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ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E.ECLIPSE E600
Nikon's Eclipse E600 research microscope is equipped with the revolutionary CFI 60 infinity optical system, providing bright, sharp, crisp and clear images in all applications. Available since the mid-1990s, the mid-tier microscope incorporates completely new specifications adopted for the CFI 60 series objectives, including a60-millimeter
SMZ STEROMICROSCOPE
SMZ Steromicroscope. The SMZ series are the flagship system of stereomicroscopes offered by Nikon beginning in 1966. Spanning over many decades, this classic series of scopes have ushered in a new generation of stereomicroscopy with cutting edge optics, longer zoom capabilities and lower signal-to-noise ratios than ever previouslyoffered.
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of THE NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) The Nikon Perfect Focus System (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System ( PFS ), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations. A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to100x
CHAOS CAROLINENSIS (AMOEBA) Chaos carolinensis (Amoeba) Many species that belong to the order Amoebida are free living, but some are well-known parasites of plants and animals. At least six forms of amoeba are parasitic in humans The most well known of these is Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amebicdysentery.
MODEL SMZ-2T STEREOMICROSCOPE Model SMZ-2T Stereomicroscope. ( Circa 1987 ) The Nikon SMZ-2T microscope is a trinocular stereoscopic model that was designed to easily accept a closed-circuit television (CCTV) or newer CCD-based digital camera or any of Nikon's FX photomicrographic systems. A switchover control ring in the trinocular head allows the microscopistto rapidly
COLLOTHECA (ROTIFERA) Collotheca (Rotifera) Collotheca belongs to the rotifer class Monogononta, rotifers with only one ovary. These rotifers are sessile; they are either attached to each other forming a spherical colony, or attached individually to the substrate. Each rotifer secretes agelatinous tube
NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E.ECLIPSE E600
Nikon's Eclipse E600 research microscope is equipped with the revolutionary CFI 60 infinity optical system, providing bright, sharp, crisp and clear images in all applications. Available since the mid-1990s, the mid-tier microscope incorporates completely new specifications adopted for the CFI 60 series objectives, including a60-millimeter
SMZ STEROMICROSCOPE
SMZ Steromicroscope. The SMZ series are the flagship system of stereomicroscopes offered by Nikon beginning in 1966. Spanning over many decades, this classic series of scopes have ushered in a new generation of stereomicroscopy with cutting edge optics, longer zoom capabilities and lower signal-to-noise ratios than ever previouslyoffered.
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of THE NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) The Nikon Perfect Focus System (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System ( PFS ), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations. A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to100x
CHAOS CAROLINENSIS (AMOEBA) Chaos carolinensis (Amoeba) Many species that belong to the order Amoebida are free living, but some are well-known parasites of plants and animals. At least six forms of amoeba are parasitic in humans The most well known of these is Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amebicdysentery.
MODEL SMZ-2T STEREOMICROSCOPE Model SMZ-2T Stereomicroscope. ( Circa 1987 ) The Nikon SMZ-2T microscope is a trinocular stereoscopic model that was designed to easily accept a closed-circuit television (CCTV) or newer CCD-based digital camera or any of Nikon's FX photomicrographic systems. A switchover control ring in the trinocular head allows the microscopistto rapidly
COLLOTHECA (ROTIFERA) Collotheca (Rotifera) Collotheca belongs to the rotifer class Monogononta, rotifers with only one ovary. These rotifers are sessile; they are either attached to each other forming a spherical colony, or attached individually to the substrate. Each rotifer secretes agelatinous tube
NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
NIKON’S MUSEUM OF MICROSCOPY Nikon’s Museum of Microscopy. Nikon has been producing microscopes for almost a century, starting with a simple brass compound monocular brass microscope in the early 1900s. Today, Nikon microscopes are among the best in the World and are found in research laboratories in almost every country. The Nikon Museum of Microscopy features many of INNOVATIONS IN LIGHT MICROSCOPY Innovations in Light Microscopy. Of all scientific instruments, probably none has had more thought and labor devoted to its improvement than the light microscope. Its evolution over the past centuries has been driven by scientists who wish to observe and measure phenomena that were smaller, fainter, ( Figure 1) and deeperinside tissue than
ECLIPSE 80I
Eclipse 80i Upright Microscope. In response to Nikon’s ever-growing prominence in the cutting-edge research microscopy markets, Nikon introduced its all-new lineup of microscopes, the i-series. The 80i was one of the first in a family of very commercially successful upright microscopes that would help define the growth of the digitalera for
LIVE-CELL IMAGING CULTURE CHAMBERS A variety of Petri dish configurations specifically designed for high-resolution live-cell imaging are commercially available (see Figure 4). The simplest and perhaps most versatile design consists of a standard 35 or 50-millimeter disposable Petri dish featuring a circular opening (10, 14, or 20 millimeters) cut into the center of the attachment surface and covered by a high-qualityECLIPSE 50/55I
Eclipse 50/55i. The Nikon Eclipse 50/55i was an important milestone in the evolution of Nikon’s clinical line of microscopes. Introduced in 2003, this microscope was a major step in incorporating a more comfortable, user-based design to allow people to sit and use the equipment for long hours without experiencing excessive discomfort orfatigue.
