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left the famous
EXTENDED MODAL DIMENSIONALISM Extended Modal Dimensionalism Martin Vacek1 Received: 14 December 2015/Accepted: 19 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Modal dimensionalism (MD) is realism about spaces, timesand worlds—
INFORMED CONSENT: WHAT MUST BE DISCLOSED AND WHAT MUST BE TARGET ARTICLE Informed Consent: What Must Be Disclosed and What Must Be Understood? Joseph Milluma and Danielle Bromwichb aNational Institutes of Health; bUniversity of Massachusetts Boston ABSTRACT Over the last few decades, multiple studies have examined the understanding of partici- PSYCHOLOGY, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY addressed in the psychology and religion dialogue, a chapter with a brief review of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity is also included. Parts II and III cover basic INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT International Journal of Advanced Research and Development 66 Fig 5: Form for adding students' data Fig 6: Form for changing fonts and colors of the whole system Fig 7: Form of entering constants of the ITS Fig 8: From adding the Teaching Material Fig 9: Example of Teaching Material Fig 10: Example of customized feedback THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COGNITIVE … Articles Section Philosophical Foundations of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 37 Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, Vol. 15, No. 1,March 2015, 37-50.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: BACK TO BASICS Dama International Journal of Researchers (DIJR), ISSN: 2343-6743, ISI Impact Factor: 0.878 Vol 2, Issue 4, April, 2017, Pages 05 - 09, Available @ www.damaacademia.com EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: THE NONCONCEPTUAL CONTENT OF EMOTIONS 1 . Emotions Inside Out: The Nonconceptual Content of Emotions * Christine Tappolet, Université de Montréal . Abstract . Most of those who hold that emotions involve A CRITIQUE OF THE CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES’ CLAIM OF LEGAL The thesis hereto entitled A Critique of Critical Legal Studies’ Claim of Legal Indeterminacy presented and submitted by Ian Carlo Dapalla Benitez in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy is hereby PHILARCHIVE: THE PHILOSOPHY E-PRINT ARCHIVEPAULA ÁLVAREZ-MERINOFEMINISM AGAINST ‘THE FEMININE PhilArchive is the largest open access e-print archive in philosophy. Formerly known as the PhilPapers Archive, it is built on and integrated with the PhilPapers database. Access to items on PhilArchive is free without a user account. FREGE PLAGIARIZED THE STOICS Susanne Bobzien: Frege plagiarized the Stoics. Author Manuscript. July 2020. 3 And this is a magnification of a tiny part of that photo. You see here on the right the famous logician Gottlob Frege and on theleft the famous
EXTENDED MODAL DIMENSIONALISM Extended Modal Dimensionalism Martin Vacek1 Received: 14 December 2015/Accepted: 19 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Modal dimensionalism (MD) is realism about spaces, timesand worlds—
INFORMED CONSENT: WHAT MUST BE DISCLOSED AND WHAT MUST BE TARGET ARTICLE Informed Consent: What Must Be Disclosed and What Must Be Understood? Joseph Milluma and Danielle Bromwichb aNational Institutes of Health; bUniversity of Massachusetts Boston ABSTRACT Over the last few decades, multiple studies have examined the understanding of partici- PSYCHOLOGY, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY addressed in the psychology and religion dialogue, a chapter with a brief review of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity is also included. Parts II and III cover basic INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT International Journal of Advanced Research and Development 66 Fig 5: Form for adding students' data Fig 6: Form for changing fonts and colors of the whole system Fig 7: Form of entering constants of the ITS Fig 8: From adding the Teaching Material Fig 9: Example of Teaching Material Fig 10: Example of customized feedback THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COGNITIVE … Articles Section Philosophical Foundations of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 37 Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, Vol. 15, No. 1,March 2015, 37-50.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: BACK TO BASICS Dama International Journal of Researchers (DIJR), ISSN: 2343-6743, ISI Impact Factor: 0.878 Vol 2, Issue 4, April, 2017, Pages 05 - 09, Available @ www.damaacademia.com EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: THE NONCONCEPTUAL CONTENT OF EMOTIONS 1 . Emotions Inside Out: The Nonconceptual Content of Emotions * Christine Tappolet, Université de Montréal . Abstract . Most of those who hold that emotions involve A CRITIQUE OF THE CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES’ CLAIM OF LEGAL The thesis hereto entitled A Critique of Critical Legal Studies’ Claim of Legal Indeterminacy presented and submitted by Ian Carlo Dapalla Benitez in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy is hereby PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: BACK TO BASICS Dama International Journal of Researchers (DIJR), ISSN: 2343-6743, ISI Impact Factor: 0.878 Vol 2, Issue 4, April, 2017, Pages 05 - 09, Available @ www.damaacademia.com GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND JOB SATISFACTION Sobana Hameed Arshad, IJSRM volume 8 issue 5 May 2020 Page 4138 DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v4i5.06 suggestive evidence, however, few researchers analyzing the cause of the improvement in femalerelative
DESCARTES'S METHOD OF DOUBT The starting point for Descartes’s method of doubt was the rejection of all of his former beliefs. This was necessary, he thought, in order to leave a clean path for the indubitable THE AFRICAN ORIGINS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY: ANCIENT EGYPT IN 172 The African Legacy of Egyptian Philosophy The question as to whether that which existed in Egypt was to be termed philosophy, remains debatable, given the plethora of divergent views concerningit.
THE CONCEPT OF THE SIMULACRUM: DELEUZE AND THE OVERTURNING D.W. SMITH describe differential systems in which “the different is related to the different through difference itself.”2 Baudrillard, finally, took up the concept of the simulacra to designate the increasingly “hyperreal” status of certain aspects KANT ON THE RADICAL EVIL OF HUMAN NATURE Kant and the Radical Evil of Human Nature - 2 - former case the moral law is the incentive for which the maxim is adopted and in the N “ELF -REALIZATION” On “Self-Realization” – The Ultimate Norm of Arne Naess’s Ecosophy T 223 self-understanding, self-examination, self-interpretation, and so forth – which is EDMUND HUSSERL’S TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY Edmund Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology by Wendell Allan A. Marinay We remember Edmund Husserl as a philosopher who had a great influence on known phenomenologists like Max Scheler, Edith Stein, Martin Heidegger, among AN EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVE ON ADDICTION TREATMENT-A LOGIC International Journal of Philosophical Practice Volume 5, Number 1, Winter 2019 4 Existential phenomenology is a form of philosophy that emerged primarily from the ON DEALING WITH KANT’S SEXISM AND RACISM Pauline Kleingeld – On Dealing with Kant’s Sexism and Racism 5 The virtue of the woman is a . beautiful virtue. That of the male sexought to be
PHILARCHIVE: THE PHILOSOPHY E-PRINT ARCHIVEPAULA ÁLVAREZ-MERINOFEMINISM AGAINST ‘THE FEMININE PhilArchive is the largest open access e-print archive in philosophy. Formerly known as the PhilPapers Archive, it is built on and integrated with the PhilPapers database. Access to items on PhilArchive is free without a user account. FREGE PLAGIARIZED THE STOICS Susanne Bobzien: Frege plagiarized the Stoics. Author Manuscript. July 2020. 3 And this is a magnification of a tiny part of that photo. You see here on the right the famous logician Gottlob Frege and on theleft the famous
PSYCHOLOGY, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY addressed in the psychology and religion dialogue, a chapter with a brief review of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity is also included. Parts II and III cover basic EXTENDED MODAL DIMENSIONALISM Extended Modal Dimensionalism Martin Vacek1 Received: 14 December 2015/Accepted: 19 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Modal dimensionalism (MD) is realism about spaces, timesand worlds—
THE ISSUE OF RATIONALITY IN THE HISTORY OF AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY GNOSI: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Theory and Praxis, Vol. 1(1) (2018) (DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3491905) GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND JOB SATISFACTION Sobana Hameed Arshad, IJSRM volume 8 issue 5 May 2020 Page 4138 DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v4i5.06 suggestive evidence, however, few researchers analyzing the cause of the improvement in femalerelative
PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: BACK TO BASICS Dama International Journal of Researchers (DIJR), ISSN: 2343-6743, ISI Impact Factor: 0.878 Vol 2, Issue 4, April, 2017, Pages 05 - 09, Available @ www.damaacademia.com EDMUND HUSSERL’S TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY Edmund Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology by Wendell Allan A. Marinay We remember Edmund Husserl as a philosopher who had a great influence on known phenomenologists like Max Scheler, Edith Stein, Martin Heidegger, among EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: THE NONCONCEPTUAL CONTENT OF EMOTIONS 1 . Emotions Inside Out: The Nonconceptual Content of Emotions * Christine Tappolet, Université de Montréal . Abstract . Most of those who hold that emotions involve TESTIMONIAL SMOTHERING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DISCLOSURE IN 3 ‘the emergency nurse is an advocate for victims of domestic violence and has a duty to identify and report domestic violence’ (2003; quoted in Robinson 2010, 572). PHILARCHIVE: THE PHILOSOPHY E-PRINT ARCHIVEPAULA ÁLVAREZ-MERINOFEMINISM AGAINST ‘THE FEMININE PhilArchive is the largest open access e-print archive in philosophy. Formerly known as the PhilPapers Archive, it is built on and integrated with the PhilPapers database. Access to items on PhilArchive is free without a user account. FREGE PLAGIARIZED THE STOICS Susanne Bobzien: Frege plagiarized the Stoics. Author Manuscript. July 2020. 3 And this is a magnification of a tiny part of that photo. You see here on the right the famous logician Gottlob Frege and on theleft the famous
PSYCHOLOGY, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY addressed in the psychology and religion dialogue, a chapter with a brief review of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity is also included. Parts II and III cover basic EXTENDED MODAL DIMENSIONALISM Extended Modal Dimensionalism Martin Vacek1 Received: 14 December 2015/Accepted: 19 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Modal dimensionalism (MD) is realism about spaces, timesand worlds—
THE ISSUE OF RATIONALITY IN THE HISTORY OF AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY GNOSI: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Theory and Praxis, Vol. 1(1) (2018) (DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3491905) GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND JOB SATISFACTION Sobana Hameed Arshad, IJSRM volume 8 issue 5 May 2020 Page 4138 DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v4i5.06 suggestive evidence, however, few researchers analyzing the cause of the improvement in femalerelative
PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: BACK TO BASICS Dama International Journal of Researchers (DIJR), ISSN: 2343-6743, ISI Impact Factor: 0.878 Vol 2, Issue 4, April, 2017, Pages 05 - 09, Available @ www.damaacademia.com EDMUND HUSSERL’S TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY Edmund Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology by Wendell Allan A. Marinay We remember Edmund Husserl as a philosopher who had a great influence on known phenomenologists like Max Scheler, Edith Stein, Martin Heidegger, among EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: THE NONCONCEPTUAL CONTENT OF EMOTIONS 1 . Emotions Inside Out: The Nonconceptual Content of Emotions * Christine Tappolet, Université de Montréal . Abstract . Most of those who hold that emotions involve TESTIMONIAL SMOTHERING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DISCLOSURE IN 3 ‘the emergency nurse is an advocate for victims of domestic violence and has a duty to identify and report domestic violence’ (2003; quoted in Robinson 2010, 572). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT International Journal of Advanced Research and Development 66 Fig 5: Form for adding students' data Fig 6: Form for changing fonts and colors of the whole system Fig 7: Form of entering constants of the ITS Fig 8: From adding the Teaching Material Fig 9: Example of Teaching Material Fig 10: Example of customized feedback ROSENTHAL’S REPRESENTATIONALISM QUALITATIVE CONSCIOUSNESS Page 1 of 15 Rosenthal’s Representationalism Forthcoming in Qualitative Consciousness and Higher-Order Thought: Themes from the Philosophy of David Rosenthal Jacob Berger Department of Philosophy, Lycoming College Richard Brown Philosophy Program, LaGuardia CommunityCollege, CUNY
THE AFRICAN ORIGINS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY: ANCIENT EGYPT IN 172 The African Legacy of Egyptian Philosophy The question as to whether that which existed in Egypt was to be termed philosophy, remains debatable, given the plethora of divergent views concerningit.
THE CONCEPT OF MODERNITY: A BRIEF REVIEW 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Articles Section Philosophical Foundations of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 37 Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, Vol. 15, No. 1,March 2015, 37-50.
KANT ON THE RADICAL EVIL OF HUMAN NATURE Kant and the Radical Evil of Human Nature - 2 - former case the moral law is the incentive for which the maxim is adopted and in the THE CONCEPT OF THE SIMULACRUM: DELEUZE AND THE OVERTURNING Continental Philosophy Review (2006) DOI: 10.1007/s11007-006-3305-8 c Springer 2006 The concept of the simulacrum: Deleuze and the overturning of Platonism DANIEL W. SMITH ON DEALING WITH KANT’S SEXISM AND RACISM Pauline Kleingeld – On Dealing with Kant’s Sexism and Racism 5 The virtue of the woman is a . beautiful virtue. That of the male sexought to be
PRO-LIFE ARGUMENTS AGAINST INFANTICIDE AND WHY THEY ARE Pro-life arguments against infanticide and why they are not convincing Mr. Joona Räsänen This is an earlier version of the paper published in Bioethics. Please cite the CHỨC NĂNG QUẢN LÝ KINH TẾ CỦA NHÀ NƯỚC CỘNG HÒA XÃ…
1 MỞ ĐẦU 1. Lý do chọn đề tài Nhân loại đã chứng kiến sự ra đời, phát triển, đấu tranh sinh tồn và suy vong của các hình thái nhà nước khác nhau trong lịch sử phát triển của mình. PHILARCHIVE: THE PHILOSOPHY E-PRINT ARCHIVEPAULA ÁLVAREZ-MERINOFEMINISM AGAINST ‘THE FEMININE PhilArchive is the largest open access e-print archive in philosophy. Formerly known as the PhilPapers Archive, it is built on and integrated with the PhilPapers database. Access to items on PhilArchive is free without a user account. FREGE PLAGIARIZED THE STOICS Susanne Bobzien: Frege plagiarized the Stoics. Author Manuscript. July 2020. 3 And this is a magnification of a tiny part of that photo. You see here on the right the famous logician Gottlob Frege and on theleft the famous
PSYCHOLOGY, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY addressed in the psychology and religion dialogue, a chapter with a brief review of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity is also included. Parts II and III cover basic EXTENDED MODAL DIMENSIONALISM Extended Modal Dimensionalism Martin Vacek1 Received: 14 December 2015/Accepted: 19 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Modal dimensionalism (MD) is realism about spaces, timesand worlds—
THE ISSUE OF RATIONALITY IN THE HISTORY OF AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY GNOSI: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Theory and Praxis, Vol. 1(1) (2018) (DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3491905) GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND JOB SATISFACTION Sobana Hameed Arshad, IJSRM volume 8 issue 5 May 2020 Page 4138 DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v4i5.06 suggestive evidence, however, few researchers analyzing the cause of the improvement in femalerelative
PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: BACK TO BASICS Dama International Journal of Researchers (DIJR), ISSN: 2343-6743, ISI Impact Factor: 0.878 Vol 2, Issue 4, April, 2017, Pages 05 - 09, Available @ www.damaacademia.com EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: THE NONCONCEPTUAL CONTENT OF EMOTIONS 1 . Emotions Inside Out: The Nonconceptual Content of Emotions * Christine Tappolet, Université de Montréal . Abstract . Most of those who hold that emotions involve TESTIMONIAL SMOTHERING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DISCLOSURE IN 3 ‘the emergency nurse is an advocate for victims of domestic violence and has a duty to identify and report domestic violence’ (2003; quoted in Robinson 2010, 572). MILL Y MARX: DOS VISIONES DE LA LIBERTAD1 Mill y Marx: dos visiones de la libertad 105 Sin embargo, buscar puntos de convergencia entre Mill y Marx puede que de entrada no sea una tarea sencilla, ya que en el primer volumen de El Capital las críticas y los ataques que se dirigen contra el filósofo inglés destacan por su implacabilidad. PHILARCHIVE: THE PHILOSOPHY E-PRINT ARCHIVEPAULA ÁLVAREZ-MERINOFEMINISM AGAINST ‘THE FEMININE PhilArchive is the largest open access e-print archive in philosophy. Formerly known as the PhilPapers Archive, it is built on and integrated with the PhilPapers database. Access to items on PhilArchive is free without a user account. FREGE PLAGIARIZED THE STOICS Susanne Bobzien: Frege plagiarized the Stoics. Author Manuscript. July 2020. 3 And this is a magnification of a tiny part of that photo. You see here on the right the famous logician Gottlob Frege and on theleft the famous
PSYCHOLOGY, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY addressed in the psychology and religion dialogue, a chapter with a brief review of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity is also included. Parts II and III cover basic EXTENDED MODAL DIMENSIONALISM Extended Modal Dimensionalism Martin Vacek1 Received: 14 December 2015/Accepted: 19 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Modal dimensionalism (MD) is realism about spaces, timesand worlds—
THE ISSUE OF RATIONALITY IN THE HISTORY OF AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY GNOSI: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Theory and Praxis, Vol. 1(1) (2018) (DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3491905) GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND JOB SATISFACTION Sobana Hameed Arshad, IJSRM volume 8 issue 5 May 2020 Page 4138 DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v4i5.06 suggestive evidence, however, few researchers analyzing the cause of the improvement in femalerelative
PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: BACK TO BASICS Dama International Journal of Researchers (DIJR), ISSN: 2343-6743, ISI Impact Factor: 0.878 Vol 2, Issue 4, April, 2017, Pages 05 - 09, Available @ www.damaacademia.com EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: THE NONCONCEPTUAL CONTENT OF EMOTIONS 1 . Emotions Inside Out: The Nonconceptual Content of Emotions * Christine Tappolet, Université de Montréal . Abstract . Most of those who hold that emotions involve TESTIMONIAL SMOTHERING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DISCLOSURE IN 3 ‘the emergency nurse is an advocate for victims of domestic violence and has a duty to identify and report domestic violence’ (2003; quoted in Robinson 2010, 572). MILL Y MARX: DOS VISIONES DE LA LIBERTAD1 Mill y Marx: dos visiones de la libertad 105 Sin embargo, buscar puntos de convergencia entre Mill y Marx puede que de entrada no sea una tarea sencilla, ya que en el primer volumen de El Capital las críticas y los ataques que se dirigen contra el filósofo inglés destacan por su implacabilidad. THE CONCEPT OF MODERNITY: A BRIEF REVIEW 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT International Journal of Advanced Research and Development 66 Fig 5: Form for adding students' data Fig 6: Form for changing fonts and colors of the whole system Fig 7: Form of entering constants of the ITS Fig 8: From adding the Teaching Material Fig 9: Example of Teaching Material Fig 10: Example of customized feedback THE AFRICAN ORIGINS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY: ANCIENT EGYPT IN 172 The African Legacy of Egyptian Philosophy The question as to whether that which existed in Egypt was to be termed philosophy, remains debatable, given the plethora of divergent views concerningit.
THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Articles Section Philosophical Foundations of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 37 Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, Vol. 15, No. 1,March 2015, 37-50.
EDMUND HUSSERL’S TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY Edmund Husserl’s Transcendental Phenomenology by Wendell Allan A. Marinay We remember Edmund Husserl as a philosopher who had a great influence on known phenomenologists like Max Scheler, Edith Stein, Martin Heidegger, among AUGUSTINE, THE MANICHAEAN AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL Augustine and the Problem of Evil 77 God exists, that God is good, and that any evil exists.One can likewise assert that God exists, that God is good, omnipotent and omniscient, and that any evil exists.The KANT ON THE RADICAL EVIL OF HUMAN NATURE Kant and the Radical Evil of Human Nature - 2 - former case the moral law is the incentive for which the maxim is adopted and in the PROSTITUTION FROM A KANTIAN VIEW “Paternalism is the interference of a state or an individual with another person, against their will, and defended or motivated by a claim that the person interfered with will be better off or protected PRO-LIFE ARGUMENTS AGAINST INFANTICIDE AND WHY THEY ARE Pro-life arguments against infanticide and why they are not convincing Mr. Joona Räsänen This is an earlier version of the paper published in Bioethics. Please cite the ON DEALING WITH KANT’S SEXISM AND RACISM Pauline Kleingeld – On Dealing with Kant’s Sexism and Racism 5 The virtue of the woman is a . beautiful virtue. That of the male sexought to be
PHILARCHIVE: THE PHILOSOPHY E-PRINT ARCHIVEANCA GHEAUSFEMINISM AGAINST‘THE FEMININE
PhilArchive is the largest open access e-print archive in philosophy. Formerly known as the PhilPapers Archive, it is built on and integrated with the PhilPapers database. Access to items on PhilArchive is free without a user account. EXTENDED MODAL DIMENSIONALISM Extended Modal Dimensionalism Martin Vacek1 Received: 14 December 2015/Accepted: 19 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Modal dimensionalism (MD) is realism about spaces, timesand worlds—
LITERATURE AND KNOWLEDGE 4 It is only in this sense that the question is a proper literary one; that is, a question that stands to reveal something about the nature of the literary work of art. This is not always appreciated as itshould be.
PSYCHOLOGY, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY addressed in the psychology and religion dialogue, a chapter with a brief review of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity is also included. Parts II and III cover basic INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT International Journal of Advanced Research and Development 66 Fig 5: Form for adding students' data Fig 6: Form for changing fonts and colors of the whole system Fig 7: Form of entering constants of the ITS Fig 8: From adding the Teaching Material Fig 9: Example of Teaching Material Fig 10: Example of customized feedback RAPE CULTURE AND EPISTEMOLOGY 1 Rape Culture and Epistemology Bianca Crewe and Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa1 for Jennifer Lackey (ed.), Applied Epistemology, Oxford University Press penultimate draft: 18 Feb 2018 Introduction TESTIMONIAL SMOTHERING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DISCLOSURE IN 3 ‘the emergency nurse is an advocate for victims of domestic violence and has a duty to identify and report domestic violence’ (2003; quoted in Robinson 2010, 572). PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: BACK TO BASICS Dama International Journal of Researchers (DIJR), ISSN: 2343-6743, ISI Impact Factor: 0.878 Vol 2, Issue 4, April, 2017, Pages 05 - 09, Available @ www.damaacademia.com EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: THE NONCONCEPTUAL CONTENT OF EMOTIONS 1 . Emotions Inside Out: The Nonconceptual Content of Emotions * Christine Tappolet, Université de Montréal . Abstract . Most of those who hold that emotions involve FORMULATING CONSCIOUSNESS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TALISIK: An Undergraduate Journal of Philosophy © TALISIK Volume IV, Issue no.1 ISSN 2362-9452 of the . . PHILARCHIVE: THE PHILOSOPHY E-PRINT ARCHIVEANCA GHEAUSFEMINISM AGAINST‘THE FEMININE
PhilArchive is the largest open access e-print archive in philosophy. Formerly known as the PhilPapers Archive, it is built on and integrated with the PhilPapers database. Access to items on PhilArchive is free without a user account. EXTENDED MODAL DIMENSIONALISM Extended Modal Dimensionalism Martin Vacek1 Received: 14 December 2015/Accepted: 19 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Modal dimensionalism (MD) is realism about spaces, timesand worlds—
LITERATURE AND KNOWLEDGE 4 It is only in this sense that the question is a proper literary one; that is, a question that stands to reveal something about the nature of the literary work of art. This is not always appreciated as itshould be.
PSYCHOLOGY, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY addressed in the psychology and religion dialogue, a chapter with a brief review of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity is also included. Parts II and III cover basic INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT International Journal of Advanced Research and Development 66 Fig 5: Form for adding students' data Fig 6: Form for changing fonts and colors of the whole system Fig 7: Form of entering constants of the ITS Fig 8: From adding the Teaching Material Fig 9: Example of Teaching Material Fig 10: Example of customized feedback RAPE CULTURE AND EPISTEMOLOGY 1 Rape Culture and Epistemology Bianca Crewe and Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa1 for Jennifer Lackey (ed.), Applied Epistemology, Oxford University Press penultimate draft: 18 Feb 2018 Introduction TESTIMONIAL SMOTHERING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DISCLOSURE IN 3 ‘the emergency nurse is an advocate for victims of domestic violence and has a duty to identify and report domestic violence’ (2003; quoted in Robinson 2010, 572). PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: BACK TO BASICS Dama International Journal of Researchers (DIJR), ISSN: 2343-6743, ISI Impact Factor: 0.878 Vol 2, Issue 4, April, 2017, Pages 05 - 09, Available @ www.damaacademia.com EMOTIONS INSIDE OUT: THE NONCONCEPTUAL CONTENT OF EMOTIONS 1 . Emotions Inside Out: The Nonconceptual Content of Emotions * Christine Tappolet, Université de Montréal . Abstract . Most of those who hold that emotions involve FORMULATING CONSCIOUSNESS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TALISIK: An Undergraduate Journal of Philosophy © TALISIK Volume IV, Issue no.1 ISSN 2362-9452 of the . . PHILARCHIVE: THE PHILOSOPHY E-PRINT ARCHIVE 35 Ann Garry ornogråÞhSè advocate significant social change. The picture I am sketching of the debates should look com- plex and frequently shifting. A NIETZSCHEAN THEORY OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE: AFFECT AS A Nietzschean Theory of Emotion 6 higher-order mental state, but rather the ‘of’ specifies the type of experience a subject is enjoying. Nietzsche also talks of affects as felt, writing that the ‘noble type’ experiences ‘a sense of indignation THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF FREE WILL Motivating the Project We will lump people s experiences of deliberating, making decisions, and feel - ing free and responsible for their actions together under the umbrella term the THE AFRICAN ORIGINS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY: ANCIENT EGYPT IN 172 The African Legacy of Egyptian Philosophy The question as to whether that which existed in Egypt was to be termed philosophy, remains debatable, given the plethora of divergent views concerningit.
THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Articles Section Philosophical Foundations of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 37 Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, Vol. 15, No. 1,March 2015, 37-50.
EVOLUTION AND ETHICS OF EUGENICS 2 Introduction The term eugenics as a practice and field of study was invented by Francis Galton in 1883, in his book Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (F. Galton 1983) based on the recent work of his cousin, Charles Darwin, the Mendelian genetics and August Weismann's theory of germ plasma, that says that hereditary information is transmitted only by germ cells from the THE FACTORS INFLUENCING CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(10) July 2017, Pages: 1-19 AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES ISSN:1991-8178 EISSN : 2309-8414 Journal home page: www.ajbasweb.comBERKELEY ON EVIL
1 Berkeley on Evil John Russell Roberts Bio. John Russell Roberts is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Florida State University. He is the author of A Metaphysics for the Mob: The Philosophy of INTRODUCTION: ANSCOMBE'S THREE THESES first and the second of Anscombe's three theses. What the polemic against Ought is designed to show is that her way is the only possible one. She attacks the central notions around which modern moral philosophy is built. MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS AND THE AUSTRIAN SCHOOL: TOWARD PHAM / MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS AND THE AUSTRIAN SCHOOL VOLUME 10, ISSUE 1, SPRING 2017 42 that formal rationality is empty, and that econometric analysis is of little empirical value. These differences have led Austrians and mainstream theorists to PHILARCHIVE: THE PHILOSOPHY E-PRINT ARCHIVEANCA GHEAUSFEMINISM AGAINST‘THE FEMININE
PhilArchive is the largest open access e-print archive in philosophy. Formerly known as the PhilPapers Archive, it is built on and integrated with the PhilPapers database. Access to items on PhilArchive is free without a user account. THE AFRICAN ORIGINS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY: ANCIENT EGYPT IN 172 The African Legacy of Egyptian Philosophy The question as to whether that which existed in Egypt was to be termed philosophy, remains debatable, given the plethora of divergent views concerningit.
