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'cyclopean' wall.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS AND SCAFFOLDING One of the piers of the second tier op the Pont du Gard, the bridge in the aqueduct of Nimes (France). Notice the three rows of voussoirs, the moulding on the imposts, the extending voussoirs on which the centering rested, and in the pier the bonding stones that supportedthe scaffolding.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: AQUA AUGUSTA / SERINO AQUEDUCT (ITALY) The landscape in which the aqueduct is situated is not the same as it used to be in the time of Augustus and the imperial age. First of all, several eruptions of the Vesuvius, starting with the one in 79 CE covered the branch to Pompeii to inaccessible depth, which also counts for parts of the aqueduct in the north. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTION Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: PATARA (TURKEY) The most spectacular structure of the Patara aqueduct is the Delikkemer inverted siphon, which consists of a line of perforated marble blocks with dimensions of about 0,80 x 0,85 x 0,50-0,55 m, each weighing up to 900 kg, built on top of a 200 m long and 10 m-high'cyclopean' wall.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS AND SCAFFOLDING One of the piers of the second tier op the Pont du Gard, the bridge in the aqueduct of Nimes (France). Notice the three rows of voussoirs, the moulding on the imposts, the extending voussoirs on which the centering rested, and in the pier the bonding stones that supportedthe scaffolding.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: AQUA AUGUSTA / SERINO AQUEDUCT (ITALY) The landscape in which the aqueduct is situated is not the same as it used to be in the time of Augustus and the imperial age. First of all, several eruptions of the Vesuvius, starting with the one in 79 CE covered the branch to Pompeii to inaccessible depth, which also counts for parts of the aqueduct in the north. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTION Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: HERCULANEUM (ITALY) The site of ancient Herculaneum is located beneath modern Ercolano between Mount Vesuvius and the Bay of Naples. The site - situated between two streams - is now some distance from the bay, but prior to Vesuvius‘ eruption in 79 CE, Herculaneum was located directly on itsshores.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: THE AQUEDUCTS OF JERUSALEM One channel, unrelated to Jerusalem's water supply, and thus only mentioned here, is the Herodion aqueduct, descending eastward from Solomon's Pools, through the Artas Valley, and ending at that desert fortress of Herod the Great; it can thus be dated to the 1st centuryBC.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS AND SCAFFOLDING One of the piers of the second tier op the Pont du Gard, the bridge in the aqueduct of Nimes (France). Notice the three rows of voussoirs, the moulding on the imposts, the extending voussoirs on which the centering rested, and in the pier the bonding stones that supportedthe scaffolding.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: HADRIAN'S ATHENS (GREECE) Hadrian's aqueduct in Athens The Roman emperor Hadrian (117 - 138 CE) was one the most important admirers of Greece and during his reign many major public works were constructed that have left their mark onthe city of Athens.
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Lyon, France) Drawing of the construction of a subterranean water channel in a trench.Note the stone workers left and the long 'table' which was a measuring instrument called chorobates: Details of the concrete vaulted cover using five longitudinal boards which pattern shows clearly (Outlet of the Consuegra dam, Spain): Aqueduct channel with five types of roofs ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Roman aqueducts: Construction Materials. It is indeed quite confusing: Roman concrete, mortar, stucco, plaster and even opus signinum have the same basic ingredients, although their applications are quite different. These basic elements are an aggregate (or filler), waterand a
AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Lyon (France) Drawing of a siphon system; note the headertank left, the venter bridge in the middle, and the receiving tank right. The ramp for the lead pipes and the missing receiving tank (right) in the Brevenne aqueduct of Lyon (France): Home WEBSITE ON ROMAN AQUEDUCTSAQUEDUCTS ON ROMAN COINSTHE BEST EXTERNAL WEBSITESCEES PASSCHIERWILKE SCHRAM Website on 600 Roman aqueducts of which 125 described in detail ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTION Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: NIMES (FRANCE) Map of the aqueduct of the Nîmes (aqueduct in green) The Nîmes aqueduct is THE Roman aqueduct "par excellence", one of the most famous, most spectacular and ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POOLS IN JERUSALEM (ISRAEL) Introduction "The ancient supply appears to have been obtained from springs, wells, the collection of rain in pools and cisterns, and water brought from a distance by aqueducts.The extensive remains of cisterns, pools and aqueducts show that little dependence was placed on any natural springs existing in or near the city". ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Roman aqueducts: Construction Materials. It is indeed quite confusing: Roman concrete, mortar, stucco, plaster and even opus signinum have the same basic ingredients, although their applications are quite different. These basic elements are an aggregate (or filler), waterand a
