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ABBREVIATIONS
Dam. Isid. Damascius, Vita Isidori Dar.–Sag. C. Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments (1877–1919) Davies, APF J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600–300 bc (1971) Davies, EGF M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1988) PMGF Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1991) LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergone CRITICAL PHENOMENOLOGY This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Please check back later for the full article.Since the turn of the millennium, critical phenomenology has developed in a parallel fashion in both philosophy and anthropology, with considerable cross-pollination between the twomovements.
MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity and GENETIC EPISTEMOLOGY OF JEAN PIAGET Jean Piaget (1896–1980) is known for his contributions to developmental psychology and educational theory. His name is associated especially with Stage Theory. That we believe him to have focused solely on cognitive development, however, is not because he did. This is instead the result of the popularization of his writings in the United States during the Cold War. HISTORICAL VIEWS OF HOMOSEXUALITY: ANCIENT GREECE Ancient Greece featured at least five different varieties of same-sex relations: (a) pederastic relations, typically between adolescent boys and adult men who were not yet married; (b) relations between male youths of approximately the same age; less frequently (c) homosexual relations between fully adult men; (d) age-differentiated relations between females; and (e) relations between adult EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Peacekeeping has been one of the main conflict management tools used by the international community to restore or safeguard peace and security. Since 1948, the United Nations has established 70 peace operations and has substantially evolved, adopting approaches to peace that extend beyond purely military concerns. Indeed, the promises of peacekeeping as effective instrument of conflictSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING: PAST, PRESENT, AND Since the early 20th century, the illegal drug trade has received increasing focus throughout the world. However, the use of mind-altering substances predates attempts to prohibit or regulate them. Early control efforts date back to the teachings of Mohammed in the Koran, though wider-scale control efforts did not occur until the18th century.
ABBREVIATIONS
Dam. Isid. Damascius, Vita Isidori Dar.–Sag. C. Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments (1877–1919) Davies, APF J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600–300 bc (1971) Davies, EGF M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1988) PMGF Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1991) LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergone CRITICAL PHENOMENOLOGY This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Please check back later for the full article.Since the turn of the millennium, critical phenomenology has developed in a parallel fashion in both philosophy and anthropology, with considerable cross-pollination between the twomovements.
MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity and GENETIC EPISTEMOLOGY OF JEAN PIAGET Jean Piaget (1896–1980) is known for his contributions to developmental psychology and educational theory. His name is associated especially with Stage Theory. That we believe him to have focused solely on cognitive development, however, is not because he did. This is instead the result of the popularization of his writings in the United States during the Cold War. HISTORICAL VIEWS OF HOMOSEXUALITY: ANCIENT GREECE Ancient Greece featured at least five different varieties of same-sex relations: (a) pederastic relations, typically between adolescent boys and adult men who were not yet married; (b) relations between male youths of approximately the same age; less frequently (c) homosexual relations between fully adult men; (d) age-differentiated relations between females; and (e) relations between adult EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Peacekeeping has been one of the main conflict management tools used by the international community to restore or safeguard peace and security. Since 1948, the United Nations has established 70 peace operations and has substantially evolved, adopting approaches to peace that extend beyond purely military concerns. Indeed, the promises of peacekeeping as effective instrument of conflictSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING: PAST, PRESENT, AND Since the early 20th century, the illegal drug trade has received increasing focus throughout the world. However, the use of mind-altering substances predates attempts to prohibit or regulate them. Early control efforts date back to the teachings of Mohammed in the Koran, though wider-scale control efforts did not occur until the18th century.
OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIAS On May 28, the Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Neuroscience will be available via subscription. After a successful free period during development, the OREs provide in-depth overviews of the major areas GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Please check back later for the full article.The God of the Old Testament (or Hebrew Bible) is arguably one of the most fascinating deities in all religious literature: complex and multifaceted; prone to great acts of mercy and kindness, although not above brutal acts of punishment and wrath EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Peacekeeping has been one of the main conflict management tools used by the international community to restore or safeguard peace and security. Since 1948, the United Nations has established 70 peace operations and has substantially evolved, adopting approaches to peace that extend beyond purely military concerns. Indeed, the promises of peacekeeping as effective instrument of conflict RELIGION AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION The Great Depression of 1929–1941 brought not only economic and social crisis, but also forced families, churches, and religious organizations to reckon with individual and social suffering in ways that they had not done in the United States since the Civil War. This reckoning introduced a period of both theological and institutionaltransformation.
INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING: PAST, PRESENT, AND Since the early 20th century, the illegal drug trade has received increasing focus throughout the world. However, the use of mind-altering substances predates attempts to prohibit or regulate them. Early control efforts date back to the teachings of Mohammed in the Koran, though wider-scale control efforts did not occur until the18th century.
STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS FOR IMPROVING SCHOOL This article presents an overview of school absenteeism, truancy, and school refusal behaviors.The various definitions of school truancy and absenteeism are described along with prevalence rates and correlates with school absenteeism. The article also discusses interventions and strategies that are empirically demonstrated as effective in helping school professionals increase school attendance. TASK-CENTERED PRACTICE Task-centered practice is a social work technology designed to help clients and practitioners collaborate on specific, measurable, and achievable goals. It is designed to be brief (typically, 8–12 sessions) and can be used with individuals, couples, families, and groups in a wide variety of social work practice contexts. With nearly 40 years of practice and research arguing for its UNITED STATES VAGRANCY LAWS The crime of vagrancy has deep historical roots in American law and legal culture. Originating in 16th-century England, vagrancy laws came to the New World with the colonists and soon proliferated throughout the British colonies and, later, the United States. Vagrancy laws took myriad forms, generally making it a crime to be poor, idle, dissolute, immoral, drunk, lewd, or suspicious. BLACK FEMINIST THOUGHT AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN Black feminist thought and qualitative research in education is guided by a particular understanding of the learning strategies informed by Black women’s historical experiences with race, gender, and class. Scholars of Black feminist thought remind us of a Black feminist pedagogy that fosters a mindset of intellectual inclusion. Black feminist thought challenges Western intellectual STEVE BIKO AND THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT The Black Consciousness movement of South Africa instigated a social, cultural, and political awakening in the country in the 1970s. By the mid-1960s, major anti-apartheid organizations in South Africa such as the African National Congress and Pan-Africanist Congress had been virtually silenced by government repression. In 1969, Steve Biko and other black students frustrated with white THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. CRITICAL PHENOMENOLOGY This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Please check back later for the full article.Since the turn of the millennium, critical phenomenology has developed in a parallel fashion in both philosophy and anthropology, with considerable cross-pollination between the twomovements.
LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergone MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity and RELIGION IN FOREIGN POLICY Most states’ foreign policies are secular in orientation and focus. A few make religion a prominent component of their ideological approach to foreign policy. States whose foreign policies are consistently or irregularly informed by religion include Egypt, Iran, India, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. In each case, these states’ foreign policies feature domestic religious INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE One of the largest reforms in the school systems of European countries is inclusive schooling. All over Europe enrollment of students with special educational needs (SEN) in regular classrooms is rising and at the same time the proportion of students with SEN in segregated school settings is declining (in most European countries). Despite a significant push to implement inclusive education CHEMORECEPTION IN FISHES Chemoreception is the physiological capacity whereby organisms detect the varied external and internal chemical information required for survival and is the most primitive sensory process. Fish living in water have respiratory, gustatory, and olfactory chemosensory systems that detect water-soluble chemical cues. Respiratory chemoreception mainly in the gills detects changes in the levels of CONSTRUCTIVIST ANALYSES OF FOREIGN POLICY Constructivist analyses tend to focus on “how possible” questions rather than attempting to “explain” particular decisions, and this offers a useful addition or corrective to more traditional analyses of foreign policy. They also attempt to understand the general foreign policy orientations of states, often relying on notions of culture GAY STRAIGHT COMMUNICATION Sexual orientation is a private matter that individuals can decide to disclose or conceal. Nevertheless, when interacting with others, people look for cues of sexual orientation. Hence, the person’s face, voice, or non-verbal behavior is taken as a cue revealing sexual orientation. As research on “gaydar” has shown, this detecting ability can sometimes be accurate or stereotype-based. INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING: PAST, PRESENT, AND Since the early 20th century, the illegal drug trade has received increasing focus throughout the world. However, the use of mind-altering substances predates attempts to prohibit or regulate them. Early control efforts date back to the teachings of Mohammed in the Koran, though wider-scale control efforts did not occur until the18th century.
THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. CRITICAL PHENOMENOLOGY This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Please check back later for the full article.Since the turn of the millennium, critical phenomenology has developed in a parallel fashion in both philosophy and anthropology, with considerable cross-pollination between the twomovements.
LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergone MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity and RELIGION IN FOREIGN POLICY Most states’ foreign policies are secular in orientation and focus. A few make religion a prominent component of their ideological approach to foreign policy. States whose foreign policies are consistently or irregularly informed by religion include Egypt, Iran, India, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. In each case, these states’ foreign policies feature domestic religious INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE One of the largest reforms in the school systems of European countries is inclusive schooling. All over Europe enrollment of students with special educational needs (SEN) in regular classrooms is rising and at the same time the proportion of students with SEN in segregated school settings is declining (in most European countries). Despite a significant push to implement inclusive education CHEMORECEPTION IN FISHES Chemoreception is the physiological capacity whereby organisms detect the varied external and internal chemical information required for survival and is the most primitive sensory process. Fish living in water have respiratory, gustatory, and olfactory chemosensory systems that detect water-soluble chemical cues. Respiratory chemoreception mainly in the gills detects changes in the levels of CONSTRUCTIVIST ANALYSES OF FOREIGN POLICY Constructivist analyses tend to focus on “how possible” questions rather than attempting to “explain” particular decisions, and this offers a useful addition or corrective to more traditional analyses of foreign policy. They also attempt to understand the general foreign policy orientations of states, often relying on notions of culture GAY STRAIGHT COMMUNICATION Sexual orientation is a private matter that individuals can decide to disclose or conceal. Nevertheless, when interacting with others, people look for cues of sexual orientation. Hence, the person’s face, voice, or non-verbal behavior is taken as a cue revealing sexual orientation. As research on “gaydar” has shown, this detecting ability can sometimes be accurate or stereotype-based. INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING: PAST, PRESENT, AND Since the early 20th century, the illegal drug trade has received increasing focus throughout the world. However, the use of mind-altering substances predates attempts to prohibit or regulate them. Early control efforts date back to the teachings of Mohammed in the Koran, though wider-scale control efforts did not occur until the18th century.
OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIAS On May 28, the Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Neuroscience will be available via subscription. After a successful free period during development, the OREs provide in-depth overviews of the major areas RELIGION AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION The Great Depression of 1929–1941 brought not only economic and social crisis, but also forced families, churches, and religious organizations to reckon with individual and social suffering in ways that they had not done in the United States since the Civil War. This reckoning introduced a period of both theological and institutionaltransformation.
COMPLEXITY THEORY AND TEACHER EDUCATION Complexity theory offers possibilities for thinking about the challenges and opportunities inherent in teaching, teacher learning, and many other networked systems in teacher education. Complexity theory is a theory of learning systems that provides a framework for those interested in examining how systems develop and change. It is transdisciplinary in nature, drawing on insights from diverse OCCUPATIONAL SOCIAL WORK Occupational (industrial) social work, one of the newest fields of policy and practice, has evolved since the mid-1960s to become a dynamic arena for social service and practice innovation. Focusing on work, workers, and work organizations, occupational social work provides unique opportunities for the profession to affect the decisions and provisions of management and labor. HISTORICAL VIEWS OF HOMOSEXUALITY: ANCIENT GREECE Ancient Greece featured at least five different varieties of same-sex relations: (a) pederastic relations, typically between adolescent boys and adult men who were not yet married; (b) relations between male youths of approximately the same age; less frequently (c) homosexual relations between fully adult men; (d) age-differentiated relations between females; and (e) relations between adult GENDER AND PUNISHMENT In many respects, gender has been missing from the enormous literature on the form and focus of state systems of punishment. This is true in both the historical accounts on shifts in penal practices and the scholarship on the contemporary emergence of mass incarceration. Gender is absent as a category of analysis and as an explanatory variable in these scholarly debates. CULTURE, A SOCIAL DETERMINANT OF HEALTH AND RISK We provide an overview on the role of culture in addressing the social determinants of health and risk. The fact that everyone is influenced by a set of locally defined forms of behavior means that while not overtly expressed, culture’s effects can be ubiquitous, influencing everything including the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING: PAST, PRESENT, AND Since the early 20th century, the illegal drug trade has received increasing focus throughout the world. However, the use of mind-altering substances predates attempts to prohibit or regulate them. Early control efforts date back to the teachings of Mohammed in the Koran, though wider-scale control efforts did not occur until the18th century.
AFRICAN UNION: SUCCESSES AND FAILURES The African Union (AU), an international organization comprising all 54 independent states in Africa and Western Sahara, was established in May 2001 to, among other things, promote regional integration, interstate solidarity, peace, good governance and to enhance the African voice in the global system. Pan-African organization is like the proverbial forest that has bad trees dotted around its RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY IN POLITICAL DECISION MAKING Rational choice theory builds from a very simple foundation. To wit: individuals are presumed to pursue goal-oriented behavior stemming from rational preferences. Rational choice theory benefits from the very precise formulations of its assumptions. Individual-level rationality is generally defined as having complete and transitivepreferences.
OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIASABOUTSUBSCRIBER SERVICESEXPLORE BY SUBJECTRECENTLY PUBLISHEDCONTACT USLEGAL NOTICE On May 28, the Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Neuroscience will be available via subscription. After a successful free period during development, the OREs provide in-depth overviews of the major areasABBREVIATIONS
Dam. Isid. Damascius, Vita Isidori Dar.–Sag. C. Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments (1877–1919) Davies, APF J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600–300 bc (1971) Davies, EGF M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1988) PMGF Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1991) THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Please check back later for the full article.The God of the Old Testament (or Hebrew Bible) is arguably one of the most fascinating deities in all religious literature: complex and multifaceted; prone to great acts of mercy and kindness, although not above brutal acts of punishment and wrath MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity and COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANAGEMENT THEORY This theory uses plain language to understand privacy management in everyday life. CPM focuses on the relationship people have with each other in communicative contexts, such as face-to-face interactions, on social media, and in dyads or groups. CPM theory is based on a communicative-social behavioral perspective and not necessarily alegal
WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine STEVE BIKO AND THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT The Black Consciousness movement of South Africa instigated a social, cultural, and political awakening in the country in the 1970s. By the mid-1960s, major anti-apartheid organizations in South Africa such as the African National Congress and Pan-Africanist Congress had been virtually silenced by government repression. In 1969, Steve Biko and other black students frustrated with whiteSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
NATURE AND NURTURE AS AN ENDURING TENSION IN THE HISTORY Nature–nurture is a dichotomous way of thinking about the origins of human (and animal) behavior and development, where “nature” refers to native, inborn, causal factors that function independently of, or prior to, the experiences (“nurture”) of the organism. In psychology during the 19th century, nature-nurture debates were voiced in the language of instinct versus learning. OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIASABOUTSUBSCRIBER SERVICESEXPLORE BY SUBJECTRECENTLY PUBLISHEDCONTACT USLEGAL NOTICE On May 28, the Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Neuroscience will be available via subscription. After a successful free period during development, the OREs provide in-depth overviews of the major areasABBREVIATIONS
Dam. Isid. Damascius, Vita Isidori Dar.–Sag. C. Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments (1877–1919) Davies, APF J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600–300 bc (1971) Davies, EGF M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1988) PMGF Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1991) THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Please check back later for the full article.The God of the Old Testament (or Hebrew Bible) is arguably one of the most fascinating deities in all religious literature: complex and multifaceted; prone to great acts of mercy and kindness, although not above brutal acts of punishment and wrath MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity and COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANAGEMENT THEORY This theory uses plain language to understand privacy management in everyday life. CPM focuses on the relationship people have with each other in communicative contexts, such as face-to-face interactions, on social media, and in dyads or groups. CPM theory is based on a communicative-social behavioral perspective and not necessarily alegal
WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine STEVE BIKO AND THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT The Black Consciousness movement of South Africa instigated a social, cultural, and political awakening in the country in the 1970s. By the mid-1960s, major anti-apartheid organizations in South Africa such as the African National Congress and Pan-Africanist Congress had been virtually silenced by government repression. In 1969, Steve Biko and other black students frustrated with whiteSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
NATURE AND NURTURE AS AN ENDURING TENSION IN THE HISTORY Nature–nurture is a dichotomous way of thinking about the origins of human (and animal) behavior and development, where “nature” refers to native, inborn, causal factors that function independently of, or prior to, the experiences (“nurture”) of the organism. In psychology during the 19th century, nature-nurture debates were voiced in the language of instinct versus learning. OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIAS On May 28, the Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Neuroscience will be available via subscription. After a successful free period during development, the OREs provide in-depth overviews of the major areas THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergoneLANGUAGE ATTITUDES
Language attitudes are evaluative reactions to different language varieties. They reflect, at least in part, two sequential cognitive processes: social categorization and stereotyping. First, listeners use linguistic cues (e.g., accent) to infer speakers’ social group membership(s). Second, based on that categorization, they attribute to speakers stereotypic traits associated with those RELIGION AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION The Great Depression of 1929–1941 brought not only economic and social crisis, but also forced families, churches, and religious organizations to reckon with individual and social suffering in ways that they had not done in the United States since the Civil War. This reckoning introduced a period of both theological and institutionaltransformation.
GAY STRAIGHT COMMUNICATION Sexual orientation is a private matter that individuals can decide to disclose or conceal. Nevertheless, when interacting with others, people look for cues of sexual orientation. Hence, the person’s face, voice, or non-verbal behavior is taken as a cue revealing sexual orientation. As research on “gaydar” has shown, this detecting ability can sometimes be accurate or stereotype-based. VIOLENCE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT “Violence in the Old Testament” may refer generally to the Old Testament’s descriptions of God or human beings killing, destroying, and doing physical harm. As part of the activity of God, violence may include the results of divine judgment, such as God’s destruction of “all flesh” in the flood story (Gen. 6:13) or God raining fire and brimstone on Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 19:24–25). COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SCHOOL MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING Community participation in school management has great potentials for removing mistrust and distance between people and schools by nurturing transparency of information and a culture of mutual respect and by jointly pursuing improvement of school by sharing vision, process, and results. Individual and organizational behavioral changes are critical to increase the level of participation. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROMOTION Compelling evidence worldwide suggests that the number of physically inactive individuals is high, and it is increasing. Given that lack of physical activity has been linked to a number of physical and mental health problems, identifying sustainable, cost-effective, and scalable initiatives to increase physical activity has become a priority for researchers, health practitioners, and policymakers. GENDER ROLES, WOMEN’S RIGHTS, AND THE POLARIZATION OF The late 20th century saw gender roles transformed as the so-called Second Wave of American feminism that began in the 1960s gained support. By the early 1970s public opinion increasingly favored the movement and politicians in both major political parties supported it. In 1972 Congress overwhelmingly approved the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and sent it to the states. OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIASABOUTSUBSCRIBER SERVICESEXPLORE BY SUBJECTRECENTLY PUBLISHEDCONTACT USLEGAL NOTICE On May 28, the Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Neuroscience will be available via subscription. After a successful free period during development, the OREs provide in-depth overviews of the major areasABBREVIATIONS
Dam. Isid. Damascius, Vita Isidori Dar.–Sag. C. Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments (1877–1919) Davies, APF J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600–300 bc (1971) Davies, EGF M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1988) PMGF Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1991) THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Please check back later for the full article.The God of the Old Testament (or Hebrew Bible) is arguably one of the most fascinating deities in all religious literature: complex and multifaceted; prone to great acts of mercy and kindness, although not above brutal acts of punishment and wrath MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity and COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANAGEMENT THEORY This theory uses plain language to understand privacy management in everyday life. CPM focuses on the relationship people have with each other in communicative contexts, such as face-to-face interactions, on social media, and in dyads or groups. CPM theory is based on a communicative-social behavioral perspective and not necessarily alegal
WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine STEVE BIKO AND THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT The Black Consciousness movement of South Africa instigated a social, cultural, and political awakening in the country in the 1970s. By the mid-1960s, major anti-apartheid organizations in South Africa such as the African National Congress and Pan-Africanist Congress had been virtually silenced by government repression. In 1969, Steve Biko and other black students frustrated with whiteSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
NATURE AND NURTURE AS AN ENDURING TENSION IN THE HISTORY Nature–nurture is a dichotomous way of thinking about the origins of human (and animal) behavior and development, where “nature” refers to native, inborn, causal factors that function independently of, or prior to, the experiences (“nurture”) of the organism. In psychology during the 19th century, nature-nurture debates were voiced in the language of instinct versus learning. OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIASABOUTSUBSCRIBER SERVICESEXPLORE BY SUBJECTRECENTLY PUBLISHEDCONTACT USLEGAL NOTICE On May 28, the Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Neuroscience will be available via subscription. After a successful free period during development, the OREs provide in-depth overviews of the major areasABBREVIATIONS
Dam. Isid. Damascius, Vita Isidori Dar.–Sag. C. Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments (1877–1919) Davies, APF J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600–300 bc (1971) Davies, EGF M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1988) PMGF Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1991) THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Please check back later for the full article.The God of the Old Testament (or Hebrew Bible) is arguably one of the most fascinating deities in all religious literature: complex and multifaceted; prone to great acts of mercy and kindness, although not above brutal acts of punishment and wrath MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity and COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANAGEMENT THEORY This theory uses plain language to understand privacy management in everyday life. CPM focuses on the relationship people have with each other in communicative contexts, such as face-to-face interactions, on social media, and in dyads or groups. CPM theory is based on a communicative-social behavioral perspective and not necessarily alegal
WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine STEVE BIKO AND THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT The Black Consciousness movement of South Africa instigated a social, cultural, and political awakening in the country in the 1970s. By the mid-1960s, major anti-apartheid organizations in South Africa such as the African National Congress and Pan-Africanist Congress had been virtually silenced by government repression. In 1969, Steve Biko and other black students frustrated with whiteSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
NATURE AND NURTURE AS AN ENDURING TENSION IN THE HISTORY Nature–nurture is a dichotomous way of thinking about the origins of human (and animal) behavior and development, where “nature” refers to native, inborn, causal factors that function independently of, or prior to, the experiences (“nurture”) of the organism. In psychology during the 19th century, nature-nurture debates were voiced in the language of instinct versus learning. OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIAS On May 28, the Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Neuroscience will be available via subscription. After a successful free period during development, the OREs provide in-depth overviews of the major areas THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergoneLANGUAGE ATTITUDES
Language attitudes are evaluative reactions to different language varieties. They reflect, at least in part, two sequential cognitive processes: social categorization and stereotyping. First, listeners use linguistic cues (e.g., accent) to infer speakers’ social group membership(s). Second, based on that categorization, they attribute to speakers stereotypic traits associated with those RELIGION AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION The Great Depression of 1929–1941 brought not only economic and social crisis, but also forced families, churches, and religious organizations to reckon with individual and social suffering in ways that they had not done in the United States since the Civil War. This reckoning introduced a period of both theological and institutionaltransformation.
GAY STRAIGHT COMMUNICATION Sexual orientation is a private matter that individuals can decide to disclose or conceal. Nevertheless, when interacting with others, people look for cues of sexual orientation. Hence, the person’s face, voice, or non-verbal behavior is taken as a cue revealing sexual orientation. As research on “gaydar” has shown, this detecting ability can sometimes be accurate or stereotype-based. VIOLENCE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT “Violence in the Old Testament” may refer generally to the Old Testament’s descriptions of God or human beings killing, destroying, and doing physical harm. As part of the activity of God, violence may include the results of divine judgment, such as God’s destruction of “all flesh” in the flood story (Gen. 6:13) or God raining fire and brimstone on Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 19:24–25). COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SCHOOL MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING Community participation in school management has great potentials for removing mistrust and distance between people and schools by nurturing transparency of information and a culture of mutual respect and by jointly pursuing improvement of school by sharing vision, process, and results. Individual and organizational behavioral changes are critical to increase the level of participation. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROMOTION Compelling evidence worldwide suggests that the number of physically inactive individuals is high, and it is increasing. Given that lack of physical activity has been linked to a number of physical and mental health problems, identifying sustainable, cost-effective, and scalable initiatives to increase physical activity has become a priority for researchers, health practitioners, and policymakers. GENDER ROLES, WOMEN’S RIGHTS, AND THE POLARIZATION OF The late 20th century saw gender roles transformed as the so-called Second Wave of American feminism that began in the 1960s gained support. By the early 1970s public opinion increasingly favored the movement and politicians in both major political parties supported it. In 1972 Congress overwhelmingly approved the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and sent it to the states. OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIASABOUTSUBSCRIBER SERVICESEXPLORE BY SUBJECTRECENTLY PUBLISHEDCONTACT USLEGAL NOTICE On May 28, the Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Neuroscience will be available via subscription. After a successful free period during development, the OREs provide in-depth overviews of the major areasABBREVIATIONS
Dam. Isid. Damascius, Vita Isidori Dar.–Sag. C. Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments (1877–1919) Davies, APF J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600–300 bc (1971) Davies, EGF M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1988) PMGF Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1991) THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Please check back later for the full article.The God of the Old Testament (or Hebrew Bible) is arguably one of the most fascinating deities in all religious literature: complex and multifaceted; prone to great acts of mercy and kindness, although not above brutal acts of punishment and wrath MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity and COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANAGEMENT THEORY This theory uses plain language to understand privacy management in everyday life. CPM focuses on the relationship people have with each other in communicative contexts, such as face-to-face interactions, on social media, and in dyads or groups. CPM theory is based on a communicative-social behavioral perspective and not necessarily alegal
WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine STEVE BIKO AND THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT The Black Consciousness movement of South Africa instigated a social, cultural, and political awakening in the country in the 1970s. By the mid-1960s, major anti-apartheid organizations in South Africa such as the African National Congress and Pan-Africanist Congress had been virtually silenced by government repression. In 1969, Steve Biko and other black students frustrated with whiteSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