LITERATURE AND KNOWLEDGE 4 It is only in this sense that the question is a proper literary one; that is, a question that stands to reveal something about the nature of the literary work of art. This is not always appreciated as itshould be.
PSYCHOLOGY, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY addressed in the psychology and religion dialogue, a chapter with a brief review of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity is also included. Parts II and III cover basic INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT International Journal of Advanced Research and Development 66 Fig 5: Form for adding students' data Fig 6: Form for changing fonts and colors of the whole system Fig 7: Form of entering constants of the ITS Fig 8: From adding the Teaching Material Fig 9: Example of Teaching Material Fig 10: Example of customized feedback EXTENDED MODAL DIMENSIONALISM Extended Modal Dimensionalism Martin Vacek1 Received: 14 December 2015/Accepted: 19 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Modal dimensionalism (MD) is realism about spaces, timesand worlds—
FORMULATING CONSCIOUSNESS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TALISIK: An Undergraduate Journal of Philosophy © TALISIK Volume IV, Issue no.1 ISSN 2362-9452 of the . . THE CONCEPT OF MODERNITY: A BRIEF REVIEW 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) CHAPTER 6 RITUAL AND RIGHTNESS IN THE ANALECTS Chapter 6 Ritual and Rightness in the Analects Hagop Sarkissian Li fl and yi ~ are two central moral concepts in the Analects.1 In classical Confucianism generally, RAPE CULTURE AND EPISTEMOLOGY 1 Rape Culture and Epistemology Bianca Crewe and Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa1 for Jennifer Lackey (ed.), Applied Epistemology, Oxford University Press penultimate draft: 18 Feb 2018 Introduction PHILARCHIVE: THE PHILOSOPHY E-PRINT ARCHIVEANCA GHEAUSFEMINISM AGAINST‘THE FEMININE
PhilArchive is the largest open access e-print archive in philosophy. Formerly known as the PhilPapers Archive, it is built on and integrated with the PhilPapers database. Access to items on PhilArchive is free without a user account. THE AFRICAN ORIGINS OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY: ANCIENT EGYPT IN 172 The African Legacy of Egyptian Philosophy The question as to whether that which existed in Egypt was to be termed philosophy, remains debatable, given the plethora of divergent views concerningit.
LITERATURE AND KNOWLEDGE 4 It is only in this sense that the question is a proper literary one; that is, a question that stands to reveal something about the nature of the literary work of art. This is not always appreciated as itshould be.
PSYCHOLOGY, RELIGION, AND SPIRITUALITY addressed in the psychology and religion dialogue, a chapter with a brief review of Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity is also included. Parts II and III cover basic INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT International Journal of Advanced Research and Development 66 Fig 5: Form for adding students' data Fig 6: Form for changing fonts and colors of the whole system Fig 7: Form of entering constants of the ITS Fig 8: From adding the Teaching Material Fig 9: Example of Teaching Material Fig 10: Example of customized feedback EXTENDED MODAL DIMENSIONALISM Extended Modal Dimensionalism Martin Vacek1 Received: 14 December 2015/Accepted: 19 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2016 Abstract Modal dimensionalism (MD) is realism about spaces, timesand worlds—
FORMULATING CONSCIOUSNESS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TALISIK: An Undergraduate Journal of Philosophy © TALISIK Volume IV, Issue no.1 ISSN 2362-9452 of the . . THE CONCEPT OF MODERNITY: A BRIEF REVIEW 2019 IJRAR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 1 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) CHAPTER 6 RITUAL AND RIGHTNESS IN THE ANALECTS Chapter 6 Ritual and Rightness in the Analects Hagop Sarkissian Li fl and yi ~ are two central moral concepts in the Analects.1 In classical Confucianism generally, RAPE CULTURE AND EPISTEMOLOGY 1 Rape Culture and Epistemology Bianca Crewe and Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa1 for Jennifer Lackey (ed.), Applied Epistemology, Oxford University Press penultimate draft: 18 Feb 2018 Introduction PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: BACK TO BASICS Dama International Journal of Researchers (DIJR), ISSN: 2343-6743, ISI Impact Factor: 0.878 Vol 2, Issue 4, April, 2017, Pages 05 - 09, Available @ www.damaacademia.comHEGEL’S ANTIGONE
THE OWL OF MINERVA Volume 17, Issue 2 (Spring 1986), pp.131-152 _____ Hegel’s Antigone by Patricia J. Mills KANT ON THE RADICAL EVIL OF HUMAN NATURE Kant and the Radical Evil of Human Nature - 2 - former case the moral law is the incentive for which the maxim is adopted and in the THE CONCEPT OF THE SIMULACRUM: DELEUZE AND THE OVERTURNING Continental Philosophy Review (2006) DOI: 10.1007/s11007-006-3305-8 c Springer 2006 The concept of the simulacrum: Deleuze and the overturning of Platonism DANIEL W. SMITH VANILLA PP FOR PHILOSOPHERS: A PRIMER ON PREDICTIVE PROCESSING Wiese, W. & Metzinger T. (2017). Vanilla PP for Philosophers: A Primer on Predictive Processing. In T. Metzinger & W. Wiese (Eds.). Philosophy and Predictive THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF HUI SHI’S THOUGHT: A … 232 KEQIAN XU doxes recorded in chapter 33 of Zhrurng Zi, entitled ”li wu zhiyi’lwhich means to study and to describe the principle of materials. Liang Qichao (1873-1929) pointed out. “Li probably has the meaning of to analyze and count. ‘Li wu zhiyi’means to analyze the general principle of mathe- matics and physic^."^ There has been a great deal of divergence among scholars who TESTIMONIAL SMOTHERING AND DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DISCLOSURE IN 3 ‘the emergency nurse is an advocate for victims of domestic violence and has a duty to identify and report domestic violence’ (2003; quoted in Robinson 2010, 572). MURDER AND VIOLENCE IN KANTIAN ETHICS 1 Murder and Violence in Kantian Ethics Acts of violence and murder have historically proved difficult to accommodate in standard accounts of the formula of universal law EXTERNALISM AND INTERNALISM IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF MIND 8/2/2017 Externalism and Internalism in the Philosophy of Mind - Philosophy - Oxford Bibliographies HOW DOES DEATH HARM THE DECEASED? 2 Before we continue, however, three clarifications are in order. First, when we talk about the harm or badness of death, we are talking about a state of nonexistence—the state that follows a person’s life and that begins when the person has ceased living.Sign in
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WELCOME TO PHILARCHIVE! PhilArchive is the largest open access e-print archive in philosophy. Formerly known as the PhilPapers Archive, it is built on and integrated with the PhilPapers database. Access to items on PhilArchive is free without a user account. PhilArchive is a non-profit project supported by the PhilPapersFoundation.
PhilArchive consists entirely of articles submitted by users. You can contribute by submitting your work. There are currently 47,711 WORKS in the archive. These works fall under 5,480 TOPICS . PhilArchive is developed and operated by the Centre for Digital Philosophy at WesternUniversity.
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2020-04-17Reasonable Inferences From Quantum Mechanics: A Response to “Quantum Misuse in Psychic Literature”.Bernardo Kastrup
- 2019 - _Journal of Near-Death Studies_ 37(3):185-200.details
This invited article is a response to the paper “Quantum Misuse in Psychic Literature,” by Jack A. Mroczkowski and Alexis P. Malozemoff, published in this issue of the Journal of Near-Death Studies. Whereas I sympathize with Mroczkowski’s and Malozemoff’s cause and goals, and I recognize the problem they attempted to tackle, I argue that their criticisms often overshot the mark and end up adding to the confusion. I address nine specific technical points that Mroczkowski and Malozemoff accused popular writers in (...) the fields of health care and parapsychology of misunderstanding and misrepresenting. I argue that, by and large—and contrary to Mroczkowski’s and Malozemoff’s claims—the statements made by these writers are often reasonable and generally consistent with the current state of play in foundations of quantum mechanics. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Zeno’s Paradox for Colours.Barry Smith -
2000 - In O. K. Wiegand, R. J. Dostal, L. Embree, J. Kockelmans & J. N. Mohanty (eds.), _Phenomenology of German Idealism, Hermeneutics, and Logic _. Dordrecht. pp.201-207.details
We outline Brentano’s theory of boundaries, for instance between two neighboring subregions within a larger region of space. Does every such pair of regions contain points in common where they meet? Or is the boundary at which they meet somehow pointless? On Brentano’s view, two subregions such do not overlap; rather, along the line where they meet there are two sets of points which are not identical but rather spatially coincident. We outline Brentano’s theory of coincidence, and show how he (...) uses it to resolve a number of Zeno-like paradoxes. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Towards an Account of Epistemic Luck for Necessary Truths.James Collin
- 2018 - _Acta Analytica_ 33 (4):483-504.details Modal epistemologists parse modal conditions on knowledge in terms of metaphysical possibilities or ways the world might have been. This is problematic. Understanding modal conditions on knowledge this way has made modal epistemology, as currently worked out, unable to account for epistemic luck in the case of necessary truths, and unable to characterise widely discussed issues such as the problem of religious diversity and the perceived epistemological problem with knowledge of abstract objects. Moreover, there is reason to think that this (...) is a congenital defect of orthodox modal epistemology. This way of characterising modal epistemology is however optional. It is shown that one can non-circularly characterise modal conditions on knowledge in terms of epistemic possibilities, or ways the world might be for the target agent. Characterising the anti-luck condition in terms of epistemic possibilities removes the impediment to understanding epistemic luck in the case of necessary truths and opens the door to using these conditions to shed new light on some longstanding epistemological problems. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Hermeneutical Injustice, (Self-)Recognition, and Academia. Hilkje Charlotte Hänel - 2020 - _Hypatia_ 35 (2).details Miranda Fricker’s account of hermeneutical injustice and remedies for this injustice are widely debated. This article adds to the existing debate by arguing that theories of recog- nition can fruitfully contribute to Fricker’s account of hermeneutical injustice and can provide a framework for structural remedy. By pairing Fricker’s theory of hermeneutical injustice with theories of recognition, I bring forward a modest claim and a more radical claim. The first concerns a shift in our vocabulary; recognition theory can give a name (...) to the seriousness of the long-term effects of hermeneutical injustice. The second claim is more radical: thinking of hermeneutical injustice as preventing what I call “self-recogni- tion” provides a structural remedy to the phenomenon of hermeneutical injustice. Because hermeneutical injustice is first and foremost a structural injustice, I contend that every virtue theory of hermeneutical justice should be complemented by structural remedies in terms of recognition. Finally, what I argue sheds light on the seriousness of cases of exclusion of and discrimination against women in academia and helps to draw our attention to new ways to combat suchproblems. (shrink)
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2020-04-17Knowing How and Knowing To.Karyn L. Lai &
Stephen Hetherington - 2015 - In Brian Bruya (ed.), _The Philosophical Challenge from China _. MA, USA: MIT Press. pp. 279 -302.details
Since the 1940s, Western epistemology has discussed Gilbert Ryle’s distinction between knowledge-that and knowledge-how. Ryle argued that intelligent actions – manifestations of knowledge-how – are not constituted as intelligent by the guiding intervention of knowledge-that: knowledge-how is not a kind of knowledge-that; we must understand knowledge-how in independent terms. Yet which independent terms are needed? In this chapter, we consider whether an understanding of intelligent action must include talk of knowledge-to. This is the knowledge to do this or that now, (...) not then or in general. Our argument is refined and buttressed by consideration of a text in Chinese philosophy, the Lüshi Chunqiu. This 3rd century BCE text, a compendium on good government, focuses on different types of knowledge that an effective ruler or a capable official should possess. A significant number of those discussions concern examples of knowing-how being manifested in particular situations. The text is explicitly aware of the importance of timeliness and awareness of context in manifesting know-how. Some might say that these are merely manifestations of knowing-how. But we see these examples as revealing characteristics of know-how that Ryle did not anticipate. Might knowing-to be an essential and irreducible aspect of intelligentaction? (shrink)
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2020-04-17Daoism and Confucianism.Karyn L. Lai -
2014 - In Xiaogan Liu (ed.), _Dao Companion to Daoist Philosophy _. Springer. pp. 489-511.details__ Download
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2020-04-17Global Thinking. Karyn Lai - 2018 - _The Philosophers' Magazine_80:64-69.details
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2020-04-17The Dark Room Problem.Zekun Sun &
Chaz Firestone - 2020 - _Trends in Cognitive Sciences_ 24 (5):346-348.details Predictive Processing theories hold that the mind’s core aim is to minimize prediction-error about its experiences. But prediction-error minimization can be 'hacked', by placing oneself in highly predictable environments where nothing happens. Recent philosophical work suggests that this is a surprisingly serious challenge, highlighting the obstacles facing ‘theories-of-everything’ in psychology.__ Download
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2020-04-16This Paper Might Change Your Mind.Joshua Dever
& Henry Ian Schiller - forthcoming -_Noûs_.details
Rational decision change can happen without information change. This is a problem for standard views of decision theory, on which linguistic intervention in rational decision-making is captured in terms of information change. But the standard view gives us no way to model interventions involving expressions that only have an attentional effects on conversational contexts. How are expressions with non-informational content - like epistemic modals - used to intervene in rational decision making? We show how to model rational decision change without (...) information change: replace a standard conception of value (on which the value of a set of worlds reduces to values of individual worlds in the set) with one on which the value of a set of worlds is determined by a selection function that picks out a generic member world. We discuss some upshots of this view for theorizing in philosophy and formal semantics. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Justification As A Loaded Notion.Yuval Avnur -
forthcoming - _Synthese_ 1:1-20.details The problem of skepticism is often understood as a paradox: a valid argument with plausible premises whose conclusion is that we lack justification for perceptual beliefs. Typically, this conclusion is deemed unacceptable, so a theory is offered that posits conditions for justification on which some premise is false. The theory defended here is more general, and explains why the paradox arises in the first place. Like Strawson’s (Introduction to logical theory, Wiley, New York, 1952) “ordinary language” approach to induction, the (...) theory posits something built into the very notion of justification: it is loaded with a bias towards the proposition that we are not massively deceived. Beyond the paradox, remaining skeptical problems consist of metaphysical and practical questions: whether we are massively deceived, or why we should use our loaded notion rather than some other. Such challenges have pro- found epistemological significance, but they are not problems that an a priori theory of justification can solve. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16What's Wrong with Esoteric Morality.Michael Cholbi
- forthcoming - _Les ateliers de l'éthique/The Ethics Forum_.details A moral theory T is esoteric if and only if T is true but there are some individuals who, by the lights of T itself, ought not embrace T, where to embrace T is to believe T and rely upon it in practical deliberation. Some philosophers hold that esotericism is a strong, perhaps even decisive, reason, to reject a moral theory. However, proponents of this objection have often supposed its force is obvious and have said little to articulate it. I (...) defend a version of this objection, namely, that, in light of the strongly first-personal epistemology of benefit and burden, esoteric theories fail to justify the allocation of benefits and burdens to which moral agents would be subject under their theories. Because of the holistic nature of moral theory justification, this conclusion in turn implies that the entirety of a moral theory must be open to public scrutiny in order for the theory to be justified. I conclude by answering several objections to my account of the esotericism objection. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Belief, Faith, and Hope: On the Rationality of Long-Term Commitment. Elizabeth Jackson - forthcoming - _Mind_.details I examine three attitudes: belief, faith, and hope. I argue that all three attitudes play the same role in rationalizing action. First, I explain two models of rational action—the decision-theory model and the belief-desire model. Both models entail there are two components of rational action: an epistemic component and a conative component. Then, using this framework, I show how belief, faith, and hope that p can all make it rational to accept, or act as if, p. I conclude by showing (...) how my picture can explain how action-oriented commitments can be rational over time, both in the face of counterevidence and in the face of waning affections. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Metaphysics for Responsibility to Nature.Bo Meinertsen
- 2018 - _Journal of Value Inquiry_ 52 (2):187-197.details On the notion of responsibility employed by John Passmore in his classic Man’s Responsibility for Nature, the relationship of responsibility can only hold between persons (human beings, subjects), or groups and communities of them, and other persons. And in this relationship the persons that are responsible 'to' other persons are responsible 'for' how their actions affect these other persons, not to the direct object of these actions (in this case: nature). If this is correct, we cannot be responsible to nature (...) without conceiving of it as a ‘pseudo-person’, as Passmore calls it. However, non-anthropocentric environmental ethics requires such a moral relationship. The question is, therefore, how this can be allowed in a metaphysically acceptable way. To answer this I first provide an account of what it means to stand in the relation of being ‘responsible to’. Next, I describe two major paradigmatic examples of the metaphysics of nature that perfectly match the thesis that we can, and should, be responsible to nature (the Spinoza-inspired view and the Gaia hypothesis). Unfortunately, they have to be rejected for common sense or naturalist reasons. Finally, I therefore defend a 'fictionalist' view of nature (as person-like) that allows for this relationship. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Sure-Wins Under Coherence: A Geometrical Perspective.Stefano Bonzio
, Tommaso Flaminio & Paolo Galeazzi - 2019 - In _Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty. ECSQARU 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science_.details In this contribution we will present a generalization of de Finetti's betting game in which a gambler is allowed to buy and sell unknown events' betting odds from more than one bookmaker. In such a framework, the sole coherence of the books the gambler can play with is not sucient, as in the original de Finetti's frame, to bar the gambler from a sure-win opportunity. The notion of joint coherence which we will introduce in this paper characterizes those coherent books (...) on which sure- win is impossible. Our main results provide geometric characterizations of the space of all books which are jointly coherent with a xed one. As a consequence we will also show that joint coherence is decidable. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16The Myth of Occurrence-Based Semantics.Bryan Pickel
& Brian Rabern - forthcoming - _Linguistics and Philosophy_.details The principle of compositionality requires that the meaning of a complex expression remains the same after substitution of synonymous expressions. Alleged counterexamples to compositionality seem to force a theoretical choice: either apparent synonyms are not synonyms or synonyms do not syntactically occur where they appear to occur. Some theorists have instead looked to Frege’s doctrine of “reference shift” according to which the meaning of an expression is sensitive to its linguistic context. This doctrine is alleged to retain the relevant claims (...) about synonymy and substitution while respecting the compositionality principle. Thus, Salmon (2006) and Glanzberg and King (2020) offer occurrence-based accounts of variable binding, and Pagin and Westerståhl (2010c) argue that an occurrence-based semantics delivers a compositional account of quotation. Our thesis is this: the occurrence-based strategies resolve the apparent failures of substitutivity in the same general way as the standard expression-based semantics do. So it is a myth that a Frege-inspired occurrence-based semantics affords a genuine alternative strategy.(shrink)
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2020-04-16Nature's Relations: Ontology, Vulnerability, Agency.Didier Zúñiga
- forthcoming - _Hypatia_:1-19.details Political theory and philosophy need to widen their view of the space in which what matters politically takes place, and I suggest that integrating the conditions of sustainability of all affected—that is, all participants in nature's relations—is a necessary first step in this direction. New materialists and posthumanists have challenged how nature and politics have traditionally been construed. While acknowledging the significance of their contributions, I critically examine the ethical and political implications of their ontological project. I focus particularly on (...) how the decentering of human agency that they advocate for raises a set of concerns that need to be addressed in developing an appropriate ecological ethics. I argue that the latter must be attuned to the vulnerability of living beings who participate in relationships that sustain life on earth. This brings me to conclude that qualitative distinctions between the worlds of bios and techne are necessary. This is because we need to think critically about ways of evaluating types of relationships so that we can assess them and establish which are worth nurturing and protecting and which are not. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Cultural Inheritance in Generalized Darwinism. Christian J. Feldbacher Escamilla& Karim Baraghith
- 2020 - _Philosophy of Science_ 2 (87):237-261.details Generalized Darwinism models cultural development as an evolutionary process, where traits evolve through variation, selection, and inheritance. Inheritance describes either a discrete unit’s transmission or a mixing of traits (i.e., blending inheritance). In this article, we compare classical models of cultural evolution and generalized population dynamics with respect to blending inheritance. We identify problems of these models and introduce our model, which combines relevant features of both. Blending is implemented as success-based social learning, which can be shown to be an (...) optimal strategy. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16TRUTH – A Conversation Between P F Strawson and Gareth Evans (1973). P. F. Strawson& Gareth Evans -
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This is a transcript of a conversation between P F Strawson and Gareth Evans in 1973, filmed for The Open University. Under the title 'Truth', Strawson and Evans discuss the question as to whether the distinction between genuinely fact-stating uses of language and other uses can be grounded on a theory of truth, especially a 'thin' notion of truth in the tradition of F P Ramsey.__ Download
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2020-04-16Moral Notions, with Three Papers on Plato.Julius Kovesi
, R. E. Ewin & Alan Tapper (eds.) - 2004 - Christchurch, NZ: Cybereditions.details__ Download
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2020-04-16Against the Ritual of "is" and "Ought".Julius Kovesi
- 1978 - _Midwest Studies in Philosophy_ 3 (1):5-16.details However much the preoccupations and problems of moral philosophy have changed in the last decade or so, we retain, with a ritual observance, a basic conceptual framework. Apart from a few bold spirits who disregard the ritual, most moral philosophers, before they can say anything, have to re-enact the moves of trying to justify how they dare to move from description to evaluation, while others, opposing them, claim that they have disregarded sacred texts and violated the most sacred of ritual (...) moves. Some, and I would like to count myself among these, would like to argue that the whole ritual is unnecessary, misleading, confused and confusing and even detrimental to moral philosophy. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Reasons to Care About Reasons for Action: A Response to Paul S. Davies. G. M. Trujillo - 2016 - _Southwest Philosophy Review_ 32(2):43-48.details
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2020-04-15Socratic Oblivion and the Siren Songs of Academe: Responding to Anne-Marie Schultz's "Stirring Up America's Sleeping Horses".Terrell Taylor
& Glenn Trujillo - 2018 - _Southwest Philosophy Review_ 34 (1):23-30.details__ Download
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2020-04-15Frege on Referentiality and Julius Caesar in Grundgesetze Section 10. Bruno Bentzen - 2019 - _Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic_ 60(4):617-637.details
This paper aims to answer the question of whether or not Frege's solution limited to value-ranges and truth-values proposed to resolve the "problem of indeterminacy of reference" in section 10 of Grundgesetze is a violation of his principle of complete determination, which states that a predicate must be defined to apply for all objects in general. Closely related to this doubt is the common allegation that Frege was unable to solve a persistent version of the Caesar problem for value-ranges. It (...) is argued that, in Frege’s standards of reducing arithmetic to logic, his solution to the indeterminacy does not give rise to any sort of Caesar problem inthe book. (shrink)
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2020-04-15Food Security as a Global Public Good.Cristian Timmermann
- 2018 - In José Luis Vivero-Pol, Tomaso Ferrando, Olivier de Schutter & Ugo Mattei (eds.), _Routledge Handbook of Food as a Commons _. London: Routledge. pp. 85-99.details Food security brings a number of benefits to humanity from which nobody can be excluded and which can be simultaneously enjoyed by all. An economic understanding of the concept sees food security qualify as a global public good. However, there are four other ways of understanding a public good which are worthy of attention. A normative public good is a good from which nobody ought to be excluded. Alternatively, one might acknowledge the benevolent character of a public good. Others have (...) argued that public goods demand being public in the sense of being visible to all. Finally, it has also been argued that public goods are those goods which need joint action to be produced and maintained. This chapter discusses these five understandings of the public good in relation to food security and highlights the advantage of assessing policies from each of these perspectives. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15The Philosophical Significance of Wittgenstein’s Experiments on Rhythm, Cambridge 1912–13.Eran Guter -
2020 - _Estetika_ 57 (1):28-43.details Wittgenstein’s experiments on rhythm, conducted in Charles Myers’s laboratory in Cambridge during the years 1912–13, are his earliest recorded engagement in thinking about music, not just appreciating it, and philosophizing by means of musical thinking. In this essay, I set these experiments within their appropriate intellectual, scientific, and philosophical context in order to show that, its minor scientific importance notwithstanding, this onetime excursion into empirical research provided an early onset for Wittgenstein’s career-long exploration of the philosophically pervasive implications of aspects. (...) Dramatically moving beyond the conceptual limitations, which were inscribed by Charles Myers’s scientific program, Wittgenstein got a glimpse of a philosophical angle, which was bound to become very important to him not only in aesthetics, but also for his overarching philosophical development. He became interested in what we actually do when we re-phrase, compare, come up with good similes in order to illuminate something definite within the space of possibility, so a new aspect may come to life. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Self-Love and Self-Conceit.Owen Ware -
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This paper examines the distinction between self-love and self-conceit in Kant's moral psychology. It motivates an alternative account of the origin of self-conceit by drawing a parallel to what Kant calls transcendental illusion.__ Download
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2020-04-15Introduction to Special Issue on 'Group Speech Acts'.Leo Townsend &
Michael Schmitz - 2020 - _Language & Communication_ 72:53-55.details__ Download
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2020-04-15Cutting God in Half - And Putting the Pieces Together Again: A New Approach to Philosophy.Nicholas Maxwell
- 2010 - Pentire Press.details Cutting God in Half argues that, in order to tackle climate change, world poverty, extinction of species and our other global problems rather better than we are doing at present we need to bring about a revolution in science, and in academia more generally. We need to put our problems of living – personal, social, global – at the heart of the academic enterprise. How our human world, imbued with meaning and value, can exist and best flourish embedded in the (...) physical universe is, the book argues, our basic problem. It is our fundamental philosophical problem, our fundamental problem of knowledge and understanding, and our fundamental practical problem of living. It is this problem that we fail, at present, to recognize as fundamental – to our cost. It can be understood to arise as a result of cutting God in half – severing the God of Cosmic Power from the God of Value. The first is Einstein’s God, the underlying unity in the physical universe that determines how events occur. The second is what is of most value associated with human life – and sentient life more generally. Having cut God in half in this way, the problem then becomes to see how the two halves can be put together again. This book tackles outstanding aspects of this problem, and in doing so throws out original ideas about science, education, religion, evolutionary theory, free will, quantum theory, and how we should go about tackling our impending global crises. It transpires that bringing our basic problem into sharp focus has revolutionary implications. It becomes clear how and why many aspects of our social and cultural world urgently need to be transformed. Cutting God in Half is written in a lively, accessible style, and ought to be essential reading for anyone concerned about ultimate questions – the nature of the universe, the meaning of life, the future of humanity. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Grounding and the Myth of Ontological Innocence.Jonathan Barker
