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PSYCHESTUDY
Motivation, Personality and the human mind. Client Centered Therapy (Person Centered Therapy)MOTIVATIONAL CYCLE
PSYCHOLOGICAL STEPS INVOLVED IN PROBLEM SOLVINGEXAMPLES OF SHAPING
Goal: To teach Johnny to speak in front of the classroom. Step 1: Shy Johnny is made to stand from his bench.This is the first action that is reinforced. Step 2: Johnny is made to stand in front of the classroom, for at least 5 seconds.Then he is reinforced. Step 3: Now, Johnny must stand in front of the class and say “Hello” beforebeing reinforced.
CARL JUNG PERSONALITY THEORY Carl Jung was born in July 26, 1875. The psychologist has been vital in the world of psychology throughout his career, until his death inJune 6, 1961.
POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement; Positive Reinforcement is a concept of Operant conditioning that presents favorable reinforcer, so that the subject repeats its behavior.: Negative Reinforcement is the concept of Operant conditioning that presents certain reincorcers, which increases the behavior of the subject in order to avoid those reinforcers. SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM In 1963, Milgram put up a newspaper advertisement for male participants to take part in a study of learning at Yale University. He handpicked 40 male participants aged between 20 and 50, whose jobs ranged from skilled to unskilled professional. POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT Positive punishment; Negative punishment; These two different types of punishment have got both similarities and differences, as the major purpose of both these punishment types is to decrease the rate of certain undesired behavior. OVERT VS COVERT BEHAVIOR The challenge of studying mental events has led to the development of innovative research techniques. Example: Same example can be understood as an example of both overt and covert behavior. When a man is walking, walking is the overt behavior since it can be observed. WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? The process of establishing a behavior that is not learned or performed by an individual at present is referred to as Shaping. Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations.PSYCHESTUDY
Motivation, Personality and the human mind. Client Centered Therapy (Person Centered Therapy)MOTIVATIONAL CYCLE
PSYCHOLOGICAL STEPS INVOLVED IN PROBLEM SOLVINGEXAMPLES OF SHAPING
Goal: To teach Johnny to speak in front of the classroom. Step 1: Shy Johnny is made to stand from his bench.This is the first action that is reinforced. Step 2: Johnny is made to stand in front of the classroom, for at least 5 seconds.Then he is reinforced. Step 3: Now, Johnny must stand in front of the class and say “Hello” beforebeing reinforced.
CARL JUNG PERSONALITY THEORY Carl Jung was born in July 26, 1875. The psychologist has been vital in the world of psychology throughout his career, until his death inJune 6, 1961.
POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement; Positive Reinforcement is a concept of Operant conditioning that presents favorable reinforcer, so that the subject repeats its behavior.: Negative Reinforcement is the concept of Operant conditioning that presents certain reincorcers, which increases the behavior of the subject in order to avoid those reinforcers. SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM In 1963, Milgram put up a newspaper advertisement for male participants to take part in a study of learning at Yale University. He handpicked 40 male participants aged between 20 and 50, whose jobs ranged from skilled to unskilled professional. POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT Positive punishment; Negative punishment; These two different types of punishment have got both similarities and differences, as the major purpose of both these punishment types is to decrease the rate of certain undesired behavior. OVERT VS COVERT BEHAVIOR The challenge of studying mental events has led to the development of innovative research techniques. Example: Same example can be understood as an example of both overt and covert behavior. When a man is walking, walking is the overt behavior since it can be observed. WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? The process of establishing a behavior that is not learned or performed by an individual at present is referred to as Shaping. Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations. CONDITIONED REINFORCER Secondary reinforcers refer to stimuli which become rewarding when paired with other reinforcing stimuli.These reinforcers aren’t important for survival like the primary reinforcers, but are still vital for daily living. These reinforcers are also known as Conditioned Reinforcers.For example: money, grades and praise are conditioned reinforcers. PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING The theory generally refers to acquiring of new behavior via association with various stimuli. By associating the subject with stimulus subject, outputs new responses and learns a behavior. Based on how the learning method works, there are five general principles in Classical Conditioning. CARL JUNG PERSONALITY THEORY Carl Jung was born in July 26, 1875. The psychologist has been vital in the world of psychology throughout his career, until his death inJune 6, 1961.
WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? The process of establishing a behavior that is not learned or performed by an individual at present is referred to as Shaping. Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations.COVARIATION MODEL
Covariation Model is an attribution theory in which a person tries to explain others’ or her certain behavior through multiple observations. It deals with both social perception and self-perception of the person. It was proposed by Harold Kelley. SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM In 1963, Milgram put up a newspaper advertisement for male participants to take part in a study of learning at Yale University. He handpicked 40 male participants aged between 20 and 50, whose jobs ranged from skilled to unskilled professional. THE BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT Albert Bandura is known for his theory of Observational Learning.As a part of his theory, Bandura conducted an experiment in 1961 in order to observe if social behaviors can be acquired through the process of imitation and observation. OVERT VS COVERT BEHAVIOR The challenge of studying mental events has led to the development of innovative research techniques. Example: Same example can be understood as an example of both overt and covert behavior. When a man is walking, walking is the overt behavior since it can be observed. DETAILED PROCEDURE OF THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST Keiser and Prather specified Murray’s most frequent cards in 1990, which were: 1, 2, 3BM, 3GF, 4, 5, 6BM, 6GF, 8BM and 8 GF. Conditions. The subject should be seated right beside the examiner with his or herchair turned away.
SKINNER'S THEORY ON OPERANT CONDITIONING Here, the action of pressing the lever is an operant response/behavior, and the food released inside the chamber is the reward. The experiment is also known as Instrumental Conditioning Learning as the response is instrumental in getting food. This experiment also deals with and explains the effects of positivereinforcement.
PSYCHESTUDY
Motivation, Personality and the human mind. Client Centered Therapy (Person Centered Therapy)EXAMPLES OF SHAPING
Here, we will thoroughly study the examples of shaping of behavior to understand the whole process better. Over the years, psychologists have pointed out number of different examples of shaping. Language Development. Getting a rat to press the lever ( B.F. Skinner) Animaltraining.
MOTIVATIONAL CYCLE
CARL JUNG PERSONALITY THEORY Carl Jung was born in July 26, 1875. The psychologist has been vital in the world of psychology throughout his career, until his death in June 6, 1961. Carl Jung established a theory, which saw universal types in human personality. The types categorized by Carl Jung are present in all of us. But, certain types are predominant over thenormal
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND PHOBIAS Classical Conditioning is a form of associative learning which was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov. His experiment on his dog Circa lead him to discoveries of underlying principles of Classical Conditioning. The more important question that stuck around was if the experiment would work on humans. The task was to prove the theory was then taken on by JB Watson and Rayner, and SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM Milgram’s experiments, in a way, produced horrifying results showing that 65% people didn’t stop giving shocks. It’s now believed that one of the reasons why obedience to authority is so powerful is because it is the innate behavior of humans to obey what they are told. It is how we are brought up. WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations. The concept was first developed and used by B.F Skinner, who is known for his theories that involve learning behaviors through reinforcement. The theory involves reinforcingbehavior
POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement; Positive Reinforcement is a concept of Operant conditioning that presents favorable reinforcer, so that the subject repeats its behavior.: Negative Reinforcement is the concept of Operant conditioning that presents certain reincorcers, which increases the behavior of the subject in order to avoid those reinforcers. POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT It should be immediately followed by a response. Punishments, both positive and negative, need to be applied consistently, for the undesired behavior to be eradicated completely with the procedure. Another similarity between Positive and Negative is seen its ineffectiveness. Punishment, as effective as they are, does not alwayswork.
OVERT VS COVERT BEHAVIOR Overt behavior can be defined as observable behavior or responses depicted in the forms of actions. Covert behavior can be defined as unobservable behavior which leads to certain actions. Behavioral Activities. Behaviors such as speaking, walking, running, working etc are termed under observable behavior. Behaviors such as thinking,dreaming
PSYCHESTUDY
Motivation, Personality and the human mind. Client Centered Therapy (Person Centered Therapy)EXAMPLES OF SHAPING
Here, we will thoroughly study the examples of shaping of behavior to understand the whole process better. Over the years, psychologists have pointed out number of different examples of shaping. Language Development. Getting a rat to press the lever ( B.F. Skinner) Animaltraining.
