SCLC’s Atlanta headquarters, she worked as SNCC’s administrator. “An information agency” was how Stembridge described her role in SNCC then. “People were writing to us from Seattle and God knowswhere.
FREEDOM SCHOOLS
As planning for the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project got underway, a large question hanging over discussions was how best to utilize hundreds of incoming inexperienced volunteers. SNCC’s Charlie Cobb thought, “let’s use their education,” and in December 1963, proposed an education program–Freedom Schools–for young Black Mississippians, who suffered in an educational environment thatAMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
DOROTHY ZELLNER
Zellner was 22-years-old at the time, and she would ultimately spend the next 22 years of her life in the South. Zellner was born and raised in New York City. The child of immigrant Jewish leftists, her parents taught her about Black history and the need for racial justice. She grew up hearing stories of Jewish resistance to Nazifascism.
DIRECT ACTION TO VOTER REGISTRATION 1943-1960 SNCC: Origins and Founding. 1960-1962 Direct Action to Voter Registration. 1962-1965 Voter Registration to Freedom PartiesPEGGY JEAN CONNOR
October 29, 1932 – January 13, 2018. Raised in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. When two young SNCC organizers, Curtis Hayes and Hollis Watkins, came to Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1962, Peggy Jean Connor, owner of a beauty shop, was curious. She had noCYNTHIA WASHINGTON
Cynthia Washington. Photograph of Cynthia Washington, undated, crmvet.org. “I never was a true believer in nonviolence, but was willing to go along for the sake of the strategy and goals. we heard that James Chaney had been beaten to death before they shot him. The thought of being beat up, jailed, even being shot,was one
SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South. LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government. INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS International Connections. Founded during the Cold War, SNCC was indelibly shaped by the era’s international politics. Anti-communism became the political norm within the United States, as tensions with the Soviet Union escalated after World War II. Politicians, especially southern politicians, used this domestic Red Scare to stifle politicalTHE STORY OF SNCC
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded in 1942, grew during the 1960s because of a significant influx of young leadership into its ranks; but in that decade, there were more SNCC field secretaries working full time in southern communities than any civil rights organization before or since. Speaking on February 16, 1960 at theWhite Rock
CHARLES MCLAURIN
Charles McLaurin . Raised in Jackson, Mississippi. In the wake of the Freedom Rides, young Mississippians led the way in remaking SNCC into an organization of organizers.Charles “Mac” McLaurin, emerged from the direct action campaigns and sit-in protests of the Jackson Movement, but when Mississippi NAACP state field secretary Medgar Evers, introduced him to the idea of voter registration NASHVILLE STUDENT MOVEMENT Nashville Student Movement . Nashville, Tennessee, the “Athens of the South,” was a racist as any southern city, and planning for sit-ins was underway there, even before sit-ins broke out in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960. Rev.WILLIE RICKS
Willie Ricks. 1943 –. Raised in Chattanooga, Tennessee. “Note: extremely radical, militant individual,” read the arrest card of SNCC’s field organizer, Willie “Mukasa” Ricks. Nicknamed “The Reverend” because of his fiery oratorical style, Ricks was known for his significant contribution toRALPH ALLEN
Ralph Allen. As part of SNCC’s expanding efforts in Southwest Georgia, “sidekicks” Ralph Allen and Don Harris began organizing voter registration and direct action in Sumter County in early 1963. Their efforts quickly led to emergence of the Sumter County Movement, an umbrella for all local organizations active in the freedomstruggle.
