NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORY ELIBRARY National Park Service History Electronic Library. The NPS History Electronic Library is a portal to electronic publications covering the history of the National Park Service (NPS) and the cultural and natural history of the national parks, monuments, and historic sites of the U.S. National Park System. The information contained in this Website is historical in scope and is not meant as an aid NPS EMPLOYEE MEMORIAL The National Park Service is not alone in this tragedy, for in the last 130 years over 3,000 protected area workers have died at work across the world. The women and men in this Memorial have made the ultimate sacrifice while serving the American people and working to preserve and protect our nation's "Crown Jewels." NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:PARK STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES AN AVERAGE of the dimensional limits of the human frame and uniformity of a sort in the distribution of the hinges thereof, have long since determined certain invariable dimensions for the park seat and park table, and that conventional combination of both which we dub herein

the picnic unit.

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: GETTYSBURG SEMINAR PAPERS Papers of the 2006 (11th) Gettysburg National Military Park Seminar. April 8-9, 2006. Gettysburg, PA: Gettysburg National Military Park. Publication Date: 2008. 12. The Fate Of A Nation: The Third Day at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. Papers of the 2008 (12th) Gettysburg Seminar. April 12-13, 2008. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:PARK STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES BEYOND DOUBT the most generally useful building in any park is a shelter, usually open but sometimes enclosed or enclosable, and then

referred to as

BISCAYNE NATIONAL PARK CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Congress established Biscayne National Park (the Park) in Dade County, Florida, in 1968 to preserve and protect the tropical setting, vegetation, and AID TO DATING OLD BUILDINGS FICiUU Jl Hote: " •rar MC-tloo6 vJ&!> osed for hand. he.edi"~ early 11\echil'la· w't Mils. smiths and nailors working at various times and a typical entry from his ac­ counts reads: LCASTLE GARDEN AS AN IMMIGRANT DEPOT 1855·1890 INTRODUCTION Castle Garden as an Immigrant Depot, 1855-1890 (CACL-H-2) is a study of American immigration history during the second half of NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORY ELIBRARY National Park Service History eLibrary

WWW.NPSHISTORY.COM

www.npshistory.com

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORY ELIBRARY National Park Service History Electronic Library. The NPS History Electronic Library is a portal to electronic publications covering the history of the National Park Service (NPS) and the cultural and natural history of the national parks, monuments, and historic sites of the U.S. National Park System. The information contained in this Website is historical in scope and is not meant as an aid NPS EMPLOYEE MEMORIAL The National Park Service is not alone in this tragedy, for in the last 130 years over 3,000 protected area workers have died at work across the world. The women and men in this Memorial have made the ultimate sacrifice while serving the American people and working to preserve and protect our nation's "Crown Jewels." NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:PARK STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES AN AVERAGE of the dimensional limits of the human frame and uniformity of a sort in the distribution of the hinges thereof, have long since determined certain invariable dimensions for the park seat and park table, and that conventional combination of both which we dub herein

the picnic unit.

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: GETTYSBURG SEMINAR PAPERS Papers of the 2006 (11th) Gettysburg National Military Park Seminar. April 8-9, 2006. Gettysburg, PA: Gettysburg National Military Park. Publication Date: 2008. 12. The Fate Of A Nation: The Third Day at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. Papers of the 2008 (12th) Gettysburg Seminar. April 12-13, 2008. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:PARK STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES BEYOND DOUBT the most generally useful building in any park is a shelter, usually open but sometimes enclosed or enclosable, and then

referred to as

BISCAYNE NATIONAL PARK CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Congress established Biscayne National Park (the Park) in Dade County, Florida, in 1968 to preserve and protect the tropical setting, vegetation, and AID TO DATING OLD BUILDINGS FICiUU Jl Hote: " •rar MC-tloo6 vJ&!> osed for hand. he.edi"~ early 11\echil'la· w't Mils. smiths and nailors working at various times and a typical entry from his ac­ counts reads: LCASTLE GARDEN AS AN IMMIGRANT DEPOT 1855·1890 INTRODUCTION Castle Garden as an Immigrant Depot, 1855-1890 (CACL-H-2) is a study of American immigration history during the second half of NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORY ELIBRARY National Park Service History eLibrary

WWW.NPSHISTORY.COM

www.npshistory.com

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORY ELIBRARY National Park Service History Electronic Library. The NPS History Electronic Library is a portal to electronic publications covering the history of the National Park Service (NPS) and the cultural and natural history of the national parks, monuments, and historic sites of the U.S. National Park System. The information contained in this Website is historical in scope and is not meant as an aid NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: GETTYSBURG SEMINAR PAPERS Papers of the Sixteenth Semi-Annual Gettysburg National Military Park Seminar, May 12-14, 2017 Gettysburg National Military Park Gettysburg,

Pennsylvania

DIRECTORS OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Jonathan (Jon) B. Jarvis was sworn in as the 18th director on Oct. 2, 2009, by Interior Secretary Ken Salazar. He began his National Park Service career as a seasonal interpretive ranger on the National Mall in 1976. Jarvis is a Virginia native and graduate of The College of

William and Mary.

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: GETTYSBURG SEMINAR PAPERS Cover: "For God’s Sake Forward" by Don Troiani. Courtesy, Historical Art Prints, Southbury, CT 06488-0660, www.historicalartprints.com FILE CODE: TH£ UNION ARTILLERY AND BRECKI NRIDGE'S A'L cold river Fyt'fe's troops took position in double line of batble on the left of Price's brigade - the 44th Indiana an:l 13th Ohio in advance, the 59th Ohio arxl 86th Indiana in reserve, Fyffe unlike Price deployed his brigade in the cornfield.There was a gap, of at

least a regimental

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORY ELIBRARY National Park Service History eLibrary GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK (NOTES) By Park Ranger H. R. Lauzon. A great many visitors, as they stand on the rim, ask if there have ever been any valuable minerals such as gold, copper, or the like, found in the Grand Canyon.

WWW.NPSHISTORY.COM

www.npshistory.com

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORY ELIBRARY National Park Service History Electronic Library. The NPS History Electronic Library is a portal to electronic publications covering the history of the National Park Service (NPS) and the cultural and natural history of the national parks, monuments, and historic sites of the U.S. National Park System. The information contained in this Website is historical in scope and is not meant as an aid NPS EMPLOYEE MEMORIAL The National Park Service is not alone in this tragedy, for in the last 130 years over 3,000 protected area workers have died at work across the world. The women and men in this Memorial have made the ultimate sacrifice while serving the American people and working to preserve and protect our nation's "Crown Jewels." NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: GETTYSBURG SEMINAR PAPERS Papers of the 2006 (11th) Gettysburg National Military Park Seminar. April 8-9, 2006. Gettysburg, PA: Gettysburg National Military Park. Publication Date: 2008. 12. The Fate Of A Nation: The Third Day at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. Papers of the 2008 (12th) Gettysburg Seminar. April 12-13, 2008. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:PARK STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES BEYOND DOUBT the most generally useful building in any park is a shelter, usually open but sometimes enclosed or enclosable, and then

referred to as

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:PARK STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES Minor Bridges. Surrounding are bridges of the most elementary pattern, mere platform bridging an obstacle. The upper three are foot and horse trail bridges, of a type termed in France a passerelle. The lower examples are the same basic idea widened to

DE SOTO TRAIL

FRONT COVER: Illustration of the Hernando de Soto entrada by Dan Feaser, National Park Serv­ ice, Harpers Ferry Interpretive Design Center. The original 4' x 8' oil on wood mural completed in 1969 is on display at the visitors center, De Soto National Memorial, Bradenton, Florida.It ls said to be the only piece of artwork in the United States which accurately portrays the arms and armor used by AID TO DATING OLD BUILDINGS FICiUU Jl Hote: " •rar MC-tloo6 vJ&!> osed for hand. he.edi"~ early 11\echil'la· w't Mils. smiths and nailors working at various times and a typical entry from his ac­ counts reads: THE OPENING FIGHT AT GETTYSBURG: A MODERN MILITARY ANALYSIS 44 The Opening Fight at Gettysburg: A Modern Military Analysis Tom Vossler, Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired) Infantry unit commanders in the U.S. Army in the 1980s often found the units they NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORY ELIBRARY National Park Service History eLibrary

