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SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: SCIENCE HISTORIAN CRACKS "THE … A science historian at The University of Manchester has cracked “The Plato Code” – the long disputed secret messages hidden in the great philosopher’s writings. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: POWER PLANTS COULD ONE DAY BE … In what could one day change the definition of "power plant," researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have manipulated the photosynthetic process of plants in a way that may possibly enable the energy produced in the process to be harnessed for later use as electricity. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS The consensus of the vast majority of climate scientists is that the buildup of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is the primary reason for increasingly warm temperatures on Earth. According to NOAA, 2010 was tied for the hottest year on record. The hottest decade on record occurred from 2000 to 2010. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: STUDY ON FASTING AND DIETING Fasting for one day does not lead to overeating the next day, or the following week, or to more than a temporary weight loss, reports a new SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: RESEARCHERS FIND A STABLE WAY TO Researchers at MIT have revealed exactly how a molecule called fulvalene diruthenium, which was discovered in 1996, works to store and release heat on demand. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: 200-FOLD BOOST IN FUEL CELL The era of personalized energy systems — in which individual homes and small businesses produce their own energy for heating, cooling and powering cars — took another step toward reality today as scientists reported discovery of a powerful new catalyst that is a key element insuch a system.
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SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS The consensus of the vast majority of climate scientists is that the buildup of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is the primary reason for increasingly warm temperatures on Earth. According to NOAA, 2010 was tied for the hottest year on record. The hottest decade on record occurred from 2000 to 2010. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: STUDY ON FASTING AND DIETING Fasting for one day does not lead to overeating the next day, or the following week, or to more than a temporary weight loss, reports a new SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: PRINCETON SCIENTISTS CONSTRUCT In a groundbreaking achievement that could help scientists "build" new biological systems, Princeton University scientists have constructedfor the first
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: POWER PLANTS COULD ONE DAY BE … In what could one day change the definition of "power plant," researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have manipulated the photosynthetic process of plants in a way that may possibly enable the energy produced in the process to be harnessed for later use as electricity. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: RESEARCHERS PIN DOWN THE ELUSIVE Quarks, the elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons, have been notoriously difficult to nail down -- much less weigh --unti
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SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: POWER PLANTS COULD ONE DAY BE … In what could one day change the definition of "power plant," researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have manipulated the photosynthetic process of plants in a way that may possibly enable the energy produced in the process to be harnessed for later use as electricity. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: RESEARCHERS PIN DOWN THE ELUSIVE Quarks, the elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons, have been notoriously difficult to nail down -- much less weigh --unti
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: SCIENTISTS LOCATE APPARENT Scientists at Columbia’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory have found evidence of hydrothermal vents on the seafloor near Antarctica, formerly a blank spot on the map for researchers wanting to learn more about seafloor formation and the bizarre life SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: EXTREMES OF SLEEP RELATED TO A new study by researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine reveals how extremes of sleep – both too much and too little – can be hazardous to your health – especially for young minority women, a group most affected by obesity and chronic metabolicdisease.
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SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS The consensus of the vast majority of climate scientists is that the buildup of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is the primary reason for increasingly warm temperatures on Earth. According to NOAA, 2010 was tied for the hottest year on record. The hottest decade on record occurred from 2000 to 2010. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: STUDY ON FASTING AND DIETING Fasting for one day does not lead to overeating the next day, or the following week, or to more than a temporary weight loss, reports a new SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: PRINCETON SCIENTISTS CONSTRUCT In a groundbreaking achievement that could help scientists "build" new biological systems, Princeton University scientists have constructedfor the first
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SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: SCIENTISTS LOCATE APPARENT Scientists at Columbia’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory have found evidence of hydrothermal vents on the seafloor near Antarctica, formerly a blank spot on the map for researchers wanting to learn more about seafloor formation and the bizarre life SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS The consensus of the vast majority of climate scientists is that the buildup of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is the primary reason for increasingly warm temperatures on Earth. According to NOAA, 2010 was tied for the hottest year on record. The hottest decade on record occurred from 2000 to 2010. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: STUDY ON FASTING AND DIETING Fasting for one day does not lead to overeating the next day, or the following week, or to more than a temporary weight loss, reports a new SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: PRINCETON SCIENTISTS CONSTRUCT In a groundbreaking achievement that could help scientists "build" new biological systems, Princeton University scientists have constructedfor the first
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: POWER PLANTS COULD ONE DAY BE … In what could one day change the definition of "power plant," researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have manipulated the photosynthetic process of plants in a way that may possibly enable the energy produced in the process to be harnessed for later use as electricity. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: RESEARCHERS PIN DOWN THE ELUSIVE Quarks, the elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons, have been notoriously difficult to nail down -- much less weigh --unti
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: SCIENTISTS LOCATE APPARENT Scientists at Columbia’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory have found evidence of hydrothermal vents on the seafloor near Antarctica, formerly a blank spot on the map for researchers wanting to learn more about seafloor formation and the bizarre life SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: EXTREMES OF SLEEP RELATED TO A new study by researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine reveals how extremes of sleep – both too much and too little – can be hazardous to your health – especially for young minority women, a group most affected by obesity and chronic metabolicdisease.
