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OWNERSCAT OWNERS
Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. VACCINATION IN BREEDING HORSES Vaccine. Schedule. Equine rhinopneumonitis (inactivated) EHV-1 at 5, 7, and 9 months of gestation; EHV-1/EHV-4 4–6 weeks before due date. Tetanus (toxoid) 4–6 weeks before due date. Equine influenza. 4–6 weeks before due date; if unvaccinated, initially administer two doses at 4–6 week intervals and then a third dose 4–6 weeks before TICK PARALYSIS IN DOGS Tick Paralysis in Dogs. Tick paralysis is a rapidly progressive motor paralysis caused by a toxin in the tick's saliva that attacks the nervous system. Certain species of ticks are known to cause tick paralysis. People (especially children) and many other animals may be affected. Human cases of tick paralysis caused by the genera Ixodes NEOSPOROSIS IN ANIMALS Neosporosis in Animals. Neosporosis is a disease caused by infection with protozoal parasites in the genus Neospora, most often N caninum but also N hughesi in horses. The most commonly observed problems include bovine abortion and gradually progressive myositis with paraparesis in puppies. Diagnosis is based on a combination ofclinical signs
PROSTATITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Prostatitis in Dogs and Cats. Inflammation of the canine prostate gland usually is suppurative, and acute prostatitis may result in abscesses. Chronic prostatitis occurs secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Various organisms, including Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp, have beenincriminated.
HIVES (URTICARIA) IN HORSES Hives (Urticaria) in Horses. Hives (urticaria) are groups of itchy eruptions of localized swelling in the dermis. They often develop and disappear suddenly. The most common causes of hives in horses are insect bites or stings, medications, and exposure to allergens. Other potential causes include vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vesselsof
OSTEOMYELITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Osteomyelitis in Dogs and Cats. Courtesy of Dr. Ronald Green. Inflammation and infection of the medullary cavity, cortex, and periosteum of bone are most frequently associated with bacteria such as: Anaerobic bacteria are less frequently isolated and may be part of a polymicrobial infection. Fungal diseases are based on geographicdistributions
PREGNANCY DETERMINATION IN DOGS AND CATS Fertilization occurs in the oviducts in both dogs and cats. Implantation of zygotes in the uterus occurs at ~18 days in female dogs and 14 days in the queen. This is accompanied by the formation of small swellings along the uterine horns (deciduomata) by ~21 days. These are palpable, assuming the animal is cooperative, at this time. BOVINE GENITAL CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS Bovine genital campylobacteriosis, caused by Campylobacter fetus venerealis or C fetus fetus, is characterized by early fetal death, infertility, and occasional abortions. A vaginal mucus agglutination test can be used for diagnosis but requires sampling multiple cows. Outbreaks can be controlled by vaccination or artificial insemination. BONE TUMORS IN DOGS AND CATS Skeletal tumors can be benign or malignant and primary or secondary to metastases or adjacent soft-tissue structures. The most common primary bone tumor is osteosarcoma that affects the distal radius, proximal humerus, distal femur, or proximal tibia. Clinical signs include lameness, bone swelling, and an acute, nontraumatic pathologicfracture
MERCK VETERINARY MANUALPET HEALTH & WELLNESSRESOURCESNEWSABOUTDOGOWNERSCAT OWNERS
Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. VACCINATION IN BREEDING HORSES Vaccine. Schedule. Equine rhinopneumonitis (inactivated) EHV-1 at 5, 7, and 9 months of gestation; EHV-1/EHV-4 4–6 weeks before due date. Tetanus (toxoid) 4–6 weeks before due date. Equine influenza. 4–6 weeks before due date; if unvaccinated, initially administer two doses at 4–6 week intervals and then a third dose 4–6 weeks before TICK PARALYSIS IN DOGS Tick Paralysis in Dogs. Tick paralysis is a rapidly progressive motor paralysis caused by a toxin in the tick's saliva that attacks the nervous system. Certain species of ticks are known to cause tick paralysis. People (especially children) and many other animals may be affected. Human cases of tick paralysis caused by the genera Ixodes NEOSPOROSIS IN ANIMALS Neosporosis in Animals. Neosporosis is a disease caused by infection with protozoal parasites in the genus Neospora, most often N caninum but also N hughesi in horses. The most commonly observed problems include bovine abortion and gradually progressive myositis with paraparesis in puppies. Diagnosis is based on a combination ofclinical signs
HIVES (URTICARIA) IN HORSES Hives (Urticaria) in Horses. Hives (urticaria) are groups of itchy eruptions of localized swelling in the dermis. They often develop and disappear suddenly. The most common causes of hives in horses are insect bites or stings, medications, and exposure to allergens. Other potential causes include vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vesselsof
PROSTATITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Prostatitis in Dogs and Cats. Inflammation of the canine prostate gland usually is suppurative, and acute prostatitis may result in abscesses. Chronic prostatitis occurs secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Various organisms, including Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp, have beenincriminated.
OSTEOMYELITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Osteomyelitis in Dogs and Cats. Courtesy of Dr. Ronald Green. Inflammation and infection of the medullary cavity, cortex, and periosteum of bone are most frequently associated with bacteria such as: Anaerobic bacteria are less frequently isolated and may be part of a polymicrobial infection. Fungal diseases are based on geographicdistributions
PREGNANCY DETERMINATION IN DOGS AND CATS Fertilization occurs in the oviducts in both dogs and cats. Implantation of zygotes in the uterus occurs at ~18 days in female dogs and 14 days in the queen. This is accompanied by the formation of small swellings along the uterine horns (deciduomata) by ~21 days. These are palpable, assuming the animal is cooperative, at this time. BOVINE GENITAL CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS Bovine genital campylobacteriosis, caused by Campylobacter fetus venerealis or C fetus fetus, is characterized by early fetal death, infertility, and occasional abortions. A vaginal mucus agglutination test can be used for diagnosis but requires sampling multiple cows. Outbreaks can be controlled by vaccination or artificial insemination. BONE TUMORS IN DOGS AND CATS Skeletal tumors can be benign or malignant and primary or secondary to metastases or adjacent soft-tissue structures. The most common primary bone tumor is osteosarcoma that affects the distal radius, proximal humerus, distal femur, or proximal tibia. Clinical signs include lameness, bone swelling, and an acute, nontraumatic pathologicfracture
TICK PARALYSIS IN DOGS Tick Paralysis in Dogs. Tick paralysis is a rapidly progressive motor paralysis caused by a toxin in the tick's saliva that attacks the nervous system. Certain species of ticks are known to cause tick paralysis. People (especially children) and many other animals may be affected. Human cases of tick paralysis caused by the genera Ixodes BONE TUMORS IN DOGS AND CATS Skeletal tumors can be benign or malignant and primary or secondary to metastases or adjacent soft-tissue structures. The most common primary bone tumor is osteosarcoma that affects the distal radius, proximal humerus, distal femur, or proximal tibia. Clinical signs include lameness, bone swelling, and an acute, nontraumatic pathologicfracture
ANTHRAX IN HORSES
Anthrax in Horses. Anthrax is an often fatal infectious disease that can infect all warm-blooded animals, including horses and humans. Under-diagnosis and unreliable reporting make it difficult to estimate the true frequency of anthrax worldwide; however, anthrax has been reported from nearly every continent. Under normal circumstances,anthrax
STAPHYLOCOCCOSIS IN POULTRY Staphylococcosis is a bacterial disease caused by gram-positive cocci of the genus Staphylococcus.S aureus and other species are ubiquitous in the environment and are part of the normal flora of the skin and other mucous membranes of poultry and other animals. They typically cause disease when they have access to tissue and the bloodstream after physical barriers, such as skin or mucous THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF HORSES The mare should be presented to a stallion (teaser) daily or every other day during the breeding season, and the mare's behavioral response observed, interpreted, and recorded. Mares in estrus raise their tail, squat, urinate, evert the vulvar lips to expose the clitoris, and ultimately tolerate copulation. DISORDERS OF THE OUTER EAR IN HORSES Ticks can cause irritation at the site of attachment and may be found on the pinna or in the ear canal. The ear tick, found in the southwestern United States, South and Central America, southern Africa, and India, is a soft-shelled tick whose younger, immature forms infest and live on the external ear canal of horses.Signs of infestation include head shaking, head rubbing, or drooped ears. ACTINOMYCOSIS IN CATTLE, SWINE, AND OTHER ANIMALS Actinomycosis in cattle, radiograph. Actinomyces are gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria that cause disease primarily in cattle and swine but also occasionally in other animals. Lumpy jaw is a localized, chronic, progressive, granulomatous abscess that most frequently involves the mandible, the maxillae, or other bony tissues in thehead.
