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RADIO ENGINEERING PROJECTS POWERED BY DK7IH (PETER) Projects for the radio draftsman. Hardware, software, electronics and test equipment for the radio designer MIXER COMPARISON: “NE612” VS. “AN612”ABSTRACT
The well-known mixer NE612 (NXP) will be compared to an AN612 (Matsushita/Panasonic) mixer that has been unsoldered from an old CB-SSB-radio. Comparison will include output voltage level and spectroscopic analysis of a 9MHz SSB signal.THE NE612
When we talk about about integrated double balanced mixers (DBM) and say the number “612” we usually talk about the NE612 (aka SA/NE/602/612 in free combination of letters and digits). This IC uses a so called “Gilbert Cell” and has been developed by Dutch manufacturer Philips (nowadays NXP) some 30 years ago. The IC has been intended to be used in cellphone applications, is a low voltage device (6 to 7V VDD approx., 8V DC max.) and has low power consumption . Frequency range is up to 500MHz (input signal) and gain is around 12 to 15dB. It has an integrated oscillator circuit that can be used with crystals connected to PIN6. The IC has been widely adopted by amateur radio constructors and is still available today mainly in SMD package. When we examine homemade QRP radios published on the internet e. g., in 90% of cases one or more NE602 mixers will be found in the transceivers. One real advantage of the NE612 family is that only a few external components are required for building up a relatively acceptable working rf mixer. In my radios I usually use the NE602 and its equivalents therefore for the DSB generator circuit and the transmit mixer. For receiving purposes it can be used for the higher bands (f >= 14MHz), on the lower bands the relatively low IMD performance (IMD3 about 15dB) shows severe shortcomings particularly on the 40 meter band where strong off-band broadcaster generate high signal levels and therefore overdriving the mixer’s input stage. Due to the low IMD performance the IC also has weaknesses when being used as a DSB generator. The following findings occured when I analyzed the spectrum of a simple DSB/SSB generator equipped with anNE602.
NE612 DSB GENERATOR CIRCUIT UNDER TEST The NE612 here has been equipped with an additional resistor network (2x56k and a var. resistor with 10k) to get better carrier suppression features. To enhance output a transformer has been added to use PINs 4 and 5 which are the output stages of the circuit. Experimental DSB generator with NE612 (DK7IH 2020) When driven with an dual tone audio signal (the 2 frequencies not harmonically related) we get an output voltage of about 50MV PP. and the spectrum shown below: SSB spectrum with NE612 (DK7IH 2020) We can observe some IMD 3 and 5 products about 30dB below peak voltage. This is an outcome a little away from what can be expected from an SSB generator.THE AN612
AN612 also is a very simple mixer that has been developed by Matsushita (Japan, now Panasonic) and has been used in various types of SSB radios for the 11m-Band (CB). IN CONTRAST TO NE612 IT DOES NOT CONTAIN AN INTERNAL OSCILLATOR. Powered by wordads.co Thank you for submitting the report! Seen ad many times Not relevant Offensive Covers content Broken Report this ad The IC comes in a 7 lead IC case (SIP7), please refer to datasheet. The IC is manufactured still today and available from various vendorson the internet
.
I ordered a package of ten from a Chinese ebay seller and found the ICs worked the same way like an original one from a PRESIDENT CB radio. They actually were no fakes. The IC has a higher VDD so that it can be connected directly to the 12V rail of a standard battery operated radio. In contrast to the NE612 there is no need for a voltage regulator. Also the whole circuit only needs 7 external components: AN612 DSB Generator (DK7IH 2020) Performance is quite interesting. When comparing this circuit to the NE612 DSB generator, we find that the output voltage is 4 times higher than that of its namesake. It equals to 200mV pp. The output spectrum also has slightly improved concerning IMD performance: SSB spectrum with AN612 (DK7IH 2020) We see a little fewer IMD products with slightly decreased signalstrength.