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: GLOBAL GLACIATION SNOWBALLED … For insight into what can happen when the Earth's carbon cycle is altered -- a cause and consequence of climate change -- scientists can look to an event that SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: MOLECULAR DECAY OF ENAMEL … Biologists at the University of California, Riverside report new evidence for evolutionary change recorded in both the fossil record and the genomes (or genetic blueprints) of living organisms, providing fresh support for Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: TRACKING TRASH What if we knew exactly where our trash was going and how much energy it took to make it disappear? Would it make us think twice about buying bottled water or "disposable" razors? SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: SELF-SACRIFICE AMONG STRANGERS HAS Etiquetas: Anthropology. Socially learned behavior and belief are much better candidates than genetics to explain the self-sacrificing behavior we see among strangers in societies, from soldiers to blood donors to those who contribute to food banks. This is the conclusion of a study by Adrian V. Bell and colleagues from the University of SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: 2010 University of Adelaide researchers are a step closer to unraveling the mysteries of human sexual development, following genetic studies that show male mice can be created without a Y chromosome – through the activation of an ancient brain gene. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: TEMPLETON DISPROVES GENE ANALYSIS In the sometimes opaque world of statistics, Alan R. Templeton, Ph.D., professor of biology in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, has found that it’s good to know your ABCs. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: PLANET HUNTERS NO LONGER BLINDED … Using new optics technology developed at the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory, an international team of astronomers has obtained images of a planet on a much closer orbit around its parent star than any other extrasolar planet previously found. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: STUDY PREDICTS MAXIMUM SEA LEVEL A new study of sea level fluctuations over the last 22,000 years is the latest to predict that rising seas could reach close to one meter by the end of this century, consistent with the most recent sea level projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC).
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: CAN A MOTHER'S VOICE SPUR RECOVERY Karen Schroeder's voice, recorded on a CD, reminded her son, Ryan, of his 4-H project when he was 10 and decided to raise pigs. "You bid on three beautiful squealing black and white piglets at the auction," shesaid softly.
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS The consensus of the vast majority of climate scientists is that the buildup of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is the primary reason for increasingly warm temperatures on Earth. According to NOAA, 2010 was tied for the hottest year on record. The hottest decade on record occurred from 2000 to 2010. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: PRINCETON SCIENTISTS CONSTRUCT In a groundbreaking achievement that could help scientists "build" new biological systems, Princeton University scientists have constructedfor the first
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: THE CAUSE BEHIND THE … Applied mathematicians dissected the morphology of the plantain lily (Hosta lancifolia), a characteristic long leaf with a saddle-like arc midsection and closely packed ripples along the edges. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: RESEARCHERS PIN DOWN THE ELUSIVE Quarks, the elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons, have been notoriously difficult to nail down -- much less weigh --unti
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: GLOBAL TROPICAL FORESTS … By 2100 only 18% to 45% of the plants and animals making up ecosystems in global, humid tropical forests may remain as we know them today, according to a new study led by Greg Asner at the Carnegie Institution’s Department of Global Ecology. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: ODD MOSAIC OF DENTAL FEATURES It's in the teeth. An odd mosaic of dental features recently unearthed in northern Egypt reveals a previously undocumented, highly-specialized primate called Nosmips aenigmaticus that lived in Africa nearly 37 million years ago. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS The consensus of the vast majority of climate scientists is that the buildup of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is the primary reason for increasingly warm temperatures on Earth. According to NOAA, 2010 was tied for the hottest year on record. The hottest decade on record occurred from 2000 to 2010. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: PRINCETON SCIENTISTS CONSTRUCT In a groundbreaking achievement that could help scientists "build" new biological systems, Princeton University scientists have constructedfor the first
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: THE CAUSE BEHIND THE … Applied mathematicians dissected the morphology of the plantain lily (Hosta lancifolia), a characteristic long leaf with a saddle-like arc midsection and closely packed ripples along the edges. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: RESEARCHERS PIN DOWN THE ELUSIVE Quarks, the elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons, have been notoriously difficult to nail down -- much less weigh --unti
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: GLOBAL TROPICAL FORESTS … By 2100 only 18% to 45% of the plants and animals making up ecosystems in global, humid tropical forests may remain as we know them today, according to a new study led by Greg Asner at the Carnegie Institution’s Department of Global Ecology. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: ODD MOSAIC OF DENTAL FEATURES It's in the teeth. An odd mosaic of dental features recently unearthed in northern Egypt reveals a previously undocumented, highly-specialized primate called Nosmips aenigmaticus that lived in Africa nearly 37 million years ago. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: WASTEWATER PRODUCES ELECTRICITY … Clean water for drinking, washing and industrial uses is a scarce resource in some parts of the world. Its availability in the future will be even more problematic. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: MAYA PLUMBING, FIRST PRESSURIZED A water feature found in the Maya city of Palenque, Mexico, is the earliest known example of engineered water pressure in the new world, according to a collaboration between two Penn State researchers, an archaeologist and a hydrologist. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: MICROBES FOR BIOFUEL: A CLEANER … Algae and photosynthetic bacteria hold a hidden treasure – fat molecules known as lipids – which can be converted to renewable biofuels. Such microorganisms offer an attractive alternative to the unsustainable use of petroleum-based fossil fuels, as well as biofuel sources requiring arable cropland. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: ORANGE PEELS, NEWSPAPERS MAY … Scientists may have just made the breakthrough of a lifetime, turning discarded fruit peels and other throwaways into cheap, clean fuel to power the world's vehicles. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: FROM TOUCHPAD TO THOUGHT-PAD? Move over, touchpad screens: New research funded in part by the National Institutes of Health shows that it is possible to manipulate complex visual images on a SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: MU RESEARCH TEAM ESTABLISHES … Pairing a new approach to prepare ancient DNA with a new scientific technique developed specifically to genotype a cow, an MU animal scientist, along with a team of international researchers, created a very accurate and widespread "family tree" for cows and other SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: 01/21/2010 After Mimivirus, Mamavirus and the virophage, the group of giant viruses now has a new member called Marseillevirus. Discovered in an amoeba by the team led by Didier Raoult at the Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes research group (CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille 2), a description of this new virus was published on the website of the Proceedings of the SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: 09/11/2009 From giving directions to a stranger to cooking a meal for loved ones, sharing is an essential part of the human experience. A new study in the Journal of Consumer Research unravels the complexities of sharing and examines how changes in our culture affect sharing. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: 05/24/2010 A woman's touch is all it takes for people to throw caution to the wind. That's the conclusion of a new study published online in Psychological Science, a SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: 02/17/2011 In the mid-1980s, a team of autism researchers theorized that one of the major features of autism is an inability to infer the thoughts ofother people.