E.W. STEPTOE
E.W. Steptoe. February 14, 1907 – April, 1983. Raised in Amite County, Mississippi. E.W. Steptoe speaking to a crowd, 1964, MFDP Records, WHS. Eldridge Willie “E.W.” Steptoe had been involved in the struggle long before SNCC came to Amite County, Mississippi where he lived and farmed. Steptoe’s strength, experience, and support forSNCC
FANNIE LOU HAMER FOUNDS FREEDOM FARM COOPERATIVE Fannie Lou Hamer founds Freedom Farm Cooperative. “I know what the pain of hunger is about,” Mrs. Fannie Lou Hamer told a crowd in Madison, Wisconsin. “My family was some of the poorest people that was in the state of Mississippiwe were sharecroppers.”. In 1969, Mrs. Hamer founded the Freedom Farm Cooperative with a $10,000donation
SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South. INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS International Connections. Founded during the Cold War, SNCC was indelibly shaped by the era’s international politics. Anti-communism became the political norm within the United States, as tensions with the Soviet Union escalated after World War II. LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government.BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
AMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
FREEDOM SCHOOLS
As planning for the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project got underway, a large question hanging over discussions was how best to utilize hundreds of incoming inexperienced volunteers. SNCC’s Charlie Cobb thought, “let’s use their education,” and in December 1963, proposed an education program–Freedom Schools–for young Black Mississippians, who suffered in an educational environment thatJANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge . Raised in South Carolina. The white students who committed to SNCC in its beginning days were usually southerners. Jane Stembridge was the first among that small number.PEGGY JEAN CONNOR
October 29, 1932 – January 13, 2018 Raised in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. When two young SNCC organizers, Curtis Hayes and Hollis Watkins, came to Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1962, Peggy Jean Connor, owner of a beauty shop, was curious.She had no plans toDOROTHY ZELLNER
Sources. John Dittmer, Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994). James Forman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997). Judy Richardson, “SNCC: My Enduring ‘Circle of Trust,’” Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC, edited by Faith S. Holsaert et al. (UrbanaCYNTHIA WASHINGTON
Sources. Lauren Araiza, “Complicating the Beloved Community: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the National Farm Workers Association,” The Struggle in Black and Brown: African American and Mexican American Relations during the Civil Rights Era, edited by Brian D Behnken (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 78-103. David Barber, A Hard Rain Fell: SDS and Why It SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South. INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS International Connections. Founded during the Cold War, SNCC was indelibly shaped by the era’s international politics. Anti-communism became the political norm within the United States, as tensions with the Soviet Union escalated after World War II. LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government.BRENDA TRAVIS
Brenda Travis . 1945 – Raised in McComb, Mississippi. When SNCC arrived in McComb, Brenda Travis had already made up her mind that she needed to do something–anything–to change the unjust world she lived in.As a ten-year-old, she watched the county sheriff burst into her home and arrest her thirteen-year-old brother for an unknownreason.
AMZIE MOORE
Amzie Moore brought SNCC into Mississippi; in fact, he put voter registration on SNCC’s table.As Bob Moses who first met Moore during a 1960 Mississippi trip remembered years later, “Amzie was the only one I met on that trip giving the student sit-in movement careful attention, aware of all that student energy and trying to figure outhow to use it.”
FREEDOM SCHOOLS
As planning for the 1964 Mississippi Summer Project got underway, a large question hanging over discussions was how best to utilize hundreds of incoming inexperienced volunteers. SNCC’s Charlie Cobb thought, “let’s use their education,” and in December 1963, proposed an education program–Freedom Schools–for young Black Mississippians, who suffered in an educational environment thatJANE STEMBRIDGE
Jane Stembridge . Raised in South Carolina. The white students who committed to SNCC in its beginning days were usually southerners. Jane Stembridge was the first among that small number.PEGGY JEAN CONNOR
October 29, 1932 – January 13, 2018 Raised in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. When two young SNCC organizers, Curtis Hayes and Hollis Watkins, came to Hattiesburg, Mississippi in 1962, Peggy Jean Connor, owner of a beauty shop, was curious.She had no plans toDOROTHY ZELLNER
Sources. John Dittmer, Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994). James Forman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997). Judy Richardson, “SNCC: My Enduring ‘Circle of Trust,’” Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC, edited by Faith S. Holsaert et al. (UrbanaCYNTHIA WASHINGTON
Sources. Lauren Araiza, “Complicating the Beloved Community: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the National Farm Workers Association,” The Struggle in Black and Brown: African American and Mexican American Relations during the Civil Rights Era, edited by Brian D Behnken (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2011), 78-103. David Barber, A Hard Rain Fell: SDS and Why It SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY: LEARN FROM THE PAST, ORGANIZE FOR The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South. INTERNATIONAL CONNECTIONS International Connections. Founded during the Cold War, SNCC was indelibly shaped by the era’s international politics. Anti-communism became the political norm within the United States, as tensions with the Soviet Union escalated after World War II. LEGACY - SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY SNCC DIGITAL GATEWAY Legacy Written by Charlie Cobb, SNCC Field Secretary 1962-1967. First, by putting their lives continuously at risk through committed grassroots organizing, this relatively small group of young people broke the back of a racist and restrictive exclusionary order that was tolerated at the highest levels of government.THE STORY OF SNCC
Young activists and organizers with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC (pronounced “SNICK”), represented a radical, new unanticipated force whose work continues to have greatrelevance today.