MICROPHOT-FX RESEARCH MICROSCOPE Microphot-FX Research Microscope. ( Circa 1985 ) Promoted as one of the premier research microscopes during the mid-1980s, Nikon's Microphot-FX may be used with a digital or film camera attachment as well as for quantitative transmitted light and fluorescence microscopy. When utilized in combination with the Nikon Microflex FXcamera series, it
MODEL S EPI-ILLUMINATOR Model S Epi-Illuminator. The epi-illuminator converted the Model S microscope, built during the late 1960s, from a tool for studying translucent biological specimens into a tool for studying the surface of opaque specimens such as metals. The illuminator is housed in an intermediate tube positioned above the revolving nosepiece and beneaththe
GREEN EXCITATION: G-2A (LONGPASS EMISSION) The G-2A filter combination is designed to perform with a wide range of fluorochromes excited by green wavelengths, and is considered the standard Nikon filter block for green excitation.The combination of a wide excitation passband (50 nanometers) with a longpass emission (barrier) filter enables detection of fluorescence intensity from a substantial range of fluorophores that emit in the DUAL BAND EXCITATION: DAPI-FITC The DAPI-FITC dual band fluorescence filter combination is designed specifically for simultaneous detection of the fluorochromes DAPI and FITC with minimal crosstalk between bands, and can be employed with other pairs of fluorescent probes having similar spectral profiles.The shorter-wavelength signal channel of the filter set selects narrowly defined spectral regions for violet excitation and NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
NIKON’S MUSEUM OF MICROSCOPY Nikon’s Museum of Microscopy. Nikon has been producing microscopes for almost a century, starting with a simple brass compound monocular brass microscope in the early 1900s. Today, Nikon microscopes are among the best in the World and are found in research laboratories in almost every country. The Nikon Museum of Microscopy features many of DIC | NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU An excellent mechanism for rendering contrast in transparent specimens, differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is a beam-shearing interference system in which the reference beam is sheared by a minuscule amount, generally somewhat less than the diameter of an Airy disk.The technique produces a monochromatic shadow-cast image that effectively displays the gradient of opticalpaths
LIVE-CELL IMAGING CULTURE CHAMBERS Specimen chambers are an integral and critical branch in the history of live-cell imaging, and a wide spectrum of designs have been published over the years describing systems that offer excellent optical properties while allowing specimens to be maintained for varying amounts of time. INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENT PROTEINSMODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (YFP) EXCITATION ENHANCED YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (EYFP) NUCLEAR Plasmid pEYFP-Nucleus vector gene product expression in various cell types (from both transiently and stably transfected clones; see Figure 1) occurs due to the efficient intracellular translation of a fusion nucleotide sequence combining the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein domain with three tandem repeats of the nuclear localization signal (NLS) from simian virus 40 (SV40) large T-antigen. NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
NIKON’S MUSEUM OF MICROSCOPY Nikon’s Museum of Microscopy. Nikon has been producing microscopes for almost a century, starting with a simple brass compound monocular brass microscope in the early 1900s. Today, Nikon microscopes are among the best in the World and are found in research laboratories in almost every country. The Nikon Museum of Microscopy features many of DIC | NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU An excellent mechanism for rendering contrast in transparent specimens, differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is a beam-shearing interference system in which the reference beam is sheared by a minuscule amount, generally somewhat less than the diameter of an Airy disk.The technique produces a monochromatic shadow-cast image that effectively displays the gradient of opticalpaths
LIVE-CELL IMAGING CULTURE CHAMBERS Specimen chambers are an integral and critical branch in the history of live-cell imaging, and a wide spectrum of designs have been published over the years describing systems that offer excellent optical properties while allowing specimens to be maintained for varying amounts of time. INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENT PROTEINSMODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (YFP) EXCITATION ENHANCED YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (EYFP) NUCLEAR Plasmid pEYFP-Nucleus vector gene product expression in various cell types (from both transiently and stably transfected clones; see Figure 1) occurs due to the efficient intracellular translation of a fusion nucleotide sequence combining the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein domain with three tandem repeats of the nuclear localization signal (NLS) from simian virus 40 (SV40) large T-antigen.FLUORESCENCE
Fluorescence Microscopy. In the rapidly expanding fields of cellular and molecular biology, widefield and confocal fluorescence illumination and observation is becoming one of the techniques of choice. These techniques, which are almost universally employed in both the medical and biological sciences, have spurred the developmentof more
INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENT PROTEINS Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins. The discovery of green fluorescent protein in the early 1960s ultimately heralded a new era in cell biology by enabling investigators to apply molecular cloning methods, fusing the fluorophore moiety to a wide variety of protein and enzyme targets, in order to monitor cellular processes in livingsystems
INFINITY OPTICAL SYSTEMS Infinity-corrected microscopes, now a standard in the industry, allow introduction of auxiliary components, such as differential interference contrast (DIC) prisms, polarizers, and epi-fluorescence illuminators, into the parallel optical path between the objective and the tube lens with only a minimal effect on focus and aberrationcorrections.
ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
BASICS OF FRET MICROSCOPY where R(0) is the characteristic distance where the FRET efficiency is 50 percent, which can be calculated for any pair of fluorescent molecules (this variable is also termed the Förster radius and is discussed below in greater detail). The FRET efficiency of a theoretical fluorophore pair (enhanced cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins) is graphically demonstrated in Figure 3(a). THE NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System (PFS), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations.A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to 100x with varying numerical apertures and working distances, can be employed. RESOLUTION | NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU Where r is resolution (the smallest resolvable distance between two objects), NA is a general term for the microscope numerical aperture, λ is the imaging wavelength, NA(obj) equals the objective numerical aperture, and NA(cond) is the condenser numerical aperture. Notice that equation (1) and (2) differ by the multiplication factor, which is 0.5 for equation (1) and 0.61 for equation (2). DEPTH OF FIELD CALCULATOR The total depth of field is given by the sum of the wave and geometrical optical depths of fields as: Formula 1 - Total Depth of Field. d t o t = λ ⋅ n N A 2 + n M ⋅ N A e. Where d (tot) represents the depth of field, l is the wavelength of illuminating light, n is the refractive index of the medium (usually air (1.000) orimmersion oil (1
COVERSLIP CORRECTION Coverslip Correction. For microscope objectives having high numerical apertures, the optical properties and thickness of the medium lying between the front lens element and the specimen critically affect the calculations necessary to satisfy the aplanatic and sine conditionsand
MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION The resolution and performance of an optical microscope can be characterized by a quantity known as the modulation transfer function (MTF), which is a measurement of the microscope's ability to transfer contrast from the specimen to the intermediate image plane at a specific resolution. Computation of the modulation transfer functionis a
NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
MODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E.SMZ STEROMICROSCOPE
SMZ Steromicroscope. The SMZ series are the flagship system of stereomicroscopes offered by Nikon beginning in 1966. Spanning over many decades, this classic series of scopes have ushered in a new generation of stereomicroscopy with cutting edge optics, longer zoom capabilities and lower signal-to-noise ratios than ever previouslyoffered.