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS The consensus of the vast majority of climate scientists is that the buildup of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is the primary reason for increasingly warm temperatures on Earth. According to NOAA, 2010 was tied for the hottest year on record. The hottest decade on record occurred from 2000 to 2010. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: PRINCETON SCIENTISTS CONSTRUCT In a groundbreaking achievement that could help scientists "build" new biological systems, Princeton University scientists have constructedfor the first
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: THE CAUSE BEHIND THE … Applied mathematicians dissected the morphology of the plantain lily (Hosta lancifolia), a characteristic long leaf with a saddle-like arc midsection and closely packed ripples along the edges. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: RESEARCHERS PIN DOWN THE ELUSIVE Quarks, the elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons, have been notoriously difficult to nail down -- much less weigh --unti
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: GLOBAL TROPICAL FORESTS … By 2100 only 18% to 45% of the plants and animals making up ecosystems in global, humid tropical forests may remain as we know them today, according to a new study led by Greg Asner at the Carnegie Institution’s Department of Global Ecology. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: ODD MOSAIC OF DENTAL FEATURES It's in the teeth. An odd mosaic of dental features recently unearthed in northern Egypt reveals a previously undocumented, highly-specialized primate called Nosmips aenigmaticus that lived in Africa nearly 37 million years ago. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS The consensus of the vast majority of climate scientists is that the buildup of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is the primary reason for increasingly warm temperatures on Earth. According to NOAA, 2010 was tied for the hottest year on record. The hottest decade on record occurred from 2000 to 2010. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: PRINCETON SCIENTISTS CONSTRUCT In a groundbreaking achievement that could help scientists "build" new biological systems, Princeton University scientists have constructedfor the first
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: THE CAUSE BEHIND THE … Applied mathematicians dissected the morphology of the plantain lily (Hosta lancifolia), a characteristic long leaf with a saddle-like arc midsection and closely packed ripples along the edges. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: RESEARCHERS PIN DOWN THE ELUSIVE Quarks, the elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons, have been notoriously difficult to nail down -- much less weigh --unti
SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: GLOBAL TROPICAL FORESTS … By 2100 only 18% to 45% of the plants and animals making up ecosystems in global, humid tropical forests may remain as we know them today, according to a new study led by Greg Asner at the Carnegie Institution’s Department of Global Ecology. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: ODD MOSAIC OF DENTAL FEATURES It's in the teeth. An odd mosaic of dental features recently unearthed in northern Egypt reveals a previously undocumented, highly-specialized primate called Nosmips aenigmaticus that lived in Africa nearly 37 million years ago. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: WASTEWATER PRODUCES ELECTRICITY … Clean water for drinking, washing and industrial uses is a scarce resource in some parts of the world. Its availability in the future will be even more problematic. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: MAYA PLUMBING, FIRST PRESSURIZED A water feature found in the Maya city of Palenque, Mexico, is the earliest known example of engineered water pressure in the new world, according to a collaboration between two Penn State researchers, an archaeologist and a hydrologist. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: MICROBES FOR BIOFUEL: A CLEANER … Algae and photosynthetic bacteria hold a hidden treasure – fat molecules known as lipids – which can be converted to renewable biofuels. Such microorganisms offer an attractive alternative to the unsustainable use of petroleum-based fossil fuels, as well as biofuel sources requiring arable cropland. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: ORANGE PEELS, NEWSPAPERS MAY … Scientists may have just made the breakthrough of a lifetime, turning discarded fruit peels and other throwaways into cheap, clean fuel to power the world's vehicles. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: FROM TOUCHPAD TO THOUGHT-PAD? Move over, touchpad screens: New research funded in part by the National Institutes of Health shows that it is possible to manipulate complex visual images on a SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: MU RESEARCH TEAM ESTABLISHES … Pairing a new approach to prepare ancient DNA with a new scientific technique developed specifically to genotype a cow, an MU animal scientist, along with a team of international researchers, created a very accurate and widespread "family tree" for cows and other SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: 01/21/2010 After Mimivirus, Mamavirus and the virophage, the group of giant viruses now has a new member called Marseillevirus. Discovered in an amoeba by the team led by Didier Raoult at the Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes research group (CNRS/Université Aix-Marseille 2), a description of this new virus was published on the website of the Proceedings of the SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: 09/11/2009 From giving directions to a stranger to cooking a meal for loved ones, sharing is an essential part of the human experience. A new study in the Journal of Consumer Research unravels the complexities of sharing and examines how changes in our culture affect sharing. SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: 05/24/2010 A woman's touch is all it takes for people to throw caution to the wind. That's the conclusion of a new study published online in Psychological Science, a SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS: 02/17/2011 In the mid-1980s, a team of autism researchers theorized that one of the major features of autism is an inability to infer the thoughts ofother people.