- forthcoming - _Australasian Journal ofPhilosophy_.details
According to the Ontological Innocence Thesis (OIT), grounded entities are ontologically innocent relative to their full grounds. I argue that OIT entails a contradiction, and therefore must be discarded. My argument turns on the notion of “groundmates,” two or more numerically distinct entities that share at least one of their full grounds. I argue that, if OIT is true, then it is both the case that there are groundmates and that there are no groundmates. Therefore, so I conclude, OIT is (...) false. Moreover, once we have seen why OIT is false, only three heterodox views about reality's structure remain. So this paper’s second conclusion is that, even after we have discarded OIT, we are in for an additional surprise. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Bodies and Publics in Two Discourses. Monika Kirloskar-Steinbach - 2020 - _On Education_ 3(7).details
The recent call for a conceptual and intellectual decolonization in the humanities critiques the conventional, all-white, largely male philosophical canon. Its critique is directed at the centering of the experiences of this specific group in global knowledge transmission practices. Its proponents focus on the canon’s implicit claim, namely that only one social group is able to think thoroughly and accurately about all problems of philosophical significance across varying spatiotemporal contexts. In this short article, I will use two different debates to (...) make some aspects of this call more meaningful: the US-American discourse in academic philosophy on deracializing the knowing subject and the post-Holocaust German understanding of public intellectual spaces (sections 2 and 3 respectively). (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Darsana and Guru.Sanjit Chakraborty
- 2020 - In Rukmani Vyasa Nair & Peter deSouza (eds.), _Keywords for India _. London, UK:details Darshana, in the sense of true philosophical knowledge is first quoted in the Vaiśesika Sūtra (first century CE) to mean the perfect vision of everything. Etymologically, darshana evolves from the Sanskr̥ti term Drś, that is, vision. The contemporary use of the term darshana finds its new dimension in the writings of Haribhardra (eighteenth century CE), who considers different philosophical schools in the cord of darshana in his text Ṣad-darśana-samuccaya. Later, eminent Vedāntin Mādhava in fourteenth century CE popularized and expatiated the (...) meaning of darshana in Sarvadarśana Saṅgraha. The purport of the term darshana is imbedded in the notion of Indianness that caters to an influential uniqueness in Hinduism, Jainism (Samyak darshana or liberation consists in right vision) and Mahayana Buddhism (Nagarjuna’s dictum tattva-darśana, i.e., the true reality, and Vasubandhu’s use of darshana marga, i.e., the conduit of seeing). -/- The conception of the word guru in Indian cultures goes back to the Upanishadic era, especially in the Mundakopanishad, where Brahma (the creator of the world) taught the Brahma Vidya (the foundation of all knowledge or the speculative discussion about ultimate reality) to his eldest son, Atharvan. Later, Artharvan transmitted the Brahma Vidya to Angiras who shared the absolute knowledge with Satyavaha, a successor of Sage Bharadwaja. Satyavaha narrated to Bharadwaja, who finally imparted the knowledge (both the higher and lower levels) to Angiras. A significance that one could find here is the use of the Upanishadic term paraparam (Mundakopanishad, 1.2). The term not only indicates that the foundation of all knowledge has two different folds – para (transcendent) and apar (mundane) – but also that the term paraparam tinges to the transmission progression of the knowledge from guru (enlightened master) to his shisya (dedicated disciple). The proper way of learning Brahma Vidya depends on the gurupasadana, that is, only guru can condescend to expose wisdom to the devoted disciples.(shrink)
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2020-04-15Reid and Priestley on Method and the Mind.Alan Tapper -
2002 - _Philosophical Quarterly_ 52 (209):511-525.details Reid said little in his published writings about his contemporary Joseph Priestley, but his unpublished work is largely devoted to the latter. Much of Priestley's philosophical thought- his materialism, his determinism, his Lockean scientific realism- was as antithetical to Reid's as was Hume's philosophy in a very different way. Neither Reid nor Priestley formulated a full response to the other. Priestley's response to Reid came very early in his career, and is marked by haste and immaturity. In his last decade (...) Reid worried much about Priestley's materialism, but that concern never reached publication. I document Reid's unpublished response to Priestley, and also view Reid's response from Priestley's perspective, as deduced from his published works. Both thinkers attempted to base their arguments on Newtonian method. Reid's position is the more puzzling of the two, since he nowhere makes clear how Newtonian method favours mind-body dualism over materialism, which is the central debate between them. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15The Wrongness of Killing.Rainer Ebert -
2016 - Dissertation, Rice Universitydetails There are few moral convictions that enjoy the same intuitive plausibility and level of acceptance both within and across nations, cultures, and traditions as the conviction that, normally, it is morally wrong to kill people. Attempts to provide a philosophical explanation of why that is so broadly fall into three groups: Consequentialists argue that killing is morally wrong, when it is wrong, because of the harm it inflicts on society in general, or the victim in particular, whereas personhood and human (...) dignity accounts see the wrongness of killing people in its typically involving a failure to show due respect for the victim and his or her intrinsic moral worth. I argue that none of these attempts to explain the wrongness of killing is successful. Consequentialism generates too many moral reasons to kill, cannot account for deeply felt and widely shared intuitions about the comparative wrongness of killing, and gives the wrong kind of explanation of the wrongness of killing. Personhood and human dignity accounts each draw a line that is arbitrary and entirely unremarkable in terms of empirical reality, and hence ill-suited to carry the moral weight of the difference in moral status between the individuals below and above it. Paying close attention to the different ways in which existing accounts fail to convince, I identify a number of conditions that any plausible account of the wrongness of killing must meet. I then go on to propose an account that does. I suggest that the reason that typically makes killing normal human adults wrong equally applies to atypical human beings and a wide range of non-human animals, and hence challenge the idea that killing a non-human animal is normally easier to justify than killing a human being. This idea has persisted in Western philosophy from Aristotle to the present, and even progressive moral thinkers and animal advocates such as Peter Singer and Tom Regan are committed to it. I conclude by discussing some important practical implications of my account. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-14The Parity Argument for Extended Consciousness.Karina Vold -
2015 - _Journal of Consciousness Studies_ 22 (3-4):16-33.details Andy Clark and David Chalmers (1998) argue that certain mental states and processes can be partially constituted by objects located beyond one’s brain and body: this is their extended mind thesis (EM). But they maintain that consciousness relies on processing that is too high in speed and bandwidth to be realized outside the body (see Chalmers, 2008, and Clark, 2009). I evaluate Clark’s and Chalmers’ reason for denying that consciousness extends while still supporting unconscious state extension. I argue that their (...) reason is not well grounded and does not hold up against foreseeable advances in technology. I conclude that their current position needs re-evaluation. If their original parity argument works as a defence of EM, they have yet to identify a good reason why it does not also work as a defence of extended consciousness. I end by advancing a parity argument for extended consciousness and consider some possiblereplies. (shrink)
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2020-04-14The Material Theory of Induction and the Epistemology of Thought Experiments. Michael T. Stuart - forthcoming - _Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A_.details John D. Norton is responsible for a number of influential views in contemporary philosophy of science. This paper will discuss two of them. The material theory of induction claims that inductive arguments are ultimately justified by their material features, not their formal features. Thus, while a deductive argument can be valid irrespective of the content of the propositions that make up the argument, an inductive argument about, say, apples, will be justified (or not) depending on facts about apples. The argument (...) view of thought experiments claims that thought experiments are arguments, and that they function epistemically however arguments do. These two views have generated a great deal of discussion, although there hasn’t been much written about their combination. I argue that despite some interesting harmonies, there is a serious tension between them. I consider several options for easing this tension, before suggesting a set of changes to the argument view that I take to be consistent with Norton’s fundamental philosophical commitments, and which retain what seems intuitively correct about the argument view. These changes require that we move away from a unitary epistemology of thought experiments and towards a more pluralist position. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-14Imaginary Foundations.Wolfgang Schwarz
- 2018 - _Ergo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy_ 5.details Our senses provide us with information about the world, but what exactly do they tell us? I argue that in order to optimally respond to sensory stimulations, an agent’s doxastic space may have an extra, “imaginary” dimension of possibility; perceptual experiences confer certainty on propositions in this dimension. To some extent, the resulting picture vindicates the old-fashioned empiricist idea that all empirical knowledge is based on a solid foundation of sense-datum propositions, but it avoids most of the problems traditionally associated (...) with that idea. The proposal might also explain why experiences appear to have a non-physical phenomenal character, even if the world is entirely physical. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-14When “A Is Not A”: Reflections on a Conversation.Touchstone -
2017 - _Journal of Ayn Rand Studies_ 17 (2):238.details__ Download
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2020-04-14On Life and Value Within Objectivist Ethics.Kathleen Touchstone
- 2018 - _Journal of Ayn Rand Studies_ 18(1):55.details
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2020-04-14The Internet as Cognitive Enhancement.Cristina Voinea
, Constantin Vică , Emilian Mihailov & Julian Savulescu - forthcoming - _Science and Engineering Ethics_:1-18.details The Internet has been identified in human enhancement scholarship as a powerful cognitive enhancement technology. It offers instant access to almost any type of information, along with the ability to share that information with others. The aim of this paper is to critically assess the enhancement potential of the Internet. We argue that unconditional access to information does not lead to cognitive enhancement. The Internet is not a simple, uniform technology, either in its composition, or in its use. We will (...) look into why the Internet as an informational resource currently fails to enhance cognition. We analyze some of the phenomena that emerge from vast, continual fluxes of information–information overload, misinformation and persuasive design—and show how they could negatively impact users’ cognition. Methods for mitigating these negative impacts are then advanced: individual empowerment, better collaborative systems for sorting and categorizing information, and the use of artificial intelligence assistants that could guide users through the informational space of today’s Internet. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-14‘Everything True Will Be False’: Paul of Venice’s Two Solutions to the Insolubles.Stephen Read -
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In his Quadratura, Paul of Venice considers a sophism involving time and tense which appears to show that there is a valid inference which is also invalid. His argument runs as follows: consider this inference concerning some proposition A: A will signify only that everything true will be false, so A will be false. Call this inference B. Then B is valid because the opposite of its conclusion is incompatible with its premise. In accordance with the standard doctrine of ampliation, (...) Paul takes A to be equivalent to 'Everything that is or will be true will be false'. But he proceeds to argue that it is possible that B's premise ('A will signify only that everything true will be false') could be true and its conclusion false, so B is not only valid but also invalid. Thus A and B are the basis of an insoluble. In his Logica Parva, a self-confessedly elementary text aimed at students and not necessarily representing his own view, and in the Quadratura, Paul follows the solution found in the Logica Oxoniensis, which posits an implicit assertion of its own truth in insolubles like B. However, in the treatise on insolubles in his Logica Magna, Paul develops and endorses Swyneshed's solution, which stood out against this ''multiple-meanings'' approach in offering a solution that took insolubles at face value, meaning no more than is explicit in what they say. On this account, insolubles imply their own falsity, and that is why, in so falsifying themselves, they are false. We consider how both types of solution apply to B and how they complement each other. On both, B is valid. But on one (following Swyneshed), B has true premises and false conclusion, and contradictories can be false together; on the other (following the Logica Oxoniensis), the counterexample is rejected. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-14Freedom as Critique. Foucault Beyond Anarchism.Karsten Schubert
- forthcoming - _Philosophy and SocialCriticism_.details
Foucault's theory of power and subjectification challenges common concepts of freedom in social philosophy and expands them through the concept of 'freedom as critique': Freedom can be defined as the capability to critically reflect one's own subjectification, and the conditions of possibility for this critical capacity lie in political and social institutions. The article develops this concept through a critical discussion of the standard response by Foucault interpreters to the standard objection that Foucault's thinking obscures freedom. The standard response interprets (...) Fou-cault's later works, especially The Subject and Power, as a solution to the problem of freedom. It is mistaken, because it conflates different concepts of freedom that are present in Foucault's work. By differentiating these concepts, this paper proposes a new institutionalist approach to solve the problem of freedom that breaks with the partly anarchist underpinnings of Foucault scholarship: As freedom as critique is not given, but itself a result of subjectification, it entails a demand for 'modal robustness' and must therefore be institutionalized. This approach helps to draw out the consequences of Foucault's thinking on freedom for postfoundationalist democratic theory and the general social-philosophical discussion on freedom. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-14Toolmaking and the Origin of Normative Cognition.Jonathan Birch
- manuscriptdetails
We are all guided by thousands of norms, but how did our capacity for normative cognition evolve? I propose there is a deep but neglected link between normative cognition and practical skill. In modern humans, complex motor skills and craft skills, such as skills related to toolmaking and tool use, are guided by internally represented norms of correct performance. Moreover, it is plausible that core components of human normative cognition evolved in response to the distinctive demands of transmitting complex motor (...) skills and craft skills, especially skills related to toolmaking and tool use, through social learning. If this is correct, the expansion of the normative domain beyond technique to encompass more abstract norms of reciprocity, ritual, kinship and fairness involved the elaboration of a basic platform for the guidance of skilled action by technical norms. This article motivates and defends this “skill hypothesis” for the origin of normative cognition and sets out various ways in which it could be empirically tested. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-14The Situationalist Account of Change.Martin Pickup
- forthcoming - _Oxford Studies in Metaphysics_.details In this paper I propose a new solution to the problem of change: situationalism. According to this view, parts of reality fundamentally disagree about what is the case and reality as a whole is unsettled (i.e. metaphysically indeterminate). When something changes, parts of the world irreconcilably disagree about what properties it has. From this irreconcilable disagreement, indeterminacy arises. I develop this picture using situations, which are parts of possible worlds; this gives it the name situationalism. It allows a B-theory endurance (...) view on which there is genuine incompatibility when things change. There are costs to the view, which are explored, but it is a novel approach which offers a distinct explanation of what happens when things exist through change. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-14The Impact of Crowdfunding Financial Attributes On Entrepreneurship Risk Taking. Youssef M. Abu Amuna & Mazen J. Al Shobaki - 2019 - _المثقال_ 5(1):513-520.details
This paper aims to study the impact of Crowdfunding financial attributes on entrepreneurship risk taking. This study was applied on Arabic Crowdfunding platforms from all crowdfunding models. The population of the study consists of individuals, entrepreneurs, investors, employees at electronic-crowd funding Arabic platforms. According to last statics at (2018), there are (12) legit Arabic platforms working in this field. Several statistical tools were used for data analysis and hypotheses testing, including reliability Correlation using Cronbach’s alpha, “ANOVA”, Simple Linear Regression. The (...) overall findings of the current paper show that there is a significant statistical impact for financial properties on entrepreneurship and this effect around (25%). Furthermore, the current paper is unique by topic and population as it is the first study on Arabic crowdfunding platforms. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-14A Theory of Constitutive Tropes.Anthony Parisi
- 2019 - Dissertation, University of Iowadetails__ Download
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2020-04-14An Empirical Investigation of the Role of Direction in Our Concept of Time. Andrew James Latham , Kristie Miller & James Norton - manuscriptdetails This paper empirically investigates one aspect of the folk concept of time (amongst US residents), by testing how the presence or absence of directedness impacts judgements about whether there is time in a world. Experiment 1 found that dynamists (those who think the actual world contains an A-series), showed significantly higher levels of agreement that there is time in dynamically directed (growing block) worlds than in non-dynamical non-directed (C-theory) worlds. Comparing our results to those of Latham et al. (ms), we (...) report that while ~70% of dynamists say there is time in B-theory worlds, only ~45% say there is time in C-theory worlds. Thus, while the presence of directedness makes dynamists more inclined to say there is time in a world, a substantial subpopulation of dynamists judge that there is time in non-directed worlds. By contrast, a majority of non-dynamists (those who deny that the actual world contains an A-series) judged that there was time in both growing block worlds (78.1%—80.5%) and C-theory worlds (70.7%—75.6%), with no significant differences between these judgements. Experiment 2 found that when participants are only presented with non-dynamical worlds—namely, a directed (B-theory) world and a non-directed (C-theory) world—they report significantly higher levels of agreement that there is time in B-theory worlds. However, the majority of participants (67.2%—73.8%) still judge that there is time in C-theory worlds. We conclude that while the presence of directedness bolsters judgements that there is time, most people do not judge it to be necessary for time. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-14When Code Words Aren't Coded. O.' & Patrick Donnell - forthcoming - _Social Theory andPractice_.details
According to the standard framing of racial appeals in political speech, politicians generally rely on coded language to communicate racial messages. Yet recent years have demonstrated that politicians often express quite explicit forms of racism in mainstream political discourse. The standard framing can explain neither why these appeals work politically nor how they work semantically. This paper moves beyond the standard framing, focusing on the politics and semantics of one type of explicit appeal, candid racial communication (CRC). The linguistic vehicles (...) of CRC are neither true code words, nor slurs, but a conventionally defined class of “racialized terms.” .(shrink)
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2020-04-13Forst on Reciprocity of Reasons: A Critique.Thomas M. Besch
- forthcoming - _Southern Journal ofPhilosophy_.details
According to Rainer Forst, (i) moral and political claims must meet a requirement of reciprocal and general acceptability (RGA) while (ii) we are under a duty in engaged discursive practice to justify such claims to others, or be able to do so, on grounds that meet RGA. The paper critically engages this view. I argue that Forst builds a key component of RGA, i.e., reciprocity of reasons, on an idea of the reasonable that undermines both (i) and (ii): if RGA (...) builds on this idea, RGA is viciously regressive and a duty of justification to meet RGA fails to be agent transparent. This negative result opens the door for alternative conceptions of reciprocity and generality. I then suggest that a more promising conception of reciprocity and generality needs to build on an idea of the reasonable that helps to reconcile the emancipatory or protective aspirations of reciprocal and general justification with its egalitarian commitments. But this requires to downgrade RGA in the order of justification and to determine on prior, substantive grounds what level of discursive influence in reciprocal and general justification relevant agents ought to have. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-13How Propaganda Became Public Relations: Foucault and the Corporate Government of the Public.Cory Wimberly
- 2020 - New York, NY, USA: Routledge.details How Propaganda Became Public Relations pulls back the curtain on propaganda: how it was born, how it works, and how it has masked the bulk of its operations by rebranding itself as public relations. Cory Wimberly uses archival materials and wide variety of sources — Foucault’s work on governmentality, political economy, liberalism, mass psychology, and history — to mount a genealogical challenge to two commonplaces about propaganda. First, modern propaganda did not originate in the state and was never primarily located (...) in the state; instead, it began and flourished as a for-profit service for businesses. Further, propaganda is not focused on public beliefs and does not operate mainly through lies and deceit; propaganda is an apparatus of government that aims to create the publics that will freely undertake the conduct its clients’ desire. Businesses have used propaganda since the early twentieth century to construct the laboring, consuming, and voting publics that they needed to secure and grow their operations. Over that time, corporations have become the most numerous and well-funded apparatuses of government in the West, operating privately and without democratic accountability. Wimberly explains why liberal strategies of resistance have failed and a new focus on creating mass subjectivity through democratic means is essential to countering propaganda. This book offers a sophisticated analysis that will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in social and political philosophy, Continental philosophy, political communication, the history of capitalism, and the history of public relations. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-13The Hurricane Notebook: Three Dialogues on the Human Condition. Alexander Jech - 2019 - Wilmington, NC, USA: Wisdom/Works.details “No lies": The Hurricane Notebook, found on a Wilmington beach after a storm, contains the thoughts, artistic experiments, vignettes, and recorded dialogues of an unknown author calling herself "Elizabeth M." Its entries record the inner life of a soul in crisis, perpetually returning to the moment she learned of her sister's suicide and making an unrelenting attempt to understand herself and the human condition. Whether engaged in introspective soul-searching, or reconstructing her discussions with friends, mentors, and acquaintances, she challenges herself (...) to accept "No lies" that would mask or hide her own responsibility for evil in the world. The notebook ends abruptly; having traversed subjects as diverse as God, childhood, chess, philosophy, ballet, self-hood, conscience, guilt, and friendship, Elizabeth's questions are left uncertain and hanging in the air, just like her hope that she might find "one person on earth who understands me," and unanswered, like her plea "Having understood me, would you grieve on my behalf, my friend?". (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-13Majority Voting on Restricted Domains.Franz Dietrich
& Christian List - 2010 - _Journal of Economic Theory_ 2 (145):512-543.details In judgment aggregation, unlike preference aggregation, not much is known about domain restrictions that guarantee consistent majority outcomes. We introduce several conditions on individual judgments su¢ - cient for consistent majority judgments. Some are based on global orders of propositions or individuals, others on local orders, still others not on orders at all. Some generalize classic social-choice-theoretic domain conditions, others have no counterpart. Our most general condition gen- eralizes Sen’s triplewise value-restriction, itself the most general classic condition. We also prove (...) a new characterization theorem: for a large class of domains, if there exists any aggregation function satisfying some democratic conditions, then majority voting is the unique such function. Taken together, our results provide new support for the robustness of majority rule. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-13The Conflict of Rigidity and Precision in Designation.Daniele Bertini
- 2020 - _Logos and Episteme: An International Journal of Epistemology_ 11 (1):19-27.details My paper provides reasons in support of the view that vague identity claims originate from a conflict between rigidity and precision in designation. To put this stricly, let x be the referent of the referential terms P and Q. Then, that the proposition “that any x being both a P and a Q” is vague involves that the semantic intuitions at work in P and Q reveal a conflict between P and Q being simultaneously rigid and precise designators. After having (...) shortly commented on an example of vague identity claim, I make the case for my proposal, by discussing how reference by baptism conflicts with descriptive attitudes towards understanding conceptual contents.(shrink)
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2020-04-13Proxy Assertion. Kirk Ludwig - 2020 - In Sanford Goldberg (ed.), _The Oxford Handbook of Assertion _. Oxford: Oxford University Press.details In proxy assertion an individual or group asserts something through a spokesperson. The chapter explains proxy assertion as resting the assignment of a status role to a person (that of spokesperson) whose utterances acts in virtue of that role have the status function of signaling that the principal is committed in a way analogous to an individual asserting that in his own voice. The chapter briefly explains how status functions and status roles are grounded and then treats, in turn, the (...) case of a spokesperson for an individual and a group and the differences in the significance of what the spokesperson does in each case. Finally, it reviews complications introduced by spokesperson autonomy, where the spokesperson is given leave to represent her principal’s views or positions in her own words and to respond to questions on his behalf. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-13Consciousness All Over the Place: Philip Goff: Consciousness and Fundamental Reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, 290pp, 53.00 HB. Pierre Saint-Germier - 2019 - _Metascience_ 28(1):37-40.details
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2020-04-13Independent Opinions? On the Causal Foundations of Belief Formation and Jury Theorems. Franz Dietrich & Kai Spiekermann - 2013 - _Mind_ 487 (122):655-685.details Democratic decision-making is often defended on grounds of the ‘wisdom of crowds’: decisions are more likely to be correct if they are based on many independent opinions, so a typical argument in social epistemology. But what does it mean to have independent opinions? Opinions can be probabilistically dependent even if individuals form their opinion in causal isolation from each other. We distinguish four probabilistic notions of opinion independence. Which of them holds depends on how individuals are causally affected by environmental (...) factors such as commonly perceived evidence. In a general theorem, we identify causal conditions guaranteeing each kind of opinion independence. These results have implications for whether and how ‘wisdom of crowds’ arguments are possible, and how truth-conducive institutions can be designed. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-13Omniscience, Freedom, and Mystery.Damiano Migliorini
- 2018 - _Nuovo Giornale di Filosofia Della Religione_ 8 (2).details The text published below is the translation of a part of this published article: "Il Dio che rischia e che cambia: introduzione all’Open Theism". The issue of omniscience is one of the most debated in contemporary Analytical Philosophy of Religion. However, what is often lacking in this discussion is a deep understanding of the dilemma of omniscience and human freedom within a complete epistemological (what can we really say about the divine and the world), metaphysical and theological framework. For example, (...) it is often forgotten to frame some issues within a clear definition of the notion of mystery. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-13No Need to Get Up From the Armchair (If You're Interested in Debunking Arguments in Metaethics).Dan Baras -