ECLIPSE E600
Nikon's Eclipse E600 research microscope is equipped with the revolutionary CFI 60 infinity optical system, providing bright, sharp, crisp and clear images in all applications. Available since the mid-1990s, the mid-tier microscope incorporates completely new specifications adopted for the CFI 60 series objectives, including a60-millimeter
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of THE NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) The Nikon Perfect Focus System (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System ( PFS ), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations. A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to100x
CHAOS CAROLINENSIS (AMOEBA) Chaos carolinensis (Amoeba) Many species that belong to the order Amoebida are free living, but some are well-known parasites of plants and animals. At least six forms of amoeba are parasitic in humans The most well known of these is Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amebicdysentery.
MODEL SMZ-2T STEREOMICROSCOPE Model SMZ-2T Stereomicroscope. ( Circa 1987 ) The Nikon SMZ-2T microscope is a trinocular stereoscopic model that was designed to easily accept a closed-circuit television (CCTV) or newer CCD-based digital camera or any of Nikon's FX photomicrographic systems. A switchover control ring in the trinocular head allows the microscopistto rapidly
NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
MODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E.SMZ STEROMICROSCOPE
SMZ Steromicroscope. The SMZ series are the flagship system of stereomicroscopes offered by Nikon beginning in 1966. Spanning over many decades, this classic series of scopes have ushered in a new generation of stereomicroscopy with cutting edge optics, longer zoom capabilities and lower signal-to-noise ratios than ever previouslyoffered.
ECLIPSE E600
Nikon's Eclipse E600 research microscope is equipped with the revolutionary CFI 60 infinity optical system, providing bright, sharp, crisp and clear images in all applications. Available since the mid-1990s, the mid-tier microscope incorporates completely new specifications adopted for the CFI 60 series objectives, including a60-millimeter
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of THE NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) The Nikon Perfect Focus System (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System ( PFS ), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations. A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to100x
CHAOS CAROLINENSIS (AMOEBA) Chaos carolinensis (Amoeba) Many species that belong to the order Amoebida are free living, but some are well-known parasites of plants and animals. At least six forms of amoeba are parasitic in humans The most well known of these is Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amebicdysentery.
MODEL SMZ-2T STEREOMICROSCOPE Model SMZ-2T Stereomicroscope. ( Circa 1987 ) The Nikon SMZ-2T microscope is a trinocular stereoscopic model that was designed to easily accept a closed-circuit television (CCTV) or newer CCD-based digital camera or any of Nikon's FX photomicrographic systems. A switchover control ring in the trinocular head allows the microscopistto rapidly
NIKON’S MUSEUM OF MICROSCOPY Nikon’s Museum of Microscopy. Nikon has been producing microscopes for almost a century, starting with a simple brass compound monocular brass microscope in the early 1900s. Today, Nikon microscopes are among the best in the World and are found in research laboratories in almost every country. The Nikon Museum of Microscopy features many of LIVE-CELL IMAGING CULTURE CHAMBERS A variety of Petri dish configurations specifically designed for high-resolution live-cell imaging are commercially available (see Figure 4). The simplest and perhaps most versatile design consists of a standard 35 or 50-millimeter disposable Petri dish featuring a circular opening (10, 14, or 20 millimeters) cut into the center of the attachment surface and covered by a high-qualityECLIPSE 80I
Eclipse 80i Upright Microscope. In response to Nikon’s ever-growing prominence in the cutting-edge research microscopy markets, Nikon introduced its all-new lineup of microscopes, the i-series. The 80i was one of the first in a family of very commercially successful upright microscopes that would help define the growth of the digitalera for
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System (PFS), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations.A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to 100x with varying numerical apertures and working distances, can be used with the TiE-PFS ADJUSTMENT OF OBJECTIVE CORRECTION COLLARS The tutorial initializes with a randomly selected specimen appearing in the Microscope Image window and a cut-away view of a correction collar objective positioned to the right of the image window. Also, upon initialization, the tutorial automatically selects a random cover glass thickness for the specimen being viewed in the Microscope Image window. . In order to operate the tutorial, use the LABOPHOT ENTRY-LEVEL RESEARCH MICROSCOPE Labophot Entry-Level Research Microscope. The Labophot was a sturdy, versatile microscope, produced in the 1980s. It offered research-level performance and a modular system that made it highly adaptable for clinical, biological, industrial, and educational laboratories. The Labophot utilized the Nikon CF optical system, which yielded highCCD NOISE SOURCES
CCD Noise Sources. Dark noise and read-out noise are two major sources of noise in CCD and other digital cameras for microscopy. Although great improvements have been made over the past few years in the reduction of CCD dark noise at room temperature, cooling the chip further reduces the noise tenfold per 20° C decrease.ECLIPSE 50/55I
Eclipse 50/55i. The Nikon Eclipse 50/55i was an important milestone in the evolution of Nikon’s clinical line of microscopes. Introduced in 2003, this microscope was a major step in incorporating a more comfortable, user-based design to allow people to sit and use the equipment for long hours without experiencing excessive discomfort orfatigue.