Thursday, October 31, 2019 SELECTED SCIENCE NEWS Science and technology news* Home
TUESDAY, MARCH 1, 2011 RESEARCHERS WORK TOWARD AUTOMATING SEDATION IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS0 comentarios
3/01/2011 05:04:00 AM Publicado por Jorge FranchínEtiquetas: Medicine
Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Northeast Georgia Medical Center are one step closer to their goal of automating the management of sedation in hospital intensive care units (ICUs). They have developed control algorithms that use clinical data to accurately determine a patient's level of sedation and can notify medical staff if there is a change in the level. "ICU nurses have one of the most task-laden jobs in medicine and typically take care of multiple patients at the same time, so if we can use control system technology to automate the task of sedation, patient safety will be enhanced and drug delivery will improve in the ICU," said James Bailey, the chief medical informatics officer at the Northeast Georgia Medical Center in Gainesville, Ga. Bailey is also a certified anesthesiologist and intensive care specialist. During a presentation at the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, the researchers reported on their analysis of more than 15,000 clinical measurements from 366 ICU patients they classified as "agitated" or "not agitated." Agitation is a measure of the level of patient sedation. The algorithm returned the same results as the assessment by hospital staff 92 percent of the time. "Manual sedation control can be tedious, imprecise, time-consuming and sometimes of poor quality, depending on the skills and judgment of the ICU nurse," said Wassim Haddad, a professor in the Georgia Tech School of Aerospace Engineering. "Ultimately, we envision an automated system in which the ICU nurse evaluates the ICU patient, enters the patient's sedation level into a controller, which then adjusts the sedative dosing regimen to maintain sedation at the desired level by continuously collecting and analyzing quantitative clinical data onthe patient."
This project is supported in part by the U.S. Army. On the battlefield, military physicians sometimes face demanding critical care situations and the use of advanced control technologies is essential for extending the capabilities of the health care system to handle large numbers of injured soldiers. Working with Haddad and Bailey on this project are Allen Tannenbaum and Behnood Gholami. Tannenbaum holds a joint appointment as the Julian Hightower Chair in the Georgia Tech School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, while Gholami is currently a postdoctoral fellow in the Georgia Tech School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. This research builds on Haddad and Bailey's previous work automating anesthesia in hospital operating rooms. The adaptive control algorithms developed by Haddad and Bailey control the infusion of an anesthetic drug agent in order to maintain a desired constant level of depth of anesthesia during surgery in the operating room. Clinical trial results that will be published in the March issue of the journal IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology demonstrate excellent regulation of unconsciousness allowing for a safe and effective administration of an anesthetic agent. Critically ill patients in the ICU frequently require invasive monitoring and other support that can lead to anxiety, agitation and pain. Sedation is essential for the comfort and safety of thesepatients.
"The challenge in developing closed-loop control systems for sedating critically ill patients is finding the appropriate performance variable or variables that measure the level of sedation of a patient, in turn allowing an automated controller to provide adequate sedation without oversedation," said Gholami. In the ICU, the researchers used information detailing each patient's facial expression, gross motor movement, response to a potentially noxious stimulus, heart rate and blood pressure stability, noncardiac sympathetic stability, and nonverbal pain scale to determine a levelof sedation.
The researchers classified the clinical data for each variable into categories. For example, a patient's facial expression was categorized as "relaxed," "grimacing and moaning," or "grimacing and crying." A patient's noncardiac sympathetic stability was classified as "warm and dry skin," "flushed and sweaty," or "pale and sweaty." They also recorded each patient's score on the motor activity and assessment scale (MAAS), which is used by clinicians to evaluate level of sedation on a scale of zero to six. In the MAAS system, a score of zero represents an "unresponsive patient," three represents a "calm and cooperative patient," and six represents a "dangerously agitated patient." The MAAS score is subjective and can result in inconsistencies and variability in sedation administration. Using a Bayesian network, the researchers used the clinical data to compute the probability that a patient was agitated. Twelve-thousand measurements collected from patients admitted to the ICU at the Northeast Georgia Medical Center between during a one-year period were used to train the Bayesian network and the remaining 3,000 were usedto test it.
In 18 percent of the test cases, the computer classified a patient as "agitated" but the MAAS score described the same patient as "not agitated." In five percent of the test cases, the computer classified a patient as "not agitated," whereas the MAAS score indicated "agitated." These probabilities signify an 18 percent false-positive rate and a five percent false-negative rate. "This level of performance would allow a significant reduction in the workload of the intensive care unit nurse, but it would in no way replace the nurse as the ultimate judge of the adequacy of sedation," said Bailey. "However, by relieving the nurse of some of the work associated with titration of sedation, it would allow the nurse to better focus on other aspects of his or her demanding job." The researchers' next step toward closed-loop control of sedation in the ICU will be to continuously collect clinical data from ICU patients in real time. Future work will involve the development of objective techniques for assessing ICU sedation using movement, facial expression and responsiveness to stimuli. Digital imaging will be used to assess a patient's facial expression and also gross motor movement. In a study published in the June 2010 issue of the journal IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, the researchers showed that machine learning methods could be used to assess the level of pain in patients using facial expressions. "We will explore the relationship between the data we can extract from these multiple sensors and the subjective clinical MAAS score," said Haddad. "We will then use the knowledge we have gained in developing feedback control algorithms for anesthesia dosage levels in the operating room to develop an expert system to automate drug dosage inthe ICU."
(Photo: GIT)
Georgia Institute of Technology THAWING PERMAFROST LIKELY WILL ACCELERATE GLOBAL WARMING IN COMINGDECADES, SAYS STUDY
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3/01/2011 05:04:00 AM Publicado por Jorge Franchín Etiquetas: Climatology Up to two-thirds of Earth's permafrost likely will disappear by 2200 as a result of warming temperatures, unleashing vast quantities of carbon into the atmosphere, says a new study by the University of Colorado Boulder's Cooperative Institute for Research in EnvironmentalSciences.
The carbon resides in permanently frozen ground that is beginning to thaw in high latitudes from warming temperatures, which will impact not only the climate but also international strategies to reduce fossil fuel emissions, said CU-Boulder's Kevin Schaefer, lead study author. "If we want to hit a target carbon dioxide concentration, then we have to reduce fossil fuel emissions that much lower than previously thought to account for this additional carbon from the permafrost," he said. "Otherwise we will end up with a warmer Earththan we want."