MOTIVATIONAL CYCLE
CARL JUNG PERSONALITY THEORY Carl Jung was born in July 26, 1875. The psychologist has been vital in the world of psychology throughout his career, until his death in June 6, 1961. Carl Jung established a theory, which saw universal types in human personality. The types categorized by Carl Jung are present in all of us. But, certain types are predominant over thenormal
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND PHOBIAS Classical Conditioning is a form of associative learning which was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov. His experiment on his dog Circa lead him to discoveries of underlying principles of Classical Conditioning. The more important question that stuck around was if the experiment would work on humans. The task was to prove the theory was then taken on by JB Watson and Rayner, and SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM Milgram’s experiments, in a way, produced horrifying results showing that 65% people didn’t stop giving shocks. It’s now believed that one of the reasons why obedience to authority is so powerful is because it is the innate behavior of humans to obey what they are told. It is how we are brought up. WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations. The concept was first developed and used by B.F Skinner, who is known for his theories that involve learning behaviors through reinforcement. The theory involves reinforcingbehavior
POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement; Positive Reinforcement is a concept of Operant conditioning that presents favorable reinforcer, so that the subject repeats its behavior.: Negative Reinforcement is the concept of Operant conditioning that presents certain reincorcers, which increases the behavior of the subject in order to avoid those reinforcers. POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT It should be immediately followed by a response. Punishments, both positive and negative, need to be applied consistently, for the undesired behavior to be eradicated completely with the procedure. Another similarity between Positive and Negative is seen its ineffectiveness. Punishment, as effective as they are, does not alwayswork.
OVERT VS COVERT BEHAVIOR Overt behavior can be defined as observable behavior or responses depicted in the forms of actions. Covert behavior can be defined as unobservable behavior which leads to certain actions. Behavioral Activities. Behaviors such as speaking, walking, running, working etc are termed under observable behavior. Behaviors such as thinking,dreaming
CONDITIONED REINFORCER These reinforcers aren’t important for survival like the primary reinforcers, but are still vital for daily living. These reinforcers are also known as Conditioned Reinforcers. For example: money, grades and praise are conditioned reinforcers. In other words, secondary reinforcement is the process in which certain stimuli are paired with SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM Milgram’s experiments, in a way, produced horrifying results showing that 65% people didn’t stop giving shocks. It’s now believed that one of the reasons why obedience to authority is so powerful is because it is the innate behavior of humans to obey what they are told. It is how we are brought up. PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING The theory generally refers to acquiring of new behavior via association with various stimuli. By associating the subject with stimulus subject, outputs new responses and learns a behavior. Based on how the learning method works, there are five general principles in Classical Conditioning. TYPES OF MOTIVATION: INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC Motivation can be further divided into two different types. Intrinsic Motivation; Extrinsic Motivation; Both kinds of motivation take part equally in a day-to-day life of an individual, and there are basic similarities and differences between the two. WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations. The concept was first developed and used by B.F Skinner, who is known for his theories that involve learning behaviors through reinforcement. The theory involves reinforcingbehavior
OVERT VS COVERT BEHAVIOR Overt behavior can be defined as observable behavior or responses depicted in the forms of actions. Covert behavior can be defined as unobservable behavior which leads to certain actions. Behavioral Activities. Behaviors such as speaking, walking, running, working etc are termed under observable behavior. Behaviors such as thinking,dreaming
COVARIATION MODEL
Covariation Model is an attribution theory in which a person tries to explain others’ or her certain behavior through multiple observations. It deals with both social perception and self-perception of the person. It was proposed by Harold Kelley. THE BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT Step 1: Modeling. Each of the children were individually taken into a room and left to play with different toys and pictures while. 24 children (the first group of 12 boys and 12 girls) watched either a male or a female model displaying aggressive towards the bobo doll (a form of a toy). The adults (models) abused the bobo doll both verbally DETAILED PROCEDURE OF THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is only meant to be administered in an interpersonal setting. The test consists of 20 different cards containing ambiguous pictures, which are presented to the subject. Here are some of the key notes that will help you to understand the procedure better as you continue on this article. Key note. SKINNER'S THEORY ON OPERANT CONDITIONING The most important among these theories was Operant Conditioning proposed by Burrhus Frederic Skinner, commonly known as B.F. Skinner. Skinner based his theory in the simple fact that the study of observable behavior is much simpler than trying to study internal mental events. Skinner’s works concluded a study far less extremethan those of
EXAMPLES OF SHAPING
Here, we will thoroughly study the examples of shaping of behavior to understand the whole process better. Over the years, psychologists have pointed out number of different examples of shaping. Language Development. Getting a rat to press the lever ( B.F. Skinner) Animaltraining.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT It should be immediately followed by a response. Punishments, both positive and negative, need to be applied consistently, for the undesired behavior to be eradicated completely with the procedure. Another similarity between Positive and Negative is seen its ineffectiveness. Punishment, as effective as they are, does not alwayswork.