WWW.MICROSCOPYU.COM
Moved Permanently. The document has moved here. NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
MODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E.SMZ STEROMICROSCOPE
SMZ Steromicroscope. The SMZ series are the flagship system of stereomicroscopes offered by Nikon beginning in 1966. Spanning over many decades, this classic series of scopes have ushered in a new generation of stereomicroscopy with cutting edge optics, longer zoom capabilities and lower signal-to-noise ratios than ever previouslyoffered.
ECLIPSE E600
Nikon's Eclipse E600 research microscope is equipped with the revolutionary CFI 60 infinity optical system, providing bright, sharp, crisp and clear images in all applications. Available since the mid-1990s, the mid-tier microscope incorporates completely new specifications adopted for the CFI 60 series objectives, including a60-millimeter
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of THE NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) The Nikon Perfect Focus System (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System ( PFS ), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations. A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to100x
CHAOS CAROLINENSIS (AMOEBA) Chaos carolinensis (Amoeba) Many species that belong to the order Amoebida are free living, but some are well-known parasites of plants and animals. At least six forms of amoeba are parasitic in humans The most well known of these is Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amebicdysentery.
MODEL SMZ-2T STEREOMICROSCOPE Model SMZ-2T Stereomicroscope. ( Circa 1987 ) The Nikon SMZ-2T microscope is a trinocular stereoscopic model that was designed to easily accept a closed-circuit television (CCTV) or newer CCD-based digital camera or any of Nikon's FX photomicrographic systems. A switchover control ring in the trinocular head allows the microscopistto rapidly
NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
MODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E.SMZ STEROMICROSCOPE
SMZ Steromicroscope. The SMZ series are the flagship system of stereomicroscopes offered by Nikon beginning in 1966. Spanning over many decades, this classic series of scopes have ushered in a new generation of stereomicroscopy with cutting edge optics, longer zoom capabilities and lower signal-to-noise ratios than ever previouslyoffered.
ECLIPSE E600
Nikon's Eclipse E600 research microscope is equipped with the revolutionary CFI 60 infinity optical system, providing bright, sharp, crisp and clear images in all applications. Available since the mid-1990s, the mid-tier microscope incorporates completely new specifications adopted for the CFI 60 series objectives, including a60-millimeter
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of THE NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) The Nikon Perfect Focus System (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System ( PFS ), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations. A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to100x
CHAOS CAROLINENSIS (AMOEBA) Chaos carolinensis (Amoeba) Many species that belong to the order Amoebida are free living, but some are well-known parasites of plants and animals. At least six forms of amoeba are parasitic in humans The most well known of these is Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amebicdysentery.
MODEL SMZ-2T STEREOMICROSCOPE Model SMZ-2T Stereomicroscope. ( Circa 1987 ) The Nikon SMZ-2T microscope is a trinocular stereoscopic model that was designed to easily accept a closed-circuit television (CCTV) or newer CCD-based digital camera or any of Nikon's FX photomicrographic systems. A switchover control ring in the trinocular head allows the microscopistto rapidly
NIKON’S MUSEUM OF MICROSCOPY Nikon’s Museum of Microscopy. Nikon has been producing microscopes for almost a century, starting with a simple brass compound monocular brass microscope in the early 1900s. Today, Nikon microscopes are among the best in the World and are found in research laboratories in almost every country. The Nikon Museum of Microscopy features many of LIVE-CELL IMAGING CULTURE CHAMBERS A variety of Petri dish configurations specifically designed for high-resolution live-cell imaging are commercially available (see Figure 4). The simplest and perhaps most versatile design consists of a standard 35 or 50-millimeter disposable Petri dish featuring a circular opening (10, 14, or 20 millimeters) cut into the center of the attachment surface and covered by a high-qualityECLIPSE 80I
Eclipse 80i Upright Microscope. In response to Nikon’s ever-growing prominence in the cutting-edge research microscopy markets, Nikon introduced its all-new lineup of microscopes, the i-series. The 80i was one of the first in a family of very commercially successful upright microscopes that would help define the growth of the digitalera for
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System (PFS), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations.A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to 100x with varying numerical apertures and working distances, can be used with the TiE-PFS ADJUSTMENT OF OBJECTIVE CORRECTION COLLARS The tutorial initializes with a randomly selected specimen appearing in the Microscope Image window and a cut-away view of a correction collar objective positioned to the right of the image window. Also, upon initialization, the tutorial automatically selects a random cover glass thickness for the specimen being viewed in the Microscope Image window. . In order to operate the tutorial, use the LABOPHOT ENTRY-LEVEL RESEARCH MICROSCOPE Labophot Entry-Level Research Microscope. The Labophot was a sturdy, versatile microscope, produced in the 1980s. It offered research-level performance and a modular system that made it highly adaptable for clinical, biological, industrial, and educational laboratories. The Labophot utilized the Nikon CF optical system, which yielded highCCD NOISE SOURCES
CCD Noise Sources. Dark noise and read-out noise are two major sources of noise in CCD and other digital cameras for microscopy. Although great improvements have been made over the past few years in the reduction of CCD dark noise at room temperature, cooling the chip further reduces the noise tenfold per 20° C decrease.ECLIPSE 50/55I
Eclipse 50/55i. The Nikon Eclipse 50/55i was an important milestone in the evolution of Nikon’s clinical line of microscopes. Introduced in 2003, this microscope was a major step in incorporating a more comfortable, user-based design to allow people to sit and use the equipment for long hours without experiencing excessive discomfort orfatigue.