The escaping carbon comes from plant material, primarily roots trapped and frozen in soil during the last glacial period that ended roughly 12,000 years ago, he said. Schaefer, a research associate at CU-Boulder's National Snow and Ice Data Center, an arm of CIRES, likened the mechanism to storing broccoli in a home freezer. "As long as it stays frozen, it stays stable for many years," he said. "But if you take it out of the freezer it will thaw out and decay." While other studies have shown carbon has begun to leak out of permafrost in Alaska and Siberia, the study by Schaefer and his colleagues is the first to make actual estimates of future carbon release from permafrost. "This gives us a starting point, and something more solid to work from in future studies," he said. "We now have some estimated numbers and dates to work with." The new study was published online Feb. 14 in the scientific journal Tellus. Co-authors include CIRES Fellow and Senior Research Scientist Tingjun Zhang from NSIDC, Lori Bruhwiler of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Andrew Barrett from NSIDC. Funding for the project came from NASA, NOAA and the National Science Foundation. Schaefer and his team ran multiple Arctic simulations assuming different rates of temperature increases to forecast how much carbon may be released globally from permafrost in the next two centuries. They estimate a release of roughly 190 billion tons of carbon, most of it in the next 100 years. The team used Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios and land-surface models for the study. "The amount we expect to be released by permafrost is equivalent to half of the amount of carbon released since the dawn of the Industrial Age," said Schaefer. The amount of carbon predicted for release between now and 2200 is about one-fifth of the total amount of carbon in the atmosphere today, according to the study. While there were about 280 parts per million of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere prior to the Industrial Age beginning about 1820, there are more than 380 parts per million of carbon now in the atmosphere and the figure is rising. The increase, equivalent to about 435 billion tons of carbon, resulted primarily from human activities like the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. Using data from all climate simulations, the team estimated that about 30 to 60 percent of Earth's permafrost will disappear by 2200. The study took into account all of the permanently frozen ground at high latitudes around the globe. The consensus of the vast majority of climate scientists is that the buildup of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is the primary reason for increasingly warm temperatures on Earth. According to NOAA, 2010 was tied for the hottest year on record. The hottest decade on record occurred from 2000 to 2010. Greater reductions in fossil fuel emissions to account for carbon released by the permafrost will be a daunting global challenge, Schaefer said. "The problem is getting more and more difficult all the time," he said. "It is hard enough to reduce the emissions in any case, but now we have to reduce emissions even more. We think it is important to get that message out now." University of Colorado BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS QUESTION CLAIMS FOR HUMAN ANCESTRY0 comentarios
3/01/2011 05:01:00 AM Publicado por Jorge Franchín Etiquetas: Anthropology“Too
simple” and “not so fast” suggest biological anthropologists from the George Washington University and New York University about the origins of human ancestry. In the upcoming issue of the journal Nature, the anthropologists question the claims that several prominent fossil discoveries made in the last decade are our human ancestors. Instead, the authors offer a more nuanced explanation of the fossils’ place in the Tree of Life. They conclude that instead of being our ancestors the fossils more likely belong to extinct distantcousins.
“Don’t get me wrong, these are all important finds,” said co-author Bernard Wood, University Professor of Human Origins and professor of Human Evolution Anatomy at GW and director of its Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology. “But to simply assume that anything found in that time range has to be a human ancestor is naïve.” The paper, “The evolutionary context of the first hominins,” reconsiders the evolutionary relationships of fossils named Orrorin, Sahelanthropus and Ardipithecus, dating from four to seven million years ago, which have been claimed to be the earliest human ancestors. Ardipithecus, commonly known as “Ardi,” was discovered in Ethiopia and was found to be radically different from what many researchers had expected for an early human ancestor. Nonetheless, the scientists who made the discovery were adamant it is a human ancestor. “We are not saying that these fossils are definitively not early human ancestors,” said co-author Terry Harrison, a professor in NYU’s Department of Anthropology and director of its Center for the Study of Human Origins. “But their status has been presumed rather than adequately demonstrated, and there are a number of alternative interpretations that are possible. We believe that it is just as likely or more likely that they are fossil apes situated close to the ancestry of the living great ape and humans.” The authors are skeptical about the interpretation of the discoveries and advocate a more nuanced approach to classifying the fossils. Wood and Harrison argue that it is naïve to assume that all fossils are the ancestors of creatures alive today and also note that shared morphology or homoplasy – the same characteristics seen in species of different ancestry – was not taken into account by the scientists who found and described the fossils. For example, the authors claim that for Ardipithecus to be a human ancestor, one must assume that homoplasy does not exist in our lineage, but is common in the lineages closest to ours. The authors suggest there are a number of potential interpretations of these fossils and that being a human ancestor is by no means the simplest, or most parsimonious explanation. The scientific community has long concluded that the human lineage diverged from that of the chimpanzee six to eight million years ago. It is easy to differentiate between the fossils of a modern-day chimpanzee and a modern human. However, it is more difficult to differentiate between the two species when examining fossils that are closer to their common ancestor, as is the case with Orrorin, Sahelanthropus, and Ardipithecus. In their paper, Wood and Harrison caution that history has shown how uncritical reliance on a few similarities between fossil apes and humans can lead to incorrect assumptions about evolutionary relationships. They point to the case of Ramapithecus, a species of fossil ape from south Asia, which was mistakenly assumed to be an early human ancestor in the 1960s and 1970s, but later found to be a close relative of the orangutan. Similarly, Oreopithecus bambolii, a fossil ape from Italy shares many similarities with early human ancestors, including features of the skeleton that suggest that it may have been well adapted for walking on two legs. However, the authors observe, enough is known of its anatomy to show that it is a fossil ape that is only distantly related to humans, and that it acquired many “human-like” features inparallel.
Wood and Harrison point to the small canines in Ardipithecus and Sahelanthropus as possibly the most convincing evidence to support their status as early human ancestors. However, canine reduction was not unique to the human lineage for it occurred independently in several lineages of fossil apes (e.g., Oreopithecus, Ouranopithecus and Gigantopithecus) presumably as a result of similar shifts indietary behavior.