forthcoming - _Ethical Theory and Moral Practice_.details Several authors believe that metaethicists ought to leave their comfortable armchairs and engage with serious empirical research. This paper provides partial support for the opposing view, that metaethics is rightly conducted from the armchair. It does so by focusing on debunking arguments against robust moral realism. Specifically, the article discusses arguments based on the possibility that if robust realism is correct, then our beliefs are most likely insensitive to the relevant truths. These arguments seem at first glance to be dependent (...) on empirical research to learn what our moral beliefs are sensitive to. It is argued, however, that this is not so. The paper then examines two thought experiments that have been thought to demonstrate that debunking arguments might depend on empirical details and argues that the conclusion is not supported. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-12Italy as the Kremlin’s ‘Trojan Horse’ in Europe: Some Overlooked Factors. Artem Patalakh - 2020 - _E-International Relations_:1-6.details As Russian influence in Italy grows, Putin’s ‘Trojan horse’ in the EU reflects several societal trends, molding perceptions of a foreign policy appropriate for Italy.__ Download
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2020-04-12Hypocrisy and the Standing to Blame.Kyle G. Fritz
& Daniel Miller - 2018 - _Pacific Philosophical Quarterly_ 99 (1):118-139.details Hypocrites are often thought to lack the standing to blame others for faults similar to their own. Although this claim is widely accepted, it is seldom argued for. We offer an argument for the claim that nonhypocrisy is a necessary condition on the standing to blame. We first offer a novel, dispositional account of hypocrisy. Our account captures the commonsense view that hypocrisy involves making an unjustified exception of oneself. This exception-making involves a rejection of the impartiality of morality and (...) thereby a rejection of the equality of persons, which we argue grounds the standing to blame others. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-12Reasonable Foreseeability and Blameless Ignorance.Daniel J. Miller
- 2017 - _Philosophical Studies_ 174 (6):1561-1581.details This paper draws attention to a fundamental problem for a version of the tracing strategy defended by a number of theorists in the current literature (Rosen in Philos Perspect 18(1):295–313, 2004; Fischer and Tognazzini in Nous, 43(3):531–556, 2009). I argue that versions of the tracing strategy that require reasonable foreseeability are in tension with the view that blameless ignorance excuses. A stronger version of the tracing strategy is consistent with the view that blameless ignorance excuses and is therefore preferable for (...) those tracing theorists who wish to continue maintaining that it does.(shrink)
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2020-04-12Answerability, Blameworthiness, and History.Daniel Miller
- 2014 - _Philosophia_ 42 (2):469-486.details This paper focuses on a non-volitional account that has received a good deal of attention recently, Angela Smith's rational relations view. I argue that without historical conditions on blameworthiness for the non-voluntary non-volitionist accounts like Smith’s are (i) vulnerable to manipulation cases and (ii) fail to make sufficient room for the distinction between badness and blameworthiness. Towards the end of the paper I propose conditions aimed to supplement these deficiencies. The conditions that I propose are tailored to suit non-volitional accounts (...) of blameworthiness. Unlike some volitional historical conditions on blameworthiness, the conditions that I propose do not require that the person have exercised voluntary control (e.g., via choices or decisions) over the acquisition of her attitudes or values. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-12Transcendental Idealism and the Transcendental Deduction.Lucy Allais
- 2011 - In Dennis Schulting & Jacco Verburgt (eds.), _Kant's Idealism _. Dordrecht: Springer. pp.91-107.details
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2020-04-11The Dimensions of Argumentative Texts and Their Assessment.Fabrizio Macagno
& Chrysi Rapanta - 2019 - _Studia Paedagogica_ 24 (4):11-44.details The definition and the assessment of the quality of argumentative texts has become an increasingly crucial issue in education, classroom discourse, and argumentation theory. The different methods developed and used in the literature are all characterized by specific perspectives that fail to capture the complexity of the subject matter, which remains ill-defined and not systematically investigated. This paper addresses this problem by building on the four main dimensions of argument quality resulting from the definition of argument and the literature in (...) classroom discourse: dialogicity, accountability, relevance, and textuality (DART). We use and develop the insights from the literature in education and argumentation by integrating the frameworks that capture both the textual and the argumentative nature of argumentative texts. This theoretical background will be used to propose a method for translating the DART dimensions into specific and clear proxies and evaluation criteria.(shrink)
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2020-04-11A Classification System for Argumentation Schemes.Douglas Walton
& Fabrizio Macagno - 2016 - _Argument and Computation_ 6 (3):219-245.details This paper explains the importance of classifying argumentation schemes, and outlines how schemes are being used in current research in artificial intelligence and computational linguistics on argument mining. It provides a survey of the literature on scheme classification. What are so far generally taken to represent a set of the most widely useful defeasible argumentation schemes are surveyed and explained systematically, including some that are difficult to classify. A new classification system covering these centrally important schemes is built.__ Download
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2020-04-11The Debate About the Nature of the Lexicon: The Status of Rich Lexical Meanings. Lotte Hogeweg & Agustin Vicente - forthcoming - _Journal of Linguistics_.details The main goal of this paper is to show that there are many phenomena that pertain to the construction of truth-conditional compounds that follow characteristic patterns, and whose explanation requires appealing to knowledge structures organized in specific ways. We review a number of phenomena, ranging from non-homogenous modification and privative modification to polysemy and co-predication that indicate that knowledge structures do play a role in obtaining truth-conditions. After that, we show that several extant accounts that invoke rich lexical meanings to (...) explain such phenomena face problems related to inflexibility and lack of predictive power. We review different ways in which one might react to such problems as regards lexical meanings: go richer, go moderately richer, go thinner, and go moderately thinner. On the face of it, it looks like moderate positions are unstable, given the apparent lack of a clear cutoff point between the semantic and the conceptual, but also that a very thin view and a very rich view may turn out to be indistinguishable in the long run. As far as we can see, the most pressing open questions concern this last issue: can there be a principled semantic/world knowledge distinction? Where could it be drawn: at some upper level (e.g. enriched qualia structures) or at some basic level (e.g. constraints)? How do parsimony considerations affect these two different approaches? A thin meanings approach postulates intermediate representations whose role is not clear in the interpretive process, while a rich meanings approach to lexical meaning seems to duplicate representations: the same representations that are stored in the lexicon would form part of conceptual representations. Both types of parsimony problems would be solved by assuming a direct relation between word forms and (parts of) conceptual or world knowledge, leading to a view that has been attributed to Chomsky (e.g. by Katz 1980) in which there is just syntax and encyclopedic knowledge.(shrink)
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2020-04-10Wishing for Fortune, Choosing Activity: Aristotle on External Goods and Happiness.Eric Brown -
2006 - _Proceedings of the Boston Area Colloquium of Ancient Philosophy_ 22 (1):221-256.details Aristotle's account of external goods in Nicomachean Ethics I 8-12 is often thought to amend his narrow claim that happiness is virtuous activity. I argue, to the contrary, that on Aristotle's account, external goods are necessary for happiness only because they are necessary for virtuous activity. My case innovates in three main respects: I offer a new map of EN I 8-12; I identify two mechanisms to explain why virtuous activity requires external goods, including a psychological need for external goods; (...) and I show the relevance of Aristotle's distinction between wishing and choosing. On the view I attribute to Aristotle, our capacity to choose virtuously requires, first, that we wish for external goods (because virtue requires the right attitudes of evaluation) and, second, that these wishes are generally fulfilled (because the social consequences and psychological pain of unfulfilled wishes undermine our opportunity to act virtuously and to take pleasure in acting virtuously). I close with discussion of how Aristotelians should defend this approach. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-10Defending the Distinction Between Pregnancy and Parenthood.Prabhpal Singh
- 2020 - _Journal of Medical Ethics_1:1-3.details
In this paper, I respond to criticisms toward my account of the difference in moral status between fetuses and newborns. I show my critics have not adequately argued for their view that pregnant women participate in a parent-child relationship. While an important counterexample is raised against my account, this counterexample had already been dealt with in my original paper. Because the criticisms against my account lack argumentative support, they do not pose a problem for my account. I conclude the raised (...) criticisms do not amount to a strong philosophical case against my account. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-10Indeterminacy and `The' Universe of Sets: Multiversism, Potentialism, and Pluralism.Neil Barton
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In this article, I survey some philosophical attitudes to talk concerning `the' universe of sets. I separate out four different strands of the debate, namely: (i) Universism, (ii) Multiversism, (iii) Potentialism, and (iv) Pluralism. I discuss standard arguments and counterarguments concerning the positions and some of the natural mathematical programmes that are suggested by the various views.__ Download
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2020-04-10Understanding Focus: Pitch, Placement and Coherence.Julian J. Schlöder
& Alex Lascarides - 2020 - _Semantics and Pragmatics_.details This paper presents a novel account of focal stress and pitch contour in English dialogue. We argue that one should analyse and treat focus and pitch contour jointly, since (i) some pragmatic interpretations vary with contour (e.g., whether an utterance accepts or rejects; or whether it implicates a positive or negative answer); and (ii) there are utterances with identical prosodic focus that in the same context are infelicitous with one contour, but felicitous with another. We offer an account of two (...) distinct pitch contours that predicts the correct felicity judgements and implicatures, outclassing other models in empirical coverage or formality. Prosodic focus triggers a presupposition, where what is presupposed and how the presupposition is resolved depends on prosodic contour. If resolving the presupposition entails the proffered content, then the proffered content is uninteresting and hence the utterance is in-felicitous. Otherwise, resolving the presupposition may lead to an implicature. We regiment this account in SDRT. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-10Motivational and Value Preferences of Townspeople in the Field of Fitness. Vitalii Shymko , Daria Vystavkina & Ievgeniia Ivanova - 2020 - _TECHNOLOGIES OF INTELLECT DEVELOPMENT_ 4 (1(26)).details The article presents the results of a survey of Odessa residents as part of a study of the motivational and value preferences of townsfolk in the field of fitness. It has been established that the determining motives for choosing a place for fitness are the individual trainer's approach to the client, personal comfort and convenient location of the fitness club. It was revealed that respondents have an interest in innovative training, but it has not yet acquired the character of a (...) trend. We also obtained data about the significance of playing sports under the supervision of a personal trainer and sports physician. The collected empirical material served as the basis for revealing the behavioral patterns of townspeople and allowed to identify three groups of city residents who are characterized by different motivational and value preferences in the field of fitness. The first ones are focused on personal achievements, the second – on health, good physical form, good time among like-minded people, the third – on the development of special skills, achievements and opportunities to escape from problems. Based on the survey, it was also revealed that the overall physical development of the child is the leading physical motivation for children to do sports, and despite the fact that children may have certain achievements in sports, parents do not attach much importance to them. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-10Early Christian Ethics. Sarah Catherine Byers - 2017 - In Sacha Golob & Jens Timmermann (eds.), _The Cambridge History of Moral Philosophy _. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 112-124.details G.E.M. Anscombe famously claimed that ‘the Hebrew-Christian ethic’ differs from consequentialist theories in its ability to ground the claim that killing the innocent is intrinsically wrong. According to Anscombe, this is owing to its legal character, rooted in the divine decrees of the Torah. Divine decrees confer a particular moral sense of ‘ought’ by which this and other act-types can be ‘wrong’ regardless of their consequences, she maintained. There is, of course, a potentially devastating counter-example. Within the Torah, Abraham is (...) apparently commanded by God to slaughter and set fire to his innocent son, Isaac. For attempting to do so, he is praised in the Biblical passage and by later Jewish and Christian commentators. This paper examines rabbinic and early Christian analyses of the story and finds that it was not unambiguously held by these interpreters that God absolutely prohibits killing the innocent, until the time of Augustine, whose position on the story evolved over time. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Reasonable Inferences From Quantum Mechanics: A Response to “Quantum Misuse in Psychic Literature”.Bernardo Kastrup
- 2019 - _Journal of Near-Death Studies_ 37(3):185-200.details
This invited article is a response to the paper “Quantum Misuse in Psychic Literature,” by Jack A. Mroczkowski and Alexis P. Malozemoff, published in this issue of the Journal of Near-Death Studies. Whereas I sympathize with Mroczkowski’s and Malozemoff’s cause and goals, and I recognize the problem they attempted to tackle, I argue that their criticisms often overshot the mark and end up adding to the confusion. I address nine specific technical points that Mroczkowski and Malozemoff accused popular writers in (...) the fields of health care and parapsychology of misunderstanding and misrepresenting. I argue that, by and large—and contrary to Mroczkowski’s and Malozemoff’s claims—the statements made by these writers are often reasonable and generally consistent with the current state of play in foundations of quantum mechanics. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Über Tatsachen. An die Gebildeten unter ihren Verächtern.Geert Keil -
2019 - _Forschung and Lehre_:894-897.details__ Download
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2020-04-17Suggestions and Challenges for a Social Account of Sensitivity. Leonie Smith - 2016 - _Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective_ 6 (5):18-26.details In this paper, I put the claim that sensitivity is a necessary condition for knowledge under pressure, by considering its applicability with regard to testimonially-formed beliefs. Building on, and departing from, Goldberg, I positively draw out how we might understand the required sensitivity as a social interaction between speaker and hearer in testimonial cases. In doing so however, I identify a concern which places the whole notion of testimonial sensitivity in potential jeopardy: the problem of the reliable liar. I find (...) an apparently paradoxical inverse relationship between better-differentiating methods that fulfil sensitivity conditions, and being able to have sensitive beliefs with regard to specific instances of testimony. After examining potential resolutions, I conclude that only a focus on minimally realising the problem, rather than “solving” it, will enable us to retain sensitivity as a necessary condition for testimonial-knowledge. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17267 cas, 0 morts. Hugo Leenhardt - 2020 - _Medium_ 2020 (4):1-8.details__ Download
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2020-04-17Código de convivencia ciudadana de la Provincia de Córdoba. Ley 10326 comentada.Romina Rekers
- 2016 - Córdoba, Argentina: Editorial Mediterránea. ISBN: 978-987-1537-75-4.details Este trabajo es un proyecto emprendido por los miembros de la Clínica Jurídica del Programa de Ética y Teoría Política de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Desde hace algunos años nos hemos dedicado al estudio de la legislación contravencional en la Provincia de Córdoba. Luego del relevamiento sobre la aplicación del antiguo Código de Faltas y del funcionamiento del Habeas Corpus como garantía de los ciudadanos frente a las detenciones arbitrarias presentamos nuestro primer caso. Presentamos (...) un habeas corpus colectivo preventivo contra las razzias policiales del 2 y 3 de mayo de 2015. Como resultado de este primer litigio obtuvimos una sentencia que intimaba al estado a ajustar la aplicación del Código de Faltas a las exigencias constitucionales. En octubre de ese año presentamos un Amicus Curiae en el juicio contra el ex comisario Pablo Márquez acusado de coaccionar a sus empleados con el objetivo de cubrir cuotas de detenciones. En noviembre de 2015 comenzó el debate sobre la modificación del Código de Faltas de la Provincia de Córdoba. Con anterioridad, en diciembre de 2014 se había realizado en la Legislatura de la Provincia de Córdoba una Audiencia Pública sobre el proyecto de Código de Convivencia presentado por el legislador Sergio Busso. El proyecto presentaba algunos avances en relación al Código de Faltas, pero fue rechazado por las organizaciones, académicos y demás participantes de la audiencia. El rechazo se fundaba en que las modificaciones eran insuficientes para adecuar la legislación contravencional a los estándares constitucionales. En 2015 se presentó un nuevo proyecto de Código de Convivencia con el objetivo de sustituir el Código de Faltas. Este presentaba algunos avances en relación al Código de Faltas vigente y al proyecto de Código de Convivencia de 2014 pero retrocedía en otros aspectos. En esta oportunidad no se realizó audiencia pública, pero en el trabajo en comisión participaron diversos referentes sobre la temática. En esta oportunidad participamos presentando las “Observaciones al proyecto de código de convivencia ciudadana de la provincia de córdoba2015”. (shrink)
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2020-04-17La democratización republicana del castigo. Más allá del populismo y el elitismo penal.Romina Rekers
- 2020 - Córdoba, Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.details En el popular debate entre Eugenio Raúl Zaffaroni y Carlos Santiago Nino en la revista No hay derecho entre 1991 y 1993, el último remarcó la necesidad de revisar los presupuestos teóricos del pensamiento crítico sobre los sistemas penales.1 Haciéndose eco de esta carencia Nino elaboró una teoría liberal para los sistemas penales, que ofrecía fundamentos teóricos para una crítica y reforma liberal de estos mismos (1980). En la actualidad, la débil conexión entre la filosofía del derecho penal o del (...) castigo y la teoría política sigue siendo una limitación para responder a las preguntas con mayor relevancia práctica en el ámbito de los sistemas penales. Este sigue siendo un desafío en la actualidad. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17La asociación ilícita terrorista en el derecho penal argentino (The illicit terrorist association in Argentine criminallaw). Romina Rekers
- 2011 - In _XIII Anuario del Centro de Investigaciones Jurídicas y Sociales de la Facultad de Derecho de la UNC_. Córdoba, Argentina: pp. 787-790.details Frente a la incapacidad de cumplir con las funciones delegadas al poder político, la necesidad de conservación del poder y de legitimación genera respuestas simbólicas a demandas ficticias generadas e impulsadas por actores globales o locales llamadas "campañas contra la inseguridad", "campañas contra el terrorismo", etc. En consecuencia los Estados usan las leyes penales como propaganda electoral. Sin embargo como ha señalado Hassemer "quien pone en relación al ordenamiento penal con elementos simbólicos, puede crear la sospecha de que no toma (...) en cuenta al dureza muy real y nada simbólica de las vivencias de quien se ve sometido a persecución penal, detenido, procesado, acusado, condenado, encerrado". (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Populismo y castigo penal (Populism and Criminal Punishment). Romina Rekers - 2012 - _Pensamiento Penal_ 14.details El debate entorno al uso del poder coercitivo del Estado, parece no encontrar fin o perder importancia en la filosofía política. Resulta difícil hablar sobre la justificación del castigo si asumimos que consiste en la intención de causar sufrimiento como consecuencia de algo que estuvo mal hecho (ver, por ejemplo, Hart 1968), o si al menos aceptamos que el daño es un elemento esencial del castigo (Bedau 1991)2. Es por tal motivo que resulta relevante preguntarnos sobre la justificación del castigo (...) y las posibles respuestas que nos brinda la filosofía política. En las últimas décadas se incorporó al debate la perspectiva del populismo punitivo3 como concepto que denota las medidas represivas alimentadas por la demagogia de la inseguridad y el miedo. El miedo al otro ha sido siempre un recurso del poder político: puede producirlo él mismo, como en los regímenes abiertamente autoritarios, o servirse de él, secundándolo o alimentándolo con objeto de obtener consenso y legitimación.(shrink)
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2020-04-17La responsabilidad moral y penal de los funcionarios por las privaciones abusivas de la libertad (Moral and criminal responsibility of officials for arbitrary detentions).Romina Rekers
- 2012 - In _XIV Anuario del Centro de Investigaciones Jurídicas y Sociales de la Facultad de Derecho de la UNC_. Córdoba, Argentina:pp. 83-98.details
La aplicación del Código de Faltas ha dado lugar a una serie de consecuencias moral y penalmente reprochables. Las privaciones abusivas de la libertad son paradigmáticas porque nos remiten al problema de las múltiples manos. Para formular una versión tipo de un enunciado de responsabilidad retrospectivo condenatorio evaluaré los argumentos que han sido utilizados desde la teoría moral y la teoría penal como respuesta a aquel problema.__ Download
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2020-04-17Zeno’s Paradox for Colours.Barry Smith -
2000 - In O. K. Wiegand, R. J. Dostal, L. Embree, J. Kockelmans & J. N. Mohanty (eds.), _Phenomenology of German Idealism, Hermeneutics, and Logic _. Dordrecht. pp.201-207.details
We outline Brentano’s theory of boundaries, for instance between two neighboring subregions within a larger region of space. Does every such pair of regions contain points in common where they meet? Or is the boundary at which they meet somehow pointless? On Brentano’s view, two subregions such do not overlap; rather, along the line where they meet there are two sets of points which are not identical but rather spatially coincident. We outline Brentano’s theory of coincidence, and show how he (...) uses it to resolve a number of Zeno-like paradoxes. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Was ist der Mensch? Ein Streifzug durch die philosophische Anthropologie. Geert Keil - 2020 - In Ulrich Lüke & Georg Souvignier (eds.), _Der Mensch – ein Tier. Und sonst? Interdisziplinäre Annäherungen _. Freiburg: Herder. pp.19-44.details
1. Die Frage nach der Natur des Menschen und die Rede vom „Menschenbild“ 2. Die anthropologischen Definitionsformeln 3. Die Zuständigkeitsfrage 4. Die abenteuerliche Kürze der Definitionsformeln 5. Der Mensch-Tier-Vergleich 6. Warum sollte die menschliche Natur unwandelbar sein? 7. Kategorische und graduelle Unterschiede 8. Ausblick: Die Transformationsthese.__ Download
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2020-04-17Towards an Account of Epistemic Luck for Necessary Truths.James Collin
- 2018 - _Acta Analytica_ 33 (4):483-504.details Modal epistemologists parse modal conditions on knowledge in terms of metaphysical possibilities or ways the world might have been. This is problematic. Understanding modal conditions on knowledge this way has made modal epistemology, as currently worked out, unable to account for epistemic luck in the case of necessary truths, and unable to characterise widely discussed issues such as the problem of religious diversity and the perceived epistemological problem with knowledge of abstract objects. Moreover, there is reason to think that this (...) is a congenital defect of orthodox modal epistemology. This way of characterising modal epistemology is however optional. It is shown that one can non-circularly characterise modal conditions on knowledge in terms of epistemic possibilities, or ways the world might be for the target agent. Characterising the anti-luck condition in terms of epistemic possibilities removes the impediment to understanding epistemic luck in the case of necessary truths and opens the door to using these conditions to shed new light on some longstanding epistemological problems. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Hermeneutical Injustice, (Self-)Recognition, and Academia. Hilkje Charlotte Hänel - 2020 - _Hypatia_ 35 (2).details Miranda Fricker’s account of hermeneutical injustice and remedies for this injustice are widely debated. This article adds to the existing debate by arguing that theories of recog- nition can fruitfully contribute to Fricker’s account of hermeneutical injustice and can provide a framework for structural remedy. By pairing Fricker’s theory of hermeneutical injustice with theories of recognition, I bring forward a modest claim and a more radical claim. The first concerns a shift in our vocabulary; recognition theory can give a name (...) to the seriousness of the long-term effects of hermeneutical injustice. The second claim is more radical: thinking of hermeneutical injustice as preventing what I call “self-recogni- tion” provides a structural remedy to the phenomenon of hermeneutical injustice. Because hermeneutical injustice is first and foremost a structural injustice, I contend that every virtue theory of hermeneutical justice should be complemented by structural remedies in terms of recognition. Finally, what I argue sheds light on the seriousness of cases of exclusion of and discrimination against women in academia and helps to draw our attention to new ways to combat suchproblems. (shrink)
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2020-04-17The Possibility of the Sublime: AestheticExchanges. Eric
MacTaggart - 2019 - _American Society for Aesthetics Graduate E-Journal_ 11 (1).details__ Download
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2020-04-17L'empiètement pragmatique est-il pragmatiste ?Melanie Sarzano
- 2020 - _Klēsis Revue Philosophique_45.details
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2020-04-17The Cicada Catcher: Learning for Life.Karyn L. Lai
- 2019 - In Karyn L. Lai & Wai-wai Chiu (eds.), _Skill and Mastery Philosophical Stories from the Zhuangzi_. UK: Rowman and Littlefield International. pp. 143 - 162.details The cicada catcher focuses as much on technique as he does on outcomes. In response to Confucius’ question, he articulates in detail the learning he has undertaken to develop techniques at each level of competence. This chapter explains the connection between the cicada catcher’s development of technique and his orientation toward outcomes. It uses details in this story to contribute to recent discussions in epistemology on the cultivation of technique.__ Download
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2020-04-17Demokratyzacja w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej. Perspektywa zachodnioafrykańskiej myśli politycznej .Krzysztof Trzcinski
- 2013 - Warsaw, Poland: University of Warsaw & ASPRA.details Krzysztof Trzcinski's book deals with democratization as one of the leading themes in contemporary West African political thought. The process of establishing democracy in sub-Saharan African countries is extremely complex. African politicians often resort to democratic procedures only during elections. After winning them, they often limit freedom of opposition, media, and civil society organizations. By deriving numerous benefits from being in power, they are not willing to give up power once acquired. Sometimes, in countries perceived as young democracies, authoritarian rule (...) is restored. These and other meanders of the development of democratic structures in Africa are difficult to understand for "outside" observers. African political thinkers attempt to explain them. Disappointed with authoritarianism, which has not provided security or prosperity to post-colonial African societies, they see a chance to achieve these values in a democratic environment. In their opinion, however, democracy for Africa cannot be a simple copy of the western model of majority rule and have to be tailored, taking into account the multi-ethnic specificity of the region's countries. African authors of political thought diagnose the problems of the democratization process and propose institutional recipes for healing it. Krzysztof Trzcinski consistently analyzes the concepts they created and formulates original and essential conclusions (by Professor Michał Tymowski). (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Learning to Be Reliable: Confucius' Analects.Karyn L. Lai -
2018 - In Karyn L. Lai, Rick Benitez & Hyun Jin Kim (eds.), _ Cultivating a Good Life in Early Chinese and Ancient Greek Philosophy Perspectives and Reverberations_. Bloomsbury. pp. 193-207.details In the Lunyu, Confucius remarks on the implausibility—or impossibility—of a life lacking in xin 信, reliability (2.22). In existing discussions of Confucian philosophy, this aspect of life is often eclipsed by greater emphasis on Confucian values such as ren 仁 (benevolence), li 禮 (propriety) and yi 義 (rightness). My discussion addresses this imbalance by focusing on reliability, extending current debates in two ways. First, it proposes that the common translation of xin as denoting coherence between a person’s words and deeds (...) is inadequate. The translation fails to capture the longer-term consistency in a person’s actions and behaviours in different circumstances across time. Second, it explores how the Lunyu passages discuss the processes of learning that prepare a person for reliable action. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Analisis hasil studi nasional dan internasional.Amin Suyito -