CONCLUSION
The AN612 is a not very well known but so much the better interesting mixer IC for the ambitious radio designer who wants to build hardware defined radios. The main locations in a radio will be the DSB generator and the transmit mixer. The IC is cheap, very well available and reveals a slightly higher performance than the other “612”, the NE612. And, overall, the circuit is very simple. Vy 73 de Peter (DK7IH)Advertisements
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Report this ad Author Peter (DK7IH)Posted on
2020-02-212020-02-21Categories
Amateurfunk
, AN612
, DK7IH
, Ham Radio
, homebrew
, Homemade
,
NE612-NE602-SA602-SA612,
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Tags
AN612 , DSB
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1 Comment on Mixer
comparison: “NE612” vs. “AN612” AN EXPERIMENTAL HF 6-BAND SSB TRANSCEIVER – PART 9: MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION My transceivers usually don’t use any ready-made cabinets. To save space and have full and easy access to all parts of the radio during construction, adjusting, assessment and repair I prefer an open 2-layer sandwich method. There usually is one centered frame that is fixed using M3 or M4 bolts to the front panel carrier and the rear wall or carrier (if the rear wall consists of a more complex structure): DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Basic mechanical structure of ahomemade radio
The center carrier here consists of 4 aluminum bars that have quadratic cross section (7mm edge length) and are building up a rectangle. This a rugged basis for 2 aluminum sheets (0.8mm thickness). These aluminum sheets are fixed with bolts (M2 winding) fitting into screw threads inside the bars that have been cut in therebefore.
The single veroboards are bolted with spacers using M2 screw threads onto the aluminum sheets. These spacers are available from Chinese vendors on the internet and have a fairly low price. They have become my favorite mechanical aids when building compact radios. For higher demands concerning force I use the same devices in M3 or even M4. The front and rear carriers are bolted into this center frame and support the front and rear panel: Powered by wordads.co Thank you for submitting the report! Seen ad many times Not relevant Offensive Covers content Broken Report this ad At the top of the picture you can see the final LPF and the DC input for the transceiver mounted to the rear of the radio. The front panel is made of an aluminum sheet metal (again 0.8mm thick) that has cutouts for the LCD, the controls, the push-buttons and themicrophone jack.
The front panel light diffuser is made of a part of white translucent plastic bought from a shop that distributes material for architects. 3 strips of LEDs are mounted there also using the M2 spacers (3mmlength).
The whole body then is placed into an outer cabinet that is composed of 2 halves of aluminum that have been bent into the correct form to fit the shape of front and rear panel. The lower one has a height of only 1.5 centimeters. To connect the upper half on each side a strip of aluminum (2mm thickness) is bolted to the aluminum sheet close to the edge that carries screw threads to fix the upper and the lower half together to close the cabinet. These “sidebars” also affect the stability of the relatively thin cabinet in a positive way. To avoid the interior section slipping out of the closed cabinet the two “sidebars” are cut into an appropriate length so that they “block” the inside from slipping out either to the front or therear side.
Using aluminum has two major advantages in my point of view: First it is easy to be processed (in contrast for example when using metal sheets made of steel) and it is very lightweight what I prefer because I use my radios on frequent travel activities.Vy 73 de Peter
Author Peter (DK7IH)Posted on
2020-01-252020-01-31Categories
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Comments on An experimental HF 6-band SSB transceiver – Part 9: Mechanical construction AN EXPERIMENTAL HF 6-BAND SSB TRANSCEIVER – PART 8: TRANSMIT/RECEIVESWITCH
This unit is a very simple one. I did not want to use more relays than necessary. The consequence was to save at least the one commonly used in the transmit-receive switch unit. Here 2 p-channel MOSFETs do thejob:
DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Transit/Receive Switch Unit Hint: The “PTT” in the radio here leads to a PIN of the MUC switching the transmitter on. For general purposes a “PTT” has been drawn into the schematic. Function: When Gate (G) is “hi” (i. e. close to VDD) the S/D channel goes to nearly infinite ohms. Resulting current is 0A apart from some uA leakage current. When S is pulled to GND, or, to be more exact, some volts lower than VDD the S/D channels switches to a value very close to 0 ohms. Pushing PTT pulls G of the left MOSFET to GND thus switching on the transmitter. G of the right MOSFET is now pulled to VDD (via 10k) which means that the right MOSFET becomes non-conductive and receiver is turned of. A dual-LED (red and green) in the front panel shows thecurrent status.