WWW.MICROSCOPYU.COM
Moved Permanently. The document has moved here. NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
MODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E.SMZ STEROMICROSCOPE
SMZ Steromicroscope. The SMZ series are the flagship system of stereomicroscopes offered by Nikon beginning in 1966. Spanning over many decades, this classic series of scopes have ushered in a new generation of stereomicroscopy with cutting edge optics, longer zoom capabilities and lower signal-to-noise ratios than ever previouslyoffered.
ECLIPSE E600
Nikon's Eclipse E600 research microscope is equipped with the revolutionary CFI 60 infinity optical system, providing bright, sharp, crisp and clear images in all applications. Available since the mid-1990s, the mid-tier microscope incorporates completely new specifications adopted for the CFI 60 series objectives, including a60-millimeter
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of THE NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) The Nikon Perfect Focus System (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System ( PFS ), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations. A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to100x
CHAOS CAROLINENSIS (AMOEBA) Chaos carolinensis (Amoeba) Many species that belong to the order Amoebida are free living, but some are well-known parasites of plants and animals. At least six forms of amoeba are parasitic in humans The most well known of these is Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amebicdysentery.
MODEL SMZ-2T STEREOMICROSCOPE Model SMZ-2T Stereomicroscope. ( Circa 1987 ) The Nikon SMZ-2T microscope is a trinocular stereoscopic model that was designed to easily accept a closed-circuit television (CCTV) or newer CCD-based digital camera or any of Nikon's FX photomicrographic systems. A switchover control ring in the trinocular head allows the microscopistto rapidly
NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
MODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E.SMZ STEROMICROSCOPE
SMZ Steromicroscope. The SMZ series are the flagship system of stereomicroscopes offered by Nikon beginning in 1966. Spanning over many decades, this classic series of scopes have ushered in a new generation of stereomicroscopy with cutting edge optics, longer zoom capabilities and lower signal-to-noise ratios than ever previouslyoffered.
ECLIPSE E600
Nikon's Eclipse E600 research microscope is equipped with the revolutionary CFI 60 infinity optical system, providing bright, sharp, crisp and clear images in all applications. Available since the mid-1990s, the mid-tier microscope incorporates completely new specifications adopted for the CFI 60 series objectives, including a60-millimeter
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of THE NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) The Nikon Perfect Focus System (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System ( PFS ), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations. A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to100x
CHAOS CAROLINENSIS (AMOEBA) Chaos carolinensis (Amoeba) Many species that belong to the order Amoebida are free living, but some are well-known parasites of plants and animals. At least six forms of amoeba are parasitic in humans The most well known of these is Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amebicdysentery.
MODEL SMZ-2T STEREOMICROSCOPE Model SMZ-2T Stereomicroscope. ( Circa 1987 ) The Nikon SMZ-2T microscope is a trinocular stereoscopic model that was designed to easily accept a closed-circuit television (CCTV) or newer CCD-based digital camera or any of Nikon's FX photomicrographic systems. A switchover control ring in the trinocular head allows the microscopistto rapidly
NIKON’S MUSEUM OF MICROSCOPY Nikon’s Museum of Microscopy. Nikon has been producing microscopes for almost a century, starting with a simple brass compound monocular brass microscope in the early 1900s. Today, Nikon microscopes are among the best in the World and are found in research laboratories in almost every country. The Nikon Museum of Microscopy features many of LIVE-CELL IMAGING CULTURE CHAMBERS A variety of Petri dish configurations specifically designed for high-resolution live-cell imaging are commercially available (see Figure 4). The simplest and perhaps most versatile design consists of a standard 35 or 50-millimeter disposable Petri dish featuring a circular opening (10, 14, or 20 millimeters) cut into the center of the attachment surface and covered by a high-qualityECLIPSE 80I
Eclipse 80i Upright Microscope. In response to Nikon’s ever-growing prominence in the cutting-edge research microscopy markets, Nikon introduced its all-new lineup of microscopes, the i-series. The 80i was one of the first in a family of very commercially successful upright microscopes that would help define the growth of the digitalera for
ECLIPSE E400
Eclipse E400. ( 1997 ) The Eclipse E400 biological microscope is Nikon's mid-level research instrument from the late 1990s. Though designed for stability, the instrument features a compact design, which was intended to help maintain a suitable comfort level for the microscopist over extended periods of NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System (PFS), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations.A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to 100x with varying numerical apertures and working distances, can be used with the TiE-PFS ADJUSTMENT OF OBJECTIVE CORRECTION COLLARS The tutorial initializes with a randomly selected specimen appearing in the Microscope Image window and a cut-away view of a correction collar objective positioned to the right of the image window. Also, upon initialization, the tutorial automatically selects a random cover glass thickness for the specimen being viewed in the Microscope Image window. . In order to operate the tutorial, use the LABOPHOT ENTRY-LEVEL RESEARCH MICROSCOPE Labophot Entry-Level Research Microscope. The Labophot was a sturdy, versatile microscope, produced in the 1980s. It offered research-level performance and a modular system that made it highly adaptable for clinical, biological, industrial, and educational laboratories. The Labophot utilized the Nikon CF optical system, which yielded highCCD NOISE SOURCES
CCD Noise Sources. Dark noise and read-out noise are two major sources of noise in CCD and other digital cameras for microscopy. Although great improvements have been made over the past few years in the reduction of CCD dark noise at room temperature, cooling the chip further reduces the noise tenfold per 20° C decrease.ECLIPSE 50/55I
Eclipse 50/55i. The Nikon Eclipse 50/55i was an important milestone in the evolution of Nikon’s clinical line of microscopes. Introduced in 2003, this microscope was a major step in incorporating a more comfortable, user-based design to allow people to sit and use the equipment for long hours without experiencing excessive discomfort orfatigue.