OVERVIEW OF CANINE HERPESVIRAL INFECTION Overview of Canine Herpesviral Infection. Canine herpesvirus is best known as a severe viral infection of puppies worldwide, which often has a 100% mortality rate in affected litters. Increasingly sensitive molecular diagnostics have enabled its recognition in adult dogs with upper respiratory infection, ocular disease, vesicular vaginitis or POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA IN RUMINANTS Polioencephalomalacia is a neurologic disease that affects young ruminants and pseudoruminants. It occurs in outbreaks or in individual animals. Clinical signs include head pressing, blindness, convulsions, nystagmus, dorsomedial strabismus, and recumbency. Diagnosis is suspected based on signs and response to thiamine administration. ABSCESSES BETWEEN THE TOES (INTERDIGITAL FURUNCULOSIS) IN The most common cause of furuncles between the toes is a deep bacterial infection. Many dog breeds (for example, Chinese Shar-Peis, Labrador Retrievers, and English Bulldogs) are predisposed to the condition because they have short, bristly hairs on the webbing between the toes and/or prominent amounts of webbing. MERCK VETERINARY MANUALPET HEALTH & WELLNESSRESOURCESNEWSABOUTDOGOWNERSCAT OWNERS
Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. DISORDERS OF THE SPINAL COLUMN AND CORD IN DOGS Intervertebral disk disease is a degenerative disease of the spinal column that results in compression of the spinal cord and/or spinal nerves. It is a common cause of spinal cord disorders in dogs, especially of small breeds, particularly the Dachshund, Beagle, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, and Pekingese. In these breeds, spinal disks canbegin
INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE IN POULTRY Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is seen in young domestic chickens worldwide and is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Signs can include depression, watery diarrhea, ruffled feathers, and dehydration. Morbidity is high and mortality is usually low, but some very virulent strains are capable of causing 60% or higher mortality. HIVES (URTICARIA) IN HORSES Hives (Urticaria) in Horses. Hives (urticaria) are groups of itchy eruptions of localized swelling in the dermis. They often develop and disappear suddenly. The most common causes of hives in horses are insect bites or stings, medications, and exposure to allergens. Other potential causes include vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vesselsof
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA IN CATTLE PORTAL HYPERTENSION AND ASCITES IN SMALL ANIMALS Portal Hypertension and Ascites in Small Animals. Ascites develops secondary to portal hypertension and low albumin concentrations. Physiologic responses triggered to maintain euvolemia and splanchnic perfusion pressure signal systemic conservation of sodium and water. Portal hypertension represents circulatory dynamics thwarting craniadflow
PROSTATITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Prostatitis in Dogs and Cats. Inflammation of the canine prostate gland usually is suppurative, and acute prostatitis may result in abscesses. Chronic prostatitis occurs secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Various organisms, including Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp, have beenincriminated.
DISORDERS OF THE LIVER IN HORSES These stones in horses may block bile ducts and cause liver disease, but sometimes they do not cause any signs. Gallstones most commonly affect middle-aged (6- to 15-year-old) horses regardless of sex or breed. One or more stones may be present in the bile ducts. The causeof
CALCULATORS: CANINE MORPHINE/LIDOCAINE/KETAMINE (MLK) CRI Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. FELINE PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM Primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA), or low-renin hyperaldosteronism, is an adrenocortical disorder characterized by excessive, autonomous secretion of aldosterone, leading to systemic hypertension and/or hypokalemia. This disorder, also referred to as Conn's syndrome, was first discovered in people in 1953. For several decades, PHA wasconsidered
MERCK VETERINARY MANUALPET HEALTH & WELLNESSRESOURCESNEWSABOUTDOGOWNERSCAT OWNERS
Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. DISORDERS OF THE SPINAL COLUMN AND CORD IN DOGS Intervertebral disk disease is a degenerative disease of the spinal column that results in compression of the spinal cord and/or spinal nerves. It is a common cause of spinal cord disorders in dogs, especially of small breeds, particularly the Dachshund, Beagle, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, and Pekingese. In these breeds, spinal disks canbegin
INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE IN POULTRY Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is seen in young domestic chickens worldwide and is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Signs can include depression, watery diarrhea, ruffled feathers, and dehydration. Morbidity is high and mortality is usually low, but some very virulent strains are capable of causing 60% or higher mortality. HIVES (URTICARIA) IN HORSES Hives (Urticaria) in Horses. Hives (urticaria) are groups of itchy eruptions of localized swelling in the dermis. They often develop and disappear suddenly. The most common causes of hives in horses are insect bites or stings, medications, and exposure to allergens. Other potential causes include vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vesselsof
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA IN CATTLE PORTAL HYPERTENSION AND ASCITES IN SMALL ANIMALS Portal Hypertension and Ascites in Small Animals. Ascites develops secondary to portal hypertension and low albumin concentrations. Physiologic responses triggered to maintain euvolemia and splanchnic perfusion pressure signal systemic conservation of sodium and water. Portal hypertension represents circulatory dynamics thwarting craniadflow
PROSTATITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Prostatitis in Dogs and Cats. Inflammation of the canine prostate gland usually is suppurative, and acute prostatitis may result in abscesses. Chronic prostatitis occurs secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Various organisms, including Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp, have beenincriminated.
