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DEVELOPMENT MATTERS
DEVELOPMENT MATTERS IS A PLATFORM FOR DISCUSSIONS ON DEVELOPMENT
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES.
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FISCAL POLICY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: A NEW SOCIAL PACT FOR
LATIN AMERICA
25 November 2020
Development Matters
Covid-19
, Latin
America and the Caribbean
,
New social contract
Covid-19 , Fiscal
Policy ,
Latin America
, New social
contract
, Tax
_By PABLO FERRERI
, Public
Accountant and former Vice Minister of Economy and Finance of Uruguay_
-------------------------
_THIS BLOG IS PART OF A SERIES ON TACKLING COVID-19
IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. VISIT THE OECD DEDICATED PAGE
TO ACCESS THE OECD’S DATA,
ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE HEALTH, ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND
SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF COVID-19 WORLDWIDE._
-------------------------
We could say that ultimately the role of government remains unchanged
overtime: to achieve ever higher levels of development with the
understanding that true development means achieving sustained economic
growth while generating greater equity and social cohesion. This must
be done through more and better exercise of civil rights and in an
environmentally sustainable manner. But in achieving this ultimate
goal, challenges change according to realities that governments must
face.
Challenges that Latin America faced fifteen years ago, when it enjoyed
high levels of growth and a commodity boom in an increasingly open
world, are quite different to those that have been brought about by
economic slowdown, lower international prices and new isolationist
tendencies.
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AFRICA STATE OF THE CLIMATE REPORT: AN URGENT CALL FOR CLIMATE-RELATED
DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
20 November 2020
Development Matters
Africa
, Green
transition
Africa , Environment
, Green
transition
_By BLAIR TREWIN, Lead Author of_ the _World Meteorological
Organization’s __2019 State of the Climate report for Africa_
Tropical Cyclone Idai approaching the Mozambique coast on 14 March
2019 (Source: NASA)
Africa is highly vulnerable to the influence of the climate. The
continent contains many of the world’s least developed countries,
who have limited capacity to mitigate against the impacts of extreme
events. The continent is also highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture
which is at the mercy of fluctuations in rainfall from season to
season. Amongst the most vulnerable areas are the semi-arid regions of
the Sahel and the Greater Horn of Africa; many of these regions also
suffer from unstable security situations, and in the worst cases,
drought and conflict can combine to trigger famine, as in Somalia in
2011-12.
Like the rest of the world, Africa is warming. 2019 was likely the
third-warmest year on record for the continent, after 2010 and 2016.
Over the last 30 years, the continent has been warming at a rate of
0.3 °C to 0.4 °C per decade, a similar rate to the global average
for land areas. 2019 was an especially warm year in southern Africa,
where parts of South Africa, Namibia and Angola had temperatures more
than 2 °C above the 1981-2010 average.
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WE KNOW WHAT POLICIES CAN FIX THE COVID-19 INEQUALITY EMERGENCY. BUT
ONLY PEOPLE POWER CAN WIN THEM
19 November 202019 November 2020
Development Matters
Covid-19
, New social
contract
,
Policy
Covid-19 ,
Inequality , New
social contract
_By BEN PHILLIPS, Advisor to the United Nations, governments and civil
society organisations, former Campaigns Director for Oxfam and for
ActionAid, and co-founder of the Fight Inequality Alliance. He is
the author of “How to Fight Inequality
”_
-------------------------
_THIS BLOG IS PART OF A SERIES ON TACKLING COVID-19
IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. VISIT THE OECD DEDICATED PAGE
TO ACCESS THE OECD’S DATA,
ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE HEALTH, ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND
SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF COVID-19 WORLDWIDE._
-------------------------
COVID-19 did not create the inequality crisis. But COVID-19 is seeing
inequality metastasise into the most socially dangerous global
emergency since World War II. The problem is clear. The OECD
Secretary-General has rightly drawn the analogy with the Post-War
reconstruction and Marshall Plan to illustrate the level of ambition
needed
.