WWW.NPSHISTORY.COM

www.npshistory.com

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORY ELIBRARY National Park Service History Electronic Library. The NPS History Electronic Library is a portal to electronic publications covering the history of the National Park Service (NPS) and the cultural and natural history of the national parks, monuments, and historic sites of the U.S. National Park System. The information contained in this Website is historical in scope and is not meant as an aid NPS EMPLOYEE MEMORIAL The National Park Service is not alone in this tragedy, for in the last 130 years over 3,000 protected area workers have died at work across the world. The women and men in this Memorial have made the ultimate sacrifice while serving the American people and working to preserve and protect our nation's "Crown Jewels." NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: GETTYSBURG SEMINAR PAPERS Papers of the 2006 (11th) Gettysburg National Military Park Seminar. April 8-9, 2006. Gettysburg, PA: Gettysburg National Military Park. Publication Date: 2008. 12. The Fate Of A Nation: The Third Day at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. Papers of the 2008 (12th) Gettysburg Seminar. April 12-13, 2008. NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:PARK STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES BEYOND DOUBT the most generally useful building in any park is a shelter, usually open but sometimes enclosed or enclosable, and then

referred to as

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:PARK STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES Minor Bridges. Surrounding are bridges of the most elementary pattern, mere platform bridging an obstacle. The upper three are foot and horse trail bridges, of a type termed in France a passerelle. The lower examples are the same basic idea widened to

DE SOTO TRAIL

FRONT COVER: Illustration of the Hernando de Soto entrada by Dan Feaser, National Park Serv­ ice, Harpers Ferry Interpretive Design Center. The original 4' x 8' oil on wood mural completed in 1969 is on display at the visitors center, De Soto National Memorial, Bradenton, Florida.It ls said to be the only piece of artwork in the United States which accurately portrays the arms and armor used by AID TO DATING OLD BUILDINGS FICiUU Jl Hote: " •rar MC-tloo6 vJ&!> osed for hand. he.edi"~ early 11\echil'la· w't Mils. smiths and nailors working at various times and a typical entry from his ac­ counts reads: THE OPENING FIGHT AT GETTYSBURG: A MODERN MILITARY ANALYSIS 44 The Opening Fight at Gettysburg: A Modern Military Analysis Tom Vossler, Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired) Infantry unit commanders in the U.S. Army in the 1980s often found the units they NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORY ELIBRARY National Park Service History eLibrary

WWW.NPSHISTORY.COM

www.npshistory.com

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:PARK STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES Minor Bridges. Surrounding are bridges of the most elementary pattern, mere platform bridging an obstacle. The upper three are foot and horse trail bridges, of a type termed in France a passerelle. The lower examples are the same basic idea widened to HANDBOOKS (HISTORICAL) Little Bighorn Battlefield. (1949, reprint 1961) ( HTML edition) Handbook #1. Custer Battlefield. Little Bighorn Battlefield. (1969) ( HTML edition) Handbook #2. CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT HISTORY (NPS) Bandelier: Excavations in the Flood Pool of Cochiti Lake, New Mexico (Lyndi Hubbell and Diane Traylor, eds., NPS Southwest Cultural Resources Center, 1982) Cultural Resources Management Studies (North Atlantic Regional Office) 1. Archeological Resource Study, Roger Williams National Monument (Public Archaeology Laboratory, Brown

University

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORY ELIBRARY National Park Service History eLibrary ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORIES (NPS) Administrative Histories (sorted by park name) National Park Service Administrative History: A Guide (Barry Mackintosh, 1991). National Park Service Administrative History: A Guide (Janet A. McDonnell, March 2004). Administrative Histories in the National Park Service's Alaska Region (Frank Norris, extract from Protecting Our Diverse Heritage: The Role of Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural FILE CODE: TH£ UNION ARTILLERY AND BRECKI NRIDGE'S A'L cold river Fyt'fe's troops took position in double line of batble on the left of Price's brigade - the 44th Indiana an:l 13th Ohio in advance, the 59th Ohio arxl 86th Indiana in reserve, Fyffe unlike Price deployed his brigade in the cornfield.There was a gap, of at

least a regimental

WWW.NPSHISTORY.COM

www.npshistory.com

WHITE SANDS NATIONAL PARK, New Mexico

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National Park Service History Electronic Library The NPS History Electronic Library is a portal to electronic publications covering the history of the National Park Service and the cultural and natural history of the national parks, monuments, and historic sites of the U.S. National Park System. The information contained in this Website is _historical_ in scope and is _not_ meant as an aid for travel planning; please refer to the official National Park Service Website for current information. While we are not affiliated with the National Park Service, we gratefully acknowledge the contributions by park employees and advocates, which has enabled us to create this free digital

repository.

New _e_Library Additions Featured Publication

Getting Here

(©Monte Later, 2020) Getting Here (©Monte Later, 2020) Handbook of Yosemite National Park (Ansel F. Hall, ed., 1921) 2019: A Year in Review — Preserving and Interpreting World War II Japanese American Confinement Sites

(Fall 2020)

Social Conflict at Virginia-Kendall Park, Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area CPSU/UI S-81-3 (Gary E. Machlis, Richard S. Converse and Eric L. Jensen, 1981) Out of the Vapors: A Social and Architectural History of Bathhouse Row, Hot Springs National Park (John C. Paige and Laura Soullière Harrison, 1987) Mammals of Cedar Breaks National Monument: A Survey of Wildlife Observed 2017-2019 (Nicki Frey, Natalie D'Souza, Ethan Hammer, Bryan Larsen and Jake Nielson, 2020) Historic Structure Report: Jimmy Carter Boyhood Home, Jimmy Carter National Historic Site (Joseph K. Oppermann, 2020) Crater Lake, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (William Gladstone Steel, _Steel Points Junior,_ Vol. 1 No. 2, August 1925) Crater Lake: An Ecosystem Study (Ellen T. Drake, Gary L. Larson, Jack Dymon and Robert Collier, eds., 1990, ©Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science) Mabel Hedgpeth Crater Lake National Park Oral History Program Monograph No. 1 (Royal G. Jackson, CPSU/OSU 87-4,

Fall 1987)

Great Sand Dunes National Monument (_The San Luis Valley Historian,_ Vol. XIV No. 2, Spring 1982, ©The San Luis Valley Historical Society, all rights reserved) Great Sand Dunes National Monument: An Administrative History

(C. Joe Carter)

Wheeler National Monument The Tragic Legend of Mosca Pass

(Shirley R. Carter)

A Legend of the Sand Dunes

(Luther E. Bean)

Climatic Change in the San Luis Valley

(John A. Mangimeli)

The Disappearing Sheep of the Sand Dunes (M.D.M., _Alamosa Journal,_

August 6, 1885)

San Luis Sand Dunes (Millie

Holbrook Velhagen)

The Singing Sands of Alamosa (Kim Gannon and Bert Reisfeld) Song of the Sand Dunes (Ray

Madison)

Great Sand Dunes National Monument (_The San Luis Valley Historian,_ Vol. XXII No. 3, 1990, ©The San Luis Valley Historical Society, all rights reserved) Natural History of the Great Sand Dunes

(Libbie Landreth)

Cultural History of the Great Sand Dunes

(C. Joe Carter)

The Herard Family

A Legend of the Sand Dunes

(Luther Bean)

Climatic Change in the San Luis Valley (John A. Mangimelli) Culturally Peeled Ponderosa Pine Trees (Marilyn A. Martorano) Archaeological Research in the San Luis Valley

(Dennis Stanford)

Featured Publication Handbook of Yosemite National Park (©Ansel Hall, 1921) A Review of Scientific Research at Craters of the Moon National Monument Station Bulletin 50 of the Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station (Jennifer A. Blakesley and R. Gerald Wright, University of Idaho, February 1988) A Synthesis of Ten Years of Chemical Contaminant Monitoring Data in National Park Service — Southeast and Southwest Alaska Networks: A collaboration with the NOAA National Mussel Watch Program NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 277 (Mary Rider, Dennis Apeti, Annie Jacob, Kimani Kimbrough, Erik Davenport, Michael Bower, Heather Coletti and Dan

Esler, July 2020)

James K. Polk Home Reconnaissance Study, Columbia, Tennessee

(October 2014

Jedediah Smith Draft National Trail Study Environmental Assessment, AZ-CA-ID-NV-OR-UT-WA

(April 1986)

A Summary of Cultural Resources Projects, Redwood National Park (Janet P. Eidsness, July 1988) Chert Procurement in the Upper Skagit River Valley of the Northern Cascade Range, Ross Lake National Recreation Area, Washington NPS Technical Report NPS/PNRNOCA/CRTR-93-001 (Robert R. Mierendorf, July 1993) Hawai'i Volcanoes Disaster Recovery Project: Civic Engagement and Comment Analysis Report (May

2020)

Constant Defender: The Story of Fort Moultrie

(Jim Stokely, 1978)

An Evaluation of the Mineral Potential of the Proposed Voyageurs National Park (Minnesota Geological Survey, 1969) The Yellowstone National Park: Season of 1916

(1916)

Wetland Resources of Yellowstone National Park (Charles R. Elliott and Mary M. Hektner, 2000) America's Deep Sea Treasures: The Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument

(September 2020)

Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia: Background and Practice R41658 (Jacob R. Strauss, Congressional Research Service, September 22, 2020) Superintendent’s Annual Report, Glacier National Park (1911-1982, not a complete annual record) Superintendent’s Annual Report, Yellowstone National Park (1877-1976, not a complete annual record) Federal Historic Preservation Laws: The Official Compilation of U.S. Cultural Heritage Statutes (2018) An Institutional Study: The United States House of Representatives 1790-1800, Congress Hall, Independence National Historical Park,

Pennsylvania (John

D.R. Platt, December 1972) Historical Report: Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

(March 1963)

Historic Structures Report: Independence Hall Lighting, Part II,

Supplement I

(September 1966)

An Interpretive History of the Elwha River Valley and the Legacy of Hydropower on Washington's Olympic Peninsula

Final Draft

(Paul Sadin and Dawn Vogel, January 2011) Assessment of Vegetation in Six Long-Term Deer Exclosure Investigations at Morristown National Historical Park: Data Synthesis & Management Recommendations NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/MORR/NRR-2020/2176 (Jean N. Epiphan and Steven N. Handel, October 2020) Vegetation Classification at Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Mojave National Preserve, Castle Mountains National Monument, and Death Valley National Park: Final Report (Revised with Cost Estimate) NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/MOJN/NRR-2020/2178 (Julie M. Evens, Kendra G. Sikes and Jaime S. Ratchford, October 2020) Natural Resource Condition Assessment, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/HOCU/NRR-2020/2179 (David S. Jones, Roy Cook, John Sovell, Matt Ley, Hannah Shepler, David Weinzimmer and Carolos Linares, October 2020) Physical Resources Information and Issues Overview Report, Pipe Spring National Monument NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/WRD/NRR-2009/149 (David Sharrow, September

2009)

Historic Structure Report, History Data Section: Pipe Spring National Monument, Arizona (A. Berle Clemensen, December 1980) Historic Structure Report: Thomas House — Thomas Farm (Araby), Monocacy National Battlefield

(Joy Beasley, 2010)

Cultural Landscape Report — Volume 1: Historical Overview, Boston Harbor Islands National & State Park (Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 2000/2017) Cultural Landscape Report — Volume 2: Existing Conditions, Boston Harbor Islands National & State Park (Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, 2000/2017) Rainbow Forest Historic Designed Landscape: Cultural Landscape Report,

Part Two (Bert

Collins West Ltd., January 2011) Cultural Landscape Report: Washington Monument Grounds (John Milner Associates, Inc. and Grunley-Walsh Joint Venture, December 2003, revised August

2011, January 2015)

Cultural Landscape Report for Colonial Parkway, Part I: Site History, Existing Conditions & Analysis, Colonial National Historical Park (LANDSCAPES, November 1997) Cultural Landscape Report for Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site: Twentieth-Century Pedestrian Circulation, Site History, Existing Conditions and Recommendations Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation (Jeffrey Killion and H. Eliot

Foulds, May 2003)

Cultural Landscape Report: The Ahwahnee, Yosemite National Park (AECOM and Architectural Resources Group, Inc. March 2011) Anasazi Cultural Parks Study: Assessment of Visitor Experiences at Three Cultural Parks NPS Technical Report NPS/NAUCPRS/NRTR-95/07 (Martha E. Lee and Douglas Stephens,

September 1995)

Condition Assessment Report: CCC Barracks #5/"Jack Gray Warehouse", Mesa Verde National Park (A. Sayre Hutchison, January 1999) Condition Assessment Report: Spruce Tree House Alcove Sandstone Arch, Mesa Verde National Park, Mesa Verde, CO

(James A. Mason,

January 19, 2016)

Effects of Fire on Cultural Resources in Mesa Verde National Park (William H. Romme, Lisa Floyd-Hanna and Linda Towle, February 9, 1993) Wetherill Mesa Design Directive, Mesa Verde National Park

(December 1969)

Impacts of Visitor Spending on the Local Economy, Mesa Verde National Park, 2012 NPS Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/EQD/NRR-2013/667 (Philip S. Cook, June 2013) Care and Maintenance of Common Household and Office Plants: A Home Gardner's Handbook The Green Scene (Franziska Hecht and Mary L. Anderson, 1973) Common House Plant Problems The Green Scene (Franziska Hecht and Mary L. Anderson, c1973) Indoor Plant Pests The Green Scene (Franziska R. Hecht and Mary L. Anderson, 1974) General Management Plan Amendment, Environmental Assessment / Assessment of Effect, Wright Brothers National Memorial

(August 2020)

Final General Management Plan / Environmental Impact Statement, Colorado National Monument

(March 2005)

Final General Management Plan / Wilderness Study / Environmental Impact Statement, Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore

(September 2004)

Final General Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement for Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park

(2010)

Draft General Management Plan Amendment / Environmental Impact Statement, Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park

(November 2005)

Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Pipestone National Monument

(December 2006)

Public Access Plan Environmental Assessment, Monocacy National Battlefield (January 2017) Totem Poles — Volume 1: Totem Poles According to Crests and Topics

Bulletin No.

119, Anthropological Series No. 30 (Marius Barbeau, National Museum of

Canada, 1950)

Totem Poles — Volume 2: Totem Poles According to Location

Bulletin No.

119, Anthropological Series No. 30 (Marius Barbeau, National Museum of

Canada, 1950)

Geology of Selected Lava Tubes in the Bend Area, Oregon State of Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Bulletin 71 (Ronald Greeley, 1971) Identifying and Assessing Historical Cultural Resources in the Pacific Northwest Studies in Cultural Resource Management No. 2 (Stephen Down Beckham, 1978) History of the Northeastern Research Station: 1973 to 1998

U.S. Forest Service

General Technical Report NE-249 (Eldon W. Ross, September 1998) Land Use History of the San Rafael Valley, Arizona (1540-1960)

U.S. Forest

Service General Technical Report RM-GTR-269 (Diana Hadley and Thomas

E. Sheridan, 1995)

History of the Lake States Forest Experiment Station

(Paul O.

Rudolf, 1985)

Fire Lookout History of the Santa Fe National Forest (Barbara Zinn, April 2017) NPS EMPLOYEE MEMORIAL (Jeff Ohlfs, updated 15-Oct-2020) Featured Publications — Western Archeological and Conservation Center Publications in Anthropology _Excavations at Harmony Borax Works: Historical Archeology at Death Valley National Monument_ George A. Teague and Lynette O. Shenk

(1977)

_Country Nodes: An Anthropological Evaluation of William Keys' Desert Queen Ranch, Joshua Tree National Monument, California_ Patricia Parker Hickman

(1977)

_An Archeological Overview of Redwood National Park_ Carole McClellan, David A. Phillips, Jr. and Mike Belshaw

(1980)

_An Archeological Overview of Petrified Forest National Park_

Yvonne G. Stewart

(1980)

_Reward Mine and Associated Sites: Historical Archeology on the Papago

Reservation_

George A. Teague

(1980)

Excavations at Harmony Borax Works: Historical Archeology at Death Valley National Monument Western Archeological and Conservation Center Publications in Anthropology No. 6 (George A. Teague and Lynette O. Shenk, 1977) Country Nodes: An Anthropological Evaluation of William Keys' Desert Queen Ranch, Joshua Tree National Monument, California Western Archeological Center Publications in Anthropology No. 7 (Patricia Parker Hickman, 1977) An Archeological Overview of Redwood National Park Western Archeological and Conservation Center Publications in Anthropology No. 8 (Michael J.

Moratto, 1980)

Archeology of Lake Mead National Recreation Area: An Assessment Western Archeological and Conservation Center Publications in Anthropology No. 9 (Carole McClellan, David A. Phillips, Jr. and Mike Belshaw, 1980) An Archeological Overview of Petrified Forest National Park Western Archeological and Conservation Center Publications in Anthropology No. 10 (Yvonne G.

Stewart, 1980)

NPS REFLECTIONS

by Monte Later and Alan Mebane Founding of the Yellowstone Institute YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK CENTENNIAL You had to look up to see it, head back so far you may tip backward. It snowed last night but just up high. Yosemite's soaring walls, the top third, were plastered with wet, late April snow. The early morning sun was just beginning to touch the highest places. Except where a few wispy fragments of last night's clouds cast shadows as they drifted to oblivion, the new snow was the white of a snowy egret. Below snow line the towering walls, usually a somber gray, now something between heavy dew and light mist. Now the first light, glorious sun, breathed life into the dampness while mists freshened both air and light. Others were converging now, toward the same doorway I approached. None of us knew what experience, new for each of us, lay behond the door. Three steps up, on each side, there was a bed of freshly tilled soil surrounded by fragile twine supported on flimsy twelve inch wooden sticks. On the small wooden sign, just inside the twine, the expected words would be; "KEEP OFF”, "STAY OUT”, "NO ENTRY” or some other negative message Instead, the sign said "NEW PLANTINGS, PLEASE”. I hoped this surprising sign foretold the nature of the discussions we

would have here.