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. WEBSITE ON ROMAN AQUEDUCTSAQUEDUCTS ON ROMAN COINSTHE BEST EXTERNAL WEBSITESCEES PASSCHIERWILKE SCHRAM Website on 600 Roman aqueducts of which 125 described in detail ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTION Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: NIMES (FRANCE) Map of the aqueduct of the Nîmes (aqueduct in green) The Nîmes aqueduct is THE Roman aqueduct "par excellence", one of the most famous, most spectacular and ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POOLS IN JERUSALEM (ISRAEL) Introduction "The ancient supply appears to have been obtained from springs, wells, the collection of rain in pools and cisterns, and water brought from a distance by aqueducts.The extensive remains of cisterns, pools and aqueducts show that little dependence was placed on any natural springs existing in or near the city". ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Roman aqueducts: Construction Materials. It is indeed quite confusing: Roman concrete, mortar, stucco, plaster and even opus signinum have the same basic ingredients, although their applications are quite different. These basic elements are an aggregate (or filler), waterand a
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. WEBSITE ON ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Website on 600 Roman aqueducts of which 125 described in detail ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Longest Roman Aqueducts In the (short) tradition of aqueduct studies, the longest aqueducts were the ones to Carthage (Tunisia) (90 km, or 132 km including side channels), the 'Eiffel Leitung' to Cologne (Germany): 95 km, and the Aqua Marcia of Rome (91 km). ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Longest Roman Aqueduct Bridges The famous Pont du Gard (aqueduct of Nimes, France) bridge is the highest known Roman aqueduct bridge (see separate entry) but by far not the longest. Most of the bridges in the list below are in ruin. SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS One of the many drawings in the book "530 B.C. The digging of Eupalinos in ancient Samos" (1997) of D. Tsimpourakis, a Greek teacher in mathematics, who recalculated all aspects of the aqueduct tunnel of Eupalinos (6th c bc) on the island of Samos. BASINS IN ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS It purpose was to store aqueduct water in order to absorb fluctuations in the water supply and discharge. The photo shows a multiple chamber basin with conneting corridors and a drain (not visible) on the La Fourvière hill in Lyon (France); the visible chambers are both lower ones of a four chamber basin.AREA OF THE SOURCE
Samos Eupalinos Area of the source. The main spring of the archaic aqueduct of ancient Samos was situated in the area NW of Mount Kastro,near Agiades which
AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Lyon (France) Drawing of a siphon system; note the headertank left, the venter bridge in the middle, and the receiving tank right. The ramp for the lead pipes and the missing receiving tank (right) in the Brevenne aqueduct of Lyon (France): HomeHEIGHT DIFFERENCES
Vendres (France) Height differences. Downstream view with the aqueduct at right (not on photo). In the foreground he remains of an old building, in the background the remains of VIEW INTO MANHOLE (39) Samos Eupalinos View into manhole (39) View into the first manhole just outside the public entrance of the Eupalinos tunnel on Samos-island, nr 39 on Kienst's maps ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: THE AQUEDUCTS OF JERUSALEM One channel, unrelated to Jerusalem's water supply, and thus only mentioned here, is the Herodion aqueduct, descending eastward from Solomon's Pools, through the Artas Valley, and ending at that desert fortress of Herod the Great; it can thus be dated to the 1st centuryBC.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Longest Roman Aqueduct Bridges The famous Pont du Gard (aqueduct of Nimes, France) bridge is the highest known Roman aqueduct bridge (see separate entry) but by far not the longest. Most of the bridges in the list below are in ruin. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDOA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Köln (Cologne, Germany) 2. The infiltration gallery (in German: Sickerleitung) - 80 m long - called Grüne Pütz, of the Roman aqueduct of Köln (Cologne, Germany): 3. A combination of a weir and a sluice gate, the start of the Roman aqueduct of Segovia (Spain): 4. AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS One of the many drawings in the book "530 B.C. The digging of Eupalinos in ancient Samos" (1997) of D. Tsimpourakis, a Greek teacher in mathematics, who recalculated all aspects of the aqueduct tunnel of Eupalinos (6th c bc) on the island of Samos. AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: THE AQUEDUCTS OF JERUSALEM One channel, unrelated to Jerusalem's water supply, and thus only mentioned here, is the Herodion aqueduct, descending eastward from Solomon's Pools, through the Artas Valley, and ending at that desert fortress of Herod the Great; it can thus be dated to the 1st centuryBC.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Longest Roman Aqueduct Bridges The famous Pont du Gard (aqueduct of Nimes, France) bridge is the highest known Roman aqueduct bridge (see separate entry) but by far not the longest. Most of the bridges in the list below are in ruin. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDOA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Köln (Cologne, Germany) 2. The infiltration gallery (in German: Sickerleitung) - 80 m long - called Grüne Pütz, of the Roman aqueduct of Köln (Cologne, Germany): 3. A combination of a weir and a sluice gate, the start of the Roman aqueduct of Segovia (Spain): 4. AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS One of the many drawings in the book "530 B.C. The digging of Eupalinos in ancient Samos" (1997) of D. Tsimpourakis, a Greek teacher in mathematics, who recalculated all aspects of the aqueduct tunnel of Eupalinos (6th c bc) on the island of Samos. AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: HADRIAN'S ATHENS (GREECE) Hadrian's aqueduct in Athens The Roman emperor Hadrian (117 - 138 CE) was one the most important admirers of Greece and during his reign many major public works were constructed that have left their mark onthe city of Athens.
AQUA CLOPEDOA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Köln (Cologne, Germany) 2. The infiltration gallery (in German: Sickerleitung) - 80 m long - called Grüne Pütz, of the Roman aqueduct of Köln (Cologne, Germany): 3. A combination of a weir and a sluice gate, the start of the Roman aqueduct of Segovia (Spain): 4. LITERATURE ON 600 DIFFERENT ROMAN AQUEDUCTS A; abadia1995 : Alganos Comentarios sobre el abastecimiento de aqua a Ceasaraugusta (publicado por la Intitucion Fernando el Catolico 1995 Cuadernos de Aragon nr 23) (see also on the Traianus website) ; abattouy200x : Muhammad Al-Karaji: A Mathematician Engineer from the Early 11th Century (from: www.muslimheritage.com) - M. Abattouy abdy2012 : Monuments, myth and small change in AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
HEIGHT DIFFERENCES
Vendres (France) Height differences. Downstream view with the aqueduct at right (not on photo). In the foreground he remains of an old building, in the background the remains ofAREA OF THE SOURCE
Samos Eupalinos Area of the source. The main spring of the archaic aqueduct of ancient Samos was situated in the area NW of Mount Kastro,near Agiades which
BASIN UNDER THE CHURCH Samos Eupalinos Basin under the church. The water for the ancient town of Samos came from sources N of Agiades and was collected in a water basin which is now under the old church in Agiades (a few km S VIEW INTO MANHOLE (39) Samos Eupalinos View into manhole (39) View into the first manhole just outside the public entrance of the Eupalinos tunnel on Samos-island, nr 39 on Kienst's mapsMOLE OF EUPALINOS
Samos Eupalinos Mole of Eupalinos. The present version of the mole in the harbor of Pythagorion / ancient Samos is built upon an ancient mole, one of the many works of Eupalinos, son of Naustrophos from Megara (in between Corinth and Athens). ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Longest Roman Aqueduct Bridges The famous Pont du Gard (aqueduct of Nimes, France) bridge is the highest known Roman aqueduct bridge (see separate entry) but by far not the longest. Most of the bridges in the list below are in ruin. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POOLS IN JERUSALEM (ISRAEL) Introduction "The ancient supply appears to have been obtained from springs, wells, the collection of rain in pools and cisterns, and water brought from a distance by aqueducts.The extensive remains of cisterns, pools and aqueducts show that little dependence was placed on any natural springs existing in or near the city". ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTION Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: PATARA (TURKEY) The most spectacular structure of the Patara aqueduct is the Delikkemer inverted siphon, which consists of a line of perforated marble blocks with dimensions of about 0,80 x 0,85 x 0,50-0,55 m, each weighing up to 900 kg, built on top of a 200 m long and 10 m-high'cyclopean' wall.