DISORDERS OF THE LIVER IN HORSES These stones in horses may block bile ducts and cause liver disease, but sometimes they do not cause any signs. Gallstones most commonly affect middle-aged (6- to 15-year-old) horses regardless of sex or breed. One or more stones may be present in the bile ducts. The causeof
CALCULATORS: CANINE MORPHINE/LIDOCAINE/KETAMINE (MLK) CRI Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. FELINE PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM Primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA), or low-renin hyperaldosteronism, is an adrenocortical disorder characterized by excessive, autonomous secretion of aldosterone, leading to systemic hypertension and/or hypokalemia. This disorder, also referred to as Conn's syndrome, was first discovered in people in 1953. For several decades, PHA wasconsidered
INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE IN POULTRY Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is seen in young domestic chickens worldwide and is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Signs can include depression, watery diarrhea, ruffled feathers, and dehydration. Morbidity is high and mortality is usually low, but some very virulent strains are capable of causing 60% or higher mortality. DISORDERS OF THE SPINAL COLUMN AND CORD IN DOGS Intervertebral disk disease is a degenerative disease of the spinal column that results in compression of the spinal cord and/or spinal nerves. It is a common cause of spinal cord disorders in dogs, especially of small breeds, particularly the Dachshund, Beagle, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, and Pekingese. In these breeds, spinal disks canbegin
DISORDERS OF THE LIVER IN HORSES These stones in horses may block bile ducts and cause liver disease, but sometimes they do not cause any signs. Gallstones most commonly affect middle-aged (6- to 15-year-old) horses regardless of sex or breed. One or more stones may be present in the bile ducts. The causeof
OVERVIEW OF CANINE HERPESVIRAL INFECTION Overview of Canine Herpesviral Infection. Canine herpesvirus is best known as a severe viral infection of puppies worldwide, which often has a 100% mortality rate in affected litters. Increasingly sensitive molecular diagnostics have enabled its recognition in adult dogs with upper respiratory infection, ocular disease, vesicular vaginitis or UROLITHIASIS IN RUMINANTS Calcium carbonate uroliths, goat. Obstructive urolithiasis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in male ruminants. Uroliths form from protein and mineral components of the diet. They develop in the urinary bladder and lodge in the distal sigmoid flexure of cattle and small ruminants or the vermiform appendage (urethralprocess) of
OVERVIEW OF CAPRINE ARTHRITIS AND ENCEPHALITIS Overview of Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis. Caprine arthritis and encephalitis (CAE) virus infection is manifested clinically as polysynovitis-arthritis in adult goats and less commonly as progressive paresis (leukoencephalomyelitis) in kids. Subclinical or clinical interstitial pneumonia, indurative mastitis ("hard udder”),and chronic
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA IN ANIMALS Decreased urinary phosphorus excretion in association with chronic renal failure is the most common cause of hyperphosphatemia in many monogastric species except horses. In ruminants, frank hyperphosphatemia is rare but may occur in growing animals that are dehydrated. Massive tissue injury with rhabdomyolysis results in damaged cell membrane LUNGWORM INFECTION IN HORSES Lungworm Infection in Horses. Lungworm is an infection of the lower respiratory tract in horses, usually resulting in bronchitis or pneumonia, caused by the parasitic roundworm Dictyocaulus arnfieldi. The infection can cause severe coughing in horses and can be OVERVIEW OF GIARDIASIS Videos (1) Giardiasis is a chronic, intestinal protozoal infection seen worldwide in most domestic and wild mammals, many birds, and people. Infection is common in dogs, cats, ruminants, and pigs. Giardia spp have been reported in 0.44%–39% of fecal samples from pet and shelter dogs and cats, 1%–53% in small ruminants, 9%–73%in cattle, 1
PYOMETRA IN SMALL ANIMALS Pyometra, radiograph, Norwegian Elkhound. Uterus with pyometra, dog. Pyometra is a hormonally mediated diestrual disorder characterized by cystic endometrial hyperplasia with secondary bacterial infection. Pyometra is reported primarily in older bitches (>5 yr old), 4–6 wkafter estrus.