(Photo: ©iStockPhoto.com/wllad)New York University
GROUND-BASED LASERS VIE WITH SATELLITES TO MAP EARTH’S MAGNETICFIELD
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3/01/2011 04:57:00 AM Publicado por Jorge Franchín Etiquetas: Geophysics Mapping the Earth’s magnetic field – to find oil, track storms or probe the planet’s interior – typically requires expensivesatellites.
University of California, Berkeley, physicists have now come up with a much cheaper way to measure the Earth’s magnetic field using only aground-based laser.
The method involves exciting sodium atoms in a layer 90 kilometers (60 miles) above the surface and measuring the light they give off. “Normally, the laser makes the sodium atom fluoresce,” said Dmitry Budker, UC Berkeley professor of physics. “But if you modulate the laser light, when the modulation frequency matches the spin precession of the sodium atoms, the brightness of the spot changes.” Because the local magnetic field determines the frequency at which the atoms precess, this allows someone with a ground-based laser to map the magnetic field anywhere on Earth. Budker and three current and former members of his laboratory, as well as colleagues with the European Southern Observatory (ESO), lay out their technique in a paper appearing online this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Various satellites, ranging from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites, or GOES, to an upcoming European mission called SWARM, carry instruments to measure the Earth’s magnetic field, providing data to companies searching for oil or minerals, climatologists tracking currents in the atmosphere and oceans, geophysicists studying the planet’s interior and scientists trackingspace weather.
Ground-based measurements, however, can avoid several problems associated with satellites, Budker said. Because these spacecraft are moving at high speed, it’s not always possible to tell whether a fluctuation in the magnetic field strength is real or a result of the spacecraft having moved to a new location. Also, metal and electronic instruments aboard the craft can affect magnetic field measurements. “A ground-based remote sensing system allows you to measure when and where you want and avoids problems of spatial and temporal dependence caused by satellite movement,” he said. “Initially, this is going to be competitive with the best satellite measurements, but it could be improved drastically.” The idea was sparked by a discussion Budker had with a colleague about of the lasers used by many modern telescopes to remove the twinkle from stars caused by atmospheric disturbance. That technique, called laser guide star adaptive optics, employs lasers to excite sodium atoms deposited in the upper atmosphere by meteorites. Once excited, the atoms fluoresce, emitting light that mimics a real star. Telescopes with such a laser guide star, including the Very Large Telescope in Chile and the Keck telescopes in Hawaii, adjust their “rubber mirrors” to cancel the laser guide star’s jiggle, and thus remove the jiggle for all nearby stars. It is well known that these sodium atoms are affected by the Earth’s magnetic field. Budker, who specializes in extremely precise magnetic-field measurements, realized that you could easily determine the local magnetic field by exciting the atoms with a pulsed or modulated laser of the type used in guide stars. The method is based on the fact that the electron spin of each sodium atom precesses like a top in the presence of a magnetic field. Hitting the atom with light pulses at just the right frequency will cause the electrons to flip, affecting the way the atoms interact with light. “It suddenly struck me that what we do in my lab with atomic magnetometers we can do with atoms freely floating in the sky,” hesaid.
Budker’s former post-doctoral fellow James Higbie ‑ now an assistant professor of physics and astronomy at Bucknell University – conducted laboratory measurements and computer simulations confirming that the effects of a modulated laser could be detected from the ground by a small telescope. He was assisted by Simon M. Rochester, who received his Ph.D. in physics from UC Berkeley last year under Budker’s direction and is now running a start-up consulting company, Rochester Scientific; and current post-doctoral fellow Brian Patton. In practice, a 20- to 50-watt laser ‑ small enough to load on a truck or boat ‑ tuned to the orange sodium line (589 nanometer wavelength) would shine polarized light into the 10 kilometer-thick (approximately five miles) sodium layer in the mesosphere, which is about 90 kilometers overhead. The frequency with which the laser light is modulated or pulsed would be shifted slightly around this wavelength to stimulate a spin flip. The decrease or increase in brightness when the modulation is tuned to a “sweet spot” determined by the magnitude of the magnetic field could be as much as 10 percent of the typical fluorescence, Budker said. The spot itself would be too faint to see with the naked eye, but the brightness change could easily be measured by a smalltelescope.
“This is such a simple idea, I thought somebody must have thought of it before,” Budker said. He was right. William Happer, a physicist who pioneered spin-polarized spectroscopy and the sodium laser guide stars, had thought of the idea, but had never published it. “I was very, very happy to hear that, because I felt there may be a flaw in the idea, or that it had already been published,” Budkersaid.
(Photo: Budker lab)
University of California, Berkeley YALE RESEARCHERS FIND CLUES TO MYSTERY OF PRETERM DELIVERY0 comentarios
3/01/2011 04:56:00 AM Publicado por Jorge FranchínEtiquetas: Medicine
Researchers at Yale School of Medicine have found that excessive formation of calcium crystal deposits in the amniotic fluid may be a reason why some pregnant women suffer preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) leading to preterm delivery. This is a key breakthrough in solving the mystery of preterm birth, a leading cause of death and permanent disability in newborns. Researchers know that infection, maternal stress and placental bleeding can trigger some preterm deliveries, but the cause of many other preterm deliveries remains unknown. In these cases, women experience early contractions, cervical dilation and a torn amnioticsac.
A team of researchers in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences at Yale, including first author Lydia Shook and her mentor Irina Buhimschi, M.D., investigated the idea that calcification-excessive buildup of calcium-of the fetal membranes may lead to PPROM and preterm birth. "We noticed that in many women, analysis of the proteins in their amniotic fluid did not show signs of inflammation, and we could not find any cause for their preterm birth," said Shook, a Yale medical student. "We took a fresh look for what was causing breakdown of the membranes, which can lead to lost elasticity, integrity and eventually rupture." Scientists know that calcifying nanoparticles are involved in many degenerative conditions including arthritis and atherosclerosis. "These mineral-protein complexes can disrupt normal cellular processes and cause cell death," Shook said. "We wondered whether they could also be responsible for damage to the fetal membranes in pregnantwomen."