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Longest Roman Aqueduct Bridges The famous Pont du Gard (aqueduct of Nimes, France) bridge is the highest known Roman aqueduct bridge (see separate entry) but by far not the longest. Most of the bridges in the list below are in ruin. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POOLS IN JERUSALEM (ISRAEL) Introduction "The ancient supply appears to have been obtained from springs, wells, the collection of rain in pools and cisterns, and water brought from a distance by aqueducts.The extensive remains of cisterns, pools and aqueducts show that little dependence was placed on any natural springs existing in or near the city". ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTION Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: PATARA (TURKEY) The most spectacular structure of the Patara aqueduct is the Delikkemer inverted siphon, which consists of a line of perforated marble blocks with dimensions of about 0,80 x 0,85 x 0,50-0,55 m, each weighing up to 900 kg, built on top of a 200 m long and 10 m-high'cyclopean' wall.
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Longest Roman Aqueducts In the (short) tradition of aqueduct studies, the longest aqueducts were the ones to Carthage (Tunisia) (90 km, or 132 km including side channels), the 'Eiffel Leitung' to Cologne (Germany): 95 km, and the Aqua Marcia of Rome (91 km). ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: THE AQUEDUCTS OF JERUSALEM One channel, unrelated to Jerusalem's water supply, and thus only mentioned here, is the Herodion aqueduct, descending eastward from Solomon's Pools, through the Artas Valley, and ending at that desert fortress of Herod the Great; it can thus be dated to the 1st centuryBC.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: HERCULANEUM (ITALY) The site of ancient Herculaneum is located beneath modern Ercolano between Mount Vesuvius and the Bay of Naples. The site - situated between two streams - is now some distance from the bay, but prior to Vesuvius‘ eruption in 79 CE, Herculaneum was located directly on itsshores.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POMPEII (ITALY) Aqueduct and water Supply There are almost no physical remains of the actual aqueduct which fed Pompeii. Only the last 112 m before it entered the castellum divisorium (also called castellum aquae, the main water division station at the high end of the Via del Vesuvio) are known, see plan below.Note both manholes 90 and 17 m before theactual castellum.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AREA OF THE SOURCE
Samos Eupalinos Area of the source. The main spring of the archaic aqueduct of ancient Samos was situated in the area NW of Mount Kastro,near Agiades which
HEIGHT DIFFERENCES
Vendres (France) Height differences. Downstream view with the aqueduct at right (not on photo). In the foreground he remains of an old building, in the background the remains of BASIN UNDER THE CHURCH Samos Eupalinos Basin under the church. The water for the ancient town of Samos came from sources N of Agiades and was collected in a water basin which is now under the old church in Agiades (a few km S QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: STILL IN USE? There are quite a few examples of Roman aqueducts that are still in use today, generally in part and/or after reconstruction. The famous Trevi-fountain in Rome is still fed by aqueduct water from the same sources of the ancient Aqua Virgo; however, the Acqua Vergine Nuova is now a pressurized aqueduct. In Frejus (France) the 20th c water supplyMOLE OF EUPALINOS
Samos Eupalinos Mole of Eupalinos. The present version of the mole in the harbor of Pythagorion / ancient Samos is built upon an ancient mole, one of the many works of Eupalinos, son of Naustrophos from Megara (in between Corinth and Athens). ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Longest Roman Aqueduct Bridges The famous Pont du Gard (aqueduct of Nimes, France) bridge is the highest known Roman aqueduct bridge (see separate entry) but by far not the longest. Most of the bridges in the list below are in ruin. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POOLS IN JERUSALEM (ISRAEL) Introduction "The ancient supply appears to have been obtained from springs, wells, the collection of rain in pools and cisterns, and water brought from a distance by aqueducts.The extensive remains of cisterns, pools and aqueducts show that little dependence was placed on any natural springs existing in or near the city". ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTION Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: PATARA (TURKEY) The most spectacular structure of the Patara aqueduct is the Delikkemer inverted siphon, which consists of a line of perforated marble blocks with dimensions of about 0,80 x 0,85 x 0,50-0,55 m, each weighing up to 900 kg, built on top of a 200 m long and 10 m-high'cyclopean' wall.