Opening the OECD conference on “Confronting Planetary
Emergencies”, President Michael D Higgins of Ireland set out the
need for a “radical departure” from “decades of unfettered
neoliberalism” which have left people “without protection as to
basic necessities of life, security and the ability to participate”.
As he noted, “it is no longer sufficient to describe, however
brilliantly, systemic failure. We must have the courage to speak out
and work for the alternatives.”
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L’AFRIQUE PENSE PAR ELLE-MÊME SON DÉVELOPPEMENT
17 November 202019 November 2020
Development Matters
Africa
, Covid-19
, Français
, Reviving
international co-operation
Africa , Afrique
, Covid-19
, Narratives
_Par FIRMIN EDOUARD MATOKO, Sous-directeur général, Priorité
Afrique et Relations extérieures_
-------------------------
_CE BLOG FAIT PARTIE D’UNE SÉRIE
QUI INVITE
ACTEURS ET PENSEURS À RENOUVELER LE DISCOURS ACTUEL SUR L’AFRIQUE
ET SON DÉVELOPPEMENT_.
-------------------------
Les africains ont aujourd’hui plusieurs certitudes quant au futur de
leur continent: celui-ci regorge de richesses naturelles (« un
scandale de la nature » disent certains) ; il est culturellement
riche et abonde de ressources humaines talentueuses. Enfin, après des
décennies d’enfermement idéologique et d’injustice
épistémique, l’Afrique est désormais capable de penser par
elle-même et d’écrire son avenir.
La réalité d’une Afrique riche en ressources naturelles mais non
encore totalement exploitées a été le fil conducteur des
stratégies de développement post-indépendances d’inspiration
classique ou libérale. Deux économistes africains, l’égyptien
Samir Amin et le zimbabwéen Thandika Mkandawire se distinguent très
vite par leurs analyses sur les conditions inégales de développement
des pays africains et en se situant dans un schéma de rupture
anticolonial. Dans un sens, on peut situer à travers les thèses de
ces deux précurseurs le point de départ d’une pensée africaine du
développement. D’ailleurs, la création en 1973 du CODESRIA
dont les deux éminents économistes suscités
furent secrétaires exécutifs avait pour objectif de « développer
des capacités et des outils scientifiques susceptibles de promouvoir
la cohésion, le bien-être et le progrès des sociétés africaines.
Ceci passait évidemment par l’émergence d’une communauté
panafricaine de chercheurs actifs, la protection de leur liberté
intellectuelle et de leur autonomie dans l’accomplissement de leur
mission et l’élimination des barrières linguistiques,
disciplinaires, régionales, de genre et entre les générations ».
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REIMAGINING A POST-COVID WORLD
16 November 202019 November 2020
Development Matters
Building
resilience
,
Covid-19
Covid-19 , Tax
_By RICHARD KOZUL-WRIGHT
,
Director of the Globalisation and Development Strategies Division,
UNCTAD_
-------------------------
_THIS BLOG IS PART OF A SERIES ON TACKLING COVID-19
IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. VISIT THE OECD DEDICATED PAGE
TO ACCESS THE OECD’S DATA,
ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE HEALTH, ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND
SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF COVID-19 WORLDWIDE._
-------------------------
The coronavirus has ruptured our world and, as with past global
pandemics, raised fundamental questions about the way we organise
society and the values that structure our lives. But it has also
encouraged us to imagine a better world. However, if we are to act on
that imagination, we will need to acknowledge the mistakes of the last
decade, above all in the world’s richest economies.
Recovering better demands that we treat the COVID-19 pandemic as an
opportunity to identify and address underlying structural barriers, at
both the national and global levels, in the way of a more prosperous,
equitable and resilient future. This did not happen after the global
financial crisis when returning to business as usual was the winning
policy mindset
. But
higher share prices or fuller treasuries, or more sophisticated supply
chains will not be the basis on which future generations judge our
response to the current crisis.