MERCK VETERINARY MANUALPET HEALTH & WELLNESSRESOURCESNEWSABOUTDOGOWNERSCAT OWNERS
Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. CANCERS AND TUMORS OF THE LUNG AND AIRWAY IN DOGS Tumors of the Nose and Sinuses. Tumors of the nose and sinuses account for about 1 to 2% of all canine tumors. The incidence is slightly higher in males and in older dogs. The average age at time of diagnosis is 9.5–10 years of age. In dogs, virtually all of these tumors are cancerous (malignant). Long-nosed and medium-nosed breedsappear to
INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE IN POULTRY Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is seen in young domestic chickens worldwide and is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Signs can include depression, watery diarrhea, ruffled feathers, and dehydration. Morbidity is high and mortality is usually low, but some very virulent strains are capable of causing 60% or higher mortality. HIVES (URTICARIA) IN HORSES Hives (Urticaria) in Horses. Hives (urticaria) are groups of itchy eruptions of localized swelling in the dermis. They often develop and disappear suddenly. The most common causes of hives in horses are insect bites or stings, medications, and exposure to allergens. Other potential causes include vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vesselsof
TRACHEOBRONCHITIS (BRONCHITIS) IN DOGS Tracheobronchitis (Bronchitis) in Dogs. Tracheobronchitis is a sudden or longterm inflammation of the trachea and bronchial airways; it may also extend into the lungs. It often occurs in dogs already affected by respiratory disease or a disorder of the lungs or airways. For example, infectious tracheo-bronchitis (kennel cough; see below) often CALCULATORS: CANINE MORPHINE/LIDOCAINE/KETAMINE (MLK) CRI Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. PROSTATITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Prostatitis in Dogs and Cats. Inflammation of the canine prostate gland usually is suppurative, and acute prostatitis may result in abscesses. Chronic prostatitis occurs secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Various organisms, including Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp, have beenincriminated.
BRUCELLOSIS IN CATTLE ACTINOMYCOSIS IN CATTLE, SWINE, AND OTHER ANIMALS Actinomycosis in cattle, radiograph. Actinomyces are gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria that cause disease primarily in cattle and swine but also occasionally in other animals. Lumpy jaw is a localized, chronic, progressive, granulomatous abscess that most frequently involves the mandible, the maxillae, or other bony tissues in thehead.
FELINE PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM Feline Primary Hyperaldosteronism. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. It is responsible for retention of sodium by the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, along with the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Reclamation of sodium from the filtrate pulls water back into thevascular
MERCK VETERINARY MANUALPET HEALTH & WELLNESSRESOURCESNEWSABOUTDOGOWNERSCAT OWNERS
Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. CANCERS AND TUMORS OF THE LUNG AND AIRWAY IN DOGS Tumors of the Nose and Sinuses. Tumors of the nose and sinuses account for about 1 to 2% of all canine tumors. The incidence is slightly higher in males and in older dogs. The average age at time of diagnosis is 9.5–10 years of age. In dogs, virtually all of these tumors are cancerous (malignant). Long-nosed and medium-nosed breedsappear to
INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE IN POULTRY Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is seen in young domestic chickens worldwide and is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Signs can include depression, watery diarrhea, ruffled feathers, and dehydration. Morbidity is high and mortality is usually low, but some very virulent strains are capable of causing 60% or higher mortality. HIVES (URTICARIA) IN HORSES Hives (Urticaria) in Horses. Hives (urticaria) are groups of itchy eruptions of localized swelling in the dermis. They often develop and disappear suddenly. The most common causes of hives in horses are insect bites or stings, medications, and exposure to allergens. Other potential causes include vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vesselsof
TRACHEOBRONCHITIS (BRONCHITIS) IN DOGS Tracheobronchitis (Bronchitis) in Dogs. Tracheobronchitis is a sudden or longterm inflammation of the trachea and bronchial airways; it may also extend into the lungs. It often occurs in dogs already affected by respiratory disease or a disorder of the lungs or airways. For example, infectious tracheo-bronchitis (kennel cough; see below) often CALCULATORS: CANINE MORPHINE/LIDOCAINE/KETAMINE (MLK) CRI Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. PROSTATITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Prostatitis in Dogs and Cats. Inflammation of the canine prostate gland usually is suppurative, and acute prostatitis may result in abscesses. Chronic prostatitis occurs secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Various organisms, including Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp, have beenincriminated.