We are here, one hundred and fifty of us, to creatively gaze into the next one hundred year future of the idea of National Parks. Beyond that there is no pre-written agenda. No idea will be considered too outside the box for consideration because that's where fresh, unique ideas are likely to be found. This, 1972, is the centennial anniversary of the National Parks idea and of the establishment of Yellowstone National Park, the world's first. Later this year, a Russian delegate to the World Conference on National Parks at Old Faithful, would congratulate Yellowstone on being _America's_ first National Park, implying that the USSR was first for that too. Here in Yosemite, the one hundred and fifty delegates were selected from across the nation and each had some interest or connection to the Parks idea. Jack Anderson _(at right)_, Yellowstone Superintendent, has invited me to represent Yellowstone. Randomly divided, we met in discussion, think tank groups of twenty five or so for four hours then we were re-mixed to be with a new group. An impressive array of recording equipment was installed in each room. After the three days of sessions, information gathered would be transcribed, edited and published in book form. A man, unfamiliar to me, stood just outside the door as I exited the first morning session. His eyes immediately riveted on mine and he trapped me with the surest of any bait, a compliment. By the arm, he led me to the nearest corner. Friendly and a bit stocky, the man was impeccably dressed in a crisp business suit, a novelty in Yosemite. He was one of those people on whom your eyes lock when you are speaking

to a group.

He spoke politely but earnestly, "We're all here to envision what our Parks should be as we begin the second one hundred years. You and the others living here in the west are blessed. You live on the doorsteps of our country's most beautiful and numerous National Parks. Those Parks are in your lives. You have _access.”_ "Your point is well taken,” I said. "This _is_ a blessing and one of which we should be reminded lest we begin to take it for granted. Have you ever visited Yellowstone?” Without answering the question he said, "My home is in Philadelphia.” Then, becoming more serious, "My people are born, live and die, often without ever going more than six city blocks from their beginning and ending. What shall we tell them of our great National Parks? What is their right of access?” My new friend was a black man but it was clear that when he spoke of "My People' it was not of a state of race but of a state of conditions

and opportunities.

This man, whose name I can't recall, was giving me a special gift, the rare gift of seeing my own comments through his eyes, more important, through the eyes of 'His People'. After our conversation in the corner, I never did see the man from Philadelphia again, but the conversation stayed with me. Of the copious notes in a folder I brought here there may be no more than one or two I now felt may be relevant. Though I didn't see it, this man must have talked to some others at the event because the dominant topic for each of my discussion groups was access, access for everyone. Interesting ideas popped up. A novel one was to issue 'Park Stamps' like 'Food Stamps' to leverage funds for those with limited resources. Virtual experiences were discussed at length. Could a virtual experience be created for specific Parks that could be taken to the people? For those who can't come to the Parks, bring the Parks to them. Virtual technologies were considered and seemed doable, but remember, this was 1972, before today's amazing virtual technologies

were available.

Expanding volume of automobile traffic at the time seemed to be taking over the Parks. Novel ideas were considered, most of which involved enhanced public transportation. Think about a monorail system in Yellowstone! Yosemite was a leader. They had already closed the upper end of the narrow valley to auto traffic. A quiet natural gas powered multi-car, rubber tired trolley ran every ten minutes accessing the upper part of the valley. Before, that beautiful section was riotous with noise and congestion. Everyone was angry as they competed for scarce parking. Yosemite was giving us a graphic view into the future. "Wow, look over here.” An excited voice beckoned as we entered the room assigned for this first day's afternoon session. Large windows framed a spectacular view of Yosemite Falls draped with this morning's new snow, vaporous clouds and patches of brilliant sunlight. Impossible to look away. Impossible to get to our work. "Give us fifteen minutes. We're moving the recording equipment out onto the patio,” said our sound tech. An adjacent outdoor stone patio was right under the otherworldly scene. If our group didn't come up with something good it wasn't for lack of inspiration. The provided ID badge was both blessing and curse. In bold letters it read "YELLOWSTONE'. While it may have attracted more attention than sought or desired, it did help meet some remarkable people and led to the _one_ idea that was to make this entire experience worth the trip. I am writing this forty one years later, nearly halfway into the second century of National Parks we were trying to envision. Were any ideas generated here that have made a difference? Difficult to say for certain. Once scattered, which of the seeds germinated and took root? Our National Parks are significantly different than they were in 1972. Many of the troubling problems of that year have been dealt with. New technologies have opened new opportunities. Projected rates of demand and visitor numbers have not grown as rapidly as frightening straight line projections foretold then. What of the man from Philadelphia and 'His People'? Do we have greater right of access for all of America's people? Unfortunately, I see no improvement or movement in that direction. _Is_ there an answer? I'm optimistic. What about sponsored tours for less privileged young people? That's doable. What finer contribution to their education. Things like that could happen. Why does it take so long? I wonder if the man from Philadelphia is still living. Had I been allowed to select but one idea here at Yosemite to take back to Yellowstone it would, without a doubt, be 'The Yellowstone Institute'. The Yosemite Institute hosted a reception on an outdoor patio. That Institute's Director told me how the Park and surrounding communities were interfacing for education. Primary grades through junior colleges were cooperating with Yosemite and it's staff to offer special learning opportunities. Why not a Yellowstone Institute? Yellowstone is remote and has seasonal difficulties but it is world famous and has visitors who want to learn. A Yellowstone Institute should be a natural that would take off immediately. Not so! Today the Yellowstone Institute has blossomed beyond the wildest dreams we had back then, but the road was long and rocky. But that's another story. YELLOWSTONE INSTITUTE Yellowstone Park was born seventeen million years ago when an asteroid may have struck earth near what is now the Oregon – Idaho border. The distance between Jordan Valley, Oregon and Yellowstone National Park marks progress of the North American Plate, our continent, in it's movement west during that seventeen million years. The Yellowstone Institute was born in 1972 during a conversation on an outdoor balcony where the air was cooled by mists wafted down from a towering Yosemite Falls. What the Yellowstone Institute is today marks its progress from a humble seed sown that day in 1972 in Yosemite

National Park.

A volcanic plume or hot spot deep under Yellowstone is the wound in the earth possibly caused by the asteroid impact so long ago. That wound, now beneath Yellowstone, created a huge volcanic caldera that was the mother of all that Yellowstone is. The caldera crater, in time, evolved into a bowl filled with wonder. Geysers, then creeks and rivers emerged followed by plants and woodlands providing habitat for a rich variety of life large and small. Each life form found its unique niche of dependent interrelationship with the other. Late to the scene was a history of human visitors. Though at first exploiters, humans' greatest contribution to the scene was protection. Yellowstone, with its unique geology and vast area protected in it's natural state, was quickly recognized as an ideal laboratory for scientific research and learning. Research projects of all kinds are ongoing here year round. Well designed visitor center, campfire programs and naturalist walks are popular with the Park's casual visitors but are, of necessity, superficial. As it is a natural laboratory, it was a natural classroom, a classroom crying for some kind of structured access for in depth learning about the limitless wonders of the place. Approaching with a warm smile and right hand extended, tall and lean, the man looked 50ish. Nattily dress for the event, he was wearing a light colored cotton summer jacket and trousers. Thought it was early April, Yosemite, boxed in with high walls, can be warm and humid in late afternoon. Balancing a napkin and drink in his left hand as we shook hands he said, "I noticed your name tag. What's going on in

Yellowstone?”

"Well, you can still find enough snow for a good snowball fight and the bison are showing off their new calves.” We were guests at the reception on an outdoor natural stone patio with an awesome view of the two stage Yosemite Falls. Attendees were members of a "think tank” event titled _National Parks for the Future_ celebrating the 1972 centennial of the National Parks idea and establishment of Yellowstone. Now close enough to read, his name tag indicated that he was Executive Director of The Yosemite Institute _(Don Rees, pictured at right)_. "Please tell me about the Yosemite Institute,” I said. His spontaneous enthusiastic response indicated that I had provided precisely the opening he sought. "We're obviously an organization for learning, learning about this remarkable place, Yosemite, and all of its natural and historic values. The disciplines we teach range widely, including all of the natural sciences, history of discovery and establishment of the Park, including the John Muir story. We even explore the relationship of the Park with communities in the surrounding area.” "Are all of your classes taught here within the Park?” I asked. "Not at all,” the Director responded pleasantly. "The greatest part of our operation is our outreach program. Our instructors regularly visit schools, kindergarten up through junior college, with specialized educational programs in the fields we cover.” "Sounds like a great program, but an expensive one. How are you

funded?”