WWW.MICROSCOPYU.COM
Moved Permanently. The document has moved here. NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
NIKON’S MUSEUM OF MICROSCOPY Nikon’s Museum of Microscopy. Nikon has been producing microscopes for almost a century, starting with a simple brass compound monocular brass microscope in the early 1900s. Today, Nikon microscopes are among the best in the World and are found in research laboratories in almost every country. The Nikon Museum of Microscopy features many of DIC | NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU An excellent mechanism for rendering contrast in transparent specimens, differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is a beam-shearing interference system in which the reference beam is sheared by a minuscule amount, generally somewhat less than the diameter of an Airy disk.The technique produces a monochromatic shadow-cast image that effectively displays the gradient of opticalpaths
FLUORESCENCE
Fluorescence Microscopy. In the rapidly expanding fields of cellular and molecular biology, widefield and confocal fluorescence illumination and observation is becoming one of the techniques of choice. These techniques, which are almost universally employed in both the medical and biological sciences, have spurred the developmentof more
NUMERICAL APERTURE LIGHT CONES The light-gathering ability of a microscope objective is quantitatively expressed in terms of the numerical aperture, which is a measure of the number of highly diffracted image-forming light rays captured by the objective.Higher values of numerical aperture allow increasingly oblique rays to enter the objective front lens, producing a more highly resolved image. RESOLUTION | NIKON’S MICROSCOPYUSEE MORE ON MICROSCOPYU.COMMODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
LIVE-CELL IMAGING CULTURE CHAMBERS Specimen chambers are an integral and critical branch in the history of live-cell imaging, and a wide spectrum of designs have been published over the years describing systems that offer excellent optical properties while allowing specimens to be maintained for varying amounts of time. ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E. DUAL BAND EXCITATION: DAPI-FITC The DAPI-FITC dual band fluorescence filter combination is designed specifically for simultaneous detection of the fluorochromes DAPI and FITC with minimal crosstalk between bands, and can be employed with other pairs of fluorescent probes having similar spectral profiles.The shorter-wavelength signal channel of the filter set selects narrowly defined spectral regions for violet excitation and NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
NIKON’S MUSEUM OF MICROSCOPY Nikon’s Museum of Microscopy. Nikon has been producing microscopes for almost a century, starting with a simple brass compound monocular brass microscope in the early 1900s. Today, Nikon microscopes are among the best in the World and are found in research laboratories in almost every country. The Nikon Museum of Microscopy features many of DIC | NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU An excellent mechanism for rendering contrast in transparent specimens, differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is a beam-shearing interference system in which the reference beam is sheared by a minuscule amount, generally somewhat less than the diameter of an Airy disk.The technique produces a monochromatic shadow-cast image that effectively displays the gradient of opticalpaths
FLUORESCENCE
Fluorescence Microscopy. In the rapidly expanding fields of cellular and molecular biology, widefield and confocal fluorescence illumination and observation is becoming one of the techniques of choice. These techniques, which are almost universally employed in both the medical and biological sciences, have spurred the developmentof more
NUMERICAL APERTURE LIGHT CONES The light-gathering ability of a microscope objective is quantitatively expressed in terms of the numerical aperture, which is a measure of the number of highly diffracted image-forming light rays captured by the objective.Higher values of numerical aperture allow increasingly oblique rays to enter the objective front lens, producing a more highly resolved image. RESOLUTION | NIKON’S MICROSCOPYUSEE MORE ON MICROSCOPYU.COMMODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
LIVE-CELL IMAGING CULTURE CHAMBERS Specimen chambers are an integral and critical branch in the history of live-cell imaging, and a wide spectrum of designs have been published over the years describing systems that offer excellent optical properties while allowing specimens to be maintained for varying amounts of time. ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E. DUAL BAND EXCITATION: DAPI-FITC The DAPI-FITC dual band fluorescence filter combination is designed specifically for simultaneous detection of the fluorochromes DAPI and FITC with minimal crosstalk between bands, and can be employed with other pairs of fluorescent probes having similar spectral profiles.The shorter-wavelength signal channel of the filter set selects narrowly defined spectral regions for violet excitation and INFINITY OPTICAL SYSTEMS Infinity-corrected microscopes, now a standard in the industry, allow introduction of auxiliary components, such as differential interference contrast (DIC) prisms, polarizers, and epi-fluorescence illuminators, into the parallel optical path between the objective and the tube lens with only a minimal effect on focus and aberrationcorrections.
INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENT PROTEINS Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins. The discovery of green fluorescent protein in the early 1960s ultimately heralded a new era in cell biology by enabling investigators to apply molecular cloning methods, fusing the fluorophore moiety to a wide variety of protein and enzyme targets, in order to monitor cellular processes in livingsystems
MODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
PHASE CONTRAST
Phase contrast microscopy, first described in 1934 by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike, is a contrast-enhancing optical technique that can be utilized to produce high-contrast images of transparent specimens such as living cells, microorganisms, thin tissue slices, lithographic patterns, and sub-cellular particles (such as nuclei and otherorganelles).
SMZ STEROMICROSCOPE
SMZ Steromicroscope. The SMZ series are the flagship system of stereomicroscopes offered by Nikon beginning in 1966. Spanning over many decades, this classic series of scopes have ushered in a new generation of stereomicroscopy with cutting edge optics, longer zoom capabilities and lower signal-to-noise ratios than ever previouslyoffered.