BRUCELLOSIS IN CATTLE ACTINOMYCOSIS IN CATTLE, SWINE, AND OTHER ANIMALS Actinomycosis in cattle, radiograph. Actinomyces are gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria that cause disease primarily in cattle and swine but also occasionally in other animals. Lumpy jaw is a localized, chronic, progressive, granulomatous abscess that most frequently involves the mandible, the maxillae, or other bony tissues in thehead.
FELINE PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM Feline Primary Hyperaldosteronism. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. It is responsible for retention of sodium by the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, along with the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Reclamation of sodium from the filtrate pulls water back into thevascular
CANCERS AND TUMORS OF THE LUNG AND AIRWAY IN DOGS Tumors of the Nose and Sinuses. Tumors of the nose and sinuses account for about 1 to 2% of all canine tumors. The incidence is slightly higher in males and in older dogs. The average age at time of diagnosis is 9.5–10 years of age. In dogs, virtually all of these tumors are cancerous (malignant). Long-nosed and medium-nosed breedsappear to
DISORDERS OF THE SPINAL COLUMN AND CORD IN DOGS Intervertebral disk disease is a degenerative disease of the spinal column that results in compression of the spinal cord and/or spinal nerves. It is a common cause of spinal cord disorders in dogs, especially of small breeds, particularly the Dachshund, Beagle, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, and Pekingese. In these breeds, spinal disks canbegin
SPECIFIC CARDIAC DISEASES Myxomatous degeneration is a process of the fibrous layer of an AV valve breaking down to cause mitral valve prolapse (hooding) and the spongiform layer proliferating to cause nodular thickening of the cardiac valve leaflets, most severely at their tips. Myxomatous degeneration commonly affects the mitral and tricuspid valves in dogs. TRACHEOBRONCHITIS (BRONCHITIS) IN DOGS Tracheobronchitis (Bronchitis) in Dogs. Tracheobronchitis is a sudden or longterm inflammation of the trachea and bronchial airways; it may also extend into the lungs. It often occurs in dogs already affected by respiratory disease or a disorder of the lungs or airways. For example, infectious tracheo-bronchitis (kennel cough; see below) often CANCERS AND TUMORS OF THE LUNG AND AIRWAY IN CATS The average age at time of diagnosis is 12 years. In cats, more than 90% of nasal tumors are cancerous (malignant). The most common tumor types are carcinomas and lymphomas. In general, if untreated, survival is 3 to 5 months after diagnosis. Chronic nasal discharge containing mucus, pus, or blood is the most common sign. OVERVIEW OF CAPRINE ARTHRITIS AND ENCEPHALITIS Overview of Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis. Caprine arthritis and encephalitis (CAE) virus infection is manifested clinically as polysynovitis-arthritis in adult goats and less commonly as progressive paresis (leukoencephalomyelitis) in kids. Subclinical or clinical interstitial pneumonia, indurative mastitis ("hard udder”),and chronic
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA IN ANIMALS Decreased urinary phosphorus excretion in association with chronic renal failure is the most common cause of hyperphosphatemia in many monogastric species except horses. In ruminants, frank hyperphosphatemia is rare but may occur in growing animals that are dehydrated. Massive tissue injury with rhabdomyolysis results in damaged cell membrane OVERVIEW OF GIARDIASIS Videos (1) Giardiasis is a chronic, intestinal protozoal infection seen worldwide in most domestic and wild mammals, many birds, and people. Infection is common in dogs, cats, ruminants, and pigs. Giardia spp have been reported in 0.44%–39% of fecal samples from pet and shelter dogs and cats, 1%–53% in small ruminants, 9%–73%in cattle, 1
LUNGWORM INFECTION IN HORSES Lungworm Infection in Horses. Lungworm is an infection of the lower respiratory tract in horses, usually resulting in bronchitis or pneumonia, caused by the parasitic roundworm Dictyocaulus arnfieldi. The infection can cause severe coughing in horses and can be PYOMETRA IN SMALL ANIMALS Pyometra, radiograph, Norwegian Elkhound. Uterus with pyometra, dog. Pyometra is a hormonally mediated diestrual disorder characterized by cystic endometrial hyperplasia with secondary bacterial infection. Pyometra is reported primarily in older bitches (>5 yr old), 4–6 wkafter estrus.