2020 - _BAHAN AJAR PERKULIAHAN_ 2020 (2):1-34.details__ Download
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2020-04-17Scientific Elite Revisited: Patterns of Productivity, Collaboration, Authorship and Impact.Jichao Li , Yian
Yin , Santo Fortunato & Dashun Wang - 2020 - _arXiv_ 2020 (3):1-54.details Throughout history, a relatively small number of individuals have made a profound and lasting impact on science and society. Despite long-standing, multi-disciplinary interests in understanding careers of elite scientists, there have been limited attempts for a quantitative, career-level analysis. Here, we leverage a comprehensive dataset we assembled, allowing us to trace the entire career histories of nearly all Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, and physiology or medicine over the past century. We find that, although Nobel laureates were energetic producers from (...) the outset, producing works that garner unusually high impact, their careers before winning the prize follow relatively similar patterns as ordinary scientists, being characterized by hot streaks and increasing reliance on collaborations. We also uncovered notable variations along their careers, often associated with the Nobel prize, including shifting coauthorship structure in the prize-winning work, and a significant but temporary dip in the impact of work they produce after winning the Nobel. Together, these results document quantitative patterns governing the careers of scientific elites, offering an empirical basis for a deeper understanding of the hallmarks of exceptional careers in science. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Zhuangzi's Suggestiveness: Skeptical Questions.Karyn L. Lai -
2017 - In Stephen Hetherington (ed.), _What Makes a Philosopher Great? _ London and NY: Routledge. pp.30-47.details
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2020-04-17Emotional Attachment and Its Limits: Mengzi, Gaozi and the Guodian Discussions. Karyn L. Lai - 2019 - _Frontiers of Philosophy in China_ 14(1):132-151.details
Mengzi maintained that both benevolence (ren 仁) and rightness (yi 義) are naturally-given in human nature. This view has occupied a dominant place in Confucian intellectual history. In Mencius 6A, Mengzi's interlocutor, Gaozi, contests this view, arguing that rightness is determined by (doing what is fitting, in line with) external circumstances. I discuss here some passages from the excavated Guodian texts, which lend weight to Gaozi's view. The texts reveal nuanced considerations of relational proximity and its limits, setting up requirements (...) for moral action in scenarios where relational ties do not play a motivational role. I set out yi's complexity in these discussions, highlighting its implications for (i) the nei-wai debate; (ii) the notion of yi as "rightness," or doing the right thing; and (iii) how we can understand the connection between virtue and right action in these early Confucian debates. This material from the excavated texts not only provides new perspectives on a longstanding investigation of human nature and morality, it also challenges prevailing views on Warring States Confucian intellectual history. In the well-known debate between Mengzi and Gaozi in Mencius 6A, Mengzi maintained that both ren and yi are naturally-given 1 in human nature. The figure 1 To say that ren and yi are naturally-given is not to say that they are fully-developed from the start. I use the phrase "naturally-given" throughout the paper to indicate where a particular capacity or resource (ren or yi) may be found, rather than its final polished state. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Learning From the Confucians: Learning From the Past.Karyn L. Lai -
2008 - _Journal of Chinese Philosophy_ 35 (1):97-119.details A distinguishing characteristic of Confucianism is its emphasis on learning (xue), is a key element in moral self cultivation. This paper discusses why learning from the experiences of those in the past is important in Confucian learning.__ Download
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2020-04-17Understanding Confucian Ethics: Reflections on Moral Development. Karyn Lai - 2007 - _Australian Journal of Professional and Applied Ethics_ 9 (2).details The standard criticisms of Confucian ethics appear contradictory. On the one hand, Confucian ethics is deemed overly rule-bound: it is obsolete because it advocates adherence to ancient Chinese norms of proper conduct. On the other hand, Confucian ethics is perceived as situational ethics—done on the run—and not properly grounded in fundamental principles or norms. I give reasons for these disparate views of Confucian ethics. I also sketch an account of Confucian morality that focuses on moral development; in this account the (...) place of normative ethics is nominal. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17The Daodejing: Resources for Contemporary Feminist Thinking.Karyn Lai - 2000
- _Journal of Chinese Philosophy_ 27 (2):131–153.details This paper explores the contribution of early Daoist thought to contemporary feminist philosophy. It has often been noted that the Daodejing stands in contrast to other texts of the same period in its positive evaluation of femininity and of values associated with the feminine. This paper takes a cautious approach to the Daoist concept of the feminine, noting in particular its emphasis on the characteristic of feminine submissiveness. On the other hand, the paper seeks to demonstrate that the Daoist treatment (...) of contrastive pairs--in particular, the Daoist notion of complementarity--provides a powerful conceptual scheme within which the notions of both femininity and masculinity may be articulated.(shrink)
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2020-04-17Environmental Concern: Can Humans Avoid Being Partial? Epistemological Awareness in the Zhuangzi.Karyn L. Lai -
2013 - In Carmen Meinert (ed.), _Nature, Environment and Culture in East Asia: The Challenge of Climate Change _. Brill. pp. 69-82.details Discussions of human partiality—anthropocentrism—in the literature in environmental ethics have sought to locate reasons for unnecessary and thoughtless degradation of the earth’s environment. Many of the debates have focused on metaethical issues, attempting to set out the values appropriate for an environmental ethic not constrained within an anthropocentric framework. In this essay, I propose that the fundamental problem with anthropocentrism arises when it is assumed that that is the only meaningful evaluative perspective. I draw on ideas in the Zhuangzi, a (...) classical Chinese philosophical text of the Daoist tradition. The Zhuangzi scrutinises the debates of its day, focusing on the attitudes of the thinkers who sought to trump others in the debates. Through many images expressed in stories, the Zhuangzi asserts the irreducibility of individual perspectives, challenging its readers to examine the insularity of their own views. I suggest that the epistemological awareness in the Zhuangzi helps in our understanding of anthropocentrism. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Knowing How and Knowing To.Karyn L. Lai &
Stephen Hetherington - 2015 - In Brian Bruya (ed.), _The Philosophical Challenge from China _. MA, USA: MIT Press. pp. 279 -302.details
Since the 1940s, Western epistemology has discussed Gilbert Ryle’s distinction between knowledge-that and knowledge-how. Ryle argued that intelligent actions – manifestations of knowledge-how – are not constituted as intelligent by the guiding intervention of knowledge-that: knowledge-how is not a kind of knowledge-that; we must understand knowledge-how in independent terms. Yet which independent terms are needed? In this chapter, we consider whether an understanding of intelligent action must include talk of knowledge-to. This is the knowledge to do this or that now, (...) not then or in general. Our argument is refined and buttressed by consideration of a text in Chinese philosophy, the Lüshi Chunqiu. This 3rd century BCE text, a compendium on good government, focuses on different types of knowledge that an effective ruler or a capable official should possess. A significant number of those discussions concern examples of knowing-how being manifested in particular situations. The text is explicitly aware of the importance of timeliness and awareness of context in manifesting know-how. Some might say that these are merely manifestations of knowing-how. But we see these examples as revealing characteristics of know-how that Ryle did not anticipate. Might knowing-to be an essential and irreducible aspect of intelligentaction? (shrink)
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2020-04-17Ren: An Exemplary Life.Karyn L. Lai
- 2014 - In Amy Olberding (ed.), _Dao Companion to the Analects _. Springer. pp. 83-94.details This chapter discusses ren 仁, a major term in the Confucian Analects. It analyzes the range of meanings of ren across different conversations, paying special attention to its associations with other key Confucian terms such as li (禮 behavioural propriety) and zhi (知 understanding). Building on this analysis, the discussion focuses on ren in terms of how it is manifest in a person’s life. In particular, it expresses ren in terms of an exemplary life—a life lived well. The chapter also (...) dwells briefly on how this model of a good life can inform and enrich contemporary debates in ethics.(shrink)
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2020-04-17Daoism and Confucianism.Karyn L. Lai -
2014 - In Xiaogan Liu (ed.), _Dao Companion to Daoist Philosophy _. Springer. pp. 489-511.details__ Download
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2020-04-17Review of M. Bessone and M. Biziou (Eds.), Adam Smith Philosophe. De la Morale À L’Économie Ou Philosophie du Libéralisme. Sergio Volodia Marcello Cremaschi - 2011 - _The Adam Smith Review_ 6:359-364.details A discussion of a collection of essays by French scholars on Adam Smith, mainly but not exclusively, on his political theory.__ Download
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2020-04-17Dialogue and Epistemological Humility.Karyn Lai - 2014
- In Jesper Garsdal & Johanna Seibt (eds.), _How is Global Dialogue Possible?: Foundational Reseach on Value Conflicts and Perspectives for Global Policy _. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 69-84.details__ Download
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2020-04-17Global Thinking. Karyn Lai - 2018 - _The Philosophers' Magazine_80:64-69.details
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2020-04-17The Routledge Companion to Virtue Ethics Eds. By Lorraine Besser-Jones and Michael Slote.Karyn Lai - 2018
- _Philosophy East and West_ 68 (2):639-645.details The Routledge Companion to Virtue Ethics, edited by Lorraine Besser-Jones and Michael Slote, is unusual among the recent crop of handbooks, encyclopedias, and compendiums in philosophy in a couple of respects. First, as well as presenting up-to-date surveys of the field, the Companion includes a number of entries that also engage in argument and negotiate tensions between different positions—some even questioning the nature of virtue ethics itself. These chapters are particularly interesting as they demonstrate the use of philosophical methodology in (...) debates about VE. Second, the volume engages with non-Western perspectives on virtue theory and VE, with several chapters showing the... (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17The Dark Room Problem.Zekun Sun &
Chaz Firestone - 2020 - _Trends in Cognitive Sciences_ 24 (5):346-348.details Predictive Processing theories hold that the mind’s core aim is to minimize prediction-error about its experiences. But prediction-error minimization can be 'hacked', by placing oneself in highly predictable environments where nothing happens. Recent philosophical work suggests that this is a surprisingly serious challenge, highlighting the obstacles facing ‘theories-of-everything’ in psychology.__ Download
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2020-04-17Relação e Efeitos Bioquímico-nutricionais Sobre as Alterações do Corpo Lúteo em Vacas. Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva- manuscriptdetails
RELAÇÃO E EFEITOS BIOQUÍMICO-NUTRICIONAIS SOBRE AS ALTERAÇÕES DO CORPO LÚTEO EM VACAS -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Departamento de Agropecuária – IFPE Campus Belo Jardim emanuel.isaque@ufrpe.br ou eics@discente.ifpe.edu.br WhatsApp: (82)98143-8399 -/- •__7. ALTERAÇÕES DO CORPO LÚTEO -/- A estrutura funcional desenvolve-se a partir da cavidade folicular após a ovulação. O corpo lúteo é constituído pelas células da teca interna (pequenas e ativas na primeira fase do seu desenvolvimento) e células da granulosa (grandes e ativas na segunda metade do seu (...) desenvolvimento). As principais características de cada tipo de célula podem resumir-se da seguinte forma: As células pequenas são mais sensíveis à ação da LH porque possui uma quantidade maior de receptores biologicamente ativos para esta hormona e a resposta é mediada pelo sistema AMPc-adelinato ciclase. As grandes células lúteas têm menos receptores para a LH (a maior quantidade são para a PGF2α e a PGE2), e são as responsáveis pela produção da oxitocina luteal (BAH, et al. 2006; CAMPO, 2003). Contrariamente às pequenas células lúteas, a produção de progesterona (P4) é parcialmente controlada pelo sistema Ca+2 - Fosfatil inositol-quinase C (CAMPO, 2003). A regulação da função do corpo lúteo é um mecanismo complexo. Nela intervêm fatores tróficos e líticos que estão presentes em forma simultânea durante todo o ciclo estral, e portanto a estimulação ou inibição da síntese e secreção de P4 depende do balanço entre estes fatores. (CAMPO, 2003). Dentro dos fatores tróficos, os nutrientes desempenham um papel relevante sobre a luteólise e as funções luteotrópicas, entre estas pode-se citar a ação das seguintes: -/- 7.1 Vitaminas Deficiência em betacarotenos. Vitamina A é um termo genérico que designa qualquer composto com atividade de retinol, o trans-retinol, é o composto base, sua forma aldeído e ácido são chamados de retinol e ácido retinóico, respectivamente. Por outro lado, a forma ativa da Vitamina A participa no mecanismo da visão, como 11-cis-retinal. Adicionalmente, o betacaroteno, considerado uma provitamina A é a única forma em que esta encontra nas plantas. Em sentido nutricional, a família da Vitamina A compreende todos os compostos que possuem atividade de retinol, incluindo cerca de cinquenta carotenoides que possuem atividade de provitamina A, aceitando-se que o mais ativo é o trans-betacaroteno (TORRES, et al. 2002). As vitaminas que são necessárias para o crescimento e a produção, também são essenciais para a reprodução. As recomendações atuais de vitamina A são de 75.000 UI/dia durante a lactação e 80.000 UI/dia (nota: 1 mg de Vitamina A = 400 UI) durante o período seco nas vacas leiteiras. A suplementação com vitamina A tem pouco risco de toxicidade, enquanto a sua deficiência pode retardar o aparecimento do primeiro cio/estro, induzir cios/estros silenciosos, aumentar o número de quistos ováricos, reduzir os índices de concepção, causar abortos, mortes embrionárias e ocasionar o nascimento de bezerros debilitados e fracos, uma vez que não irão nascer com os índices e requerimentos ideais de nutrientes passados da mãe para o feto pela placenta, e que, já que a mãe possui deficiência nutricional, o colostro não terá o efeito completo para passar a imunidade essencial ao neonato. Embora os mecanismos de ação não sejam claros, foram notificadas maiores secreções de esteroides ováricos quando as concentrações de β-carotenos no fluido folicular foram elevadas; logo, foram observadas maiores concentrações elevadas de β- estradiol e vitamina A nos folículos que terminaram em ovulação do que naqueles que terminaram em atresia. Para evitar as perdas reprodutivas por deficiência de vitamina A, pode-se optar pela administração oral ou injetável desta ao animal, mediante dois métodos: o primeiro consiste em adicionar 1 a 2,5 kg de premix vitamínico em 1 tonelada de grãos o que supre de 4 a 6.000 UI o que é desejável; o segundo é a administração via injetável em quantidades vide bula do fármaco. 7.2 Minerais O excesso de fósforo é absorvido principalmente no intestino delgado dos mamíferos através de um mecanismo de transporte ativo dependente do sódio, que é estimulado pela pró-hormona 1,25- hidroxivitamina D3. Os ruminantes são capazes de absorver o fósforo dietético em proporção direta às quantidades presentes na ração. Estima-se que aproximadamente 1% do corpo animal é composto de fósforo, do qual 85% está presente nos dentes e no tecido ósseo. Os tecidos moles são capazes de conter entre 0,15-0,20% de fósforo sob a forma de fosfoproteínas, nucleoproteínas, fosfolipídios, fosfato creatinina, adenosintrifosfato, glicose-6-fosfato, etc. Ao nível do plasma sanguíneo, o fósforo apresenta valores de 12,09 mg/dl. Os valores plasmáticos de fósforo são regulados principalmente pelo rim, sendo observado um aumento na excreção urinária do elemento inorgânico quando este excede a capacidade de transporte (REBOLLAR & MATEOS, 1999). O fósforo faz parte dos fosfolipídios, que são importantes no transporte de lipídios e seu metabolismo, como componente das membranas celulares. O fosfato faz parte do RNA e do DNA, componentes celulares vitais, e são essenciais para a síntese proteica. O fosfato faz parte de sistemas enzimáticos como a cocarboxilase e NAD, portanto está envolvido em todos os processos de síntese e regulação energética, dado que o corpo lúteo requer altas quantidades de energia para a síntese celular e hormonal, um excesso de fósforo pode bloquear a capacidade renal da sua regulação gerando um desequilíbrio catiônico que descompensa a relação Na:K, já que deverão ser excretados íons fosfato para regular o equilíbrio ácido-básico, desta forma, os processos celulares em tecidos de alta sensibilidade como o ovário serão afetados em sua função. A situação para prevenção de problemas relacionados ao fósforo (P) já foi tratada em assuntos anteriores, porém, sempre vale frisar para o leitor fiel que me lê que as exigências de P presentes na matéria seca (MS) variam entre 0,17 e 0,59% de P por kg/MS para bovinos de corte e em 0,32 a 0,44% por kg/MS para o gado leiteiro. Dessa forma, dados obtidos por pesquisas, ditam que para a mantença de uma vaca ou quaisquer outra categoria bovina o ideal é o consumo de 1.43 g/100 kg de peso vivo (PV), garantindo assim a prevenção de possíveis afecções reprodutivas como as alterações do corpo lúteo. Gramíneas, forragens, leguminosas e os concentrados fornecem muito bem os requerimentos de fósforo para os animais, todavia deve-se estar atento as relações e dependências do P com outros elementos como o Ca e a relação Na:K (10-15:1 idealmente). 7.3 Compostos estrogênicos Os fitoestrogênios afetam repetidamente a estabilidade do corpo lúteo. Os compostos estrogênicos encontrados principalmente em leguminosas pertencem principalmente a três grupos: isoflavanos, isoflavonas, presentes no gênero Trifolium e praticamente restritos às leguminosas, e cumestanos, que foram estudados na alfafa (Medicago sativa) e na Melilotus alba. Todas as isoflavonas sofrem algum grau de transformação no rúmen, sendo o Isoflavonoide formononetina, na realidade um pró-estrógeno, o único que se ativa no ecossistema ruminal ao ser convertido em equol, enquanto que as demais são degradadas a produtos inativos (RAMOS, et al. 1998). Por fim, a alta concentração no sangue do equol retarda a retroalimentação sobre a hipófise mediante a qual se reduzem os níveis de FSH para dar lugar à onda ovulatória de LH, se esta não ocorrer, o corpo lúteo obviamente não se formará. O conhecimento acerca dos estrogênios na alimentação animal é defasado nos livros sobre o tema, no entanto, o criador pode ficar tranquilo no que tange o tema na prática da sua fazenda e dos seus animais, uma vez que tal elemento é muito bem fornecido naturalmente por meio dos alimentos volumosos presentes no seu pasto. -/- Apoio -/- Realização -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS BAH, Mamadou M. et al. Role of intraluteal prostaglandin F2α, progesterone and oxytocin in basal and pulsatile progesterone release from developing bovine corpus luteum. Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators, v. 79, n. 3-4, p. 218-229, 2006. BERCHIELLI, Telma Teresinha; PIRES, Alexandre Vaz; OLIVEIRA, SG de. Nutrição de ruminantes. Jaboticabal: funep, 2006. BINDARI, Yugal Raj et al. Effects of nutrition on reproduction-A review. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res, v. 4, n. 1, p. 421-429, 2013. BOLAND, M. P. Efectos nutricionales en la reproducción del ganado. XXXI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2003. CAMPO, E. Comportamiento reproductivo del ganado Bovino y Bufalino. 2003. Universidad Agraria de la Habana. Havana, 2003. DEHNING, R. Interrelaciones entre nutrición y fertilidad. In: Curso Manejo de la Fertilidad Bovina18-23 May 1987Medellín (Colombia). CICADEP, Bogotá (Colombia) Universidad de La Salle, Medellín (Colombia) Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogotá (Colombia) Sociedad Alemana de Cooperación Técnica-GTZ (Alemania), 1987. DE LUCA, Leonardo J. Nutrición y fertilidad en el ganado lechero. XXXVI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2008. FRAZER, Grant S. Bovine theriogenology. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, v. 21, n. 2, p. xiii-xiv, 2005. GORDON, Ian. Controlled reproduction in farm animals series. Nova Iorque: CAB International, 1996. HURLEY, W. L.; DOANE, R. M. Recent developments in the roles of vitamins and minerals in reproduction. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 72, n. 3, p. 784-804, 1989. KUMAR, Sudhir et al. Importance of micro minerals in reproductive performance of livestock. Veterinary world, v. 4, n. 5, p. 230, 2011. MAAS, John. Relationship between nutrition and reproduction in beef cattle. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice, v. 3, n. 3, p. 633-646, 1987. PASA, Camila. Relação reprodução animal e os minerais. Biodiversidade, v. 9, n. 1, 2011. RAMOS, Graciano et al. Los compuestos secundarios de las plantas en la nutrición de los herbívoros. Archivos de Zootecnia. 47: 597-620, 1998. REBOLLAR, Paloma García; MATEOS, Gonzalo González. El fósforo en nutrición animal. Necesidades, valoración de materias primas y mejora de la disponibilidad. CURSO DE ESPECIALIZACIÓN FEDNA. Avances en nutrición y alimentaciín animal, XV, p. 19-64, 1999. SHORT, Robert E.; ADAMS, D. C. Nutritional and hormonal interrelationships in beef cattle reproduction. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, v. 68, n. 1, p. 29-39, 1988. TEIXEIRA, J. C.; TEIXEIRA, LFAC. Alimentação de bovinos leiteiros. FAEPE, Lavras, 1997. TEIXEIRA, J. C. Nutrição de ruminantes. Lavras: FAEPE, 1992. TORRES, M. et al. Aspectos Farmacológicos relevantes de las Vitaminas Antioxidantes (E, A y C). Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacología y Terapéutica, v. 21, n. 1, p. 22-27, 2002. YASOTHAI, R. Importance of minerals on reproduction in dairy cattle. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, v. 3, n. 6, p. 2051-2057, 2014. -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Belo Jardim, 29 de março de2020. (shrink)
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2020-04-17Transferência de Embriões nos Animais e a Indústria de Embriões no Brasil. Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva -manuscriptdetails
REPRODUÇÃO ANIMAL: TRANSFERÊNCIA DE EMBRIÕES EM ANIMAIS, E A INDÚSTRIA DE EMBRIÕES NO BRASIL -/- ANIMAL BREEDING: EMBRYO TRANSFER IN ANIMALS, AND THE EMBRYO INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL Apoio: Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Departamento de Zootecnia da UFRPE E-mail: emanuel.isaque@ufrpe.br WhatsApp: (82)98143-8399 -/- 1. INTRODUÇÃO A técnica da inseminação artificial tornou possível aumentar o impacto na descendência de touros geneticamente superiores em termos de produção láctea das filhas. Com a transferência de embriões é possível aumentar o impacto da fêmea sobre (...) a população das filhas. A transferência de embriões data de 1890, ano em que Heape obteve o nascimento de coelhos transferindo ovócitos fecundados de uma fêmea para outra. A partir de 1930, é repetida uma série de experiências para desenvolver a técnica e aplicá-la em ovinos, caprinos (1934) e bovinos (1951) como espécies mais idôneas para a reprodução. A Inglaterra e os Estados Unidos estabeleceram as bases para o comércio de embriões durante os anos sessenta e setenta. De forma resumida, a transferência de embriões implica na estimulação da produção de ovócitos mediante a aplicação de hormônios: cerca de 6-8 dias após a cobrição dessas fêmeas ou da sua inseminação artificial, os óvulos fertilizados são extraídos dos órgãos genitais da fêmea doadora por perfusão ou lavagem com soluções biológicas controladas e testadas, originando-se uma deposição dos gametas fecundados nas fêmeas receptoras que serão encarregadas de levar adiante a gestação e o parto sem influência sobre as produções do novo indivíduo. 2. MANEJO DAS FÊMEAS DOADORAS É relativamente fácil obter um embrião, uma vez que pode origina-se a partir do cio natural das vacas cíclicas. No entanto, a fim de otimizar a técnica, o normal é «superovular» a fêmea doadora e obter um número superior de gametas fecundadas após cada lavagem ou perfusão das genitais. A maioria das fêmeas doadoras são tratadas com gonadotrofinas (PMSG) ou com hormônios estimuladores da foliculogênese (FSH). Estes hormônios invertem a atresia normal de folículos permitindo uma maturação, que em condições normais não se realizaria. O mecanismo exato do funcionamento destas hormonas não é totalmente claro. A superovulação multiplica por um fator de 10 o número de ovócitos recuperados no caso das vacas, ovelhas e cabras, mas apenas por um fator 2 ou 3 no caso das porcas. Existe um acordo geral sobre a utilização das gonadotrofinas; a PMSG deve ser aplicada durante a transição da fase luteica para a folicular, ou seja, no 16º dia do ciclo. As doses de gonadotrofinas variam entre 1500 e 3000 UI em bovinos, aumentando a resposta e a variabilidade individual com o aumento da dose. A resposta ao tratamento varia de acordo em função de diversos fatores. Neste contexto, merecem especial atenção a espécie, a raça, a época e a conformação corporal do animal, bem como o lote de fabricação da preparação hormonal (quadro 7.1). Estudos demonstram que, nos bovinos, as raças de corte respondem melhor ao tratamento do que as raças leiteiras. Tabela 1: Doses de gonadotrofinas em UI -/- Espécie Dia do ciclo Crescimento folicular_ ___ PMSG FSH Ovulação _____ PMSG FSH Bovinos 8 – 10 1500 – 3000 20 – 50 1500 – 2000 75 – 200 Caprinos 16 – 17 1000 – 1500 12 – 20 1000 – 1500 50 – 75 Ovinos 12 – 14 1000 – 2000 12 – 20 1000 – 1500 50 – 75 Suínos 15 – 17 750 – 1500 10 – 20 500 – 1000 25 – 50 Coelhos — 25 – 75 2 – 3 25 – 75 2 – 3 Fonte: HAFEZ, 2004. O FSH também é utilizado para superovulação em várias espécies. Nos ovinos, injetam-se 2 mg desta hormona 12 horas antes da retirada das esponjas, aplicando-se mais três injeções, com um intervalo de 12 horas, até 24 horas após a retirada das esponjas, o que corresponde a um total de 8 mg de FSH injetados por tratamento e animal. Às vezes, e dependendo do país, existem dificuldades para a obtenção desse hormônio em condições de pureza adequada para que o tratamento proporcione o resultado esperado. Nas vacas dadoras devem ter passado mais de 50 dias após o último parto: também ser animais cíclicos, encontrar-se num nível nutricional elevado e em aumento, sem deficiências especificas alimentares. Existe uma indicação de suplementação das fêmeas doadoras com minerais essenciais antes do tratamento. 3. OBTENÇÃO DE EMBRIÕES Uma vez as fêmeas doadoras inseminadas, entre o sexto e o oitavo dia, procede-se a coleta dos embriões. Para isso, atualmente se utilizam cateteres de obtenção transcervical (tipo Foley, Rusch. etc.) munidos de uma bola insuflável na sua extremidade que permite criar um compartimento estanque na parte distal do córneo uterino e proceder ao arrasto dos embriões ali localizados. Para obter esta «lavagem» utiliza-se uma solução aquosa tamponada: o meio mais frequentemente utilizado é o tampão fosfato salino (PBS: pH = 7; PO = 280 - 290 mOsm/kg) suplementado com antibióticos e proteínas. Depois de recuperado o meio de lavagem, os embriões devem ser isolados do volume total, avaliados segundo critérios do Manual da Sociedade Internacional de Transferência de Embriões de acordo com seu estado de desenvolvimento. Código numérico para determinar o grau de desenvolvimento embrionário: N° 1: ovócito não fertilizado ou embrião de uma célula (1 dia). N° 2: Identifica embriões com 2 a 16 células (2-4 dias). N° 3: Identifica mórulas adiantadas (5-6 dias). N° 4: Identifica mórulas compactas de 6 dias de idade. N° 5: blastocisto adiantado (7 dias). N° 6: blastocisto (7-8 dias). N° 7: blastocisto expandido (8-9 dias). N° 8: blastocisto eclodido (9 dias) a partir do nono ou décimo dia o blastocisto já está fora da zona pelúcida. Além da classificação por estado de desenvolvimento, a referida Sociedade Internacional estabeleceu uma categorização dos embriões com base na qualidade dos mesmos. Assim os denomina: 1: excelente; 2: bom; 3: regular; 4: degenerado. Segundo as investigações de diversos autores especialistas no tema não devem ser transferidos embriões que não tenham sido classificados como excelentes ou bons. A obtenção dos embriões pode ser realizada em uma clínica, em unidades móveis especializadas, ou na própria fazenda. Em todo o caso, a doadora não deve apresentar quaisquer sintomas clínicos de doença, sendo esta responsabilidade direta do veterinário. O rebanho de onde provém a doadora deve estar livre de medidas cautelares sanitárias. Os técnicos devem estar adequadamente limpos e preparados para esta atuação, em um lugar tranquilo e que permita a colocação de equipamentos e material em condições limpas e seguras. 4. TÉCNICAS DE TRANSFERÊNCIA DE EMBRIÕES Recomenda-se que os embriões sejam transferidos o mais rápido possível depois da recuperação. A fêmea receptora deve apresentar um ambiente uterino o mais semelhante possível ao da fêmea doadora. Isto quer dizer que a receptora também será mantida num sistema de sincronização para que coincida o mais possível o estágio de desenvolvimento embrionário com seu correspondente estado uterino. A margem de assincronia para evitar efeitos indesejáveis é de ± 24 horas. Os métodos hormonais de sincronização são análogos aos das doadoras. As técnicas para a deposição dos embriões no seu novo habitat podem ser igualmente cirúrgicas e não cirúrgicas, mas devido aos problemas do uso de anestésicos em técnicas cirúrgicas, as transferências foram direcionadas para modelos não-cirúrgicos ou transcervicais. Este método é baseado na utilização do colo uterino de forma análoga como é realizada na inseminação artificial. Devido às relações entre o embrião e o ovário, as porcentagens de fertilidade são aumentadas ao serem depositadas no corno ipsilateral no ovário que se encontra ativo. A utilização desta técnica implica na obtenção de mais fêmeas gestantes. O uso de novilhas como fêmeas receptoras aumenta também a taxa de gestações a partir de uma maior facilidade de manejo, uniformidade na resposta hormonal e um custo mais baixo. O fator humano ou habilidade do técnico que realiza esta técnica também constitui um fator que influencia decisivamente no êxito da transferência, encontrando-se variações de 20 a 60% devidas a este fator. 