BASICS OF FRET MICROSCOPY where R(0) is the characteristic distance where the FRET efficiency is 50 percent, which can be calculated for any pair of fluorescent molecules (this variable is also termed the Förster radius and is discussed below in greater detail). The FRET efficiency of a theoretical fluorophore pair (enhanced cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins) is graphically demonstrated in Figure 3(a). THE NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System (PFS), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations.A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to 100x with varying numerical apertures and working distances, can be employed.ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
EOSINOPHILIA AT 20X MAGNIFICATION Eosinophilia at 20x Magnification. Eosinophilia is known to have many causes, the most common of which are helminthic (worm) infections and allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. The former is the primary cause worldwide, but the latter is much more prevalent in the United States, Great Britain, and other developed nations.WWW.MICROSCOPYU.COM
Moved Permanently. The document has moved here. NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
NIKON’S MUSEUM OF MICROSCOPY Nikon’s Museum of Microscopy. Nikon has been producing microscopes for almost a century, starting with a simple brass compound monocular brass microscope in the early 1900s. Today, Nikon microscopes are among the best in the World and are found in research laboratories in almost every country. The Nikon Museum of Microscopy features many of DIC | NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU An excellent mechanism for rendering contrast in transparent specimens, differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is a beam-shearing interference system in which the reference beam is sheared by a minuscule amount, generally somewhat less than the diameter of an Airy disk.The technique produces a monochromatic shadow-cast image that effectively displays the gradient of opticalpaths
FLUORESCENCE
Fluorescence Microscopy. In the rapidly expanding fields of cellular and molecular biology, widefield and confocal fluorescence illumination and observation is becoming one of the techniques of choice. These techniques, which are almost universally employed in both the medical and biological sciences, have spurred the developmentof more
NUMERICAL APERTURE LIGHT CONES The light-gathering ability of a microscope objective is quantitatively expressed in terms of the numerical aperture, which is a measure of the number of highly diffracted image-forming light rays captured by the objective.Higher values of numerical aperture allow increasingly oblique rays to enter the objective front lens, producing a more highly resolved image. RESOLUTION | NIKON’S MICROSCOPYUSEE MORE ON MICROSCOPYU.COMMODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
LIVE-CELL IMAGING CULTURE CHAMBERS Specimen chambers are an integral and critical branch in the history of live-cell imaging, and a wide spectrum of designs have been published over the years describing systems that offer excellent optical properties while allowing specimens to be maintained for varying amounts of time. ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E. DUAL BAND EXCITATION: DAPI-FITC The DAPI-FITC dual band fluorescence filter combination is designed specifically for simultaneous detection of the fluorochromes DAPI and FITC with minimal crosstalk between bands, and can be employed with other pairs of fluorescent probes having similar spectral profiles.The shorter-wavelength signal channel of the filter set selects narrowly defined spectral regions for violet excitation and NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientificand
NIKON’S MUSEUM OF MICROSCOPY Nikon’s Museum of Microscopy. Nikon has been producing microscopes for almost a century, starting with a simple brass compound monocular brass microscope in the early 1900s. Today, Nikon microscopes are among the best in the World and are found in research laboratories in almost every country. The Nikon Museum of Microscopy features many of DIC | NIKON’S MICROSCOPYU An excellent mechanism for rendering contrast in transparent specimens, differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is a beam-shearing interference system in which the reference beam is sheared by a minuscule amount, generally somewhat less than the diameter of an Airy disk.The technique produces a monochromatic shadow-cast image that effectively displays the gradient of opticalpaths
FLUORESCENCE
Fluorescence Microscopy. In the rapidly expanding fields of cellular and molecular biology, widefield and confocal fluorescence illumination and observation is becoming one of the techniques of choice. These techniques, which are almost universally employed in both the medical and biological sciences, have spurred the developmentof more
NUMERICAL APERTURE LIGHT CONES The light-gathering ability of a microscope objective is quantitatively expressed in terms of the numerical aperture, which is a measure of the number of highly diffracted image-forming light rays captured by the objective.Higher values of numerical aperture allow increasingly oblique rays to enter the objective front lens, producing a more highly resolved image. RESOLUTION | NIKON’S MICROSCOPYUSEE MORE ON MICROSCOPYU.COMMODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
LIVE-CELL IMAGING CULTURE CHAMBERS Specimen chambers are an integral and critical branch in the history of live-cell imaging, and a wide spectrum of designs have been published over the years describing systems that offer excellent optical properties while allowing specimens to be maintained for varying amounts of time. ECLIPSE TE2000 INVERTED MICROSCOPE In early 2000, Nikon introduced their flagship inverted microscope system, the TE2000. This was the first in the now world-famous Eclipse inverted series of microscopes, which took advantage of the breakthrough CFI60 Infinity Optical System. The TE2000 was developed as a full system with 3 models, the S, the U and the E. DUAL BAND EXCITATION: DAPI-FITC The DAPI-FITC dual band fluorescence filter combination is designed specifically for simultaneous detection of the fluorochromes DAPI and FITC with minimal crosstalk between bands, and can be employed with other pairs of fluorescent probes having similar spectral profiles.The shorter-wavelength signal channel of the filter set selects narrowly defined spectral regions for violet excitation and INFINITY OPTICAL SYSTEMS Infinity-corrected microscopes, now a standard in the industry, allow introduction of auxiliary components, such as differential interference contrast (DIC) prisms, polarizers, and epi-fluorescence illuminators, into the parallel optical path between the objective and the tube lens with only a minimal effect on focus and aberrationcorrections.