"Tuitions from participants including those with scholarships carry the 'in Park' courses. We wouldn't have an outreach program in the schools without strong support from the local business community. Corporations and businesses, even from the Bay Area are significant contributors to our school program. " Wheels were turning in my head as I asked the Director "Do you think this idea would work in Yellowstone?” After a thoughtful pause, he said "I don't know. We're heavily dependent on nearby surrounding populations and our revenue from the school involvement. Yellowstone is remote from a large population base and has a short season. We function year round. I just don't know.” "On the other hand, Yellowstone,” I said, "has a world famous name and a high volume of visitors, many of whom should be interested in in-depth learning. I wonder if a Yellowstone Institute could be feasible supported only by in Park courses?” "That's an interesting idea,” said the Director as we parted. THE YELLOWSTONE INSTITUTE - BEGINNINGS Yellowstone National Park, in 1972, was a frantically busy place. Superintendent Jack Anderson and his staff were pressed to work on overload. Visitor numbers in National Parks were at an all time high and showed no sign of abating. Demands for services and facilities seriously stressed availability and staff time. Add to this the fact that Yellowstone staff and concessioners must be prepared to receive delegates from the world over. Yellowstone, the world's first National Park, will host a global conference celebrating one hundred years of the National Park idea. Superintendent Jack Anderson and his Chief Biologist, Glen Cole, were deeply embroiled in a highly controversial change in the Park's bear management program. It had evolved into a hot national issue. Freshly back from Yosemite and the _National Parks for the Future_ symposium and full of excitement about the possibility of a _Yellowstone Institute_, I naively thought this would be a good time to present the idea. Neither Superintendent Anderson nor his Chief Naturalist, Bill Dunmire, given the existing environment, had time or interest for considering another new program. The idea of a Yellowstone Institute would wait for a better day. Superintendent Anderson was always cordial and courteous each time, in the following two years, that I presented the topic of an Institute, but was not inclined to pursue the topic further. It was 1975 when Superintendent Anderson retired, having capably and professionally handled some very difficult issues in Yellowstone during his tenure. He and his wife, Dusty, deservedly retired to

Ashland, Oregon.

Since 1971 I had been a Board member of the _Yellowstone Library and Museum Association (YLMA)_, a long time predecessor to the present organization, _The Yellowstone Association._ The only members of YLMA were people on the Board. There was no paid national membership as there is now. The new Superintendent, John Townsley _(at right),_ stated, as had Superintendent Anderson, that the YLMA Board was important as his only lay advisory board. John Townsley was a big man, about six foot, four inches tall with a heavy build. He could be intimidating and to many Park Staff he was. It was important to John to be fully in control of everything in his purview. Not popular with some staff, he was determined to break up _homesteading._ To many National Park professionals Yellowstone was the ultimate assignment. They would decline promotions or transfers to stay in Yellowstone. John was determined to see _homesteaders_ achieve their full potential wherever they may be. Each Yellowstone Superintendent, it seems, had a dominate, thorny and difficult issue with which to deal. For John McLaughlin, preceding Anderson, it was overwhelming elk populations. _Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom_ TV show gave him ulcers. Jack Anderson had the tough issue of bear management. Bob Barbee, following John Townsley, had the 1988 Yellowstone fires. John Townsley's largest difficult issue was concessioners. Because concessioners owned their own improvements, Park Service had little or no control over quality of services offered. Concessioners could just say, "Buy us out!” Eventually, Townsley convinced Congress to do just that, enabling Park Service to select the bets concession operators. Approaching Townsley several times about the _Yellowstone Institute_ idea, he always refused to discuss the issue. That was IT!!! Suddenly and unexpectedly, one day in 1976, I received a call in my office from Al Mebane _(at right),_ the Chief Naturalist. Mebane said that Townsley had instructed him to bring the YLMA Manager, Gerri Hape, to my home in St. Anthony, Idaho to see what this _Institute_ business was all about. By that time I had elected YLMA Board Chair and had the Boards support to pursue the issue. When Al and Gerri arrived at my house I had invited a neighbor, Dr. Glen Holm, to sit in on the discussion. Glen was a former Dean at the University of Oklahoma and had spent many years with the State Department both in Columbia and in India. He had a valuable academic perspective. We began, understanding that an institute, in Yellowstone, would have to be supported by _in Park_ courses. Remoteness from population centers and long, severe winters made an outreach program, which was the strength of the _Yosemite Institute_ improbable. We agreed that courses offered should be about the sciences, history, current use and future of Yellowstone. There should be a strong orientation to teachers and, in time, we would plan to offer credit for classes taken. Yellowstone's fame should attract the nation's finest instructors for the fields offered and we should seek them out. We deferred the problem of where and how to house the instructors. Summer brings a severe housing problem all over the Park to both Park Staff and

concessioners.

We all agreed that the _Institute_ should be _not for profit_ and that if any profits were ever realized they should go to scholarships and

tuition reductions.

Finally, there was discussion of the director. It was my feeling that the first director, for a period not to exceed three years, should be a person strong in organization and promotional skills. After that period the director should be more oriented to academics. Al and Gerri carried the report back to Superintendent Townsley. He approved start up explorations provided the YLMA was willing to come up with the start up financing. He offered no direct Park Service support other than assistance from the Chief Naturalist. Now the heavy lifting fell to Chief Naturalist, Al Mebane. I secured YLMA Board approval and Al began the search for a Director. Hugh Crandall, an ex navy pilot, had authored several colorful booklets about specific National Parks titled, "The Story Behind the Scenery.” Colorful photos, brief, but interesting, text and a reasonable price made the booklets popular at park visitor centers. He had done a good job marketing the booklets. Hugh became _The Yellowstone Institute_'s first Director. He had no office, no staff, no equipment or detailed budget, only an _Idea_! An apartment he had managed to secure above the Post Office at Mammoth for him and his wife became _Institute Headquarters._ Volumes of mail went out and the first courses offered (six or eight as I remember) were determined by which instructors Hugh could interest in taking a gamble. Two of the _activity_ offerings were _Fly Fishing_ and _Horse Packing._ Attendance was meager but Hugh pressed on with determination. Because we had no housing to offer, instructors without a camper of their own had to be _tent_ campers, and some _were._ We struggled. A very large chunk of YLMA's budget was being spent on start up expenses for the _Yellowstone Institute._ After the second year with some, but minimal, growth it seemed time to test the Board's commitment. Playing _Devil's Advocate_ and standing where they could not see fingers crossed behind my back, I suggested that the amount of money we were spending could be used to reach many more visitors through traditional interpretive programs thatn through the _Institute._ "It may be,” I said, "that the _Institute_ was not a good idea or was a good idea whose time had not yet come.” The Board responded emphatically, "No, we're going to stay the course and do whatever it takes.” It may be that crossed fingers _do_ work. Some _Institute_ courses were in the field but some required a classroom, and there were rainy days. We had no classrooms but Al Mebane found, here and there, a trailer house that was temporarily unoccupied. Crowded conditions in the Park were a problem for course attendees. If they were lucky enough to secure a campsite at all, some would return to their camp after classes to find their gear thrown aside and someone else in the campsite. We needed a PLACE! The nearest thing the _Institute_ had to an official PLACE was Hugh's apartment over the Post Office. His wife must have been an awfully good sport. Lamar Valley, in the Northern part of Yellowstone, is, to me, one of the most beautiful, fascinating areas in the Park. An early trapper, Osborne Russell, called the Larmar "_Secluded Valley”_ and in 1835 wrote of it in his journal: _"I almost wished I could spend the remainder of my days in a place like this where happiness and contentment seemed to reign in wild romantic splendor surrounded by majestic battlements which seemed to support the heavens ad shut out all hostile intruders.”_ Bison were corralled and raised much like cattle in Lamar Valley from 1907 until 1952. Hay, raised in flat lands along the Lamar River, was fed to the animals. The place came to be known as the _Buffalo Ranch._ Several log buildings at the site had various uses after cessation of bison _ranching_ in 1952. Park Rangers, for example, sometimes had trained workshops or retreats there. The _Buffalo Ranch_ looked, to me, like the perfect place for a headquarters for the new _Yellowstone

Institute._

Superintendent Townsley told me he would not even discuss the idea. "Do not even mention that matter to me!” He had taken the same stance about the idea of an institute but finally yielded, so I persisted. Each time the topic was suggested, I was immediately cut off. Now, with hindsight, it is clear I was poking, with a stick, at a hornet's nest because other important entities also coveted the_ Buffalo Ranch_. The case, apparently, was

closed.