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Longest Roman Aqueduct Bridges The famous Pont du Gard (aqueduct of Nimes, France) bridge is the highest known Roman aqueduct bridge (see separate entry) but by far not the longest. Most of the bridges in the list below are in ruin. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POOLS IN JERUSALEM (ISRAEL) Introduction "The ancient supply appears to have been obtained from springs, wells, the collection of rain in pools and cisterns, and water brought from a distance by aqueducts.The extensive remains of cisterns, pools and aqueducts show that little dependence was placed on any natural springs existing in or near the city". ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTION Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: PATARA (TURKEY) The most spectacular structure of the Patara aqueduct is the Delikkemer inverted siphon, which consists of a line of perforated marble blocks with dimensions of about 0,80 x 0,85 x 0,50-0,55 m, each weighing up to 900 kg, built on top of a 200 m long and 10 m-high'cyclopean' wall.
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLS The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Longest Roman Aqueducts In the (short) tradition of aqueduct studies, the longest aqueducts were the ones to Carthage (Tunisia) (90 km, or 132 km including side channels), the 'Eiffel Leitung' to Cologne (Germany): 95 km, and the Aqua Marcia of Rome (91 km). ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: THE AQUEDUCTS OF JERUSALEM One channel, unrelated to Jerusalem's water supply, and thus only mentioned here, is the Herodion aqueduct, descending eastward from Solomon's Pools, through the Artas Valley, and ending at that desert fortress of Herod the Great; it can thus be dated to the 1st centuryBC.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: HERCULANEUM (ITALY) The site of ancient Herculaneum is located beneath modern Ercolano between Mount Vesuvius and the Bay of Naples. The site - situated between two streams - is now some distance from the bay, but prior to Vesuvius‘ eruption in 79 CE, Herculaneum was located directly on itsshores.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POMPEII (ITALY) Aqueduct and water Supply There are almost no physical remains of the actual aqueduct which fed Pompeii. Only the last 112 m before it entered the castellum divisorium (also called castellum aquae, the main water division station at the high end of the Via del Vesuvio) are known, see plan below.Note both manholes 90 and 17 m before theactual castellum.
AREA OF THE SOURCE
Samos Eupalinos Area of the source. The main spring of the archaic aqueduct of ancient Samos was situated in the area NW of Mount Kastro,near Agiades which
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
HEIGHT DIFFERENCES
Vendres (France) Height differences. Downstream view with the aqueduct at right (not on photo). In the foreground he remains of an old building, in the background the remains of BASIN UNDER THE CHURCH Samos Eupalinos Basin under the church. The water for the ancient town of Samos came from sources N of Agiades and was collected in a water basin which is now under the old church in Agiades (a few km S QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: STILL IN USE? There are quite a few examples of Roman aqueducts that are still in use today, generally in part and/or after reconstruction. The famous Trevi-fountain in Rome is still fed by aqueduct water from the same sources of the ancient Aqua Virgo; however, the Acqua Vergine Nuova is now a pressurized aqueduct. In Frejus (France) the 20th c water supply VIEW INTO MANHOLE (39) Samos Eupalinos View into manhole (39) View into the first manhole just outside the public entrance of the Eupalinos tunnel on Samos-island, nr 39 on Kienst's maps ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Longest Roman Aqueduct Bridges The famous Pont du Gard (aqueduct of Nimes, France) bridge is the highest known Roman aqueduct bridge (see separate entry) but by far not the longest. Most of the bridges in the list below are in ruin. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POOLS IN JERUSALEM (ISRAEL) Introduction "The ancient supply appears to have been obtained from springs, wells, the collection of rain in pools and cisterns, and water brought from a distance by aqueducts.The extensive remains of cisterns, pools and aqueducts show that little dependence was placed on any natural springs existing in or near the city". ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTIONROMAN AQUEDUCTS HISTORYROMAN AQUEDUCTS MAPROMAN AQUEDUCTS PURPOSETHE ROMAN AQUEDUCT SYSTEMWHEN WAS THE ROMANAQUEDUCT BUILT
Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: PATARA (TURKEY) The most spectacular structure of the Patara aqueduct is the Delikkemer inverted siphon, which consists of a line of perforated marble blocks with dimensions of about 0,80 x 0,85 x 0,50-0,55 m, each weighing up to 900 kg, built on top of a 200 m long and 10 m-high'cyclopean' wall.