5. CONTROLES SANITÁRIOS Com a utilização da inseminação artificial, verificou-se que, embora as tecnologias reprodutivas colaborativas fossem mais avançadas em termos de técnicas destinadas a aumentar a produtividade individual, da mesma forma, podem constituir um perigo de contaminação e de dispersão de doenças estrangeiras para o grupo ou rebanho para onde são transferidos os novos genes. Neste contexto, a transferência embrionária (TE) deve realizar-se tendo em conta os riscos que pode implicar uma manipulação inadequada. Uma vez mais, a Sociedade Internacional (IETS) na Reunião Regional da OIE (Oficina Internacional de Epizootias) estabeleceu as normas em 1985 para que a TE pudesse ser utilizada como meio para controle de doenças na pecuária. Para que a utilização da TE se realize sem risco para a saúde, é necessário ter em conta um certo número de regras e condições específicas que evitem os riscos de contaminação. O embrião está separado do meio externo por três barreiras de proteção: o corpo da mãe, o útero por si só e a terceira, e mais importante, pela zona pelúcida, a qual nos animais domésticos tem demonstrado ser totalmente impermeável a qualquer elemento patogênico, desde que fique intacta. Portanto, o risco de contaminação dos embriões pode vir por duas vias diferentes: a) Fatores extrínsecos - por invasão dos agentes patogênicos na cavidade uterina principalmente. Isto está relacionado com o estado sanitário médio do país, região ou rebanho de origem. b) Fatores intrínsecos - Segundo Thibier podemos considerar diferentes fontes potenciais de contaminação, que segundo o risco sanitário se classificam nas seguintes ordens: 1° Zigoto. 2° Penetração. 3° Absorção. 4° Armazenamento. 5° Exame. 6° Transferência. Os esforços para que os embriões se tornem livres de contaminação devem ser semelhantes aos que são efetuados com os animais vivos e com as doses seminais. O momento mais perigoso encontra-se entre a coleta das células fecundadas e a sua deposição, após seu exame, no trato reprodutivo da receptora. As condições em que o referido processo deve ser realizado encontram-se detalhadas no manual da Sociedade Internacional de Transferência de Embriões (IETS). 6. REGRAS DA IETS A transferência de embriões é a via mais segura para a troca de genes. No entanto, os técnicos devem esforçar-se por manter todas as regras e normas sanitárias para que a coleta e a manipulação dos embriões se realizem sob condições de absoluta garantia higiênica e sanitária. A transferência embrionária implica, pela primeira vez na história da medicina veterinária, que a vigilância sanitária não se aplica estritamente ao animal, uma vez que, na sua fase "in vitro", está inteiramente sob o controle do técnico. Por conseguinte, não haverá futuro para este tipo de biotecnologia se, paralelamente, não houver um elevado nível de garantia de que não «servirá» para não disseminar ou difundir doenças. As conclusões da Sociedade Internacional de Transferência de Embriões (IETS) na sua reunião anual de 14 de Janeiro de 1992 estabelecem, tendo em conta a revisão efetuada em 1991 pela Subdireção de Investigação e pelo Comitê de Importação e Exportação, uma classificação das doenças. Esta classificação corresponde às seguintes categorias: Categoria 1 - Doenças ou agentes de doenças para as quais foram recolhidas provas suficientes para afirmar que o risco de transmissão é negligenciável, desde que os embriões sejam corretamente manipulados entre a coleta e a transferência: a) Leucose bovina enzoótica. b) Febre aftosa (bovinos). c) Língua azul (bovinos). d) Brucelose bovina. e) Rintraqueíte infecciosa bovina. f) Doença de Aujeszky. Categoria 2 - Doenças para as quais foram recolhidas provas substanciais que indicam que o risco de transmissão é insignificante, desde que os embriões sejam corretamente manipulados entre a coleta e a transferência, mas para as quais é necessário verificar os dados existentes através de novas transferências: a) Peste suína clássica. Categoria 3 - Doenças ou agentes de doenças para as quais os resultados preliminares indicam que o risco de transmissão é insignificante, desde que os embriões sejam corretamente manipulados, entre a coleta e a transferência, mas para os quais essas verificações preliminares devem ser corroboradas por dados experimentais complementares "in vitro" e "in vivo": a) Peste bovina. b) Diarreia viral bovina. c) Língua azul (ovinos). d) Febre aftosa (suínos, ovelhas e cabras). e) Campylobacter fetus (ovinos). f) Doença vesicular do porco. g) Peste suína africana. h) Prurido lombar (ovinos). i) Haemophilus somnus. Categoria 4 - Doenças ou agentes de doenças que foram ou são objeto de trabalhos preliminares: a) Vírus Akabane (bovino). b) Estomatite vesicular (bovinos e suínos). c) Chlamydia psittaci (bovinos e suínos). d) Ureaplasma/micoplasmose (bovinos e caprinos). e) Maedi-visna (ovino). f) Adenomatosa pulmonar (ovino). g) Prurido lombar (caprinos). h) Língua azul (caprinos). i) Artrite e encefalite caprina. j) Parvovírus (suíno). k) Enterovírus (bovinos e suínos). I) Leptospirose (suíno). m) Herpesvírus 4 dos bovinos. n) Mycobacterium paratuberculose (bovinos). o) brucelose ovina. p) Doença de Border (ovinos). q) Vírus parainfluenza 3 (bovinos). r) Agente da encefalopatia espongiforme bovina. É interessante salientar que apenas seis doenças estão incluídas na categoria 1 (a mais segura). Isso não significa que as outras doenças tenham um risco maior, apenas indica que o risco de transmissão das doenças da categoria 1 é irrelevante, estatisticamente falando. É importante assinalar que as doenças mais importantes dos bovinos se situam na categoria 1. Isto significa que a incidência do embrião patogênico nos bovinos parece ser perfeitamente controlável, desde que sejam adotadas metodologias adequadas. Isto serve também como linha de defesa adicional para que o técnico centre sua atenção e cuidados entre a fase de obtenção e a de transferência. 7. SITUAÇÃO ATUAL DA TRANSFERÊNCIA DE EMBRIÕES ANIMAIS NO BRASIL O Brasil é um dos grandes responsáveis mundiais pela implantação da tecnologia na reprodução animal, sendo assim, o país conseguiu inserir-se no mercado internacional como um dos maiores produtores de embriões in vivo e in vitro. Nas últimas duas décadas, especialmente entre os anos de 1997 e 2017 o país passou por importantes transformações nesse segmento, dentre essas transformações vale destacar a posição relativa do Brasil no contexto mundial. O Brasil passou de referência regional, nos anos 1990, para se tornar o maior produtor mundial de embriões entre os anos 2012 e 2013, sendo líder no uso e na produção de embriões in vitro. Os primeiros registros da TE produzidos in vivo no Brasil datam da década de 1980, e uma década depois o país já tornara-se referência e detinha um mercado consolidado de produção e TE na espécie bovina. Não obstante, no ano de 1997 o país ainda era referência apenas no contexto regional, detendo 68,3% dos embriões transferidos na América Latina, esse percentual corresponde a 24.085 embriões de um total de 35.254 produzidos na América Latina. Esse percentual regional representa apenas 6,6% de toda a produção mundial de embriões in vivo, que produziu, em 1997, 360.656 embriões in vivo. Nos últimos anos, o mercado de embriões, principalmente o bovino, teve retração moderada de -2,5% ao ano entre 2003 e 2018, porém essa retração contrasta com o ligeiro crescimento observado a partir dos anos 2000 conforme figura 1: Figura 1: Produção de embriões bovinos no Brasil no período 1996-2018, total e por tecnologia adotada (in vivo ou in vitro ). Em 2018, o mercado de embriões bovinos manteve-se inalterado se compararmos com os três anos anteriores, houve reduções nós segmentos de corte, leite e no total comparado ao ano de 2017. Em 2014, a produção de embriões para melhoramento do gado leiteiro teve seu ápice, porém de lá para cá esse mercado manteve-se estagnado como demonstra a tabela 2. Tabela 2: Produção de embriões bovinos no Brasil em 2018, estratificada por segmento e por tecnologia adotada (in vivo ou in vitro). 7.1 Crise, economia e mercado de embriões A indústria de embriões reflete, em maior ou menor grau, o momento da economia brasileira. Apesar do segmento agropecuário ser um setor em constante crescimento no país, ao qual, sem dúvidas, em meio a inúmeras crises mantém-se em constante crescimento. Porém vale ressaltar que esse mercado é emergente e está refletido em paralelo com os bens produzidos pelo país, como demonstra a figura 2. Figura 2: Produção de embriões bovinos e variação no produto interno bruto (PIB) no Brasil, no período 1996-2018. Cada vez mais o setor agropecuário do Brasil investe em novas tecnologias que maximizem o mercado e que melhore a produção dos animais seja no segmento corte ou leite. Segundo a OCDE, 1997, essa indústria da produção de embriões é um conjunto de novas técnicas e processos, frutos do desenvolvimento técnico-científico, que chega ao mercado e - o mais importante - o transforma. Logo, todas essas técnicas e biotecnologias visam, além da alta produção e do lucro, o melhoramento e a suplementação alimentícia da população mundial que está em crescente avanço. A evolução da tecnologia embrionária no país, seja para o melhoramento dos equinos para os esportes como as vaquejadas, hipismo, corridas, etc., onde são investidos tempo, dedicação e dinheiro para formar um novo animal que apresente força, conformação, conversão alimentar e que custa milhões, em muitos casos, não só dos equinos, mas também dos caprinos, ovinos, suínos e até mesmo os bovinos onde o mercado da TE é mais presente e aquecida, venceu os estigmas do “modismo” e o chamado “elitismo”, porém deve enfrentar novos desafios, em especial num contexto de forte concentração do mercado de genética e de concorrência globalizada. Mesmo com todos esses avanços e retrocessos, essa relativização dos números demonstra que um percentual bastante reduzido das fêmeas bovinas que estão em idade reprodutiva é utilizado para a técnica da transferência de embriões, e que o mercado brasileiro ainda tem um grande potencial de crescimento no setor de produção in vivo e in vitro. 8. RESUMO E PRIMEIRAS CONCLUSÕES Ao longo deste trabalho pretendi realizar uma revisão sumária sobre um tema de grande importância presente, e sobretudo futura; referir-me à transferência embrionária. Atualmente, esta técnica atingiu um grau notável de penetração, a nível prático, no gado leiteiro. No entanto, num futuro mais ou menos longínquo, não temos dúvidas quanto a esta técnica, pelas vantagens indubitáveis que apresenta a nível de avanço genético, que será aplicada em outras espécies úteis ao homem. Na minha exposição, tentei dar especial ênfase a dois aspectos: as técnicas de transferência, incluindo as normas IETS e os controles sanitários a serem efetuados. Por fim, a indústria brasileira de embriões mostrou-se em retrocessos e avanços, porém o mercado ainda têm grandes desafios a serem enfrentados ao longo dos anos, mas que serão sanados mediante as técnicas desenvolvidas pelos inúmeros centros de pesquisa embrionárias e seus especialistas. -/- Realização -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva – Departamento de Zootecnia da UFRPE. Recife, 2020. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- BALL, Peter JH; PETERS, Andy R. Reproduction in cattle. Nova Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. BARUSELLI, Pietro Sampaio et al. Sêmen sexado: inseminação artificial e transferência de embriões. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, v. 31, n. 3, p. 374-381, 2007. BRACKELL, B. G.; JR SEIDEL, G. E.; SEIDEL, S. Avances en zootecnia nuevas técnicas de reproducción animal. Zaragoza: Acribia, 1988. COLE, H. H.; CUPPS, P. T. Reproduction in domestic animals. 1ª ed. Londres: Academic Press, 1977. CURTIS, John L. et al. Cattle embryo transfer procedure. An instruction manual for the rancher, dairyman, artificial insemination technician, animal scientist, and veterinarian. Londres: Academic Press, Inc., 1991. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Fisiologia da Reprodução Animal: Ovulação, Controle e Sincronização do Cio. Disponível em:. Acesso em: Março de 2020. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Fisiologia da Reprodução Animal: Fecundação e Gestação. Disponível em:. Acesso em: Março de 2020. DE LA FUENTE, J. Manipulación de embriones en ganado vacuno. Bovis, n. 58, p. 51-61, 1994. GIBBONS, A.; CUETO, M. Manual de transferencia de embriones ovinos y caprinos. Bariloche: Inta, 2013. GONÇALVES, Paulo Bayard Dias; DE FIGUEIREDO, José Ricardo; DE FIGUEIRÊDO FREITAS, Vicente José. Biotécnicas aplicadas reprodução animal. São Paulo: Editora Roca, 2008. GONÇALVES, Rômany Louise Ribeiro; VIANA, João Henrique Moreira. Situação atual da produção de embriões bovinos no Brasil e no mundo. In: Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia-Artigo em anais de congresso (ALICE). Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, v. 43, n. 2, p. 156-159, abr./jun. 2019., 2019. HAFEZ, E. S. E.; HAFEZ, B. Reprodução animal. São Paulo: Manole, 2004. HOPPER, Richard M. (Ed.). Bovine reproduction. Nova Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2014. PÉREZ PÉREZ, F.; PÉREZ GUTIÉRREZ, F. Reproducción animal, inseminación animal y transplante de embriones. Barcelona: Cientifico-medica, 1985. MANSOUR, R. T.; ABOULGHAR, M. A. Optimizing the embryo transfer technique. Human reproduction, v. 17, n. 5, p. 1149-1153, 2002. MARTINS, Carlos Frederico. O impacto da transferência de embriões e da fecundação in vitro na produção de bovinos no Brasil. Embrapa Cerrados-Artigo de divulgação na mídia (INFOTECA-E), 2010. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS MCKINNON, A. O.; SQUIRES, E. L. Equine embryo transfer. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, v. 4, n. 2, p. 305-333, 1988. PALMA, G. A.; BREM, G. Transferencia de los embriones. GA Palma & G. Brem. Transferencia de embriones y biotecnología de la reproducción en la especie bovina. Ed. Hemisferio Sur. Buenos Aires, Argentina, p. 143-161, 1993. SCHOOLCRAFT, William B.; SURREY, Eric S.; GARDNER, David K. Embryo transfer: techniques and variables affecting success. Fertility and sterility, v. 76, n. 5, p. 863-870, 2001. SEIDEL, George E. Superovulation and embryo transfer in cattle. Science, v. 211, n. 4480, p. 351-358, 1981. STRINGFELLOW, D. A.; SEIDEL, S. M. Manual of IETS. Savoy IL: IETS, p. 103-130, 1998. STRINGFELLOW, D. A. Manual da sociedade internacional de transferência de embriões. Brasília: Sociedade Brasileira de Transferência de Embriões (SBTE), 1999. THIBIER, M.; NIBART, M. Disease control and embryo importations. Theriogenology, v. 27, n. 1, p. 37-47, 1987. VIANA, J. H. M. Produção e transferência de embriões bovinos em 2018. In: Jornal o embrião. Edição 64, ano 33. Brasília: SBTE, 2019. -/- . (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-17Técnica da Inseminação Artificial em Bovinos: Manejo Passo a Passo. Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva -manuscriptdetails
GERENCIAMENTO DA REPRODUÇÃO: ETAPAS E TÉCNICAS PARA REALIZAÇÃO DA INSEMINAÇÃO ARTIFICIAL -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Técnico em Agropecuária – Normalista e Acadêmico em Zootecnia Departamento de Zootecnia da UFRPE E-mail: emanuel.isaque@ufrpe.br WhatsApp: (82)98143-8399 -/- 1. INTRODUÇÃO -/- O método mais comumente usado para realizar inseminação artificial (IA) em bovinos é a técnica retovaginal. O conhecimento essencial para realizar esta técnica pode ser obtido com cerca de 3 dias de prática, sob a supervisão e instrução de um profissional. Com (...) tempo e prática, você pode ganhar mais competência e mais confiança. Independentemente de o inseminador ser canhoto ou destro, é recomendável que a mão esquerda seja usada no reto para manipular o trato reprodutivo e a mão direita seja usada para manusear a pistola de inseminação. Isso ocorre porque o rúmen ou o estômago da vaca estão no lado esquerdo da cavidade abdominal e deslocam o trato reprodutivo levemente para a direita. Portanto, pode ser mais fácil encontrar e manipular o trato com a mão esquerda. -/- 2. BENEFÍCIOS DA REPRODUÇÃO POR INSEMINAÇÃO ARTIFICIAL -/- Maiores melhorias genéticas Melhores conquistas na reprodução Nenhuma despesa oculta Capacidade de controlar a propagação de doenças Facilidade de travessia Bezerros mais uniformes Sem chance de ter touros perigosos 3. ETAPAS E TÉCNICAS DA INSEMINAÇÃO ARTIFICIAL -/- Etapa 1 : Imobilize o animal a ser inseminado. Há muitos detalhes que devem ser considerados ao escolher um local para inseminação animal. Por exemplo, a segurança do animal e do inseminador, a facilidade de uso do local e a proteção contra intempéries. Pode ser útil dar tapinhas no animal ou falar suavemente quando o inseminador se aproxima para evitar que a vaca fique alarmada ou surpreendida. -/- Etapa 2 : levante a cauda com a mão direita e massageie suavemente o reto com a luva lubrificada na mão esquerda. Coloque a cauda na parte de trás do antebraço esquerdo para que não interfira no processo de inseminação. Coloque a mão esquerda com os dedos juntos em uma forma pontiaguda e insira-a no reto até o pulso. -/- Etapa 3 : limpe a vulva cuidadosamente usando uma toalha de papel para remover todo o excesso de esterco e outros detritos. Cuidado para não aplicar muita pressão, o que pode manchar a vulva e a vagina com estrume. Faça um punho com a mão esquerda e pressione a parte superior da vulva. Isso abrirá os lábios da vulva e permitirá acesso gratuito por várias polegadas à ponta da pistola antes de fazer contato com as paredes vaginais. Etapa 4 : insira a pistola em um ângulo de 30 ° para evitar penetrar na abertura uretral e na bexiga, as quais estão no chão da vagina. Com 6 ou 8 polegadas da arma dentro da vagina, levante a parte traseira da vagina, coloque-a em uma posição nivelada e deslize-a para frente. -/- Para obter uma inseminação bem-sucedida, é muito importante sempre saber onde está localizada a ponta da pistola de inseminação. As paredes vaginais consistem em finas camadas musculares e tecido conjuntivo mole. A pistola pode ser facilmente sentida com a mão esquerda no reto. Ao inserir a pistola na vagina, mantenha a mão enluvada nivelada com a ponta da pistola (Figura 1). A presença de esterco no reto muitas vezes impede o inseminador de sentir o colo do útero e a ponta da arma. No entanto, raramente é necessário remover todo o estrume do intestino. Em vez disso, mantenha a mão aberta com a palma da mão no chão do reto, para permitir que o estrume passe sobre a mão e o braço (Figura 2). Com a mão no reto, o inseminador pode notar estreitamento ou "anéis" do cólon tentando forçar o braço esquerdo para fora da vaca. Para relaxar esses anéis, coloque dois dedos no centro de um anel e massageie para frente e para trás. O anel finalmente relaxará, passará sobre a mão e o braço e o inseminador poderá continuar o processo de palpação (figura 3). -/- Como o trato reprodutivo se move livremente, as vacas que respondem com fortes contrações no reto e no abdômen quando se sentem palpadas podem eventualmente colocar seu trato reprodutivo dentro da cavidade pélvica. Isso pode causar muitas dobras na vagina. Nesses casos, a pistola pode atolar nessas dobras e há muito pouco a ser feito até serem removidas. Se você encontrar o colo do útero, agarre-o e empurre-o suavemente para frente. Isso fará com que a vagina se endireite e a pistola passe com segurança para o colo do útero (Figura 4). O inseminador notará uma sensação peculiar de cartilagem na arma ao tocar o colo do útero. -/- O colo uterino (Figura 5) consiste em tecido conjuntivo denso e músculo e é o principal ponto de referência para inseminar animais. Diz-se frequentemente o tamanho e a consistência de um pescoço de peru. No entanto, o tamanho pode variar com o intervalo pós-parto e com a idade do animal. O colo do útero geralmente tem de três a quatro anéis ou dobras anulares. A abertura do colo uterino se projeta para dentro da vagina. -/- Na maioria das vacas, o colo do útero está localizado no chão da cavidade pélvica, próximo ao lado anterior (frontal) da pelve. Em vacas mais velhas, o colo do útero pode ser posicionado ligeiramente acima do osso pélvico e para dentro da cavidade abdominal. Etapa 5 :Depois que a pistola toca a superfície externa do colo do útero, o inseminador está pronto para começar a passar o colo pelo final da pistola. Coloque o colo do útero sobre a arma; Observe que não é a arma que passa pelo pescoço. Movimento excessivo ou sondagem com a pistola durante esta etapa raramente são produtivos. A chave para dominar esta etapa do processo de inseminação é saber como entender e manipular o colo do útero, bem como a concentração para fazer o trabalho com a mão dentro da vaca e não com a arma. Quando a pistola toca pela primeira vez no colo do útero, o inseminador geralmente notará que a ponta está na área do fornix diretamente acima do topo da abertura cervical. Se isso acontecer, Segure a abertura externa do colo do útero com o polegar acima e os outros dedos abaixo (Figura 6). Isso faz com que as partes inferior e superior do fornix se fechem. Também é importante que você ainda saiba a localização da ponta da arma. Para fazer isso, toque a pistola com a palma da mão e com os dedos médio e anelar da mão que está em seu reto. Use a palma da mão e esses dois dedos para apontar a arma para a abertura no colo do útero entre o polegar e o indicador. Com uma sonda macia, a abertura do colo do útero deve estar localizada. O inseminador sentirá a arma deslizar para a frente até tocar o segundo anel do colo do útero. Também é importante que você ainda saiba a localização da ponta da arma. Para fazer isso, toque a pistola com a palma da mão e com os dedos médio e anelar da mão que está em seu reto. Use a palma da mão e esses dois dedos para apontar a arma para a abertura no colo do útero entre o polegar e o indicador. Com uma sonda macia, a abertura do colo do útero deve estar localizada. O inseminador sentirá a arma deslizar para a frente até tocar o segundo anel do colo do útero. Também é importante que você ainda saiba a localização da ponta da arma. Para fazer isso, toque a pistola com a palma da mão e com os dedos médio e anelar da mão que está em seu reto. Use a palma da mão e esses dois dedos para apontar a arma para a abertura no colo do útero entre o polegar e o indicador. Com uma sonda macia, a abertura do colo do útero deve estar localizada. O inseminador sentirá a arma deslizar para a frente até tocar o segundo anel do colo do útero. -/- Etapa 6 :Mantenha uma pressão suave, mas constante, na pistola, deslize o polegar e o indicador logo à frente da ponta da pistola e segure o colo do útero novamente. Como o colo do útero é composto de tecido conjuntivo e músculo densos, é difícil distinguir claramente a ponta da pistola quando ela está dentro da estrutura. No entanto, o inseminador pode determinar a localização aproximada dobrando o colo do útero. Aproveitando a flexibilidade do pulso, torça e dobre o colo do útero até que o segundo anel deslize sobre a ponta da pistola (figura 7). Repita o processo até que todos os anéis tenham passado pela ponta da pistola. Lembre-se de que é o colo do útero que é colocado sobre a pistola e que não é a arma que passa pelo colo do útero. O que é mais necessário é uma pressão suave para a frente, enquanto o movimento da pistola deve ser mínimo. Uma vez que todos os anéis foram liberados do colo do útero, a pistola deve deslizar para a frente sem dificuldade. Como as paredes do útero são muito finas, o inseminador poderá sentir a ponta da arma novamente. -/- Passo 7 : Chegou a hora de verificar a localização da arma e depositar o sêmen. Gire a mão com a luva até ficar acima do colo do útero. Usando o dedo indicador dessa mão, localize a outra extremidade do colo do útero (Figura 8). Puxe a pistola para trás até que a ponta esteja diretamente sob o dedo indicador, perto da abertura interna do colo do útero. Levante o dedo e deposite lentamente o sêmen (figura 9). Empurre lentamente o êmbolo para que gotas de sêmen caiam diretamente no corpo do útero. -/- Com a técnica de inseminação artificial e a colocação apropriada da arma, o sêmen será depositado no corpo do útero. Posteriormente, as contrações do útero transportam o esperma para os tubos e ovidutos, com uma boa distribuição dos dois lados (Figura 10). Se a pistola penetrar mais de uma polegada após o colo do útero, todo o sêmen será depositado em um dos tubos (figura 11). Certifique-se de levantar o dedo indicador após verificar o posicionamento da pistola. Não fazer isso pode entupir um dos tubos, causando uma distribuição desigual do sêmen. Ao verificar o posicionamento da ponta da pistola, tome cuidado para não aplicar pressão excessiva. As delicadas paredes do útero são facilmente danificadas, o que pode causar infecções e reduzir a fertilidade. Certifique-se de empurrar com o êmbolo e não puxe a pistola para trás. Puxar a arma para trás pode resultar em grande parte da dose de sêmen sendo depositada no colo do útero e na vagina, e não no corpo do útero. Embora o local recomendado para depositar o sêmen seja o corpo do útero, as pesquisas sugerem que, se houver dúvida quanto ao posicionamento exato da ponta da arma, depositar o sêmen em um dos tubos uterinos tem menos possibilidades de comprometer a fertilidade do que quando depositada no colo do útero. No entanto, se o muco cervical de uma vaca que já foi inseminada parecer grosso e pegajoso na arma, isso pode ser uma indicação de que a vaca está grávida. Nestes casos, deposite o sêmen mais ou menos pela metade dentro do colo do útero. Etapa 8 : depois de depositar o sêmen com sucesso, remova lentamente a pistola do trato reprodutivo. Retire a luva do reto. Examine a ponta da arma em busca de vestígios de sangue, infecção ou sêmen vazando do coldre da arma. Faça anotações para consultas futuras e para o veterinário local. Retire o coldre da pistola e segure-o com a mão enluvada. Verifique novamente para ver qual animal foi usado. Remova a luva começando do topo do braço e virando-a do avesso para que resíduos de adubo, cobertura e sujeira fiquem dentro. Descarte a luva e seu conteúdo em um recipiente apropriado. Lave e seque a pistola e retorne-a para onde está armazenada. A seguir, algumas das coisas mais importantes a serem lembradas ao inseminar vacas: • Faça com cuidado (não aplique muita força) • A inseminação é basicamente um processo de duas etapas: levar a arma para o colo do útero e, em seguida, colocar o colo sobre a arma • Deposite o sêmen logo após o colo do útero e no corpo do útero • Não tenha pressa • Relaxe A inseminação correta resultará em uma reprodução mais eficiente. Após isso, mais atenção pode ser direcionada aos aspectos econômicos, como a produção de leite, que permitirá um maior retorno do dinheiro gasto no sêmen. -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva – DZ da UFRPE. Recife, 2020. -/- Apoio -/- Realização -/- .(shrink)
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2020-04-16Den Logiska Strukturen för Mänskligt Beteende. Michael Richard Starks - 2020 - Las Vegas, NV USA: RealityPress.details
Det är min uppfattning att tabellen över avsiktlighet (rationalitet, medvetande, sinne, tanke, språk, personlighet etc.) som har framträdande här beskriver mer eller mindre exakt, eller åtminstone fungerar som en heuristisk för, hur vi tänker och beter sig, och så det omfattar inte bara filosofi och psykologi, men allt annat (historia, litteratur, matematik, politik etc.). Observera särskilt att avsiktlighet och rationalitet som jag (tillsammans med Searle, Wittgenstein och andra) visa det, omfattar både medvetna deliberative språkliga System 2 och omedvetna automatiserade prelinguistiska (...) System 1 åtgärder eller reflexer. Jag ger en kritisk undersökning av några av de viktigaste resultaten av två av de mest framstående studenter beteende i modern tid, Ludwig Wittgenstein och John Searle, om den logiska strukturen av avsiktlighet (sinne, språk, medvetande, beteende), med som min utgångspunkt Wittgenstein grundläggande upptäckt, att alla verkligt "filosofiska" problem är desamma-förvirring om hur man använder språket i ett visst sammanhang, och så alla lösningar är desamma, titta på hur språket kan användas i det aktuella sammanhanget så att dess sanningsvillkor (Villkor för tillfredsställelse eller COS) är tydliga. Det grundläggande problemet är att man kan säga vad som helst, men man kan inte betyda (ange tydliga COS för) någon godtycklig yttrande och mening är endast möjligt i ett mycket specifikt sammanhang. Jag analyserar olika skrifter av och om dem från det moderna perspektivet av de två tankesystemen (populariserades som "tänkande snabbt, tänkande långsamt"), med en ny tabell över avsiktlighet och nya dubbla system nomenklatur. Jag visar att detta är en kraftfull heuristisk för att beskriva beteende. Således är allt beteende intimt ansluten om man tar rätt synvinkel. Den fenomenologiska Illusion (glömska till vårt automatiserade System 1) är universell och sträcker sig inte bara hela filosofin utan hela livet. Jag är säker på att Chomsky, Obama, Zuckerberg och påven skulle vara skeptiska om berättade att de lider av samma problem som Hegel, Husserl och Heidegger, (eller att de skiljer sig endast i grad från drog-och sexmissbrukare i att motiveras av stimulering av deras frontalkortices genom leverans av dopamin (och över 100 andra kemikalier) via ventrala tegmentum och nukleos accumbens), men det är helt klart sant. Medan fenomenologerna bara slösat bort en hel del människors tid, slösar de bort jorden och deras ättlings framtid. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16This Paper Might Change Your Mind.Joshua Dever
& Henry Ian Schiller - forthcoming -_Noûs_.details
Rational decision change can happen without information change. This is a problem for standard views of decision theory, on which linguistic intervention in rational decision-making is captured in terms of information change. But the standard view gives us no way to model interventions involving expressions that only have an attentional effects on conversational contexts. How are expressions with non-informational content - like epistemic modals - used to intervene in rational decision making? We show how to model rational decision change without (...) information change: replace a standard conception of value (on which the value of a set of worlds reduces to values of individual worlds in the set) with one on which the value of a set of worlds is determined by a selection function that picks out a generic member world. We discuss some upshots of this view for theorizing in philosophy and formal semantics. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Justification As A Loaded Notion.Yuval Avnur -
forthcoming - _Synthese_ 1:1-20.details The problem of skepticism is often understood as a paradox: a valid argument with plausible premises whose conclusion is that we lack justification for perceptual beliefs. Typically, this conclusion is deemed unacceptable, so a theory is offered that posits conditions for justification on which some premise is false. The theory defended here is more general, and explains why the paradox arises in the first place. Like Strawson’s (Introduction to logical theory, Wiley, New York, 1952) “ordinary language” approach to induction, the (...) theory posits something built into the very notion of justification: it is loaded with a bias towards the proposition that we are not massively deceived. Beyond the paradox, remaining skeptical problems consist of metaphysical and practical questions: whether we are massively deceived, or why we should use our loaded notion rather than some other. Such challenges have pro- found epistemological significance, but they are not problems that an a priori theory of justification can solve. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16What’s Epistemic About Epistemic Paternalism?Elizabeth Jackson
- forthcoming - In Jonathan Matheson & Kirk Lougheed (eds.), _Essays in Epistemic Autonomy _. New York: Routledge.details The aim of this paper is to (i) examine the concept of epistemic paternalism and (ii) explore the consequences of normative questions one might ask about it. I begin by critically examining several definitions of epistemic paternalism that have been proposed, and suggesting ways they might be improved. I then contrast epistemic and general paternalism and argue that it’s difficult to see what makes epistemic paternalism an epistemic phenomenon at all. Next, I turn to the various normative questions one might (...) ask about epistemic paternalism and discuss the literature’s assumptions of epistemic consequentialism and veritism. I close by comparing and contrasting epistemic paternalism with other phenomena in social epistemology, such as disagreement or testimony. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16What's Wrong with Esoteric Morality.Michael Cholbi