Board members of YLMA traditionally got together for some pleasant social time the evening before the official Board meeting. This particular evening we were gathered in one of the larger rooms of the Flamingo Motel in Gardner, Montana. (Can you believe a _Flamingo Motel_ on the North edge of Yellowstone Park? It was later named "Western” with appropriate change of décor.) Conversation was light hearted and happy when Superintendent Townsley, who always met with us, turned to me and said, "What's on the agenda for tomorrow,

Monte?”

"Well, John,” I said, "I've learned that there is a campground loop at the new _Grant Village_ that is not likely to be developed even though water and sewer improvements are already in place. I planned to float the idea of that as a place for the _Yellowstone Institute_.” John's face was deeply flushed as he spoke to me sternly, "May I please see you outside?” Refreshments still in hand, we stepped out to the parking area away

from the room.

Standing so close my head tilted back to look into the tall man's still red face, he poked a finger into my chest. "If you have any idea of trying to embarrass The National Park Service – or ME about the million dollars of unused improvements at _Grant Village_ I will absolutely not tolerate it. This matter is permanently closed. Do you

understand?”

"Yes, John.”

Board meetings were held in the _Administration Building_'s conference room. Next morning, as usual, I arrived about twenty minutes early. There, leaning back in my chair, at head of the table, sat Yellowstone Park Superintendent John Townsley! "Just sit down, Monte, and listen to me,” he said.

I did.

"I'm going to give you the _Buffalo Ranch for_ _ONE YEAR!_ That's all I'm committing is ONE YEAR!” "That's all we need, John!” "Further,” he said, "I have discretionary Superintendent's funds. I'm giving you $10,000 to get the place in shape for the _Yellowstone Institute Headquarters._ Now, the Board should be arriving in a few minutes. Let's get a cup of coffee then get on with the meeting.” Still a bit aghast, I finally spoke, "I'd like to call on you to make the announcement to the Board, John.” He made the announcement to an amazed Board. ************************ Near the end of year three of the new _Institute_ growth was modest but steady, though it was still far from being self sufficient. Beginning his three year appointment as start-up Director, Hugh Crandall clearly understood that the position was for only three years after which we planned to hire a Director who had a strong academic background. Hugh had said that worked for him because he had no plans to be here more than three years. It was surprising, therefore, that at this time he was presenting a plan under which he should receive a percentage of tuition above his base salary. The plan didn't go far and we proceeded to search for an academic person. In retrospect, it may have been too early to shift gears but others felt the time was right. So the search began led by Chief Naturalist, Al Mebane, supported by a committee from the Board. From several very well qualified applicants a man from Wyoming was selected and accepted the position. He had an impressive resume including important research projects and had grad students who could aid with operations at the new _Buffalo Ranch Headquarters._ Classroom courses were flowing smoothly now that there were reliable facilities at the _Buffalo Ranch_. Housing, however, was a very serious problem. Good news came from Al Mebane who announced that a number of old cabins, removed from Fishing Bridge, that were scheduled for demolition, had been relocated to the _Yellowstone Institute_ at _Buffalo Ranch_ for student housing. No one asked for details regarding the transaction. I was saddened, a few years later, to hear disparaging comment about the old cabins that had seemed so precious

when they arrived.

Some of the Fishing Village cabins (above) were relocated to Lamar Buffalo Ranch (below) Progress of the _Institute_ seemed now to have come into slack water. Growth, measured by students and number of courses offered, stagnated. The new Director was, apparently, so involved in important research projects that Directors functions and operations were largely in the hands of students and volunteers. We couldn't afford, at this critical stage, to lose traction. I asked whichever Board members could, come to meet over lunch at _Roosevelt Lodge_. Current state of of operations was reviewed then Board members studied resumes of all applicants to previous considerations for Director. One person, in particular, had been seriously considered before. The group agreed to contact Rick Reese to find out if he might still be available to fill the position of Director. He was. Rich, as new Institute Director, hit the ground running. He had enthusiasm needed for development and skills for academic management. The _Yellowstone Institute_ was now airborne and this is where my part

of the story ends!

Because of hard work by many skilled, ambitious, good people the _Yellowstone Institute_ has flourished. Every Director, Board Member, Instructor and Student has contributed something of value to the beautiful thing that is now _The Yellowstone Institute._ That part of the story must be told by others. AL MEBANE'S STORY, 1972 - 1982 I transferred to Yellowstone in December of that year as the Chief Park Naturalist _(that's me pictured at right)._ In that position, I was automatically the Executive Secretary of the Yellowstone Library and Museum Association (YLMA); a practice that ended in the '80s, I think. The Board was made up of a splendid group of private individuals such as Monte who were dedicated to the Park and to supporting its interpretive programs. They were also a good sounding board for the Superintendent. From time to time I made proposals for publications and experimental projects for which there were no governmental funds available, such as roadside radio transmitters, underwater filming of trout at Fishing Bridge, etc. I always looked forward to the Board meetings which included "Quests" in search of wildlife a day or two before. My wife and I treasured the friendships which resulted. Monte related how he learned firsthand about the Yosemite Institute but was ignored by Yellowstone's Superintendent Anderson, and later, Townsley when he suggested something similar in Yellowstone. I'm sure Monte told me about it soon after we met but I was consumed with major interpretive plans and projects from the outset. His suggestion was mentally filed away. My memory is fuzzy about the sequence of events. I do remember being reminded of the Yellowstone Institute idea when I was confronted by a ranger's wife in my office. She and her husband had recently moved from Yosemite to Yellowstone and were stationed at Tower Junction. She demanded to know why we didn't have something similar to the Yosemite Institute. I expressed my view that it would be untenable, given our remote location, lack of facilities, plus that I didn't think visitors should pay for interpretive programs in a national park. Nevertheless, I promised to look into it. I did contact colleagues in Yosemite and Zion who were very enthusiastic and promptly sent me details of their

Institutes.

Armed with new information and the Superintendent's unexpected backing, Monte and I proposed it to the Board of YLMA. They were immediately supportive, agreeing to underwrite a Yellowstone Institute for a limited period of time. I undertook two tasks: finding candidates for the Director, and approaching one or more universities to join us in the venture. One candidate for Director immediately made himself available, in the person of Hugh Crandall _(pictured at right),_ a chain-smoking park enthusiast and writer whom I had met in Shenandoah National Park. He and his wife Aggie were now living at Mammoth in an apartment they rented above the Post Office. Hugh was quite persuasive in selling me on his qualifications, and the Board hired him as the first Director. I began sounding out university contacts, and got an immediate show of interest from the Montana School of Mines. A geology instructor liked the idea of teaching a series of his courses in the field, but I held back from encouraging him since his school could offer no other subject matter. Prior to my transfer to Yellowstone, I spent four years immersed in the brand-new environmental education movement for the National Park Service, promoting the idea of using the parks as outdoor classrooms and organizing teacher workshops. Although geology is basic to understanding Yellowstone, and is my personal field, I wanted to find a university interested in providing interdisciplinary classes in the park. When I told him I wanted courses in more subjects than just geology, appealing to a broad spectrum of the public, he

lost interest.

When I contacted Bill Carlson, president of the University of Wyoming, he became very enthused and invited us to visit. Hugh Crandall and I drove to Laramie and were warmly received. Thus began a new and important relationship with the University with several courses being taught in Yellowstone by UW faculty. The first indoor classroom that the Institute used in Yellowstone was in the Mammoth Elementary School, courtesy of its principal, John Whitman. I don't remember the subject or the size of the first class, but it was a start, a toehold. I had eyed the larger unused space at the Buffalo Ranch in Lamar Valley, but received major pushback from the Ranger Division which felt it was their domain, so hands off! Another thought was to utilize part of Grant Village for the Yellowstone Institute. It was partly finished, stalled in mid-development when the funds ran out. I believe much of the campground had been completed, along with underground utilities, but none of the other visitor facilities had been built. Like Monte, I recall Townsley's angry reaction to the suggestion that the Institute make use of it. I was probably the one who brought it up during a staff meeting and was instantly shot down. Townsley was incensed by the idea of "millions of dollars of utilities in the ground” being wasted for something trivial (or words to that effect) instead of seeing the original plan for development through. Somehow, he managed to get construction priorities changed up the chain of command so that Grant Village project was quickly funded and completed. We prepared to struggle through another season operating out of the Mammoth School. Then the Superintendent made the welcome decision to overrule any claim by the Ranger staff for their exclusive use of the Buffalo Ranch, and assigned the unused main building to the Institute. We now had a real base of operations! Let me add that the Ranger staff quickly welcomed the Institute and fully supported the new

relationship.