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VICTOIRE HISTORIQUE DEVANT LA COUR SUPRÊME EN ZAMBIE : DES MILLIARDS
DE DOLLARS US EN RECETTES FISCALES SUPPLÉMENTAIRES ET UN MESSAGE
PAR-DELÀ LES FRONTIÈRES
12 November 2020
Development Matters
Africa
, Français
, Natural
Resources
,
New social contract
Africa , Afrique
, Mining
, Tax
_Par IGNATIUS MVULA, Directeur adjoint, Unité de vérification dans
le secteur minier, Administration fiscale de la Zambie, MARY BAINE,
Directrice, Programmes fiscaux, Forum de l’administration fiscale
africaine, et BEN DICKINSON, Chef de la Division des Relations
internationales et du développement, Centre de politique et
d’administration fiscales, OCDE _
_Read this blog in Eglish
_
En mai 2020, l’administration fiscale de la Zambie (ZRA)
a remporté une victoire fiscale historique
devant la Cour suprême contre Mopani Mining Copper plc. Le Tribunal a
condamné l’entreprise à payer 240 millions de kwacha (13 millions
USD) d’impôts supplémentaires. La décision tenait au fait que la
Zambie devait baser la partie technique de son dossier en apportant la
preuve de l’évasion fiscale par des stratégies de l’érosion de
la base d’imposition et du transfert de bénéfices, ou BEPS
. Partout dans le monde, des
entreprises multinationales exploitent les failles et les
inadéquations entre les règles fiscales internationales,
occasionnant aux pays une perte s’élevant jusqu’à 100 à 240
milliards USD par an, soit l’équivalent de 4 à 10% des recettes
totales de l’impôt sur les bénéfices des sociétés dans le
monde. Par ailleurs, pour les pays en développement, leur dépendance
proportionnellement plus élevée à l’égard des recettes de
l’impôts sur les sociétés signifie qu’ils pâtissent de
l’érosion de la base d’imposition et du transfert de bénéfices
de manière disproportionnée. La Zambie ainsi que beaucoup d’autres
pays africains indiquent que l’utilisation abusive des règles de
prix de transfert – telle que la fixation des prix des biens et des
services entre parties liées d’une entreprise multinationale –
représente l’un des risques les plus élevés de BEPS pour leur
assiette fiscale.
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LANDMARK SUPREME COURT VICTORY IN ZAMBIA: COLLECTING MILLIONS IN TAX
REVENUES AND SENDING A MESSAGE ACROSS BORDERS
12 November 202012 November 2020
Development Matters
Africa
, Natural
Resources
,
New social contract
Africa , Mining
, Tax
_By IGNATIUS MVULA, Assistant Director – Mining Audit Unit, Zambia
Revenue Authority,_ _MARY BAINE, Director – Tax Programmes, African
Tax Administration Forum, and __ BEN DICKINSON__, Head of the Global
Relations and Development Division, Centre for Tax Policy and
Administration, OECD_
_Lire ce blog en français
_
In May 2020, the Zambian Revenue Authority (ZRA)
won a landmark tax case against Mopani
Copper Mining plc in the Supreme Court. The Court ordered the company
to pay additional tax of 240 million Kwacha (USD 13 million). The
judgement hinged on Zambia making a technical case showing evidence of
tax avoidance through base erosion and profit shifting or BEPS
strategies. In countries around
the world multinational enterprises (MNEs) exploit gaps and mismatches
between different countries’ tax systems, costing countries up to
100-240 billion USD in lost revenue annually, the equivalent to 4-10%
of the global corporate income tax revenue. Moreover, developing
countries’ higher reliance on corporate income tax means they suffer
from tax base erosion and profit shifting disproportionately. Zambia
and many African tax administrations report that the abuse of transfer
pricing rules – the pricing of goods and services between related
parties of a multinational enterprise – represents one of the
highest BEPS risks to their tax bases.