Vy 73 de Peter
Author Peter (DK7IH)Posted on
2020-01-252020-01-25Categories
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Comment on An experimental HF 6-band SSB transceiver – Part 8: Transmit/Receive Switch AN EXPERIMENTAL HF 6-BAND SSB TRANSCEIVER – PART 7: THE TRANSMITTER This unit basically consists of two parts: * SSB-Generator and TX-mixer * TX-power amplifier stages THE SSB-GENERATOR AND TX-MIXER BOARD After having built this respective board with two NE612 ICs (one for DSB generator, one for the TX mixer) I was not satisfied with carrier suppression of the DSB generator. It turned out as only 40dB. Afterwards I constructed a new board with an old SIEMENS Mixer IC (S042 P
)
that is still available NOS from various sources. With this one I gained carrier suppression rates of around 55dB. I think this is OK for a homemade transceiver. The board looks as follows, set up on a 6x4cm 0.1″ veroboard: DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – SSB-Generator and TX-Mixer board The circuit starts with an AF amplifier equipped with a bipolar transistor where also a power supply for Electret microphones has been added. The radio now can handle dynamic and Electret microphonesadequately.
DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – SSB Generator and TX mixer (Fullsize schematic
)
Afterwards we see the S042P mixer IC where I have changed the circuit slighty to the one used in my 40-meter-QRO TRX. Audio input signal is now to PIN8 of the IC, Lo input on the rf side of the IC to PIN11 and PIN13. To reduce carrier level and enhance carrier suppression a 5.6pF cap is in series because the relatively high level of signal coming from the LO amp would deteriorate the performance of the DSB generator without countermeasures. Powered by wordads.co Thank you for submitting the report! Seen ad many times Not relevant Offensive Covers content Broken Report this ad Output from this DSB generator is also symmetric and fairly high. Thus a low valued capacitor has been inserted prior to the SSB filter, sited on the RX board. After that we see an amplifier with limited gain due to high emitter degeneration and the NE612 as TX mixer. The latter one also with an symmetric output to get more gain from it by using the two inherentoutput transistors.
TX-POWER AMPLIFIER STAGES As I have described in the article of my “Give me 5“-Transceiver
some years ago, building a broadband power amplifier is challenging due to one special problem related with the wide range of frequencies that this amplifier must be able to cope with. an extra gain of 5 to 6 dB is commen, when the frequency is divided by the factor of 2. Usually the necessary compensation is done by adding adequate capacitors and inductances using their frequency depending reactance. With this radio I tried something new. I added an amplifier that is gain controlled by an adjustable voltage. Here a dual-gate MOSFET with gain control to gate 2 sets up the initial stage of the whole amplifier strip. The stage’s gain is set by a simple bipolar driver transistor controlled by a digital-analog-converter (DAC). A numeric value for each individual band is stored with in the EEPROM of the MUC. This numeric value is calculated during adjustment, then stored in the MUC and recalled whenever the radio is switched to a certain band. The DAC is an MCP4725 breakout board, containing a 12-bitdevice.
DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Power transmitter (full size picture)
After that we see an amplifier that is common solid state technology. Preamp stage and predriver stage are set to A mode which requires a heat sink for the predriver stage. Here a 2N3866 is used as amplifyingelement.
Driver stage is single ended, operates in AB-mode and also is protected by a heat sink. After that a somehow uncommon technique has been applied. Instead of using a broadband transformer to reduce the stages output impedance to the some ohms input impedance of the final stage, a set of 6 switchable low-pass-filters is used. DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Intermediate LPF section This filter section has been optimized to an output impedance of 50 ohms for each band thus enabling me to test and optimize the transmitter to a maximum with a defined output impedance (remember, this is an experimental radio! ). Powered by wordads.co Thank you for submitting the report! Seen ad many times Not relevant Offensive Covers content Broken Report this ad After this filter section the final amplifier stage follows which is able to drive the output power up to 15 to 20 watts on all bands but depending on the DC voltage used for transmitting. The max. power gained during tests was 22 watts pep at 15V DC with two NTE236 transistors. Unfortunately the turned out not to be so rugged and blew in the tests. The eleflow 2SC1969 inserted later showed no problems at all. Thank God! When running on 12.0 V DC the amplifier puts out 12 watts at all bands. The final part of the transmitter section is the last low-pass filter that is positioned next to antenna relay in the same compartment: DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Low Pas Filter Unit for TX The whole transmitter looks like this: DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Practical setup of the transmitterboard