Students still had no housing, however. They had to either camp or stay in Canyon or Mammoth which limited the ability of many prospects to attend. Again, Townsley came to the rescue. He, having final authority, could provide solutions beyond anything I could manage. Because the old Fishing Bridge development was being demolished, he decided that the Park Service would salvage several of the old tourist cabins and move them over Dunraven Pass to Lamar. He charged Bill Hape of the Maintenance Division with the task of making it happen. Bill was a man who might not be able to move mountains, but could go over them. The cabins were anything but luxurious, but represented a huge

improvement.

When Hugh Crandell's 3-year contract drew to a close, he fully expected it to be renewed. However, the Board and I were somewhat disenchanted with his management by that time and they decided to replace him with the highly capable Rick Reese from Helena, Montana _(pictured at top right)._ Rick was still the Institute's Director when I transferred from Yellowstone in 1982. I will always regard my role in the beginning of the Yellowstone Institute to be one of the major achievements of my career in the National Park Service. ADDITIONAL HISTORY LINKS "National Parks for the Future

" Symposium held at

Yosemite National Park, April 13-15, 1972 _(page 24 - 30, excerpt at

right)_

Report from the "National Parks for the Future

"

project, 1972

"An interesting and complex after-effect of the removal of the cabins from Fishing Bridge "

_(page 124)_

"Effective December 18, 1985, YLMA became known officially as the Yellowstone Association "