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY)ROMAN AQUEDUCTS CRITICROMAN AQUEDUCTS HISTORYROMAN AQUEDUCTS MAPROMAN STYLE AQUEDUCTS IN THE WORLD Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTSANCIENT ROMAN LATRINESANCIENT ROMAN PRACTICESROMAN HABITS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLSROMANAQUEDUCTS HISTORY
The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Longest Roman Aqueduct Bridges The famous Pont du Gard (aqueduct of Nimes, France) bridge is the highest known Roman aqueduct bridge (see separate entry) but by far not the longest. Most of the bridges in the list below are in ruin. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POOLS IN JERUSALEM (ISRAEL) Introduction "The ancient supply appears to have been obtained from springs, wells, the collection of rain in pools and cisterns, and water brought from a distance by aqueducts.The extensive remains of cisterns, pools and aqueducts show that little dependence was placed on any natural springs existing in or near the city". ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTIONROMAN AQUEDUCTS HISTORYROMAN AQUEDUCTS MAPROMAN AQUEDUCTS PURPOSETHE ROMAN AQUEDUCT SYSTEMWHEN WAS THE ROMANAQUEDUCT BUILT
Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: PATARA (TURKEY) The most spectacular structure of the Patara aqueduct is the Delikkemer inverted siphon, which consists of a line of perforated marble blocks with dimensions of about 0,80 x 0,85 x 0,50-0,55 m, each weighing up to 900 kg, built on top of a 200 m long and 10 m-high'cyclopean' wall.
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY)ROMAN AQUEDUCTS CRITICROMAN AQUEDUCTS HISTORYROMAN AQUEDUCTS MAPROMAN STYLE AQUEDUCTS IN THE WORLD Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTSANCIENT ROMAN LATRINESANCIENT ROMAN PRACTICESROMAN HABITS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLSROMANAQUEDUCTS HISTORY
The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Longest Roman Aqueducts In the (short) tradition of aqueduct studies, the longest aqueducts were the ones to Carthage (Tunisia) (90 km, or 132 km including side channels), the 'Eiffel Leitung' to Cologne (Germany): 95 km, and the Aqua Marcia of Rome (91 km). ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: THE AQUEDUCTS OF JERUSALEM One channel, unrelated to Jerusalem's water supply, and thus only mentioned here, is the Herodion aqueduct, descending eastward from Solomon's Pools, through the Artas Valley, and ending at that desert fortress of Herod the Great; it can thus be dated to the 1st centuryBC.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: HERCULANEUM (ITALY) The site of ancient Herculaneum is located beneath modern Ercolano between Mount Vesuvius and the Bay of Naples. The site - situated between two streams - is now some distance from the bay, but prior to Vesuvius‘ eruption in 79 CE, Herculaneum was located directly on itsshores.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POMPEII (ITALY) Aqueduct and water Supply There are almost no physical remains of the actual aqueduct which fed Pompeii. Only the last 112 m before it entered the castellum divisorium (also called castellum aquae, the main water division station at the high end of the Via del Vesuvio) are known, see plan below.Note both manholes 90 and 17 m before theactual castellum.