- forthcoming - _Les ateliers de l'éthique/The Ethics Forum_.details A moral theory T is esoteric if and only if T is true but there are some individuals who, by the lights of T itself, ought not embrace T, where to embrace T is to believe T and rely upon it in practical deliberation. Some philosophers hold that esotericism is a strong, perhaps even decisive, reason, to reject a moral theory. However, proponents of this objection have often supposed its force is obvious and have said little to articulate it. I (...) defend a version of this objection, namely, that, in light of the strongly first-personal epistemology of benefit and burden, esoteric theories fail to justify the allocation of benefits and burdens to which moral agents would be subject under their theories. Because of the holistic nature of moral theory justification, this conclusion in turn implies that the entirety of a moral theory must be open to public scrutiny in order for the theory to be justified. I conclude by answering several objections to my account of the esotericism objection. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Belief, Faith, and Hope: On the Rationality of Long-Term Commitment. Elizabeth Jackson - forthcoming - _Mind_.details I examine three attitudes: belief, faith, and hope. I argue that all three attitudes play the same role in rationalizing action. First, I explain two models of rational action—the decision-theory model and the belief-desire model. Both models entail there are two components of rational action: an epistemic component and a conative component. Then, using this framework, I show how belief, faith, and hope that p can all make it rational to accept, or act as if, p. I conclude by showing (...) how my picture can explain how action-oriented commitments can be rational over time, both in the face of counterevidence and in the face of waning affections. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Heuristics of String Theory.Nicolae Sfetcu
- manuscriptdetails
Since string theory has not been able to explain phenomena to date, it may seem that this confirms Feyerabend's view that there is no "method" of science. And yet, string theory is still the most active research program for quantum gravity. But, compared to other non-falsifiable theories, this has something extra, especially mathematical language, with a clear logic of deductions. Up to a point it can reproduce classical gauge theories and general relativity. And there is hope that in the not (...) too distant future experiments can be developed to test the theory. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28892.33920.(shrink)
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2020-04-16Metaphysics for Responsibility to Nature.Bo Meinertsen
- 2018 - _Journal of Value Inquiry_ 52 (2):187-197.details On the notion of responsibility employed by John Passmore in his classic Man’s Responsibility for Nature, the relationship of responsibility can only hold between persons (human beings, subjects), or groups and communities of them, and other persons. And in this relationship the persons that are responsible 'to' other persons are responsible 'for' how their actions affect these other persons, not to the direct object of these actions (in this case: nature). If this is correct, we cannot be responsible to nature (...) without conceiving of it as a ‘pseudo-person’, as Passmore calls it. However, non-anthropocentric environmental ethics requires such a moral relationship. The question is, therefore, how this can be allowed in a metaphysically acceptable way. To answer this I first provide an account of what it means to stand in the relation of being ‘responsible to’. Next, I describe two major paradigmatic examples of the metaphysics of nature that perfectly match the thesis that we can, and should, be responsible to nature (the Spinoza-inspired view and the Gaia hypothesis). Unfortunately, they have to be rejected for common sense or naturalist reasons. Finally, I therefore defend a 'fictionalist' view of nature (as person-like) that allows for this relationship. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Sure-Wins Under Coherence: A Geometrical Perspective.Stefano Bonzio
, Tommaso Flaminio & Paolo Galeazzi - 2019 - In _Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty. ECSQARU 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science_.details In this contribution we will present a generalization of de Finetti's betting game in which a gambler is allowed to buy and sell unknown events' betting odds from more than one bookmaker. In such a framework, the sole coherence of the books the gambler can play with is not sucient, as in the original de Finetti's frame, to bar the gambler from a sure-win opportunity. The notion of joint coherence which we will introduce in this paper characterizes those coherent books (...) on which sure- win is impossible. Our main results provide geometric characterizations of the space of all books which are jointly coherent with a xed one. As a consequence we will also show that joint coherence is decidable. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16The Myth of Occurrence-Based Semantics.Bryan Pickel
& Brian Rabern - forthcoming - _Linguistics and Philosophy_.details The principle of compositionality requires that the meaning of a complex expression remains the same after substitution of synonymous expressions. Alleged counterexamples to compositionality seem to force a theoretical choice: either apparent synonyms are not synonyms or synonyms do not syntactically occur where they appear to occur. Some theorists have instead looked to Frege’s doctrine of “reference shift” according to which the meaning of an expression is sensitive to its linguistic context. This doctrine is alleged to retain the relevant claims (...) about synonymy and substitution while respecting the compositionality principle. Thus, Salmon (2006) and Glanzberg and King (2020) offer occurrence-based accounts of variable binding, and Pagin and Westerståhl (2010c) argue that an occurrence-based semantics delivers a compositional account of quotation. Our thesis is this: the occurrence-based strategies resolve the apparent failures of substitutivity in the same general way as the standard expression-based semantics do. So it is a myth that a Frege-inspired occurrence-based semantics affords a genuine alternative strategy.(shrink)
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2020-04-16Nature's Relations: Ontology, Vulnerability, Agency.Didier Zúñiga
- forthcoming - _Hypatia_:1-19.details Political theory and philosophy need to widen their view of the space in which what matters politically takes place, and I suggest that integrating the conditions of sustainability of all affected—that is, all participants in nature's relations—is a necessary first step in this direction. New materialists and posthumanists have challenged how nature and politics have traditionally been construed. While acknowledging the significance of their contributions, I critically examine the ethical and political implications of their ontological project. I focus particularly on (...) how the decentering of human agency that they advocate for raises a set of concerns that need to be addressed in developing an appropriate ecological ethics. I argue that the latter must be attuned to the vulnerability of living beings who participate in relationships that sustain life on earth. This brings me to conclude that qualitative distinctions between the worlds of bios and techne are necessary. This is because we need to think critically about ways of evaluating types of relationships so that we can assess them and establish which are worth nurturing and protecting and which are not. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Cultural Inheritance in Generalized Darwinism. Christian J. Feldbacher Escamilla& Karim Baraghith
- 2020 - _Philosophy of Science_ 2 (87):237-261.details Generalized Darwinism models cultural development as an evolutionary process, where traits evolve through variation, selection, and inheritance. Inheritance describes either a discrete unit’s transmission or a mixing of traits (i.e., blending inheritance). In this article, we compare classical models of cultural evolution and generalized population dynamics with respect to blending inheritance. We identify problems of these models and introduce our model, which combines relevant features of both. Blending is implemented as success-based social learning, which can be shown to be an (...) optimal strategy. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Предмет, методологія та підходи до вивчення історії держави і права зарубіжних країн. О.В Головіна - 2020 - In _ Історія держави та права зарубіжних країн_. pp. 3-8.details
Історія держави і права зарубіжних країн відноситься до суспільних наук, які прийнято називати історико-правовими, оскільки вони за своїм науковим змістом та завданням одночасно мають пряме відношення як до історичної науки так і до правознавства. Предметом дослідження історії держави і права зарубіжних країн є загальні закономірності та специфічні особливості походження держави і права, їх суть, особливі форми, а також їх розвиток і функціонування у тій або іншій конкретно-історичній обстановці, в окремих країнах в хронологічній послідовності.__ Download
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2020-04-16Early 2013 Draft - 'Internalist Values and the Fundamental Epistemic Value'. Kurt Sylvan- manuscriptdetails
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2020-04-16Late 2012 Draft - 'From Teleology to Rationality's Insignificance (and Back)'. Kurt Sylvan - manuscriptdetails__ Download
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2020-04-16Lineamenti di cristeologia. «Fede critica» e umilt epistemica: il rapporto ragione-fede al confine tra meta-teologia, metodologia e vita. Damiano Migliorini - 2016 - _Theologica_1:1-51.details
ENGLISH: The author investigates whether the model prevalent today of an “humble reason” - based on fallibilism and epistemic humility - is the most appropriate to express the theological truth, even in the light of the debate within the contemporary theism (rational theology). To answer this question it is necessary to examine the epistemological status of “human truth” and the “truth of faith”, in order to develop a common approach to sciences, philosophy and theology. Finally, the author shows how the (...) communitarian dimension and the “choice” (a call for freedom) are inherent to theology understood as “critical faith”, whose peculiarity is to posit itself without nostalgia in the middle between fideism, rationalism and a certain relativism. From the path, finally, it emerges the proposal of a new “cristeologia”. ITALIAN: Il rapporto tra fede e ragione è la questione meta-teologica per eccellenza. L’autore si propone dunque d’indagare se il modello oggi prevalente di “ragione umile” – basato su fallibilismo e umiltà epistemica – sia il più adeguato per esprimere le verit teologiche, anche alla luce del dibattito interno al teismo contemporaneo (teologia razionale). Per rispondere a questa domanda è necessario esaminare lo statuto epistemologico della verità umana e della verità di fede, per poter elaborare un metodo comune alle discipline scientifiche, filosofiche e teologiche, capace di trovare un equilibrio tra fideismo e positivismo teologico. Dopo una breve panoramica storica dei rapporti tra fede e ragione nel pensiero occidentale (con particolare attenzione alla dottrina dei praeambula fidei), l’articolo cercherà di mostrare come, nel paradigma della verità relazionale e del fallibilismo sia necessario integrare il problema delle fonti, dell’autorità, del concetto di ispirazione e della nozione di “rivelazione”, giacché contraddistinguono la teologia rispetto alla filosofia. Si mostrerà infine come la dimensione comunitaria e della scelta (appello alla libertà) siano connaturate alla teologia intesa come fede critica, la cui peculiarità è di collocarsi senza nostalgie nel mezzo tra fideismo, razionalismo e un certo relativismo. Dal percorso emergerà infine la proposta di una nuova "cristeologia". (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Panqualityism, Awareness and the Explanatory Gap.Jakub Mihálik
- forthcoming - _Erkenntnis_:1-23.details According to panqualityism, a form of Russellian monism defended by Sam Coleman and others, consciousness is grounded in fundamental qualities, i.e. unexperienced qualia. Despite panqualityism’s significant promise, according to David Chalmers panqualityism fails as a theory of consciousness since the reductive approach to awareness of qualities it proposes fails to account for the specific phenomenology associated with awareness. I investigate Coleman’s reasoning against this kind of phenomenology and conclude that he successfully shows that its existence is controversial, and so Chalmers’s (...) critique is inconclusive. I then present a critique of panqualityism that avoids this controversial posit, arguing that the panqualityist treatment of awareness faces an explanatory gap, failing to account for the intimate cognitive access to qualities which we are afforded, i.e. for our ‘strong awareness’ of qualities. The real worry for panqualityists is thus not the contested phenomenology of awareness, which Chalmers relies on, but rather the special way in which we are aware of qualities. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Review of Carsten Herrmann-Pillath, Foundations of Economic Evolution. Cremaschi Sergio Volodia Marcello - 2015 - _Journal of the History of Economic Thought_ 38 (1): 126-128.details A review of Carsten Herrmann-Pillath, Foundations of Economic Evolution. A Treatise on the Natural Philosophy of Economics. I argue that the author's ultra-naturalist stance in epistemology lacks consistent justification.__ Download
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2020-04-16Реформа интернета.Andrej Poleev
- 2020 - _Enzymes_ 18.details Частным аспектом предлагаемой реформы интернета является метаномические правила референцирования и адресации виртуальных объектов с целью приближения их к естественным языкам, и создания их логической системы. Однако реформа интернета и преобразование его в средство общения и служения обществу требует также других мер. К этим мерам относится передача определённых имён в неотчуждаемое владение, чтобы их собственники безусловно и беспрепятственно могли осуществлять их право публикации, т.е. публичного высказывания и выражения их мыслей, что также важно для документографии. Другой мерой должно стать упразднение всей сложившейся (...) системы управления интернетом, т.е. бюрократии, после чего техническим службам будут делегированы обязанности по обеспечению его функционирования с учётом высказанной критики. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16Beginner's Guide for Cybercrime Investigators.Nicolae Sfetcu
- 2014 - Drobeta Turnu Severin: MultiMediaPublishing.details
In the real world there are people who enter the homes and steal everything they find valuable. In the virtual world there are individuals who penetrate computer systems and "steal" all your valuable data. Just as in the real world, there are uninvited guests and people feel happy when they steal or destroy someone else's property, the computer world could not be deprived of this unfortunate phenomenon. It is truly detestable the perfidy of these attacks. For if it can be (...) observed immediately the apparent lack of box jewelry, penetration of an accounting server can be detected after a few months when all clients have given up the company services because of the stolen data came to competition and have helped it to make best deals. Cybercrime is a phenomenon of our time, often reflected in the media. Forensic investigation of computer systems has a number of features that differentiate it fundamentally from other types of investigations. The computer itself is the main source of information for the investigator. CONTENTS: Computing systems and storage media - Computing devices - - Peripheral devices - - External drives for media storage - Typology of data stored on specific supports – File systems - - Program that allows working with ” inactive” space - Information that can be obtained from the computing system environment Computer networks - Copper wire in computer networks - Optical fibers - Wireless LAN - Internet and Intranet Software and services - Client/server architecture - Protocols and Standards - Internet Services - - e-Mail - - - Spam - - HTTP - - Web address - URL - - Web browsers - - - Browser cookies - - Working with web pages - - - Choosing your favorite web pages - - - Keeping track of visited web pages - - - Saving web pages - - Proxy servers - - Privacy on the Internet - FTP - Instant Messaging - Peer-to-peer networks Vulnerabilities - The first attacks on the Internet - Cybercrime - - Typologies of cyber attackers - - - Classification of cyber attackers according to their skills and objectives - Classification of risks and incidents in cyberworld - - Classification as a list of terms - - List of categories - - Categories of results - - Empirical lists - Events, attacks and incidents - Online security events, actions, and targets - - Actions - - Targets - Attacks - - Tools - - Vulnerabilities - - Unauthorized results Cybercrime laws - The concept of "cybercrime" Investigations - Computer forensic investigations - Digital evidence - Digital sampling during investigations - The suspect - Witnesses in cybercrime - Transporting of samples in laboratory - Analysis of samples - Preparing team members - Computer tools Convention on Cybercrime - Preamble - Chapter I – Use of terms - Chapter II – Measures to be taken at the national level - - Section 1 – Substantive criminal law - - - Title 1 – Offences against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data and systems - - - Title 2 – Computer-related offences - - - Title 3 – Content-related offences - - - Title 4 – Offences related to infringements of copyright and related rights - - - Title 5 – Ancillary liability and sanctions - - Section 2 – Procedural law - - - Title 1 – Common provisions - - - Title 2 – Expedited preservation of stored computer data - - - Title 3 – Production order - - - Title 4 – Search and seizure of stored computer data - - - Title 5 – Real-time collection of computer data - - Section 3 – Jurisdiction - Chapter III – International co-operation - - Section 1 – General principles - - - Title 1 – General principles relating to international co-operation - - - Title 2 – Principles relating to extradition - - - Title 3 – General principles relating to mutual assistance - - - Title 4 – Procedures pertaining to mutual assistance requests in the absence of applicable international agreements - - Section 2 – Specific provisions - - - Title 1 – Mutual assistance regarding provisional measures - - - Title 2 – Mutual assistance regarding investigative powers - - - Title 3 – 24/7 Network - Chapter IV – Final provisions Recommendation No. R (95) 13 - Appendix to Recommendation No. R (95) 13 - - I. Search and seizure - - II. Technical surveillance - - III. Obligations to co-operate with the investigating authorities - - IV. Electronic evidence - - V. Use of encryption - - VI. Research, statistics and training - - VII. International co-operation Rules for obtaining digital evidence by police officers Standards in the field of digital forensics Principles in digital evidence Procedures model for the forensic examination - Hard disk examination Code of Ethics Sources and references About - Nicolae Sfetcu - - By the same author - - Contact Publishing House - MultiMedia Publishing . (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16TRUTH – A Conversation Between P F Strawson and Gareth Evans (1973). P. F. Strawson& Gareth Evans -
manuscriptdetails
This is a transcript of a conversation between P F Strawson and Gareth Evans in 1973, filmed for The Open University. Under the title 'Truth', Strawson and Evans discuss the question as to whether the distinction between genuinely fact-stating uses of language and other uses can be grounded on a theory of truth, especially a 'thin' notion of truth in the tradition of F P Ramsey.__ Download
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2020-04-16Tres Guineas. Aida Míguez Barciela - forthcoming - _Revistade Letras_.details
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2020-04-16Moral Notions, with Three Papers on Plato.Julius Kovesi
, R. E. Ewin & Alan Tapper (eds.) - 2004 - Christchurch, NZ: Cybereditions.details__ Download
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2020-04-16"Principia Ethica" Re-Examined: The Ethics of a Proto-Logical Atomism. Julius Kovesi - 1984 - _Philosophy_ 59 (228):157 -170.details
One of the questions that any future history of British moral philosophy in the twentieth century should investigate and document is how it came about that Moore's Principia Ethica was appropriated by what we can call the Humean tradition of moral philosophy. I shall not trace that development now but only argue that there was no excuse or justification for it.__ Download
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2020-04-16Against the Ritual of "is" and "Ought".Julius Kovesi
- 1978 - _Midwest Studies in Philosophy_ 3 (1):5-16.details However much the preoccupations and problems of moral philosophy have changed in the last decade or so, we retain, with a ritual observance, a basic conceptual framework. Apart from a few bold spirits who disregard the ritual, most moral philosophers, before they can say anything, have to re-enact the moves of trying to justify how they dare to move from description to evaluation, while others, opposing them, claim that they have disregarded sacred texts and violated the most sacred of ritual (...) moves. Some, and I would like to count myself among these, would like to argue that the whole ritual is unnecessary, misleading, confused and confusing and even detrimental to moral philosophy. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-16A Novel Solution to Academic Publishing.E. Garrett Ennis
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Scientists have complained about the inconsistency and politics of academic publishing for hundreds of years. Among the explanations offered are that evaluators lack time and use shortcuts, that they lack the expertise to judge things properly, that they can't put aside personal biases and we must hide the names of authors, and that they are conscientious instead of creative and cannot judge new ideas. All of these are actually wrong. As a literary analyst, I spent the last ten years independently (...) studying this same problem in book and movie production. I've found that the human decision-making apparatus doesn't work the way we think, and the solutions based on this misunderstanding could never have solved the problem. In this paper, we present the first method that actually can, which is a technique adapted from computer hacking, as well as a new view of how our brains make choices. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Understanding Social and Behaviour Change Communication.Stanislaus Iyorza
(ed.) - 2015 - Calabar: B2.details terms that should be understood first, as different words and second as an entity. SBCC is primarily a brand of communication that has long existed in the social and behavioural disciplines; in the social sciences and humanities. It is also a field of study that is strongly anchored on theories of human behaviour and the philosophies of human existence with the aim of bringing about a transformation of the negative human behaviour through the ecological system. Behaviour change specifically has attracted (...) the concerns of economists and advertisers. Economists are concerned about human needs and wants as determined by human behavior. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15The Media Consumer Theories and Emergent Constructs in Post-Post Modern Advertising in Nigeria.Stanislaus Iyorza
- 2018 - In Edde Iji, Liwhu Betiang & Esekong Andrew-Essien (eds.), _Theatre and Media in the Third Millenium_. Ibadan:details
The media consumer, otherwise known as the audience is considered to react actively or passively towards media messages based on existing modern theories. However, the emergent constructs evolved primarily by the advertising media audience in reacting to media messages have deconstructed the pillars that exist as strongholds of modern media audience theories. This study is set to identify and justify the rationale for the evolvement of sociocultural factors among advertising media audience in Nigeria. The study adopts the analytical method in (...) examining outcomes of media adverts in Nigeria. Expectedly, the opportunities created by the post-post modern era are explanatory of the fact that uncelebrated sociocultural factors are paramount in determining the significant level of influence of media adverts over the audience. The study concludes that the consideration of emergent sociocultural factors in addition to modern approaches in advertising will result to more effective media advertising in Nigeria and beyond. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Reasons to Care About Reasons for Action: A Response to Paul S. Davies. G. M. Trujillo - 2016 - _Southwest Philosophy Review_ 32(2):43-48.details
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2020-04-15What Race Terms Do: Du Bois, Biology, and Psychology on the Meanings of "Race". Glenn Trujillo - 2018 - _Southwest Philosophy Review_ 34(1):235-247.details
This paper does two things. First, it interprets the work of W. E. B. Du Bois to reveal that the meanings of race terms are grounded by both a historical and an aspirational component. Race terms refer to a backward-looking component that traces the history of the group to its present time, as well as a forward-looking component that sets out values and goals for the group. Race terms thus refer to a complex cluster of concepts that involve biological, sociological, (...) historical, moral, and political properties. Second, the paper defends W. E. B. Du Bois’s conservationist thesis about races, which holds that we should maintain race talk and racial distinctions. But instead of offering philosophical evidence, this paper defends the plausibility of the conservationist thesis with evidence from contemporary biology and psychology. It argues that, instead of eliminating race terms or concepts, we should conserve and revisethem. (shrink)
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2020-04-15Socratic Oblivion and the Siren Songs of Academe: Responding to Anne-Marie Schultz's "Stirring Up America's Sleeping Horses".Terrell Taylor
& Glenn Trujillo - 2018 - _Southwest Philosophy Review_ 34 (1):23-30.details__ Download
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2020-04-15Rethinking Nigeria’s Development Using African Traditional Communication Media for National Orientation.Stanislaus Iyorza
- 2018 - _Calabar Journal of Liberal Studies_20 (1).details
This paper examines the problem of poor orientation of most Nigerian citizens, especially the rural dwellers, occasioned by the dearth and failure of modern media in rural Nigeria; a phenomenon that has led to a major setback in participatory governance and national development in a country. The objective of the paper is to investigate the causes of modern media failure in national orientation and development in Nigeria and to examine the need to adopt traditional African media as a viable alternative (...) in Nigeria’s national orientation and development programme especially at the grassroots. This paper assumes that African traditional communication media as effective tools have been ignored in the national orientation programmes despite their relevance to national development. The paper adopts an analytical research method to examine secondary sources of data on the constraints of modern media in rural Nigeria and the viability of African traditional media in Nigeria’s national orientation and development’s efforts. Findings reveal that most Nigerian citizens, especially rural dwellers, do not understand national orientation messages because they are broadcast in English rather than their respective languages and the broadcasts are made on modern media channels that exist in urban areas. Findings also reveal that that government’s lack of political will, high cost of setting up community media, absence of professional journalists and selfish interests of Nigerians are factors responsible for the non-existence of modern media channels in rural Nigeria. Findings also reveal that African traditional media is very compatible to the communication needs of rural Nigerians. The paper concludes that the National Orientation Agency (NOA) in Nigeria has had reduced effectiveness and therefore, recommends the use of African traditional communication media in addition to the use of modern media such as television, radio and print materials to accord Nigerians the necessary orientation that will commit the citizens towards the task of national development.(shrink)
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2020-04-15Radio and Small Scale Business Promotion: A Study of Increased Preference for Hit FM Calabar, Cross River State.Stanislaus Iyorza
- 2017 - In Des Wilson (ed.), _Communication and Economic Development _. PortHarcourt:details
This study is set to investigate increased preference for Hit FM radio station Calabar as a medium for promoting businesses by small scale business owners’. There are other radio stations that had existed within the city before the advent of Hit FM in January 2016. The study assumes that Hit FM may have adopted a unique and attractive broadcasting style. The objective of this paper is to discover the factors that are responsible for the increased preference. The paper is an (...) empirical study and adopts the qualitative method using structured interviews for eliciting information from randomly selected members of the small scale business owners’ community who promote their businesses on Hit FM Calabar. Findings indicate that the Hit FM is more preferred by small scale business owners because it is newly established with very attractive programmes that appeal more to the educational, informative and entertainment needs of their audiences. Also, the station has geometrically grown a large fan base with a very wide reach, which has endeared business owners to increasingly promote their products on Hit FM Calabar. Administratively, the station has employed very young and experienced On Air Personalities. The study concludes that advertising on Hit FM has made a very positive and significant impact on small scale businesses. The study recommends a high maintenance culture and periodic retraining of Hit FM staff for delivery of more quality programmes and the need for other radio stations in Calabar to rebrand. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Quality Issues and the Ban on Selected Musical Video Broadcasting in Nigeria: A Defence for National Broadcasting Commission. Stanislaus Iyorza - 2014 - _Nigerian Theatre Journal_ 13(2).details
This paper investigates the recurrent music ban on musical video broadcasting and the issues of quality of musical contents that have warranted such a phenomenon by the National Broadcasting Commission in Nigeria. The major contention was the justification or otherwise of the ban. The paper employed observational and analytical methodologies to examine the causes of the bans on musical videos in Nigeria by NBC, the reactions of the affected artistes and their fans and the negative effects of erotic lyrics, nudity (...) and suggestive dance steps by minors, ladydancers and the musicians on the youths and other categories of musical video audiences. The paper submits that the NBC’s gestures are commendable and should be sustained while quality assurance efforts should be intensified through promotion of quality musical videos produced more for the purpose of entertainment than education or information. The paper also calls for collaborative efforts among all stakeholders in the music industry to achieve quality in the musical videos produced for general public consumption. This paper encourages musicians to invite creativity into the musical industry in Nigeria by coming out with songs and performances that reflect the cultural values of the country rather than mere entertainment songs and acts that have a greater tendency to corrupt younger minds. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Perception of Social and Behaviour Change Communication Media in Cross River State, Nigeria.Stanislaus Iyorza