Shook and her co-authors used a stain to look for calcium deposits in placental and fetal membrane tissue from patients with PPROM and preterm birth, as well as full-term deliveries. They used a sterile culture technique to determine whether amniotic fluid can form nanoparticles. They then exposed fetal membranes to the cultured nanoparticles to determine their ability to induce cell dysfunction, damage and cell death. The team found evidence of calcification of fetal membranes collected from preterm deliveries. Fetuin, one of the major proteins involved in nanoparticle formation, was found in these deposits. Levels of fetuin in amniotic fluid were lower in women who delivered with PPROM compared to those who delivered early with intact membranes. "This preliminary evidence suggests that amniotic fluid has the potential to form nanoparticles and deposit them in the fetal membranes," said Shook. "Low fetuin may be a biomarker for women at risk of PPROM. The goal of this research is to identify women at risk of developing this condition early in their pregnancy and to intervene with targeted therapy."(Photo: Yale U.)
Yale University
LIE DETECTION: MISCONCEPTIONS, PITFALLS, AND OPPORTUNITIES FORIMPROVEMENT
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3/01/2011 04:46:00 AM Publicado por Jorge Franchín Etiquetas: Anthropology Unlike Pinocchio, liars do not usually give telltale signs that they are being dishonest. In lieu of a growing nose, is there a way to distinguish people who are telling the truth from those who aren’t? A new report in Psychological Science in the Public Interest, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, discusses some of the common misconceptions about those proficient in the art of deception, reviews the shortcomings of commonly used lie-detection techniques, and presents new empirically supported methods for telling liars from truth-tellers with greater accuracy. Trapping a liar is not always easy. Lies are often embedded in truths and behavioral differences between liars and truth-tellers are usually very small. In addition, some people are just very good at lying. Lie detectors routinely make the common mistakes of overemphasizing nonverbal cues, neglecting intrapersonal variations (i.e., how a person acts when they are telling the truth versus when they are lying), and being overly confident in their lie-detection skills. In this report, Aldert Vrij of the University of Portsmouth, Anders Granhag of the University of Gothenburg, and Stephen Porter of the University of British Columbia review research suggesting that verbal methods of deception detection are more useful than nonverbal methods commonly believed to be effective, and that there are psychological differences between liars and truth-tellers that can be exploited in the search for the truth. In an information-gathering interview suspects are asked to give detailed statements about their activities through open questions—for example, “What did you do yesterday between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m.?” This interview style encourages suspects to talk and allows for opportunities to identify inconsistencies between the answer and available evidence. Asking very specific questions that a suspect is unlikely to anticipate may also help in lie detection. Lying can be more cognitively demanding than truth-telling—it requires more brain power to come up with a lie and keep track of it (e.g., who was told what) than it does to tell the truth. Imposing cognitive load on interviewees by asking them to recall the events in reverse order may also be useful in weeding out liars from thosetelling the truth.
This research has important implications in a variety of settings, including the courtroom, police interviews, and screening individuals with criminal intent, for instance, identifying potential terrorists. Association for Psychological ScienceOlder Posts
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(9)
* ► May 06
(3)
* ► May 05
(6)