COVERT BEHAVIOR
Covert Behavior. Covert behaviors are unobservable actions which can only be deduced by oneself. A huge majority of psychologists reason that behaviors are only eternal actions and behaviors which are observable. However, behavior is psychophysical in origin, and both internal and external world play equal role in occurrence of thebehavior.
OPERANT CONDITIONING DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS Operant conditioning can be defined as a form of learning in which behaviors are dependent on, or controlled by its rewards and consequences.The study of operant conditioning helps to understand relations between a behavior and the consequence it offers. For instance, in the experiment conducted by B.F. Skinner, pressing the lever is the operant behavior that releases food as a consequence. DETAILED PROCEDURE OF THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations. The concept was first developed and used by B.F Skinner, who is known for his theories that involve learning behaviors through reinforcement. The theory involves reinforcingbehavior
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM Milgram’s experiments, in a way, produced horrifying results showing that 65% people didn’t stop giving shocks. It’s now believed that one of the reasons why obedience to authority is so powerful is because it is the innate behavior of humans to obey what they are told. It is how we are brought up. POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement; Positive Reinforcement is a concept of Operant conditioning that presents favorable reinforcer, so that the subject repeats its behavior.: Negative Reinforcement is the concept of Operant conditioning that presents certain reincorcers, which increases the behavior of the subject in order to avoid those reinforcers.EXAMPLES OF SHAPING
Here, we will thoroughly study the examples of shaping of behavior to understand the whole process better. Over the years, psychologists have pointed out number of different examples of shaping. Language Development. Getting a rat to press the lever ( B.F. Skinner) Animaltraining.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT It should be immediately followed by a response. Punishments, both positive and negative, need to be applied consistently, for the undesired behavior to be eradicated completely with the procedure. Another similarity between Positive and Negative is seen its ineffectiveness. Punishment, as effective as they are, does not alwayswork.
COVERT BEHAVIOR
Covert Behavior. Covert behaviors are unobservable actions which can only be deduced by oneself. A huge majority of psychologists reason that behaviors are only eternal actions and behaviors which are observable. However, behavior is psychophysical in origin, and both internal and external world play equal role in occurrence of thebehavior.
OPERANT CONDITIONING DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS Operant conditioning can be defined as a form of learning in which behaviors are dependent on, or controlled by its rewards and consequences.The study of operant conditioning helps to understand relations between a behavior and the consequence it offers. For instance, in the experiment conducted by B.F. Skinner, pressing the lever is the operant behavior that releases food as a consequence. DETAILED PROCEDURE OF THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations. The concept was first developed and used by B.F Skinner, who is known for his theories that involve learning behaviors through reinforcement. The theory involves reinforcingbehavior
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM Milgram’s experiments, in a way, produced horrifying results showing that 65% people didn’t stop giving shocks. It’s now believed that one of the reasons why obedience to authority is so powerful is because it is the innate behavior of humans to obey what they are told. It is how we are brought up. POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement; Positive Reinforcement is a concept of Operant conditioning that presents favorable reinforcer, so that the subject repeats its behavior.: Negative Reinforcement is the concept of Operant conditioning that presents certain reincorcers, which increases the behavior of the subject in order to avoid those reinforcers.COVERT BEHAVIOR
Covert Behavior. Covert behaviors are unobservable actions which can only be deduced by oneself. A huge majority of psychologists reason that behaviors are only eternal actions and behaviors which are observable. However, behavior is psychophysical in origin, and both internal and external world play equal role in occurrence of thebehavior.
TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY Trait approach is one of the most vital areas of study in psychology that helps identify a person’s personality. Traits can be defined as a stable characteristic that causes a person to depict a response to any situations in certain ways. Trait theories indicate that the traits are always constant regardless of the situations.STAGES OF MEMORY
Encoding. Encoding is the first stage of memory. As the term suggests, this is the stage of memory which accumulates all the information from the surrounding and encodes or stores it in our brain. The information we intake from the world around us CONDITIONED REINFORCER These reinforcers aren’t important for survival like the primary reinforcers, but are still vital for daily living. These reinforcers are also known as Conditioned Reinforcers. For example: money, grades and praise are conditioned reinforcers. In other words, secondary reinforcement is the process in which certain stimuli are paired with WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations. The concept was first developed and used by B.F Skinner, who is known for his theories that involve learning behaviors through reinforcement. The theory involves reinforcingbehavior
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING The theory generally refers to acquiring of new behavior via association with various stimuli. By associating the subject with stimulus subject, outputs new responses and learns a behavior. Based on how the learning method works, there are five general principles in Classical Conditioning. CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE The process of acquiring a Conditioned Emotional Response works in the same theory as the classical conditioning learning method. An organism is exposed to a certain stimulus which then produces a biologically significant even and the connection is made. Emotional responses could be anxiety, happiness, sadness, pain, and variety of other OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning is a form of learning which explains the relation of behaviors on certain rewards and consequences. The study of the theory only deals with expressible behaviors and not any internal mental thoughts and brain mechanisms. The theory states how human behaviors are dependent on, or controlled by its rewards andconsequences.
SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM Milgram’s experiments, in a way, produced horrifying results showing that 65% people didn’t stop giving shocks. It’s now believed that one of the reasons why obedience to authority is so powerful is because it is the innate behavior of humans to obey what they are told. It is how we are brought up. SKINNER'S THEORY ON OPERANT CONDITIONING The most important among these theories was Operant Conditioning proposed by Burrhus Frederic Skinner, commonly known as B.F. Skinner. Skinner based his theory in the simple fact that the study of observable behavior is much simpler than trying to study internal mental events. Skinner’s works concluded a study far less extremethan those of
EXAMPLES OF SHAPING
Here, we will thoroughly study the examples of shaping of behavior to understand the whole process better. Over the years, psychologists have pointed out number of different examples of shaping. Language Development. Getting a rat to press the lever ( B.F. Skinner) Animaltraining.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT It should be immediately followed by a response. Punishments, both positive and negative, need to be applied consistently, for the undesired behavior to be eradicated completely with the procedure. Another similarity between Positive and Negative is seen its ineffectiveness. Punishment, as effective as they are, does not alwayswork.
COVERT BEHAVIOR
Covert Behavior. Covert behaviors are unobservable actions which can only be deduced by oneself. A huge majority of psychologists reason that behaviors are only eternal actions and behaviors which are observable. However, behavior is psychophysical in origin, and both internal and external world play equal role in occurrence of thebehavior.
OPERANT CONDITIONING DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS Operant conditioning can be defined as a form of learning in which behaviors are dependent on, or controlled by its rewards and consequences.The study of operant conditioning helps to understand relations between a behavior and the consequence it offers. For instance, in the experiment conducted by B.F. Skinner, pressing the lever is the operant behavior that releases food as a consequence. DETAILED PROCEDURE OF THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations. The concept was first developed and used by B.F Skinner, who is known for his theories that involve learning behaviors through reinforcement. The theory involves reinforcingbehavior
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM Milgram’s experiments, in a way, produced horrifying results showing that 65% people didn’t stop giving shocks. It’s now believed that one of the reasons why obedience to authority is so powerful is because it is the innate behavior of humans to obey what they are told. It is how we are brought up. POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement; Positive Reinforcement is a concept of Operant conditioning that presents favorable reinforcer, so that the subject repeats its behavior.: Negative Reinforcement is the concept of Operant conditioning that presents certain reincorcers, which increases the behavior of the subject in order to avoid those reinforcers.EXAMPLES OF SHAPING
Here, we will thoroughly study the examples of shaping of behavior to understand the whole process better. Over the years, psychologists have pointed out number of different examples of shaping. Language Development. Getting a rat to press the lever ( B.F. Skinner) Animaltraining.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT It should be immediately followed by a response. Punishments, both positive and negative, need to be applied consistently, for the undesired behavior to be eradicated completely with the procedure. Another similarity between Positive and Negative is seen its ineffectiveness. Punishment, as effective as they are, does not alwayswork.