CHARLES MCLAURIN
Charles McLaurin . Raised in Jackson, Mississippi. In the wake of the Freedom Rides, young Mississippians led the way in remaking SNCC into an organization of organizers.Charles “Mac” McLaurin, emerged from the direct action campaigns and sit-in protests of the Jackson Movement, but when Mississippi NAACP state field secretary Medgar Evers, introduced him to the idea of voter registration NASHVILLE STUDENT MOVEMENT Nashville Student Movement . Nashville, Tennessee, the “Athens of the South,” was a racist as any southern city, and planning for sit-ins was underway there, even before sit-ins broke out in Greensboro, North Carolina on February 1, 1960. Rev.WILLIE RICKS
Ricks also worked as a field secretary in Lowndes County, Alabama joining Stokely Carmichael and other SNCC workers to cultivate the Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO) as an independent political party alternative to the Democratic Party. On May 3, 1966 the LCFO candidate nomination convention was held at First Baptist Church. The sheriff had refused to protect Black voters, so Ricks FANNIE LOU HAMER FOUNDS FREEDOM FARM COOPERATIVE Sources. Susan Youngblood Ashmore, Carry It On: The War on Poverty and the Civil Rights Movement in Alabama, 1964-1972 (Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 2008). Maegan Parker Brooks and Davis W. Houck, eds., The Speeches of Fannie Lou Hamer: To Tell It Like It Is (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2011).. Maegan Parker Brooks, A Voice That Could Stir an Army: Fannie Lou HamerE.W. STEPTOE
Eldridge Willie “E.W.” Steptoe had been involved in the struggle long before SNCC came to Amite County, Mississippi where he lived and farmed. Steptoe’s strength, experience, and support for SNCC really helped the young organization learn how to sink roots in the ruralSouth.
RALPH ALLEN
As part of SNCC’s expanding efforts in Southwest Georgia, “sidekicks” Ralph Allen and Don Harris began organizing voter registration and direct action in Sumter County in early 1963. Their efforts quickly led to emergence of the Sumter County Movement, anumbrella for
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The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was the only national civil rights organization led by young people. Organized in 1960 and mentored by the legendary Black organizer, Ella Baker, SNCC activists became full-time organizers, working with community leaders to build local grassroots organizations in the Deep South.Learn more »
* Courtesy of Jim Peppler and Alabama Department of Archives &History
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SNCC focused on voter registration and on mounting a systemic challenge to the white supremacy that governed the country’s entrenched political, economic and social structures. Young activists and organizers with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC (pronounced “SNICK”), represented a radical, new unanticipated force whose work continues to have great relevance today. For the first time, young people decisively entered the ranks of civil rights movement leadership. They committed themselves to full-time organizing from the bottom-up, and with this approach empowered older efforts at change and facilitated the emergence of powerful new grassroots voices… Continue reading The Story of SNCC »*
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