NATURE AND NURTURE AS AN ENDURING TENSION IN THE HISTORY Nature–nurture is a dichotomous way of thinking about the origins of human (and animal) behavior and development, where “nature” refers to native, inborn, causal factors that function independently of, or prior to, the experiences (“nurture”) of the organism. In psychology during the 19th century, nature-nurture debates were voiced in the language of instinct versus learning. OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIASABOUTSUBSCRIBER SERVICESEXPLORE BY SUBJECTRECENTLY PUBLISHEDCONTACT USLEGAL NOTICE On May 28, the Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Neuroscience will be available via subscription. After a successful free period during development, the OREs provide in-depth overviews of the major areasABBREVIATIONS
Dam. Isid. Damascius, Vita Isidori Dar.–Sag. C. Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines d'après les textes et les monuments (1877–1919) Davies, APF J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families 600–300 bc (1971) Davies, EGF M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1988) PMGF Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (1991) THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. GOD IN THE OLD TESTAMENT This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Please check back later for the full article.The God of the Old Testament (or Hebrew Bible) is arguably one of the most fascinating deities in all religious literature: complex and multifaceted; prone to great acts of mercy and kindness, although not above brutal acts of punishment and wrath MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity and COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANAGEMENT THEORY This theory uses plain language to understand privacy management in everyday life. CPM focuses on the relationship people have with each other in communicative contexts, such as face-to-face interactions, on social media, and in dyads or groups. CPM theory is based on a communicative-social behavioral perspective and not necessarily alegal
WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine STEVE BIKO AND THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT The Black Consciousness movement of South Africa instigated a social, cultural, and political awakening in the country in the 1970s. By the mid-1960s, major anti-apartheid organizations in South Africa such as the African National Congress and Pan-Africanist Congress had been virtually silenced by government repression. In 1969, Steve Biko and other black students frustrated with whiteSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
NATURE AND NURTURE AS AN ENDURING TENSION IN THE HISTORY Nature–nurture is a dichotomous way of thinking about the origins of human (and animal) behavior and development, where “nature” refers to native, inborn, causal factors that function independently of, or prior to, the experiences (“nurture”) of the organism. In psychology during the 19th century, nature-nurture debates were voiced in the language of instinct versus learning. OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIAS On May 28, the Oxford Research Encyclopedias of Business and Management, Economics and Finance, and Neuroscience will be available via subscription. After a successful free period during development, the OREs provide in-depth overviews of the major areas THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergoneLANGUAGE ATTITUDES
Language attitudes are evaluative reactions to different language varieties. They reflect, at least in part, two sequential cognitive processes: social categorization and stereotyping. First, listeners use linguistic cues (e.g., accent) to infer speakers’ social group membership(s). Second, based on that categorization, they attribute to speakers stereotypic traits associated with those RELIGION AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION The Great Depression of 1929–1941 brought not only economic and social crisis, but also forced families, churches, and religious organizations to reckon with individual and social suffering in ways that they had not done in the United States since the Civil War. This reckoning introduced a period of both theological and institutionaltransformation.
GAY STRAIGHT COMMUNICATION Sexual orientation is a private matter that individuals can decide to disclose or conceal. Nevertheless, when interacting with others, people look for cues of sexual orientation. Hence, the person’s face, voice, or non-verbal behavior is taken as a cue revealing sexual orientation. As research on “gaydar” has shown, this detecting ability can sometimes be accurate or stereotype-based. VIOLENCE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT “Violence in the Old Testament” may refer generally to the Old Testament’s descriptions of God or human beings killing, destroying, and doing physical harm. As part of the activity of God, violence may include the results of divine judgment, such as God’s destruction of “all flesh” in the flood story (Gen. 6:13) or God raining fire and brimstone on Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 19:24–25). COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SCHOOL MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPING Community participation in school management has great potentials for removing mistrust and distance between people and schools by nurturing transparency of information and a culture of mutual respect and by jointly pursuing improvement of school by sharing vision, process, and results. Individual and organizational behavioral changes are critical to increase the level of participation. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PROMOTION Compelling evidence worldwide suggests that the number of physically inactive individuals is high, and it is increasing. Given that lack of physical activity has been linked to a number of physical and mental health problems, identifying sustainable, cost-effective, and scalable initiatives to increase physical activity has become a priority for researchers, health practitioners, and policymakers. GENDER ROLES, WOMEN’S RIGHTS, AND THE POLARIZATION OF The late 20th century saw gender roles transformed as the so-called Second Wave of American feminism that began in the 1960s gained support. By the early 1970s public opinion increasingly favored the movement and politicians in both major political parties supported it. In 1972 Congress overwhelmingly approved the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and sent it to the states. CRITICAL PHENOMENOLOGY This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Please check back later for the full article.Since the turn of the millennium, critical phenomenology has developed in a parallel fashion in both philosophy and anthropology, with considerable cross-pollination between the twomovements.
RELIGION IN FOREIGN POLICY Most states’ foreign policies are secular in orientation and focus. A few make religion a prominent component of their ideological approach to foreign policy. States whose foreign policies are consistently or irregularly informed by religion include Egypt, Iran, India, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. In each case, these states’ foreign policies feature domestic religious MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity andLANGUAGE ATTITUDES
Language attitudes are evaluative reactions to different language varieties. They reflect, at least in part, two sequential cognitive processes: social categorization and stereotyping. First, listeners use linguistic cues (e.g., accent) to infer speakers’ social group membership(s). Second, based on that categorization, they attribute to speakers stereotypic traits associated with those COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANAGEMENT THEORY This theory uses plain language to understand privacy management in everyday life. CPM focuses on the relationship people have with each other in communicative contexts, such as face-to-face interactions, on social media, and in dyads or groups. CPM theory is based on a communicative-social behavioral perspective and not necessarily alegal
RISK PERCEPTIONS AND RISK CHARACTERISTICS Risk perception refers to people’s subjective judgments about the likelihood of negative occurrences such as injury, illness, disease, and death. Risk perception is important in health and risk communication because it determines which hazards people care about and how they deal with them. Risk perception has two main dimensions: the cognitive dimension, which relates to how much people know WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine STEVE BIKO AND THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT The Black Consciousness movement of South Africa instigated a social, cultural, and political awakening in the country in the 1970s. By the mid-1960s, major anti-apartheid organizations in South Africa such as the African National Congress and Pan-Africanist Congress had been virtually silenced by government repression. In 1969, Steve Biko and other black students frustrated with whiteSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
IS THERE A FEMALE LEADERSHIP ADVANTAGE? Women have historically been underrepresented in leadership positions across private and public organizations around the globe. Gender inequality and gender discrimination remain very real challenges for women workers in general, and especially so for women striving for leadership positions. Yet organizational research suggests that female leaders may bring a unique constellation of leadership CRITICAL PHENOMENOLOGY This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Please check back later for the full article.Since the turn of the millennium, critical phenomenology has developed in a parallel fashion in both philosophy and anthropology, with considerable cross-pollination between the twomovements.