- 2016 - _Journal of Theatreand Media Studies_ 1 (2).details In the wake of increased interventions into health and social problems arising from various behaviours in Cross River State, this paper is set to ascertain the most effective media that can be utilized for effective communication. The mass media of communication, including television, radio, newspapers and magazines, bill boards, hand bills, posters, theatre and many other social and interpersonal media of communication are available for patronage by interventionists targeting change in any society. The question however is which of the media (...) is the most viable? To determine this, a survey was conducted to sample the opinions of 140 media students from two higher institutions: the University of Calabar and the Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH), all in Cross River State. The population of the study comprised both undergraduates and graduate students of Theatre and Media Studies and Mass Communication in both institutions. Findings reveal that out of the fourteen (14) media tools brought into limelight, radio, television, and billboards are the most patronized tools for change communication. The paper concludes and recommends that non-governmental organizations and the government can utilize radio, television, billboards and the church as the most effective media for change. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Nollywood in Diversity: New Dimensions for Behaviour Change and National Security in Nigeria.Stanislaus Iyorza
- 2017 - _International Journal of Communication_ 21.details This paper sets out to demystify the nature of Nollywood movies existing in diversity and to propose new dimensions for using film to achieve behaviour change and a dependable national security in Nigeria. The paper views national security as the art of ensuring national safety of the government. Nollywood has naturally diversified along ethnic dimensions including the Hausa movies (Kannywood) in the North, the Yoruba movies in the West and the Ibo movies in the Eastern part of the Nigeria. Others (...) include the Akwa-Cross movies from the Southern part and the Tiv movies from the Middle Belt region of Nigeria. The paper adopts observation and analytical research methods depending on secondary sources. The paper finds out and concludes that Nollywood’s diversity is an opportunity to ameliorate some security challenges of the country and recommends the use of behaviour change focused themes which should be featured by Nollywood movie producers in Nigerian films produced along cultural, ethnic and regional boundaries. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Newspaper Cartoon and Political Education in Nigeria: The Artists' Ideal. Stanislaus Iyorza - 2015 - _Journal of Theatre and Media Studies_ 1 (1).details This paper sets out to identify the qualities of a cartoonist as an artist in the business of political education. The paper observes that the true meaning of any man’s action could be understood when conscious efforts are made by the message recipients to read beyond the lines. However, the encoder requires certain skills, especially as an artist, to pass his message across to his audience.__ Download
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2020-04-15The Impact of Crises on Rebuilding the National Image: The Paradox of Nigeria’s Rebranding.Stanislaus Iyorza
- 2014 - _International Journal of the Image_4 (2).details
This paper sets out to examine the ideals of rebranding in the national image rebuilding process, fetching examples from Nigeria’s experience. The discourse also examines the concepts of image and the impact of anti-social behaviour of citizens on the nation’s image within the international community. This includes indiscriminate imaging of violence or crime scenes through photographs and written reports by citizens of the country. The paradox of the development of indiscriminate imaging and reporting of violence through photographs is antagonistic to (...) Nigeria’s image rebranding project. This paper acquires data through observational and analytical methods. This paper concludes that the rebranding of Nigeria and other African nations where violence, corruption, and anti-social behaviours strive is almost impossible until there is a change in the attitude of the citizens. The paper recommends that the war against corrupt practices, suicide bombings, and terrorist attacks on innocent citizens of Nigeria should be a collective effort of every Nigerian who wishes the country’s image well, otherwise the country will continually suffer the risk of perpetual alienation effects. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15An Assessment of the Image of the Nigerian Police in Bloody Night and Open Truth. Stanislaus Iyorza - 2017 - _Uniuyo Journal of Communication Studies_ 1 (1):185-190.details This article is an inferential analysis of the Bloody Night and Open Truth: a Nollywood movie series that reflects the rot in Nigerian Police. The objective of this paper is to identify the image problems of the Nigerian Police as reflected by the Nollywood movie series. The study adopts a content analysis approach. Acts of bribery, false allegations, extra-judicial killings, torture and attempts to suppress justice are all exposed as perpetrated by the senior and junior officers of the Nigerian police. (...) Apart from the majority of corrupt officers; there are some non-corrupt Nigerian police officers who are emblems of justice and truth as shown in the behaviour of some characters in the movie. Their desire for truth represents a new and positive image of the Nigerian police. The study concludes that there is hope for a committed and rebranded Nigerian Police if the Nigerian Government should do the needful. The study recommends an improvement in wages, sustained retraining and punishment of police officers foundwanting. (shrink)
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2020-04-15Global Television and Local Content Viewing in Nigeria: A Study of Calabar Residents in Cross River State.Stanislaus Iyorza
- 2018 - _Nasarawa Journal of Multimedia and Communication Studies_ 1 (2).details The viewing patterns of Global Television in Nigeria seem to have undermined the objectives of local media content in the Nigerian media industry. This paper was designed to examine the factors that indicate that global television affect the development of Nigeria’s local content and why most Nigerians prefer to watch global television programmes at the expense of local television programmes even in the wake of assumed improved local contents in the Nigerian media. The study adopted observational and quantitative methods of (...) acquiring data on reasons why most residents in Nigeria prefer to view foreign programmes and how television viewing of global contents from the foreign stations has affected the development of local media content. The questionnaire was the instrument adopted for eliciting data from primary sources who are television viewers in Nigeria. This study proposed and distributed 300 but recovered 267 copies of the ‘Global Television versus Local Television Viewing’ questionnaire to randomly selected members of the population in Calabar, Cross River State. A review of secondary sources including books and articles on television viewing in Nigeria was carried out. The quantitative data was analysed using simple tables and percentages. Findings revealed that a significant number of Nigerians prefer to watch global television programmes because of their intrinsic interest and creative nature including the educational, informational and entertainment value advantage of the programmes over their local counterparts. The study recommends that the states and federal governments in Nigeria should inject more funds into revitalization of local television stations and should employ more experienced and retrain old television staff in their respective television stations in order to improve on the quality and patronage of local content in the Nigerian media.(shrink)
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2020-04-15 利他主义的妄想:包容性健身与文明的崩溃. Michael Richard Starks - 2020 - Las Vegas, NV USA: RealityPress.details
帮助我们近亲的遗传倾向("利他主义")对于我们几万至数千万年前在非洲平原上祖先的生存至关重要,在拥挤不堪的世界里是一个致命的缺陷,我们的邻居不再关系密切,正在为生存而进行生死斗争。 我称之为"一个大幸福家庭妄想",它是政治左派自杀的乌托邦妄想的核心,这种妄想是由于地球无情地强奸而带来的暂时丰富的资源和相对和平。 过去有意义的自由政治观点正在导致现代民主社会的崩溃,或许也带来了文明本身的崩溃。 虽然这是显而易见的任何明亮的10岁,访问网络,甚至卫星电视, 它完全不透明的自由/民主/新马克思主义/新法西斯主义/第三世界至上主义/20,30,40的东西Googloids和iPhoners,谁将很快接管和破坏繁荣与和平在美国和英国,然后世界,无论是直接,并通 过开放它由墨西哥卡特尔,伊斯兰圣战者和超越,统治中国的七个社会路径。美国和世界正处于人口过度增长的崩溃过程中,大部分都发生在上个世纪,现在由于第三世界人民,这一切都在崩溃。资源消耗和增加20亿美元,将 使工业文明崩溃,造成饥饿、疾病、暴力和战争。地球每年至少损失1%的表土,因此,随着接近2100,大部分粮食生长能力将不复存在。数十亿人将死去,核战争几乎可以肯定。在美国,大规模移民和移民再生产,加上民 主带来的滥用,正在大大加速这一速度。堕落的人性无情地把民主和多样性的梦想变成犯罪和贫穷的噩梦。对基本生物学和心理的无知导致部分受过教育的人的社会工程错觉,他们控制着民主社会。很少有人明白,如果你帮助一 个人,你伤害了别人——没有免费的午餐,任何人消费的每一件物品都会破坏地球,无法修复。因此,世界各地的社会政策都是不可持续的,如果不严格控制自私,所有社会都会陷入无政府状态或独裁。几乎从未提及的最基本事 实是,美国或世界没有足够的资源来使相当一部分穷人摆脱贫困,并让他们留在贫困中。这样做的企图使美国破产,毁灭世界。地球生产食物的能力每天都在下降,我们的遗传质量也是如此。现在,一如既往,穷人的最大敌人是 其他穷人,而不是富人。如果不立即作出戏剧性改变,就没有希望阻止美国或任何遵循民主制度的国家的崩溃。.__ Download
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2020-04-15Medvetandets Logiska Struktur. Michael Richard Starks - 2020 - Las Vegas, NV USA: RealityPress.details
Det är min uppfattning att tabellen över avsiktlighet (rationalitet, medvetande, sinne, tanke, språk, personlighet etc.) som har framträdande här beskriver mer eller mindre exakt, eller åtminstone fungerar som en heuristisk för, hur vi tänker och beter sig, och så det omfattar inte bara filosofi och psykologi, men allt annat (historia, litteratur, matematik, politik etc.). Observera särskilt att avsiktlighet och rationalitet som jag (tillsammans med Searle, Wittgenstein och andra) visa det, omfattar både medvetna deliberative språkliga System 2 och omedvetna automatiserade prelinguistiska (...) System 1 åtgärder eller reflexer. Jag ger en kritisk undersökning av några av de viktigaste resultaten av två av de mest framstående studenter beteende i modern tid, Ludwig Wittgenstein och John Searle, om den logiska strukturen av avsiktlighet (sinne, språk, medvetande, beteende), med som min utgångspunkt Wittgenstein grundläggande upptäckt, att alla verkligt "filosofiska" problem är desamma-förvirring om hur man använder språket i ett visst sammanhang, och så alla lösningar är desamma, titta på hur språket kan användas i det aktuella sammanhanget så att dess sanningsvillkor (Villkor för tillfredsställelse eller COS) är tydliga. Det grundläggande problemet är att man kan säga vad som helst, men man kan inte betyda (ange tydliga COS för) någon godtycklig yttrande och mening är endast möjligt i ett mycket specifikt sammanhang. Jag analyserar olika skrifter av och om dem från det moderna perspektivet av de två tankesystemen (populariserades som "tänkande snabbt, tänkande långsamt"), med en ny tabell över avsiktlighet och nya dubbla system nomenklatur. Jag visar att detta är en kraftfull heuristisk för att beskriva beteende. Således är allt beteende intimt ansluten om man tar rätt synvinkel. Den fenomenologiska Illusion (glömska till vårt automatiserade System 1) är universell och sträcker sig inte bara hela filosofin utan hela livet. Jag är säker på att Chomsky, Obama, Zuckerberg och påven skulle vara skeptiska om berättade att de lider av samma problem som Hegel, Husserl och Heidegger, (eller att de skiljer sig endast i grad från drog-och sexmissbrukare i att motiveras av stimulering av deras frontalkortices genom leverans av dopamin (och över 100 andra kemikalier) via ventrala tegmentum och nukleos accumbens), men det är helt klart sant. Medan fenomenologerna bara slösat bort en hel del människors tid, slösar de bort jorden och deras ättlings framtid. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Frege on Referentiality and Julius Caesar in Grundgesetze Section 10. Bruno Bentzen - 2019 - _Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic_ 60(4):617-637.details
This paper aims to answer the question of whether or not Frege's solution limited to value-ranges and truth-values proposed to resolve the "problem of indeterminacy of reference" in section 10 of Grundgesetze is a violation of his principle of complete determination, which states that a predicate must be defined to apply for all objects in general. Closely related to this doubt is the common allegation that Frege was unable to solve a persistent version of the Caesar problem for value-ranges. It (...) is argued that, in Frege’s standards of reducing arithmetic to logic, his solution to the indeterminacy does not give rise to any sort of Caesar problem inthe book. (shrink)
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2020-04-15On the Notion of Existence.Piotr Witas -
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I argue that a slight shift in our understanding of the notion of existence is needed in order to cope with the problem of external world and the problem of mind and body. As a consequence of it being taught by "givenness" of the subjective mind, and despite its applicability in objective contexts, it should be considered a "tool" akin to qualia, rather than pertaining to a "true", objective reality. In plain language, one's supposed relation with their surroundings is known (...) to them only in terms of their private ontology. This conclusion is supported both by intuition and - perhaps most importantly - by ontological issues in quantum physics. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Food Security as a Global Public Good.Cristian Timmermann
- 2018 - In José Luis Vivero-Pol, Tomaso Ferrando, Olivier de Schutter & Ugo Mattei (eds.), _Routledge Handbook of Food as a Commons _. London: Routledge. pp. 85-99.details Food security brings a number of benefits to humanity from which nobody can be excluded and which can be simultaneously enjoyed by all. An economic understanding of the concept sees food security qualify as a global public good. However, there are four other ways of understanding a public good which are worthy of attention. A normative public good is a good from which nobody ought to be excluded. Alternatively, one might acknowledge the benevolent character of a public good. Others have (...) argued that public goods demand being public in the sense of being visible to all. Finally, it has also been argued that public goods are those goods which need joint action to be produced and maintained. This chapter discusses these five understandings of the public good in relation to food security and highlights the advantage of assessing policies from each of these perspectives. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Interdependent Decisionmaking, Game Theory and Conformity.Kathleen Touchstone
- 1995 - _Reason Papers_ 20:68-108.details__ Download
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2020-04-15Hegel and the Sciences.Sergio Cremaschi
- 1989 - _The Owl of Minerva_ 20(2):224-228.details
I discuss this collection of essays on Hegel and the sciences while stressing the interest of Hegel's philosophy of nature in the light of later non-mainstream developments in the life-sciences and medicine. I compare then the chapters dedicated to Hegel's logic with recent literature on para-consistent logic and re-interpretations of Hegel'sown logic.
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2020-04-15The Philosophical Significance of Wittgenstein’s Experiments on Rhythm, Cambridge 1912–13.Eran Guter -
2020 - _Estetika_ 57 (1):28-43.details Wittgenstein’s experiments on rhythm, conducted in Charles Myers’s laboratory in Cambridge during the years 1912–13, are his earliest recorded engagement in thinking about music, not just appreciating it, and philosophizing by means of musical thinking. In this essay, I set these experiments within their appropriate intellectual, scientific, and philosophical context in order to show that, its minor scientific importance notwithstanding, this onetime excursion into empirical research provided an early onset for Wittgenstein’s career-long exploration of the philosophically pervasive implications of aspects. (...) Dramatically moving beyond the conceptual limitations, which were inscribed by Charles Myers’s scientific program, Wittgenstein got a glimpse of a philosophical angle, which was bound to become very important to him not only in aesthetics, but also for his overarching philosophical development. He became interested in what we actually do when we re-phrase, compare, come up with good similes in order to illuminate something definite within the space of possibility, so a new aspect may come to life. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15GEM ANSCOMBE, Human Life, Action and Ethics.Sergio Cremaschi
- 2008 - _Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica_ 100 (2):431-432.details A short review of the collection of Anscombe's ethical essays edited by Mary geach and Luke Gormally.__ Download
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2020-04-15Self-Love and Self-Conceit.Owen Ware -
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This paper examines the distinction between self-love and self-conceit in Kant's moral psychology. It motivates an alternative account of the origin of self-conceit by drawing a parallel to what Kant calls transcendental illusion.__ Download
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2020-04-15Code-Switching in the University Level Students of Bangladesh: An Empirical Study.Md Ruhul Amin
- 2020 - _ANGLISTICUM Journal_ 9 (3):41-54.details The motto of this research article is to present how Bangladeshi University students use the mixture of both English and Bengali language as their spoken language. It can be said undoubtedly that English is the vast spoken language in the whole world as well as spreading to a large extent. Bangladesh is not different from other countries as well as English has been taught every level an every medium of education here and in recent times it is seen that English (...) is used by the university students when they talk with each other I mean we can see a mixture of two languages. Each language has a social function which no other language could possibly fulfill (Hudson, 1996). Perhaps that is why code switching has become a common phenomenon in our everyday conversations in the recent years in Bangladesh. Young people randomly style switch in their daily interactions. This research paper also explores the possible propelling factors as well as stereotypical patterns behind this scenario. The data collected for the study reveals different factors as the causes behind this practice of code-switching and its impact on language behavior. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Introduction to Special Issue on 'Group Speech Acts'.Leo Townsend &
Michael Schmitz - 2020 - _Language & Communication_ 72:53-55.details__ Download
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2020-04-15Is an Increase in Probability Always an Increase in Evidential Support? Artūrs Logins - forthcoming - _Erkenntnis_:1-25.details Peter Achinstein has argued at length and on many occasions that the view according to which evidential support is defined in terms of probability-raising faces serious counterexamples and, hence, should be abandoned. Proponents of the positive probabilistic relevance view have remained unconvinced. The debate seems to be in a deadlock. This paper is an attempt to move the debate forward and revisit some of the central claims within this debate. My conclusion here will be that while Achinstein may be right (...) that his counterexamples undermine probabilistic relevance views of what it is for e to be evidence that h, there is still room for a defence of a related probabilistic view about an increase in being supported, according to which, if p > p, then h is more supported given e than it is without e. My argument relies crucially on an insight from recent work on the linguistics of gradable adjectives. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Events, Processes. And the Time of a Killing.Yair Levy -
forthcoming - _Ratio_.details The paper proposes a novel solution to the problem of the time of a killing (ToK), which persistently besets theories of act-individuation. The solution proposed claims to expose a crucial wrong-headed assumption in the debate, according to which ToK is essentially a problem of locating some event that corresponds to the killing. The alternative proposal put forward here turns on recognizing a separate category of dynamic occurents, viz. processes. The paper does not aim to mount a comprehensive defense of process (...) ontology, relying instead on extant defenses. The primary aim is rather to put process ontology to work in diagnosing the current state of play over ToK, and indeed in solving it. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Cutting God in Half - And Putting the Pieces Together Again: A New Approach to Philosophy.Nicholas Maxwell
- 2010 - Pentire Press.details Cutting God in Half argues that, in order to tackle climate change, world poverty, extinction of species and our other global problems rather better than we are doing at present we need to bring about a revolution in science, and in academia more generally. We need to put our problems of living – personal, social, global – at the heart of the academic enterprise. How our human world, imbued with meaning and value, can exist and best flourish embedded in the (...) physical universe is, the book argues, our basic problem. It is our fundamental philosophical problem, our fundamental problem of knowledge and understanding, and our fundamental practical problem of living. It is this problem that we fail, at present, to recognize as fundamental – to our cost. It can be understood to arise as a result of cutting God in half – severing the God of Cosmic Power from the God of Value. The first is Einstein’s God, the underlying unity in the physical universe that determines how events occur. The second is what is of most value associated with human life – and sentient life more generally. Having cut God in half in this way, the problem then becomes to see how the two halves can be put together again. This book tackles outstanding aspects of this problem, and in doing so throws out original ideas about science, education, religion, evolutionary theory, free will, quantum theory, and how we should go about tackling our impending global crises. It transpires that bringing our basic problem into sharp focus has revolutionary implications. It becomes clear how and why many aspects of our social and cultural world urgently need to be transformed. Cutting God in Half is written in a lively, accessible style, and ought to be essential reading for anyone concerned about ultimate questions – the nature of the universe, the meaning of life, the future of humanity. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Transnational Standards of Social Protection: Contrasting European and International Governance.Poul F. Kjaer
& Christian Joerges
(eds.) - 2008 - Oslo: ARENA.details The Report presents insights which illuminates the intertwinements of European regulatory policies and global governance arrangements. By pinning down the exact nature of the interaction between these two levels, the EU’s dilemma becomes obvious: On the one hand, stronger global governance can be a chance, through which the EU can clarify its own raison d’être of increased integration to the wider world. On the other hand, the design of the European project is being challenged by more assertive global structures. This (...) is especially the case in relation to the WTO regime, which is constraining the decisional autonomy of the EU, regarding the appropriateness of its content and its external effects. Thus, the regulation of services in the EU and the WTO are discussed in the first section of this report. Section two focuses on labour standards, which are analysed from different angles in order to clarify the functions of the WTO and the ILO, multinational companies as well as other private actors within this specific field. The final section deals with the legitimacy problematic of transnational governance. Table of contents: Introduction Christian Joerges and Poul F. Kjaer Section One: Freedom of Services Chapter 1 The Multiple Understandings of Conflict between Trade in Services and Labour Protection Alexia Herwig Chapter 2 Competing in Markets, not Rules: The Conflict over the Single Services Market Susanne K. Schmidt Chapter 3 Competitiveness and Labour Protection: A Comment Markus Krajewski Section Two: Labour Standards Chapter 4 WTO and ILO: Can Social Responsibility be maintained in International Trade? Josef Falke Chapter 5 Reframing RECON: Perspectives on Transnationalisation and Post-national Democracy from Labour Law Claire Methven O’Brien Chapter 6 Transnational Governance and Human Rights: The Obligations of Private Actors in the Global Context Regina Kreide Section Three: The Legitimacy of Transnational Governance Chapter 7 Legitimacy through Precaution in European Regulation of GMOs? From the Standpoint of Governance as Analytical Perspective Maria Weimer Chapter 8 The Justice Deficit of the EU and other International Organisations Jürgen Neyer Chapter 9 Towards Normative Legitimacy of the World Trade Order Alexia Herwig and Thorsten Hüller Chapter 10 From Utopia to Apology – The Return to Inter-state Justice in Normative IR Scholarship: Comments on Neyer and Herwig & Hüller Jens Steffek.(shrink)
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2020-04-15The Evolution of Intermediary Institutions in Europe: From Corporatism to Governance. Eva Hartmann & Poul F. Kjaer - 2015 - London, Storbritannien: Palgrave.details This book investigates the consecutive shifts between three types of intermediary institutions in the European context: Corporatist, Neo-corporatist and Governance institutions. It develops a new conceptual framework for understanding the function and position of intermediary institutions in society, as well as a vocabulary capable of explaining the causes and consequences of these shifts for politics, economy and society at large. The book is designed to fill a gap in three rather distinct, yet also overlapping bodies of literature: European Political Economy, (...) European Integration and governance studies, and socio-legal studies in the European context. -/- Reviews: - Anne Guisset: Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 22, 3, 427-429, 2016. -/- - Ian Bruff, Capital & Class, 40, 3, 555 – 57, 2016. -/- . (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Langer Weg Zur Sexuellen Selbstbestimmung. Der Schutz von LSBTI Durch Die Vereinten Nationen.Karsten Schubert
- 2013 - _Vereinte Nationen_ 61(5):216-222.details
Menschenrechtsverletzungen aufgrund sexueller Orientierung und Geschlechtsidentität (SOGI) wur-den auf internationaler Ebene lange Zeit kaum zur Kenntnis genommen. Doch seit einigen Jahren wird dem Thema in den Vereinten Nationen breiterer Raum eingeräumt. Die Yogyakarta-Prinzipien und eine Studie des Amtes des Hohen Kommissars für Menschenrechte stellen nur die ersten Schritte auf dem Weg zu einem umfassenderen Schutzansatz dar. Er muss gegen den Widerstand vieler Staaten weiterverfolgt werden.__ Download
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2020-04-15Erdogans Architektur der Angst.Karsten Schubert
- 2013 - _JuWissBlog_:1-2.details__ Download
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2020-04-15Grounding and the Myth of Ontological Innocence.Jonathan Barker
- forthcoming - _Australasian Journal ofPhilosophy_.details
According to the Ontological Innocence Thesis (OIT), grounded entities are ontologically innocent relative to their full grounds. I argue that OIT entails a contradiction, and therefore must be discarded. My argument turns on the notion of “groundmates,” two or more numerically distinct entities that share at least one of their full grounds. I argue that, if OIT is true, then it is both the case that there are groundmates and that there are no groundmates. Therefore, so I conclude, OIT is (...) false. Moreover, once we have seen why OIT is false, only three heterodox views about reality's structure remain. So this paper’s second conclusion is that, even after we have discarded OIT, we are in for an additional surprise. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Foucaults Verflüssigung. Postfundamentalistische Kritik und normative Institutionentheorie.Karsten Schubert
- 2013 - _Grundrisse_ 46:39-45.details Eine Kritik des "Verflüssigungsprimats" - Antinormativität und Antiinstitutionalismus - der poststrukturalitischen politischenTheorie.
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2020-04-15Social Depoliticization, Authoritarian Power, and Lack of Development in African States.Krzysztof Trzcinski
- 2009 - _Hemispheres_ 24:133-142.details Claude Ake was interested in how the depoliticization of African societies has led to their existing in a state of permanent crisis, and, in particular, to the impossibility of their development. He understood depoliticization as a situation where the right to possess a political sphere of life is withheld from most members of the state and, at the same time, politics is monopolized by those in power. He showed the error of seeing the African crisis primarily as an economic crisis (...) and emphasized that in the literature concerning African problems it was mistakenly assumed that African political elites were interested in development. Ake’s thoughts about the connection between, on the one hand, authoritarian power and the depoliticization of African societies, and, on the other, the lack of development does not exhaust the question of the crisis of the African state. But his opinions are valuable as an African viewpoint, which is not often taken into account. (shrink)__ Download
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2020-04-15Die Christlichen Wurzeln der Kritik. Wie Foucaults Analysen der Kirchenväter Neues Licht Auf Die Debatte Um Macht Und Freiheit Werfen. Karsten Schubert - 2019 - _Zeitschrift für Philosophische Literatur_ 7 (2):60-71.details Die Veröffentlichung von Foucaults viertem Band der Geschichte der Sexualität, Die Geständnisse des Fleisches, wurde von der Foucault-Community und der interessierten Öffentlichkeit gespannt erwartet. Vom lange unter Verschluss gehaltenen Band erhofft sich die Leser_innenschaft neue Erkenntnisse nicht nur zum Thema des Buches – die Reflexionen der Kirchenväter bis Augustinus zu Sexualität und Lebensführung –, sondern zu Foucaults Werk im Allgemeinen und den großen Fragen nach Macht, Freiheit und Kritik, die dessen Rezeption bestimmen. Und tatsächlich bietet der Band überraschend neue Einsichten, (...) in deren Lichte sich die herrschende Meinung zu Foucaults Freiheits- und Kritikbegriff als falsch herausstellt. Heute ist die These verbreitet, dass Foucaults Arbeiten zur antiken Ethik und parrhesia als Beitrag zu einem normativen Freiheitsbegriff gewertet werden können. Dagegen zeigt Die Geständnisse des Fleisches, dass die für Foucault und unsere Gegenwart relevante Freiheit, die Fähigkeit zur reflexiven Selbst- und Machtkritik, ihren Ursprung in den Subjektivierungen des frühen Christentums hat, das Subjektivität zum ersten Mal an kritische Machtreflexion koppelt. Rezensionsessay zu Michel Foucault: Die Geständnisse des Fleisches. Sexualität und Wahrheit 4. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp 2019. (shrink)__ Download
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