COVERT BEHAVIOR
Covert Behavior. Covert behaviors are unobservable actions which can only be deduced by oneself. A huge majority of psychologists reason that behaviors are only eternal actions and behaviors which are observable. However, behavior is psychophysical in origin, and both internal and external world play equal role in occurrence of thebehavior.
OPERANT CONDITIONING DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS Operant conditioning can be defined as a form of learning in which behaviors are dependent on, or controlled by its rewards and consequences.The study of operant conditioning helps to understand relations between a behavior and the consequence it offers. For instance, in the experiment conducted by B.F. Skinner, pressing the lever is the operant behavior that releases food as a consequence. DETAILED PROCEDURE OF THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations. The concept was first developed and used by B.F Skinner, who is known for his theories that involve learning behaviors through reinforcement. The theory involves reinforcingbehavior
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM Milgram’s experiments, in a way, produced horrifying results showing that 65% people didn’t stop giving shocks. It’s now believed that one of the reasons why obedience to authority is so powerful is because it is the innate behavior of humans to obey what they are told. It is how we are brought up. POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement; Positive Reinforcement is a concept of Operant conditioning that presents favorable reinforcer, so that the subject repeats its behavior.: Negative Reinforcement is the concept of Operant conditioning that presents certain reincorcers, which increases the behavior of the subject in order to avoid those reinforcers.COVERT BEHAVIOR
Covert Behavior. Covert behaviors are unobservable actions which can only be deduced by oneself. A huge majority of psychologists reason that behaviors are only eternal actions and behaviors which are observable. However, behavior is psychophysical in origin, and both internal and external world play equal role in occurrence of thebehavior.
TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY Trait approach is one of the most vital areas of study in psychology that helps identify a person’s personality. Traits can be defined as a stable characteristic that causes a person to depict a response to any situations in certain ways. Trait theories indicate that the traits are always constant regardless of the situations.STAGES OF MEMORY
Encoding. Encoding is the first stage of memory. As the term suggests, this is the stage of memory which accumulates all the information from the surrounding and encodes or stores it in our brain. The information we intake from the world around us CONDITIONED REINFORCER These reinforcers aren’t important for survival like the primary reinforcers, but are still vital for daily living. These reinforcers are also known as Conditioned Reinforcers. For example: money, grades and praise are conditioned reinforcers. In other words, secondary reinforcement is the process in which certain stimuli are paired with WHAT IS SHAPING A BEHAVIOR? Shaping can also be defined as the procedure that involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior, also known as successive approximations. The concept was first developed and used by B.F Skinner, who is known for his theories that involve learning behaviors through reinforcement. The theory involves reinforcingbehavior
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING The theory generally refers to acquiring of new behavior via association with various stimuli. By associating the subject with stimulus subject, outputs new responses and learns a behavior. Based on how the learning method works, there are five general principles in Classical Conditioning. CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE The process of acquiring a Conditioned Emotional Response works in the same theory as the classical conditioning learning method. An organism is exposed to a certain stimulus which then produces a biologically significant even and the connection is made. Emotional responses could be anxiety, happiness, sadness, pain, and variety of other OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning is a form of learning which explains the relation of behaviors on certain rewards and consequences. The study of the theory only deals with expressible behaviors and not any internal mental thoughts and brain mechanisms. The theory states how human behaviors are dependent on, or controlled by its rewards andconsequences.
SHOCK EXPERIMENT STANLEY MILGRAM Milgram’s experiments, in a way, produced horrifying results showing that 65% people didn’t stop giving shocks. It’s now believed that one of the reasons why obedience to authority is so powerful is because it is the innate behavior of humans to obey what they are told. It is how we are brought up. SKINNER'S THEORY ON OPERANT CONDITIONING The most important among these theories was Operant Conditioning proposed by Burrhus Frederic Skinner, commonly known as B.F. Skinner. Skinner based his theory in the simple fact that the study of observable behavior is much simpler than trying to study internal mental events. Skinner’s works concluded a study far less extremethan those of
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