The various units are: * 1: DSB-Generator and TX mixer * 2: Amplifier stages 1 to 4 * 3: MCP4725 transmitter gain controller * 4: Intermediate LPF board * 5: Power amplifier * 6: Final LPF section * 7: TX/RX switch board Powered by wordads.co Thank you for submitting the report! Seen ad many times Not relevant Offensive Covers content Broken Report this ad Here a little bit of analysis to end with the article. First is the output of the SSB-Generator/TX-mixer board with maximum output (Around 500mV pp) set to the 40m band. DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – TX-Mixer’s output signal Nest we see the carrier suppression when dual tone audio in has been suspended. Carrier is about 55db under the signal peak. DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – TX-Mixer’s output signal, suppressed carrier only And here an output signal with max. power at 3.5 and 7 MHz: DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – TX output at 80m band DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – TX output at 20m band – Pout = 12 W PEP So, that’s all for today, thanks for watching and 73! Powered by wordads.co Thank you for submitting the report! Seen ad many times Not relevant Offensive Covers content Broken Report this adPeter (DK7IH)
Author Peter (DK7IH)Posted on
2020-01-222020-01-24Categories
Amateurfunk
, Band
switching
, DDS
, DDS VFO
, DK7IH
, Ham Radio
, homebrew
, Homemade
, Multiband
Transceiver
,
NE612-NE602-SA602-SA612,
Peter Rachow
, QRO
, QRP
, SSB
, Uncategorized
Tags
2SC1969 , Amateur
, homebrew
, Power
, QRO
, QRP
, Radio
, Research
, SSB
, SSB Transceiver
,
Transceiver ,
transmitter
11 Comments
on An experimental HF 6-band SSB transceiver – Part 7:The Transmitter
AN EXPERIMENTAL HF 6-BAND SSB TRANSCEIVER – PART 6: THE RECEIVER The receiver had to match a lot of requirements that should bedescribed first:
* Particularly on the lower bands and with effective long wire antennas the receiver front end will see high signal levels that it has to cope with. IMD always is a serious topic in this case. * Sensitivity particularly on the higher bands, where noise level is ow and signals are weak, is also an issue. * Dynamic range and extensive AGC gain compensation should be ashigh as possible.
This lead to a circuit that has proven its stability in lots of myradios:
* Band filtering for each band with a double and loosely coupled LCcircuits
* Dual-Gate MOSFET (part of the AGC chain) as the first amplifier * Diode ring mixer (with Schottky diodes) * Post mixer amplifier with Dual-Gate MOSFET (part of the AGC chain) * SSB Filter (now 10.7 MHz) also used for transmitter (relayswitched)
* Main IF amplifier with MC1350 (part of the AGC chain) * Audio preamp with bipolar transistor * Audio final amp: (once again! ) LM386 Before describing the receiver itself we will have look at the band pass filter unit, that is shared between receiver and transmitter: DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Band Filter Unit for RX and TX To minimize stray energy traveling from the input to the output of the filter, two SMD relays have been used on each side of the filter per band. And to reduce feedback fromt the transmitter (when the BPF is used to filter the TX signal after the TX mixer) the filter has been placed far away from the TX amplifier section.With an overwhelming result: The transmitter is nearly unconditionally stable now (compared to the TX section used in the “Give me 5”-Transceiver that had severe shortcoming in this aspect. Powered by wordads.co Thank you for submitting the report! Seen ad many times Not relevant Offensive Covers content Broken Report this ad Control leads for the relays follow a designated coding scheme:* 160m: green
* 80m: blue
* 40m: brown
* 20m: yellow
* 15m: grey
* 10m: violet
DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Band Pass Filter THE RECEIVER’S CIRCUIT DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Receiver Unit (Full sized picture)