_(page 6)_

_This article originally appeared on Plein Air in the Parks , written by Kara Hidalgo_ Search Historical Documents by Park Select Park Name or Region Select Park Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Birthplace ABLI Acadia ACAD Adams ADAM Admiralty Island African Burial Ground AFBG African American Civil War Memorial National Memorial AFAM Agate Fossil Beds AGFO Agua Fria Ala Kahakai ALKA Alagnak Wild River ALAG Alaska: General Alcatraz Island ALCA Aleutian World War II ALEU Alibates Flint Quarries ALFL Allegheny Portage Railroad ALPO American Memorial Park AMME Amistad AMIS Anacostia Park ANAC Andersonville ANDE Andrew Johnson ANJO Aniakchak ANIA Antietam ANTI Apostle Islands APIS Appalachian APPA Appalachian Forest Appomattox Court House APCO Arabia Mountain ARMO Arches ARCH Arkansas Post ARPO Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial ARHO Assateague Island ASIS Atchafalaya ATTR Augusta Canal AUCA Aztec Ruins AZRU Badlands BADL Baltimore BALT Baltimore-Washington Parkway BAWA Bandelier BAND Basin and Range Battleground National Cemetery Bears Ears Belmont-Paul Women's Equality BEPA Benjamin Franklin Bent's Old Fort BEOL Bering Land Bridge BELA Berryessa Snow Mountain Big Bend BIBE Big Cypress BICY Big Hole BIHO Big South Fork BISO Big Thicket BITH Bighorn Canyon BICA Birmingham Civil Rights BICR Biscayne BISC Black Canyon of the Gunnison BLCA Blackstone River Valley BLAC Blue Ridge Blue Ridge Parkway BLRI Bluestone BLUE Booker T. Washington BOWA Boston BOST Boston African American BOAF Boston Harbor Islands BOHA Brices Cross Roads BRCR Brown v. Board of Education BRVB Browns Canyon Bryce Canyon Buck Island Reef BUIS Buffalo National River BUFF Bureau of Land Management: General Bureau of Outdoor Recreation: General Cabrillo CABR Cache La Poudre River CALA California CALI California Coastal Camp Nelson CANE Canaveral CANA Cane River CRHA Cane River Creole CARI Canyon De Chelly CACH Canyonlands CANY Canyon of the Ancients Cape Cod CACO Cape Hatteras CAHA Cape Henry Memorial CAME Cape Krusenstern CAKR Cape Lookout CALO Capitol Hill Parks CAHI Capitol Reef CARE Captain John Smith Chesapeake CAJO Capulin Volcano CAVO Carl Sandburg Home CARL Carlsbad Caverns CAVE Carrizo Plain Carter G. Woodson Home CAWO Casa Grande CAGR Cascade-Siskiyou Castillo De San Marcos CASA Castle Clinton CACL Castle Mountains CAMO Catoctin Mountain CATO Cedar Breaks CEBR Cedar Creek and Belle Grove CEBE César E. Chávez CECH Chaco Culture CHCU Chamizal CHAM Champlain Valley CHVA Channel Islands CHIS Charles Pinckney CHPI Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers CHYO Chattahoochee River CHAT Chesapeake and Ohio Canal CHOH Chesapeake Bay CHBA Chesapeake Bay Gateways CBGN Chicago Portage CHPO Chickamauga & Chattanooga CHCH Chickasaw CHIC Chimney Rock CHRO Chimney Rock Chiricahua CHIR Christiansted CHRI City of Rocks CIRO Civil War Defenses of Washington CWDW Clara Barton CLBA Claude Moore Colonial Farm CLMO Coal COAL Colonial COLO Colorado COLM Coltsville COLT Congaree CONG Constitution Gardens COGA Coronado CORO Cowpens COWP Crater Lake CRLA Craters of the Moon CRMO Crossroads of the American Revolution XRDS Cumberland Gap CUGA Cumberland Island CUIS Curecanti CURE Cuyahoga Valley CUVA David Berger DABE Dayton Aviation Heritage DAAV De Soto DESO Death Valley DEVA Delaware and Lehigh DELE Delaware Water Gap DEWA Denali DENA Department of the Interior: General Devils Postpile DEPO Devils Tower DETO Dinosaur DINO Dry Tortugas DRTO Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial DDEM Ebey's Landing EBLA Edgar Allan Poe EDAL Effigy Mounds EFMO Eisenhower EISE El Camino Real de los Tejas ELTE El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro ELCA El Malpais ELMA El Morro ELMO Eleanor Roosevelt ELRO Ellis Island ELIS Erie Canalway ERIE Essex ESSE Eugene O'Neill EUON Everglades EVER Fallen Timbers and Fort Miamis FATI Father Marquette FAMA Federal Hall FEHA Fire Island FIIS First Ladies FILA First State FRST Flight 93 FLNI Florissant Fossil Beds FLFO Ford's Theatre FOTH Fort Bowie FOBO Fort Caroline FOCA Fort Craig Fort Clatsop FOCL Fort Davis FODA Fort Donelson FODO Fort Dupont Park FODU Fort Foote Park FOFO Fort Frederica FOFR Fort Laramie FOLA Fort Larned FOLS Fort Matanzas FOMA Fort McHenry FOMC Fort Monroe FOMR Fort Moultrie FOMO Fort Necessity FONE Fort Ord Fort Point FOPO Fort Pulaski FOPU Fort Raleigh FORA Fort Scott FOSC Fort Smith FOSM Fort Stanwix FOST Fort Sumter FOSU Fort Union FOUN Fort Union Trading Post FOUS Fort Vancouver FOVA Fort Washington Park FOWA Fossil Butte FOBU Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial FRDE Frederick Douglass FRDO Frederick Law Olmsted FRLA Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania FRSP Freedom Riders FRRI Freedom's Frontier Freedom's Way FRWA Friendship Hill FRHI Gates of the Arctic GAAR Gateway GATE Gateway Arch JEFF Gauley River GARI General Grant GEGR George Mason Memorial GEMM George Rogers Clark GERO George Washington Birthplace GEWA George Washington Carver GWCA George Washington Memorial Parkway GWMP Gettysburg GETT Giant Sequoia Gila Cliff Dwellings GICL Glacier GLAC Glacier Bay GLBA Glen Canyon GLCA Glen Echo Park GLEC Gloria Del Church GLDE Gold Butte Golden Gate GOGA Golden Spike GOSP Governors Island GOIS Grand Canyon GRCA Grand Canyon-Parashant PARA Grand Portage GRPO Grand Staircase-Escalante Grand Teton GRTE Grant-Kohrs Ranch GRKO Great Basin GRBA Great Egg Harbor River GREG Great Falls Park GRFA Great Sand Dunes GRSA Great Smoky Mountains GRSM Green Springs GRSP Greenbelt Park GREE Guadalupe Mountains GUMO Guilford Courthouse GUCO Gulf Islands GUIS Gullah/Geechee GUGE Hagerman Fossil Beds HAFO Haleakala HALE Hamilton Grange HAGR Hampton HAMP Hanford Reach Harmony Hall HAHA Harpers Ferry HAFE Harriet Tubman HART Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad HATU Harry S Truman HSTR Hawaii Volcanoes HAVO Herbert Hoover HEHO Historic Camden Revolutionary War Site Historic Jamestowne JAME Hohokam Pima PIMA Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt HOFR Homestead of America HOME Honouliuli HONO Hopewell Culture HOCU Hopewell Furnace HOFU Horseshoe Bend HOBE Hot Springs HOSP Hovenweep HOVE Hubbell Trading Post HUTR Ice Age ICAG Ice Age Floods IAFL Ice Age Trail IATR Iditarod Illinois & Michigan Canal Independence INDE Indiana Dunes INDU Intermountain Region: General International Peace Gardens INTE Inupiat Heritage Center INUP Ironwood Forest Isle Royale ISRO James A. Garfield JAGA Jean Lafitte JELA Jewel Cave JECA Jimmy Carter JICA John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway JODR John Day Fossil Beds JODA John Ericsson National Memorial JOER John Fitzgerald Kennedy JOFI John Muir JOMU Johnstown Flood JOFL Joshua Tree JOTR Journey Through Hallowed Ground JTHG Juan Bautista De Anza JUBA Jurassic Kalaupapa KALA Kaloko-Honokohau KAHO Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks Katahdin Woods and Waters KAWW Kate Mullany Katmai KATM Kenai Fjords KEFJ Kenai Mountains-Turnagain Arm Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens KEAQ Kennesaw Mountain KEMO Keweenaw KEWE Kings Canyon KICA Kings Mountain KIMO Klondike Gold Rush (Seattle) KLSE Klondike Gold Rush (Skagway) KLGO Knife River Indian Villages KNRI Kobuk Valley KOVA Korean War Veterans Memorial KOWA Lake Chelan LACH Lake Clark LACL Lake Mead LAKE Lake Meredith LAMR Lake Roosevelt LARO Lassen Volcanic LAVO Lava Beds LABE Lewis & Clark (NHT) LECL Lewis & Clark (NHP) LEWI Lincoln Boyhood LIBO Lincoln Home LIHO Lincoln Memorial LINC Little Bighorn LIBI Little River Canyon LIRI Little Rock Central High School CHSC Longfellow House Washington's Headquarters LONG Lowell LOWE Lower Delaware LODE Lower East Side Tenement LOEA Lyndon B. Johnson LYJO Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) Memorial Grove on the Potomac LYBA Maggie L Walker MALW Maine Acadian Culture MAAC Mammoth Cave MACA Manassas MANA Manhattan Project MAPR Manzanar MANZ Marianas Trench Maritime Washington Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller MABI Martin Luther King Jr. MALU Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial MLKM Martin Van Buren MAVA Mary McLeod Bethune Council House MAMC Maurice D. Hinchey Hudson River Valley HURV McLoughlin House MCHO Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home MEMY Meridian Hill Park MEHI Mesa Verde MEVE Midwest: General Military Working Dog Teams Mill Springs Battlefield MISP Minidoka MIIN Minute Man MIMA Minuteman Missile MIMI Mississippi Delta MIDE Mississippi Gulf MIGU Mississippi Hills MIHI Mississippi River MISS Missouri MNRR Misty Fiords Mojave MOJA Mojave Trails Monocacy MONO Montezuma Castle MOCA Moores Creek MOCR Mormon Pioneer Mormon Pioneer Trail MOPI Morristown MORR MotorCities AUTO Mount Rainier MORA Mount Rushmore MORU Mount St. Helens Mountains to Sound Muir Woods MUWO Muscle Shoals MUSH Natchez NATC Natchez Trace NATT Natchez Trace Parkway NATR National Aviation AVIA National Capital Parks-East NACE National Coal National Mall and Memorial Parks NAMA National Park of American Samoa National Park Service: General National Park Service: Planning National Park Service: Historic Trails National Parks of New York Harbor NPNH Natural Bridge State Park Natural Bridges NABR Navajo NAVA New Bedford Whaling NEBE New England NEEN New Jersey Coastal Heritage NEJE New Jersey Pinelands PINE New Orleans Jazz JAZZ New River Gorge NERI Nez Perce NEPE Nez Perce (NHT) Newberry Niagara Falls NIFA Nicodemus NICO Ninety Six NISI Niobrara NIOB Noatak NOAT North Cascades NOCA Northeast: General Northern Plains: General North Country NOCO Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine Northern Plains Northern Rio Grande NORG Obed Wild & Scenic River OBRI Ocmulgee Mounds OCMU Ohio & Erie Canalway Oil Region OIRE Oklahoma City OKCI Old Post Office Tower OPOT Old Spanish OLSP Olympic OLYM Oregon Caves ORCA Oregon (NHT) OREG Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks Organ Pipe Cactus ORPI Overmountain Victory OVVI Oxon Cove Park and Oxon Hill Farm OXHI Ozark OZAR Pacific Northwest: General Pacific Remote Islands Padre Island PAIS Palo Alto Battlefield PAAL Papahanaumokuakea Paterson Great Falls PAGR Path of Progress Pea Ridge PERI Pearl Harbor PEHA Pecos PECO Peirce Mill PIMI Pennsylvania Avenue PAAV Perry's Victory & International Peace Memorial PEVI Petersburg PETE Petrified Forest PEFO Petroglyph PETR Pictured Rocks PIRO Pinnacles PINN Pipe Spring PISP Pipestone PIPE Piscataway PISC Point Reyes PORE Pompeys Pillar Pony Express POEX Port Chicago Naval Magazine POCH Potomac Heritage POHE Poverty Point POPO Prehistoric Trackways President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home WICL President's Park (White House) WHHO Presidio of San Francisco PRSF Prince William Forest PRWI Pullman PULL Pu'uhonua o Honaunau PUHO Puukohola Heiau PUHE Rainbow Bridge RABR Rand Reconstruction Era REER Red Hill-Patrick Henry Redwood REDW Richmond RICH Rio Grande RIGR Rio Grande del Norte River Raisin RIRA Rivers of Steel RIST Robert Emmet Park Rock Creek Park ROCR Rocky Mountain ROMO Roger Williams ROWI Roosevelt Campobello International Park ROCA Rose Atoll Ross Lake ROLA Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front RORI Russell Cave RUCA Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Sagamore Hill SAHI Saguaro SAGU Saint Croix SACN Saint Croix Island SACR Saint Francis Dam Disaster Saint Paul's Church SAPA Saint-Gaudens SAGA Sainte Geneviève STGE Salem Maritime SAMA Salinas Pueblo Missions SAPU Salt River Bay SARI San Antonio Missions SAAN San Francisco Maritime SAFR San Gabriel San Juan SAJU San Juan Island SAJH San Juan Islands Sand Creek Massacre SAND Sand to Snow Santa Fe SAFE Santa Monica Mountains SAMO Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains Saratoga SARA Saugus Iron Works SAIR Schuylkill River Valley SCRV Scotts Bluff SCBL Selma To Montgomery SEMO Sequoia SEQU Shenandoah SHEN Shenandoah Valley Battlefields SHVB Shiloh SHIL Sitka SITK Sleeping Bear Dunes SLBE Sonoran Desert South Carolina SOCA Southeast: General Southwest: General Springfield Armory SPAR Star-Spangled Banner STSP Statue Of Liberty STLI Steamtown STEA Stones River STRI Stonewall STON Sunset Crater Volcano SUCR Susquehanna Tallgrass Prairie TAPR Tennessee Civil War TECW Thaddeus Kosciuszko THKO The Last Green Valley QUSH The Old Stone House OLST Theodore Roosevelt THRO Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace THRB Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural THRI Theodore Roosevelt Island THIS Thomas Cole THCO Thomas Edison EDIS Thomas Jefferson Memorial THJE Thomas Stone THST Timpanogos Cave TICA Timucuan TIMU Tonto TONT Touro Synagogue TOSY Trail of Tears Tule Lake TULE Tule Springs Fossil Beds Tumacacori TUMA Tupelo TUPE Tuskegee Airmen TUAI Tuskegee Institute TUIN Tuzigoot TUZI Ulysses S. Grant ULSG Underground Railroad UGRR Upper Delaware River UPDE Upper Housatonic Valley UPHV Upper Missouri River Breaks U.S.S. Arizona USAR Valles Caldera VALL Valley Forge VAFO Vanderbilt Mansion VAMA Vermilion Cliffs Vicksburg VICK Vietnam Veterans Memorial VIVE Virgin Islands VIIS Virgin Islands Coral Reef VICR Voyageurs VOYA Waco Mammoth WACO Walnut Canyon WACA War in the Pacific WAPA Washington Monument WAMO Washington-Rochambeau WARO Washita Battlefield WABA Weir Farm WEFA West: General Wheeling WHEE Whiskeytown WHIS White Sands WHSA Whitman Mission WHMI William Howard Taft WIHO Wilson's Creek WICR Wind Cave WICA Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience WING Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts WOTR Women's Rights WORI World War I Memorial World War II Memorial WWII Wrangell-St. Elias WRST Wright Brothers WRBR Wupatki WUPA Yellowstone YELL Yorktown Battlefield YORK Yosemite YOSE Yucca House YUHO Yukon-Charley Rivers YUCH Yuma Crossing YUCR Zion ZION Search Our companion Website

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