INTRODUCTION TO FLUORESCENT PROTEINS Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins. The discovery of green fluorescent protein in the early 1960s ultimately heralded a new era in cell biology by enabling investigators to apply molecular cloning methods, fusing the fluorophore moiety to a wide variety of protein and enzyme targets, in order to monitor cellular processes in livingsystems
MODEL S MICROSCOPE
Model S Microscope. ( Circa late 1960s ) Interchangeable parts made the Model S microscope a versatile tool for studies in biology, medicine, and metallurgy during the 1960s and 1970s. Depending on the user's needs, the microscope could be equipped with various combinations of eyepieces, eyepiece tubes, objectives, condensers, andstages. Nikon
PHASE CONTRAST
Phase contrast microscopy, first described in 1934 by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike, is a contrast-enhancing optical technique that can be utilized to produce high-contrast images of transparent specimens such as living cells, microorganisms, thin tissue slices, lithographic patterns, and sub-cellular particles (such as nuclei and otherorganelles).
SMZ STEROMICROSCOPE
SMZ Steromicroscope. The SMZ series are the flagship system of stereomicroscopes offered by Nikon beginning in 1966. Spanning over many decades, this classic series of scopes have ushered in a new generation of stereomicroscopy with cutting edge optics, longer zoom capabilities and lower signal-to-noise ratios than ever previouslyoffered.
BASICS OF FRET MICROSCOPY where R(0) is the characteristic distance where the FRET efficiency is 50 percent, which can be calculated for any pair of fluorescent molecules (this variable is also termed the Förster radius and is discussed below in greater detail). The FRET efficiency of a theoretical fluorophore pair (enhanced cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins) is graphically demonstrated in Figure 3(a). THE NIKON PERFECT FOCUS SYSTEM (PFS) Nikon has addressed the problem of focus drift by creating a unique hardware solution, termed the Perfect Focus System (PFS), which is designed to combat axial focus fluctuations in real time during long-term imaging investigations.A wide range of dry, water, and oil immersion objectives, from 4x to 100x with varying numerical apertures and working distances, can be employed.ECLIPSE TS100
The Eclipse TS100 inverted microscope was introduced in 1999 to replace the wildly successful Nikon TMS microscope, which had been an industry staple for 17 years. The TS100 was a new generation microscope designed to incorporate the then new infinity optical system which allowed modules to be placed between the eyepiece and theobjectives
EOSINOPHILIA AT 20X MAGNIFICATION Eosinophilia at 20x Magnification. Eosinophilia is known to have many causes, the most common of which are helminthic (worm) infections and allergic conditions, such as asthma and hay fever. The former is the primary cause worldwide, but the latter is much more prevalent in the United States, Great Britain, and other developed nations.WWW.MICROSCOPYU.COM
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Nikon Instruments | Nikon Global | Nikon Small World UPDATED Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Imaging NEW Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins* 1
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WHAT'S NEW ON MICROSCOPYU We’re happy to announce that we’ve updated our article on Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Imaging. This article now contains an in-depth discussion of sample preparation, including near-comprehensive tables listing known fluorescent probes and buffer systems for single molecule localization microscopies.Learn More
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REFRACTIVE INDEX (INDEX OF REFRACTION) The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that in the imaging medium of a microscope.*
RESOLUTION
The resolving power of a microscope is the most important feature ofthe optical system.
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INTRODUCTION TO PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY A mechanism to translate variations in phase into corresponding changes in amplitude.*
POLARIZED LIGHT MICROSCOPY Using crossed polarized illumination to examine birefringentmaterials.
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SPATIAL RESOLUTION IN DIGITAL IMAGING Spatial resolution refers to the number of pixels utilized in construction of the image.*
STOCHASTIC OPTICAL RECONSTRUCTION MICROSCOPY (STORM) IMAGING Review the basic steps involved in acquiring a STORM super-resolutionimage.
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NUMERICAL APERTURE AND IMAGE RESOLUTION Explore how objective numerical aperture size influences Airy diskproperties.
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MATCHING CAMERA TO MICROSCOPE RESOLUTION Vary numerical aperture, magnification, and video coupler size to match camera resolution. -------------------------View More
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MICHAEL DAVIDSON
Michael Davidson was a brilliant scientist, artist and photographer. The creator of MicroscopyU, Davidson also authored many scientific articles on the subject of photomicrography. His photomicrographs were published in more than a thousand national and international scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. In addition, Davidson’s photomicrography won more than 40 awards in scientific and industrial photography competitions and has been exhibited at over 50 locations nationwide.Learn more
FREE EBOOK FROM NIKON AND SCIENCE _‘Smarter imaging: Gaining more from your microscopy experiments’ _highlights several recent studies from researchers who not only use high-throughput methods but combine them with novel engineering techniques, whether at the specimen or platform level, to gain more from their imaging experiments.Download eBook
------------------------- RECENT NEWS AND UPDATES INVADOPODIA ARE CHEMOSENSING PROTRUSIONS THAT GUIDE CANCER CELL EXTRAVASATION TO PROMOTE BRAIN TROPISM IN METASTASIS January 18, 2019, via Nature GENETICALLY ENCODED FLUORESCENT INDICATORS FOR IMAGING INTRACELLULAR POTASSIUM ION CONCENTRATION January 17, 2019, via Nature Communications Biology GORAB SCAFFOLDS COPI AT THE TRANS-GOLGI FOR EFFICIENT ENZYME RECYCLING AND CORRECT PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION January 15, 2019, via Nature Communications RESEARCHERS DISCOVER THE SIGNAL THAT DRIVES STEM CELLS TO FORM NEWBONES
January 14, 2019, via Johns Hopkins UniversitySee all News
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* Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) * Fluorescence _in situ_ Hybridization (FISH)* Digital Imaging
* Tutorials
* Galleries
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* Confocal
* Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)* Fluorescence
* Human Pathology
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