AREA OF THE SOURCE
Samos Eupalinos Area of the source. The main spring of the archaic aqueduct of ancient Samos was situated in the area NW of Mount Kastro,near Agiades which
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
HEIGHT DIFFERENCES
Vendres (France) Height differences. Downstream view with the aqueduct at right (not on photo). In the foreground he remains of an old building, in the background the remains of BASIN UNDER THE CHURCH Samos Eupalinos Basin under the church. The water for the ancient town of Samos came from sources N of Agiades and was collected in a water basin which is now under the old church in Agiades (a few km S QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: STILL IN USE? There are quite a few examples of Roman aqueducts that are still in use today, generally in part and/or after reconstruction. The famous Trevi-fountain in Rome is still fed by aqueduct water from the same sources of the ancient Aqua Virgo; however, the Acqua Vergine Nuova is now a pressurized aqueduct. In Frejus (France) the 20th c water supply VIEW INTO MANHOLE (39) Samos Eupalinos View into manhole (39) View into the first manhole just outside the public entrance of the Eupalinos tunnel on Samos-island, nr 39 on Kienst's maps ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Longest Roman Aqueduct Bridges The famous Pont du Gard (aqueduct of Nimes, France) bridge is the highest known Roman aqueduct bridge (see separate entry) but by far not the longest. Most of the bridges in the list below are in ruin. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POOLS IN JERUSALEM (ISRAEL) Introduction "The ancient supply appears to have been obtained from springs, wells, the collection of rain in pools and cisterns, and water brought from a distance by aqueducts.The extensive remains of cisterns, pools and aqueducts show that little dependence was placed on any natural springs existing in or near the city". ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTIONROMAN AQUEDUCTS HISTORYROMAN AQUEDUCTS MAPROMAN AQUEDUCTS PURPOSETHE ROMAN AQUEDUCT SYSTEMWHEN WAS THE ROMANAQUEDUCT BUILT
Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: PATARA (TURKEY) The most spectacular structure of the Patara aqueduct is the Delikkemer inverted siphon, which consists of a line of perforated marble blocks with dimensions of about 0,80 x 0,85 x 0,50-0,55 m, each weighing up to 900 kg, built on top of a 200 m long and 10 m-high'cyclopean' wall.
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY)ROMAN AQUEDUCTS CRITICROMAN AQUEDUCTS HISTORYROMAN AQUEDUCTS MAPROMAN STYLE AQUEDUCTS IN THE WORLD Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTSANCIENT ROMAN LATRINESANCIENT ROMAN PRACTICESROMAN HABITS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLSROMANAQUEDUCTS HISTORY
The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: CAESAREA MARITIMA (ISRAEL) The ruins of the ancient city Caesarea Maritima are located by the sea-shore of Israel, about half way between modern Haifa and Tel Aviv. Caesarea was founded in 10 BCE by King Herod of Judea (37-4 BCE) as an urban centre next to an artificial harbour. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AND SURVEYING TOOLS While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, it is certain ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCT BRIDGES Longest Roman Aqueduct Bridges The famous Pont du Gard (aqueduct of Nimes, France) bridge is the highest known Roman aqueduct bridge (see separate entry) but by far not the longest. Most of the bridges in the list below are in ruin. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POOLS IN JERUSALEM (ISRAEL) Introduction "The ancient supply appears to have been obtained from springs, wells, the collection of rain in pools and cisterns, and water brought from a distance by aqueducts.The extensive remains of cisterns, pools and aqueducts show that little dependence was placed on any natural springs existing in or near the city". ROMAN AQUEDUCT CONSTRUCTIONROMAN AQUEDUCTS HISTORYROMAN AQUEDUCTS MAPROMAN AQUEDUCTS PURPOSETHE ROMAN AQUEDUCT SYSTEMWHEN WAS THE ROMANAQUEDUCT BUILT
Covered trench. Almost 80% of all Roman aqueducts were laid subterranean by 'cut and cover' technique. The easiest way was 1) to dig or hew a trench, 2) to build a channel or lay down pipe, and 3) to cover it up. For a cross-section see separate drawing. Many aqueducts were equipped with manholes. ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: PATARA (TURKEY) The most spectacular structure of the Patara aqueduct is the Delikkemer inverted siphon, which consists of a line of perforated marble blocks with dimensions of about 0,80 x 0,85 x 0,50-0,55 m, each weighing up to 900 kg, built on top of a 200 m long and 10 m-high'cyclopean' wall.