* ► May 04
(6)
* ► May 03
(6)
* ► April (135)* ► Apr 30
(6)
* ► Apr 29
(9)
* ► Apr 28
(9)
* ► Apr 27
(3)
* ► Apr 26
(3)
* ► Apr 23
(9)
* ► Apr 22
(3)
* ► Apr 21
(6)
* ► Apr 20
(9)
* ► Apr 19
(3)
* ► Apr 16
(6)
* ► Apr 15
(9)
* ► Apr 14
(3)
* ► Apr 13
(6)
* ► Apr 12
(6)
* ► Apr 09
(12)
* ► Apr 08
(9)
* ► Apr 07
(6)
* ► Apr 05
(3)
* ► Apr 02
(6)
* ► Apr 01
(9)
* ► March (135)* ► Mar 31
(6)
* ► Mar 30
(6)
* ► Mar 29
(3)
* ► Mar 26
(6)
* ► Mar 25
(9)
* ► Mar 24
(3)
* ► Mar 23
(9)
* ► Mar 22
(3)
* ► Mar 20
(3)
* ► Mar 19
(3)
* ► Mar 18
(9)
* ► Mar 17
(6)
* ► Mar 16
(3)
* ► Mar 15
(6)
* ► Mar 12
(9)
* ► Mar 11
(3)
* ► Mar 10
(6)
* ► Mar 09
(6)
* ► Mar 08
(6)
* ► Mar 05
(6)
* ► Mar 04
(9)
* ► Mar 03
(3)
* ► Mar 02
(9)
* ► Mar 01
(3)
* ► February (120)* ► Feb 27
(6)
* ► Feb 26
(3)
* ► Feb 25
(3)
* ► Feb 24
(6)
* ► Feb 23
(6)
* ► Feb 22
(6)
* ► Feb 20
(3)
* ► Feb 19
(3)
* ► Feb 18
(6)
* ► Feb 17
(6)
* ► Feb 16
(9)
* ► Feb 15
(3)
* ► Feb 12
(6)
* ► Feb 11
(6)
* ► Feb 10
(6)
* ► Feb 09
(9)
* ► Feb 08
(3)
* ► Feb 05
(6)
* ► Feb 04
(6)
* ► Feb 03
(6)
* ► Feb 02
(6)
* ► Feb 01
(6)
* ► January (120)* ► Jan 29
(12)
* ► Jan 28
(3)
* ► Jan 27
(12)
* ► Jan 26
(12)
* ► Jan 25
(3)
* ► Jan 22
(3)
* ► Jan 21
(3)
* ► Jan 20
(3)
* ► Jan 19
(3)
* ► Jan 18
(6)
* ► Jan 16
(3)
* ► Jan 15
(3)
* ► Jan 14
(6)
* ► Jan 13
(6)
* ► Jan 12
(6)
* ► Jan 11
(6)
* ► Jan 10
(6)
* ► Jan 08
(3)
* ► Jan 07
(6)
* ► Jan 06
(15)
* ► 2009 (822)
* ► December (135)* ► Dec 31
(9)
* ► Dec 30
(3)
* ► Dec 29
(9)
* ► Dec 28
(3)
* ► Dec 24
(9)
* ► Dec 23
(3)
* ► Dec 22
(9)
* ► Dec 21
(3)
* ► Dec 18
(12)
* ► Dec 17
(3)
* ► Dec 16
(3)
* ► Dec 15
(9)
* ► Dec 14
(3)
* ► Dec 12
(3)
* ► Dec 11
(3)
* ► Dec 10
(6)
* ► Dec 09
(6)
* ► Dec 08
(6)
* ► Dec 07
(6)
* ► Dec 04
(9)
* ► Dec 03
(6)
* ► Dec 02
(9)
* ► Dec 01
(3)
* ► November (123)* ► Nov 30
(3)
* ► Nov 28
(3)
* ► Nov 27
(3)
* ► Nov 26
(9)
* ► Nov 25
(3)
* ► Nov 24
(9)
* ► Nov 23
(3)
* ► Nov 21
(6)
* ► Nov 20
(3)
* ► Nov 19
(3)
* ► Nov 18
(6)
* ► Nov 17
(9)
* ► Nov 16
(3)
* ► Nov 14
(6)
* ► Nov 12
(9)
* ► Nov 11
(3)
* ► Nov 10
(9)
* ► Nov 09
(3)
* ► Nov 06
(6)
* ► Nov 05
(9)
* ► Nov 04
(6)
* ► Nov 02
(9)
* ► October (135)* ► Oct 30
(6)
* ► Oct 29
(9)
* ► Oct 28
(6)
* ► Oct 27
(3)
* ► Oct 26
(6)
* ► Oct 24
(3)
* ► Oct 23
(3)
* ► Oct 22
(6)
* ► Oct 21
(6)
* ► Oct 20
(9)
* ► Oct 19
(3)
* ► Oct 17
(3)
* ► Oct 16
(3)
* ► Oct 15
(9)
* ► Oct 14
(3)
* ► Oct 13
(6)
* ► Oct 12
(6)
* ► Oct 11
(3)
* ► Oct 09
(3)
* ► Oct 08
(9)
* ► Oct 07
(3)
* ► Oct 06
(6)
* ► Oct 05
(6)
* ► Oct 02
(6)
* ► Oct 01
(9)
* ► September (132)* ► Sep 30
(3)
* ► Sep 29
(6)
* ► Sep 28
(6)
* ► Sep 25
(6)
* ► Sep 24
(6)
* ► Sep 23
(9)
* ► Sep 22
(3)
* ► Sep 21
(6)
* ► Sep 18
(6)
* ► Sep 17
(9)
* ► Sep 16
(3)
* ► Sep 15
(9)
* ► Sep 14
(3)
* ► Sep 11
(9)
* ► Sep 10
(6)
* ► Sep 09
(3)
* ► Sep 08
(6)
* ► Sep 07
(6)
* ► Sep 04
(6)
* ► Sep 03
(9)
* ► Sep 02
(6)
* ► Sep 01
(6)
* ► August (123)* ► Aug 31
(3)
* ► Aug 28
(9)
* ► Aug 27
(6)
* ► Aug 26
(6)
* ► Aug 25
(9)
* ► Aug 24
(3)
* ► Aug 22
(3)
* ► Aug 21
(3)
* ► Aug 20
(9)
* ► Aug 19
(6)
* ► Aug 18
(3)
* ► Aug 17
(6)
* ► Aug 14
(9)
* ► Aug 13
(3)
* ► Aug 12
(3)
* ► Aug 11
(9)
* ► Aug 10
(3)
* ► Aug 07
(9)
* ► Aug 06
(3)
* ► Aug 05
(6)
* ► Aug 04
(6)
* ► Aug 03
(6)
* ► July (138)
* ► Jul 31
(6)
* ► Jul 30
(6)
* ► Jul 29
(9)
* ► Jul 28
(6)
* ► Jul 27
(3)
* ► Jul 24
(6)
* ► Jul 23
(6)
* ► Jul 22
(6)
* ► Jul 21
(9)
* ► Jul 20
(3)
* ► Jul 17
(6)
* ► Jul 16
(6)
* ► Jul 15
(6)
* ► Jul 14
(9)
* ► Jul 13
(3)
* ► Jul 10
(9)
* ► Jul 09
(3)
* ► Jul 08
(6)
* ► Jul 07
(6)
* ► Jul 06
(6)
* ► Jul 03
(12)
* ► Jul 02
(6)
* ► June (36)
* ► Jun 30
(6)
* ► Jun 29
(2)
* ► Jun 27
(1)
* ► Jun 26
(1)
* ► Jun 25
(2)
* ► Jun 24
(1)
* ► Jun 23
(3)
* ► Jun 22
(3)
* ► Jun 19
(2)
* ► Jun 18
(1)
* ► Jun 17
(3)
* ► Jun 15
(2)
* ► Jun 12
(1)
* ► Jun 11
(1)
* ► Jun 10
(1)
* ► Jun 08
(1)
* ► Jun 05
(1)
* ► Jun 04
(1)
* ► Jun 03
(1)
* ► Jun 02
(2)
Selected Science News . Copyright 2008 All Rights Reserved Revolution Two Church themeby Brian Gardner
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