VFO signal is coupled into the DBM via a 10nF capacitor. The same is valid for the amplified RF signal from the output of the first amplifier stage using a Dual-Gate MOSFET (40676, BF900 or equ.). Another Dual-Gate MOSFET is used as the post-mixer amplifier. All Dual-Gate MOSFETs so far are part of the AGC-Chain. This maximizes the possible gain swing to about 40 to 50 db. and enhances the receiver’s capability to handle even the strongest signal levels without distorting the output signal and the end of the audio chain. Next is the SSB-Filter. Due to this is an “experimental” transceiver, the filter has not been soldered to the circuit board. Instead it is fixed with an aluminum clamp into two parts of header strips. Thus I can compare numerous SSB-Filters (9-, 10.695-, 10.7-MHz commercial ones, various home made ladder filters etc.). Here the different performance is very interesting to be explored. DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – SSB-Filter placement for Experiments The filter is accompanied by a special rf relay (manufacturer “Teledyne ” with excellent performance concerning separation for the two channels) so that it can be used as the SSB filter for the transmitter section. Powered by wordads.co Thank you for submitting the report! Seen ad many times Not relevant Offensive Covers content Broken Report this ad After the filter section the IF amplifier follows. This one uses an MC1350 video amp (old but good and still available, even in SMD!) and this IC also is controlled by AGC. The input is unbalanced (PIN6 to GND) the output is balanced and terminated with a tuned circuit. Demodulator is an SA602 mixer IC. After that the signal is handed over to the audio chain. But before the signal is processed in the next stage the frequency range is limited by a low-pass filter to reduce hiss. This filter also has two switched capacitors (controlled by MCU via NPN-driver stages) to adapt the sound to the preferred settings of the user. The software contains a respective function. The audio amplifier consists of two sections: A preamp with a bipolar transistor and the inevitable and well-know LM386. The full circuit on a 6×8 cm veroboard: DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Receiver Board Starting from left top corner there is a 1:4 input transformer (not in the schematic), the preamp, the DBM, post mixer amp, SSB filter, relay, MC1350 as IF amp, demodulator and 2 stages of audioamp.
RECEIVER PERFORMANCE Performance is excellent. The circuit has no problem with high signal levels (in-band and out-of-band) especially on 40 meters. No IMD problems are noticeable even when used with high gain antennas like a 2×25 meter doublet with a tuner. On the higher bands noise figure is pretty OK what I think is based on the usage of Dual-Gate MOSFETs in 2 of the 3 amplifier stages. The MC1350 deteriorates this to a certain degree but is still very much acceptable for a shortwaveradio.
Vy 73 de Peter
Author Peter (DK7IH)Posted on
2020-01-102020-01-20Categories
AGC ,
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, Band
switching
,
DK7IH , Ham
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Uncategorized
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16 Comments on An
experimental HF 6-band SSB transceiver – Part 6: The Receiver AN EXPERIMENTAL HF 6-BAND SSB TRANSCEIVER – PART 5: ANALOG AFFAIRS – GETTING MEASUREMENT DATA This short article will describe the adapter board that is connected to analog data sources and that is converting the respective voltage data into suitable voltage levels for the ADC inputs PA0:PA4 at themicrocontroller:
DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Analog Adapter Board The following data will be converted and later shown on the display: * User keys (Key1:Key3) * TX power measurement * PA temperature (Sensor: KTY81-210 switched against GND) * Battery/Supply voltage * AGC output (DC) from receiver => S-Meter This article covers the remaining digital (or “analog to digital”) stuff, next on the agenda will be the receiver.Vy 73 de Peter
Author Peter (DK7IH)Posted on
2020-01-10
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on An experimental HF 6-band SSB transceiver – Part 5: Analog Affairs – Getting Measurement Data AN EXPERIMENTAL HF 6-BAND SSB TRANSCEIVER – PART 4: LOGICAL AFFAIRS – THE BANDSWITCHING This 6-band transceiver has several stages where band switching willoccur:
* The band pass filter section (shared by transmitter and receiver) * A first section of low pass filters (LPF) between the driver stage and the final amplifier * A second section of LPFs at the end of the rf power amplifierchain.
To keep the circuit simple and to save controller output ports I have decided to code the band number (0 for 160m up to 5 for 10m) in binary and send this pattern to pins PA0:PA2 of the MUC. This is pattern is lead to a BCD TO DECIMAL DECODER integrated circuit (HCF4028) that converts the binary pattern to a set of individual output lines. The respective part of the truth table used is: The 6 lines are fed into an ULN2003 integrated circuit, which is a relay and motor driver. The outputs of this driver are switched against GND thus the relay coils have to be supplied with VDD (+12V in this case). The IC also contains a clamp diode for each output. That makes the circuit fairly simple. The full circuit of this unit: DK7IH 6 band QRP SSB TRX 2019 – Band switch logical circuit Author Peter (DK7IH)Posted on
2020-01-06
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Comments on An experimental HF 6-band SSB transceiver – Part 4: Logical Affairs – The BandswitchingPOSTS NAVIGATION
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