SIPHONS IN ROMAN (AND HELLENISTIC) AQUEDUCTS Quotations Vitruvius book 8.6 5. An aqueduct which is made of lead, should be thus constructed; if there be a proper fall from the spring head to the city, and hills high enough to cause an impediment do not intervene, the low intervals must be brought to a level by means of substructions preserving the fall directed for channel aqueducts, or by means of a circuitous course, provided it be not ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY)ROMAN AQUEDUCTS CRITICROMAN AQUEDUCTS HISTORYROMAN AQUEDUCTS MAPROMAN STYLE AQUEDUCTS IN THE WORLD Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
AQUA CLOPEDIA: A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTSANCIENT ROMAN LATRINESANCIENT ROMAN PRACTICESROMAN HABITS strigilis. The water in a mass Roman toilet was used in two different ways: after use of the toilet the sponge was 'cleaned' is the gutter in front of the visitor. Then the water stream was so guided that it flushed the remains towards a sewer. AQUA CLOPEDIA, A PICTURE DICTIONARY OF ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: TOOLSROMANAQUEDUCTS HISTORY
The nature of Roman tools can be determined both from carved representations of artisans at work, and from actual artefacts that have been preserved to this day (O'Conner, 1993: 45). While examples of the hammer, anvil, axe, adze, pick, knife, scythe, spokeshave, plane, chisel, drill, chorabates, dioptra and file have been found, itis certain
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: LONGEST ROMAN AQUEDUCTS Longest Roman Aqueducts In the (short) tradition of aqueduct studies, the longest aqueducts were the ones to Carthage (Tunisia) (90 km, or 132 km including side channels), the 'Eiffel Leitung' to Cologne (Germany): 95 km, and the Aqua Marcia of Rome (91 km). ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: THE AQUEDUCTS OF JERUSALEM One channel, unrelated to Jerusalem's water supply, and thus only mentioned here, is the Herodion aqueduct, descending eastward from Solomon's Pools, through the Artas Valley, and ending at that desert fortress of Herod the Great; it can thus be dated to the 1st centuryBC.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: HERCULANEUM (ITALY) The site of ancient Herculaneum is located beneath modern Ercolano between Mount Vesuvius and the Bay of Naples. The site - situated between two streams - is now some distance from the bay, but prior to Vesuvius‘ eruption in 79 CE, Herculaneum was located directly on itsshores.
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: POMPEII (ITALY) Aqueduct and water Supply There are almost no physical remains of the actual aqueduct which fed Pompeii. Only the last 112 m before it entered the castellum divisorium (also called castellum aquae, the main water division station at the high end of the Via del Vesuvio) are known, see plan below.Note both manholes 90 and 17 m before theactual castellum.
AREA OF THE SOURCE
Samos Eupalinos Area of the source. The main spring of the archaic aqueduct of ancient Samos was situated in the area NW of Mount Kastro,near Agiades which
ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: ROME AQUA JULIA (ITALY) Its source was a few kilometres upstream to that of the Tepula, southeast of Grottaferrata )2 and below the roads to Marino and Roccadi Papa.
HEIGHT DIFFERENCES
Vendres (France) Height differences. Downstream view with the aqueduct at right (not on photo). In the foreground he remains of an old building, in the background the remains of BASIN UNDER THE CHURCH Samos Eupalinos Basin under the church. The water for the ancient town of Samos came from sources N of Agiades and was collected in a water basin which is now under the old church in Agiades (a few km S QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON ROMAN AQUEDUCTS: STILL IN USE? There are quite a few examples of Roman aqueducts that are still in use today, generally in part and/or after reconstruction. The famous Trevi-fountain in Rome is still fed by aqueduct water from the same sources of the ancient Aqua Virgo; however, the Acqua Vergine Nuova is now a pressurized aqueduct. In Frejus (France) the 20th c water supply VIEW INTO MANHOLE (39) Samos Eupalinos View into manhole (39) View into the first manhole just outside the public entrance of the Eupalinos tunnel on Samos-island, nr 39 on Kienst's mapsWELCOME
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