RELIGION IN FOREIGN POLICY Most states’ foreign policies are secular in orientation and focus. A few make religion a prominent component of their ideological approach to foreign policy. States whose foreign policies are consistently or irregularly informed by religion include Egypt, Iran, India, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. In each case, these states’ foreign policies feature domestic religious MARTIN LUTHER AND THE TRINITY Luther’s theology of the Trinity is firmly rooted in the catholic tradition of the church. In scholarly debate, it has therefore not received the same attention as the doctrines usually associated with the distinctive profile of the teaching of the Reformation, like the doctrine of justification by faith alone. The intrinsic connection between Luther’s catholic theology of the Trinity andLANGUAGE ATTITUDES
Language attitudes are evaluative reactions to different language varieties. They reflect, at least in part, two sequential cognitive processes: social categorization and stereotyping. First, listeners use linguistic cues (e.g., accent) to infer speakers’ social group membership(s). Second, based on that categorization, they attribute to speakers stereotypic traits associated with those COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANAGEMENT THEORY This theory uses plain language to understand privacy management in everyday life. CPM focuses on the relationship people have with each other in communicative contexts, such as face-to-face interactions, on social media, and in dyads or groups. CPM theory is based on a communicative-social behavioral perspective and not necessarily alegal
RISK PERCEPTIONS AND RISK CHARACTERISTICS Risk perception refers to people’s subjective judgments about the likelihood of negative occurrences such as injury, illness, disease, and death. Risk perception is important in health and risk communication because it determines which hazards people care about and how they deal with them. Risk perception has two main dimensions: the cognitive dimension, which relates to how much people know WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine STEVE BIKO AND THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT The Black Consciousness movement of South Africa instigated a social, cultural, and political awakening in the country in the 1970s. By the mid-1960s, major anti-apartheid organizations in South Africa such as the African National Congress and Pan-Africanist Congress had been virtually silenced by government repression. In 1969, Steve Biko and other black students frustrated with whiteSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
IS THERE A FEMALE LEADERSHIP ADVANTAGE? Women have historically been underrepresented in leadership positions across private and public organizations around the globe. Gender inequality and gender discrimination remain very real challenges for women workers in general, and especially so for women striving for leadership positions. Yet organizational research suggests that female leaders may bring a unique constellation of leadership LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergone COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANAGEMENT THEORY This theory uses plain language to understand privacy management in everyday life. CPM focuses on the relationship people have with each other in communicative contexts, such as face-to-face interactions, on social media, and in dyads or groups. CPM theory is based on a communicative-social behavioral perspective and not necessarily alegal
LANGUAGE ATTITUDES
Language attitudes are evaluative reactions to different language varieties. They reflect, at least in part, two sequential cognitive processes: social categorization and stereotyping. First, listeners use linguistic cues (e.g., accent) to infer speakers’ social group membership(s). Second, based on that categorization, they attribute to speakers stereotypic traits associated with those COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Community-based approaches existed even before the existence of the state and its formal governance structure. People and communities used to help and take care of each other’s disaster needs. However, due to the evolution of state governance, new terminology of community-based disaster risk reduction (CBDRR) has been coined to help communities in an organized way. RISK PERCEPTIONS AND RISK CHARACTERISTICS Risk perception refers to people’s subjective judgments about the likelihood of negative occurrences such as injury, illness, disease, and death. Risk perception is important in health and risk communication because it determines which hazards people care about and how they deal with them. Risk perception has two main dimensions: the cognitive dimension, which relates to how much people know VIOLENCE IN THE OLD TESTAMENT “Violence in the Old Testament” may refer generally to the Old Testament’s descriptions of God or human beings killing, destroying, and doing physical harm. As part of the activity of God, violence may include the results of divine judgment, such as God’s destruction of “all flesh” in the flood story (Gen. 6:13) or God raining fire and brimstone on Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 19:24–25). INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE One of the largest reforms in the school systems of European countries is inclusive schooling. All over Europe enrollment of students with special educational needs (SEN) in regular classrooms is rising and at the same time the proportion of students with SEN in segregated school settings is declining (in most European countries). Despite a significant push to implement inclusive educationWOMEN AND APARTHEID
Apartheid, the system of racial and ethnic separation introduced in South Africa in 1948, was a gendered project. The immediate goal of the white Afrikaner men who led the apartheid state was to control black men: to turn black men from perceived political and criminal threats into compliant workers. Under apartheid, African men would travel to work for whites in towns and on mines, but their MEDIA CONSTRUCTIONS OF CULTURE, RACE, AND ETHNICITY Racial stereotypes flood today’s mass media. Researchers investigate these stereotypes’ prevalence, from news to entertainment. Black and Latino stereotypes draw particular concern, especially because they misrepresent these racial groups. From both psychological and sociological perspectives, these misrepresentations can influence how people view their racial group as well as other groups. INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING: PAST, PRESENT, AND Since the early 20th century, the illegal drug trade has received increasing focus throughout the world. However, the use of mind-altering substances predates attempts to prohibit or regulate them. Early control efforts date back to the teachings of Mohammed in the Koran, though wider-scale control efforts did not occur until the18th century.
LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergone RELIGION IN FOREIGN POLICY Most states’ foreign policies are secular in orientation and focus. A few make religion a prominent component of their ideological approach to foreign policy. States whose foreign policies are consistently or irregularly informed by religion include Egypt, Iran, India, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. In each case, these states’ foreign policies feature domestic religious EXCEPTIONAL LEARNERS Exceptional learners is the term used in the United States to refer to students with disabilities (as well as those who are gifted and talented). The majority of students with disabilities have cognitive and/or behavioral disabilities, that is, specific learning disability (SLD), intellectual disability (ID), emotional disturbance, (ED), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE One of the largest reforms in the school systems of European countries is inclusive schooling. All over Europe enrollment of students with special educational needs (SEN) in regular classrooms is rising and at the same time the proportion of students with SEN in segregated school settings is declining (in most European countries). Despite a significant push to implement inclusive education WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine CHEMORECEPTION IN FISHES Chemoreception is the physiological capacity whereby organisms detect the varied external and internal chemical information required for survival and is the most primitive sensory process. Fish living in water have respiratory, gustatory, and olfactory chemosensory systems that detect water-soluble chemical cues. Respiratory chemoreception mainly in the gills detects changes in the levels of EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Peacekeeping has been one of the main conflict management tools used by the international community to restore or safeguard peace and security. Since 1948, the United Nations has established 70 peace operations and has substantially evolved, adopting approaches to peace that extend beyond purely military concerns. Indeed, the promises of peacekeeping as effective instrument of conflictSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
IS THERE A FEMALE LEADERSHIP ADVANTAGE? Women have historically been underrepresented in leadership positions across private and public organizations around the globe. Gender inequality and gender discrimination remain very real challenges for women workers in general, and especially so for women striving for leadership positions. Yet organizational research suggests that female leaders may bring a unique constellation of leadership DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE PERSPECTIVES ON GANGS With distinct advances since the 1980s, developmental, life-course criminology has expanded to become one of the most prominent subdivisions in the field of criminology, as the knowledge gained from this perspective has propelled the field forward. Although studies of gangs and gang membership predate the emergence of developmental, life-course criminology, the proliferation of research in LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergone RELIGION IN FOREIGN POLICY Most states’ foreign policies are secular in orientation and focus. A few make religion a prominent component of their ideological approach to foreign policy. States whose foreign policies are consistently or irregularly informed by religion include Egypt, Iran, India, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. In each case, these states’ foreign policies feature domestic religious EXCEPTIONAL LEARNERS Exceptional learners is the term used in the United States to refer to students with disabilities (as well as those who are gifted and talented). The majority of students with disabilities have cognitive and/or behavioral disabilities, that is, specific learning disability (SLD), intellectual disability (ID), emotional disturbance, (ED), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE One of the largest reforms in the school systems of European countries is inclusive schooling. All over Europe enrollment of students with special educational needs (SEN) in regular classrooms is rising and at the same time the proportion of students with SEN in segregated school settings is declining (in most European countries). Despite a significant push to implement inclusive education WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine CHEMORECEPTION IN FISHES Chemoreception is the physiological capacity whereby organisms detect the varied external and internal chemical information required for survival and is the most primitive sensory process. Fish living in water have respiratory, gustatory, and olfactory chemosensory systems that detect water-soluble chemical cues. Respiratory chemoreception mainly in the gills detects changes in the levels of EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Peacekeeping has been one of the main conflict management tools used by the international community to restore or safeguard peace and security. Since 1948, the United Nations has established 70 peace operations and has substantially evolved, adopting approaches to peace that extend beyond purely military concerns. Indeed, the promises of peacekeeping as effective instrument of conflictSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
IS THERE A FEMALE LEADERSHIP ADVANTAGE? Women have historically been underrepresented in leadership positions across private and public organizations around the globe. Gender inequality and gender discrimination remain very real challenges for women workers in general, and especially so for women striving for leadership positions. Yet organizational research suggests that female leaders may bring a unique constellation of leadership DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE PERSPECTIVES ON GANGS With distinct advances since the 1980s, developmental, life-course criminology has expanded to become one of the most prominent subdivisions in the field of criminology, as the knowledge gained from this perspective has propelled the field forward. Although studies of gangs and gang membership predate the emergence of developmental, life-course criminology, the proliferation of research in THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. ASTROBIOLOGY (OVERVIEW) Astrobiology seeks to understand the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe and thus to integrate biology with planetary science, astronomy, cosmology, and the other physical sciences. The discipline emerged in the late 20th century, partly in response to the development of space exploration programs in the United States, Russia, and elsewhere. GLOBALIZATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS The literature on the relationship between globalization and human rights has laid out three responses to the economic, political, and social transformations of globalization within the human rights. First, some scholars consider globalization as complementary to the progressive realization of universal human rights on a global scale. They cite the extension and deepening of the formal human COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANAGEMENT THEORY This theory uses plain language to understand privacy management in everyday life. CPM focuses on the relationship people have with each other in communicative contexts, such as face-to-face interactions, on social media, and in dyads or groups. CPM theory is based on a communicative-social behavioral perspective and not necessarily alegal
REALISM AND SECURITY Political Realism has been described as the “oldest theory” of international politics, as well as the “dominant” one. Central to the realist tradition is the concept of “security.” Realism sees the insecurity of states as the main problem in international relations. It depicts the international system as a realm where “self-help” is the primary motivation; states must provide ABOUT | OXFORD RESEARCH ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ASIAN HISTORY About the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Substantive, peer-reviewed, and regularly updated, the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History combines the speed and flexibility of digital with the rigorous standards of academic publishing. The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History is currently available to institutions worldwide via subscription and perpetual access and EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Peacekeeping has been one of the main conflict management tools used by the international community to restore or safeguard peace and security. Since 1948, the United Nations has established 70 peace operations and has substantially evolved, adopting approaches to peace that extend beyond purely military concerns. Indeed, the promises of peacekeeping as effective instrument of conflict“CSI EFFECT”
Prosecutors and members of law enforcement have complained that television shows such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation have cultivated in jurors’ unreasonable expectations about forensic evidence, specifically that jurors require definitive forensic proof of guilt, or else they will wrongly acquit. This is popularly known as“CSI Effect.”
INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING: PAST, PRESENT, AND Since the early 20th century, the illegal drug trade has received increasing focus throughout the world. However, the use of mind-altering substances predates attempts to prohibit or regulate them. Early control efforts date back to the teachings of Mohammed in the Koran, though wider-scale control efforts did not occur until the18th century.
DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE PERSPECTIVES ON GANGS With distinct advances since the 1980s, developmental, life-course criminology has expanded to become one of the most prominent subdivisions in the field of criminology, as the knowledge gained from this perspective has propelled the field forward. Although studies of gangs and gang membership predate the emergence of developmental, life-course criminology, the proliferation of research in LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergone RELIGION IN FOREIGN POLICY Most states’ foreign policies are secular in orientation and focus. A few make religion a prominent component of their ideological approach to foreign policy. States whose foreign policies are consistently or irregularly informed by religion include Egypt, Iran, India, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. In each case, these states’ foreign policies feature domestic religious EXCEPTIONAL LEARNERS Exceptional learners is the term used in the United States to refer to students with disabilities (as well as those who are gifted and talented). The majority of students with disabilities have cognitive and/or behavioral disabilities, that is, specific learning disability (SLD), intellectual disability (ID), emotional disturbance, (ED), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE One of the largest reforms in the school systems of European countries is inclusive schooling. All over Europe enrollment of students with special educational needs (SEN) in regular classrooms is rising and at the same time the proportion of students with SEN in segregated school settings is declining (in most European countries). Despite a significant push to implement inclusive education WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine CHEMORECEPTION IN FISHES Chemoreception is the physiological capacity whereby organisms detect the varied external and internal chemical information required for survival and is the most primitive sensory process. Fish living in water have respiratory, gustatory, and olfactory chemosensory systems that detect water-soluble chemical cues. Respiratory chemoreception mainly in the gills detects changes in the levels of EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Peacekeeping has been one of the main conflict management tools used by the international community to restore or safeguard peace and security. Since 1948, the United Nations has established 70 peace operations and has substantially evolved, adopting approaches to peace that extend beyond purely military concerns. Indeed, the promises of peacekeeping as effective instrument of conflictSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
IS THERE A FEMALE LEADERSHIP ADVANTAGE? Women have historically been underrepresented in leadership positions across private and public organizations around the globe. Gender inequality and gender discrimination remain very real challenges for women workers in general, and especially so for women striving for leadership positions. Yet organizational research suggests that female leaders may bring a unique constellation of leadership DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE PERSPECTIVES ON GANGS With distinct advances since the 1980s, developmental, life-course criminology has expanded to become one of the most prominent subdivisions in the field of criminology, as the knowledge gained from this perspective has propelled the field forward. Although studies of gangs and gang membership predate the emergence of developmental, life-course criminology, the proliferation of research in LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Classic accounts of the relationship between leadership and public administration used to be straightforward: Political officials exercise leadership in terms of providing direction to government, and administrations implement decisions made by those leaders. Over the past decades, however, both scholarly notions and empirical manifestations of leadership and administration have undergone RELIGION IN FOREIGN POLICY Most states’ foreign policies are secular in orientation and focus. A few make religion a prominent component of their ideological approach to foreign policy. States whose foreign policies are consistently or irregularly informed by religion include Egypt, Iran, India, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. In each case, these states’ foreign policies feature domestic religious EXCEPTIONAL LEARNERS Exceptional learners is the term used in the United States to refer to students with disabilities (as well as those who are gifted and talented). The majority of students with disabilities have cognitive and/or behavioral disabilities, that is, specific learning disability (SLD), intellectual disability (ID), emotional disturbance, (ED), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE One of the largest reforms in the school systems of European countries is inclusive schooling. All over Europe enrollment of students with special educational needs (SEN) in regular classrooms is rising and at the same time the proportion of students with SEN in segregated school settings is declining (in most European countries). Despite a significant push to implement inclusive education WOMEN AND SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900–1940 In the United States, the history of sexual assault in the first half of the 20th century involves multiple contradictions between the ordinary, almost invisible accounts of women of all colors who were raped by fathers, husbands, neighbors, boarders, bosses, hired hands, and other known individuals versus the sensational myths that involved rapacious black men, sly white slavers, libertine CHEMORECEPTION IN FISHES Chemoreception is the physiological capacity whereby organisms detect the varied external and internal chemical information required for survival and is the most primitive sensory process. Fish living in water have respiratory, gustatory, and olfactory chemosensory systems that detect water-soluble chemical cues. Respiratory chemoreception mainly in the gills detects changes in the levels of EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Peacekeeping has been one of the main conflict management tools used by the international community to restore or safeguard peace and security. Since 1948, the United Nations has established 70 peace operations and has substantially evolved, adopting approaches to peace that extend beyond purely military concerns. Indeed, the promises of peacekeeping as effective instrument of conflictSLAVERY AT THE CAPE
Slavery was a mainstay of the labor force of the Cape Colony between its foundation by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1652 and abolition in 1834, by which date the Cape was under British rule. Slaves were transported to the Cape from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including South and Southeast Asia, Madagascar,and Mozambique.
IS THERE A FEMALE LEADERSHIP ADVANTAGE? Women have historically been underrepresented in leadership positions across private and public organizations around the globe. Gender inequality and gender discrimination remain very real challenges for women workers in general, and especially so for women striving for leadership positions. Yet organizational research suggests that female leaders may bring a unique constellation of leadership DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE PERSPECTIVES ON GANGS With distinct advances since the 1980s, developmental, life-course criminology has expanded to become one of the most prominent subdivisions in the field of criminology, as the knowledge gained from this perspective has propelled the field forward. Although studies of gangs and gang membership predate the emergence of developmental, life-course criminology, the proliferation of research in ASTROBIOLOGY (OVERVIEW) Astrobiology seeks to understand the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe and thus to integrate biology with planetary science, astronomy, cosmology, and the other physical sciences. The discipline emerged in the late 20th century, partly in response to the development of space exploration programs in the United States, Russia, and elsewhere. THE OXFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INCLUSIVE AND SPECIAL EDUCATION The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Inclusive and Special Education will gather researchers and practitioners from around the globe to explore a wide range of topics at the nexus of inclusive and special schooling. Uniquely, the Encyclopedia will address topics related to both special and inclusive education in a single collection. GLOBALIZATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS The literature on the relationship between globalization and human rights has laid out three responses to the economic, political, and social transformations of globalization within the human rights. First, some scholars consider globalization as complementary to the progressive realization of universal human rights on a global scale. They cite the extension and deepening of the formal human ABOUT | OXFORD CLASSICAL DICTIONARY About the Oxford Classical Dictionary. The new Oxford Classical Dictionary transforms the critically acclaimed fourth edition of the text for the digital age. Guided by Editor in Chief Tim Whitmarsh, it offers a continuously updated and ever-expanding online resource for students and scholars alike.It brings the speed and flexibility of the digital world to the same high quality and authority REALISM AND SECURITY Political Realism has been described as the “oldest theory” of international politics, as well as the “dominant” one. Central to the realist tradition is the concept of “security.” Realism sees the insecurity of states as the main problem in international relations. It depicts the international system as a realm where “self-help” is the primary motivation; states must provide COMMUNICATION PRIVACY MANAGEMENT THEORY This theory uses plain language to understand privacy management in everyday life. CPM focuses on the relationship people have with each other in communicative contexts, such as face-to-face interactions, on social media, and in dyads or groups. CPM theory is based on a communicative-social behavioral perspective and not necessarily alegal
EARLY LIFE ORIGINS OF ASD AND ADHD Maternal nutrient status at each reproductive stage can have a profound impact on the development and well-being of offspring (Symonds & Sebert, 2009).During pregnancy, fetal neurodevelopment depends on a stable supply of nutrients from the mother at optimumlevels.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS Peacekeeping has been one of the main conflict management tools used by the international community to restore or safeguard peace and security. Since 1948, the United Nations has established 70 peace operations and has substantially evolved, adopting approaches to peace that extend beyond purely military concerns. Indeed, the promises of peacekeeping as effective instrument of conflict ADVOCACY | ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL WORK Social work advocacy is “the exclusive and mutual representation of a client(s) or a cause in a forum, attempting to systematically influence decision-making in an unjust or unresponsive system(s).” Advocacy was identified as a professional role as far back as 1887, and social workers consider client advocacy an ethical responsibility. INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING: PAST, PRESENT, AND Since the early 20th century, the illegal drug trade has received increasing focus throughout the world. However, the use of mind-altering substances predates attempts to prohibit or regulate them. Early control efforts date back to the teachings of Mohammed in the Koran, though wider-scale control efforts did not occur until the18th century.
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