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TRAPPED IN THE MIDDLE? DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES FOR
MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
9 November 202010 November 2020
Development Matters
New social
contract
Income , Middle
class
_By JOSÉ ANTONIO ALONSO
,
Professor at Universidad Complutense and member of the Spanish
Co-operation Council and JOSÉ ANTONIO OCAMPO
,
Professor at Columbia University, and former UN
Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs and Finance
Minister of Colombia_ – Editors of the recent book _Trapped in the
Middle? Developmental Challenges of Middle-Income Countries_
,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020
-------------------------
The intense growth enjoyed by a group of emerging economies during the
last two decades drove some analysts to predict the beginning of a new
stage of generalised economic convergence
. In their
vision, more and more middle-income countries (MICs) were likely to
reach high-income status in the near future, taking advantage of the
new opportunities provided by access to financial markets, information
technology and international trade, including the development of
global value chains.
Unfortunately, data have not confirmed these optimist predictions.
Actually, up to now, economic convergence has been a selective
opportunity for a small group of countries, and rather a generalised
tendency for the whole group of MICs. Moreover, there is growing
evidence that trespassing the low-income threshold and achieving
middle-income status is not enough for countries to converge toward
high-income levels. Few MICs have successfully completed that
transition in recent decades, with the majority getting stuck in the
middle-income group, thus facing what has come to be called the
middle-income trap .
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PREVENTING A CHILD MARRIAGE PANDEMIC
5 November 202019 November 2020
Development Matters
Covid-19
, Gender,
Women and Girls
,
Humanitarian
, New
social contract
Covid-19 , Gender
, Violence
, Women and Girls
_By_ _GABRIELLE SZABO, Senior Gender Equality Adviser and CHIARA
ORLASSINO, Research Adviser, Save the Children UK_
-------------------------
_THIS BLOG IS PART OF A SERIES ON TACKLING COVID-19
IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. VISIT THE OECD DEDICATED PAGE
TO ACCESS THE OECD’S DATA,
ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE HEALTH, ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND
SOCIETAL IMPACTS OF COVID-19 WORLDWIDE._
-------------------------
Shumi, 16, avoided child marriage with the support of Jasmin, a
neighbour and Save the Children-trained peer leader who runs an
advocacy group for girls in the village. Photo: Tom Merilion/Save The
Children/Bangaladesh
By New Year’s Eve, half-a-million girls may already have married as
a result of the economic crisis caused by COVID-19. New analysis from
our Global Girlhood Report
suggests that by 2025, 2.5 million
girls may marry as children. These marriages will add to the estimated
12 million
child
marriages that take place every year, 2 million of which involve girls
under 15 years of age.
These increases will continue over the next decade
,
but they are not a challenge for future leaders and communities –
they are a challenge for today. The risks that set girls on a path to
child marriage are already mounting, and materialising.
Decision-makers and gender equality advocates must ask ourselves what
we can do to stop COVID-19 triggering a child marriage pandemic now.
Fortunately, our history already holds many of the answers and we are
learning more about how to respond to new challenges from each other
every day.
Continue reading →
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MAPPING DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO SMALL ARMS CONTROL: WHY DOES
IT MATTER?
2 November 20204 November 2020
Development Matters
Africa
, Development
finance
Development finance
, ODA
_By Giovanna Maletta
and Lucile Robin
, Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI
)_
SMALL ARMS, LARGE IMPACTS
Widely available
and easy to conceal, small arms and light weapons (generally referred
to as SALW) are easily trafficked and acquired both in times of war
and peace. This can negatively impact the development of a country in
many ways . Among
the most directly identifiable effects are the deaths and injuries
they can cause, which can increase financial pressure on households,
communities, and health systems. In Zambia, treating a patient for
gunshot wounds costs more than $100
, which represents
approximately ten times the cost of treating a patient with malaria.
Small arms proliferation can also indirectly fuel conflicts and armed
violence, force displacement, reduce economic opportunities, and limit
access to healthcare and education.
Continue reading →
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RECENT POSTS
* Fiscal policy in the time of COVID-19: a new social pact for
Latin America
* Africa state of the climate report: an urgent call for
climate-related development planning
* We know what policies can fix the COVID-19 inequality emergency.
But only people power can win them
* L’Afrique pense par elle-même son développement
* Reimagining a post-COVID world
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