MERCK VETERINARY MANUALPET HEALTH & WELLNESSRESOURCESNEWSABOUTDOGOWNERSCAT OWNERS
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A system of classification is based on the depth of penetration or the degree of hemorrhage or peritonitis caused by the ulcer: Type I is an erosion or ulcer without hemorrhage, Type II is hemorrhagic, Type III is perforated with acute localized peritonitis, Type IV is perforated with acute diffuse peritonitis, and Type V is perforated with peritonitis within the omental bursa.CYTAUXZOONOSIS
Cytauxzoonosis is an emerging, life-threatening infectious disease of domestic cats (Felis catus) caused by the tick-transmitted protozoan parasite Cytauxzoon felis.Cytauxzoon spp are apicomplexan parasites within the family Theileriidae along with their closest relatives of Theileria spp. C felis is transmitted to domestic cats by the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). TICK PARALYSIS IN DOGS The presence of a tick along with the sudden (within 12 to 24 hours) appearance of leg weakness and/or difficulty breathing is diagnostic. If the tick is not still attached, the presence of a tick “crater” (a small hole surrounded by a slightly raised and red area) can helpconfirm diagnosis.
PROSTATITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Inflammation of the canine prostate gland usually is suppurative, and acute prostatitis may result in abscesses. Chronic prostatitis occurs secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia.Various organisms, including Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp, have been incriminated. Infection may be hematogenous (acute prostatitis) or ascend from the urethra (chronic FELINE PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM Aldosterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. It is responsible for retention of sodium by the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, along with the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. ABSCESSES BETWEEN THE TOES (INTERDIGITAL FURUNCULOSIS) IN The most common cause of furuncles between the toes is a deep bacterial infection. Many dog breeds (for example, Chinese Shar-Peis, Labrador Retrievers, and English Bulldogs) are predisposed to the condition because they have short, bristly hairs on the webbing between the toes and/or prominent amounts of webbing. CANINE GALLBLADDER MUCOCELE TAPEWORM-ASSOCIATED COLIC IN HORSES Free-living and commonly occurring oribatid mites act as intermediate hosts, and horses accidentally ingest these while grazing. The mites carry the infective stage of the parasite, the cysticercoid, which is digested free of the mite’s tissue in the intestinal tract of the horse and forms a scolex. MERCK VETERINARY MANUALPET HEALTH & WELLNESSRESOURCESNEWSABOUTDOGOWNERSCAT OWNERS
Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. GLOMERULAR DISEASE IN SMALL ANIMALS Glomerular disease is a well-recognized cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs, may produce acute kidney injury in dogs, and is also occasionally seen in cats with CKD.ABOMASAL ULCERS
A system of classification is based on the depth of penetration or the degree of hemorrhage or peritonitis caused by the ulcer: Type I is an erosion or ulcer without hemorrhage, Type II is hemorrhagic, Type III is perforated with acute localized peritonitis, Type IV is perforated with acute diffuse peritonitis, and Type V is perforated with peritonitis within the omental bursa.CYTAUXZOONOSIS
Cytauxzoonosis is an emerging, life-threatening infectious disease of domestic cats (Felis catus) caused by the tick-transmitted protozoan parasite Cytauxzoon felis.Cytauxzoon spp are apicomplexan parasites within the family Theileriidae along with their closest relatives of Theileria spp. C felis is transmitted to domestic cats by the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). TICK PARALYSIS IN DOGS The presence of a tick along with the sudden (within 12 to 24 hours) appearance of leg weakness and/or difficulty breathing is diagnostic. If the tick is not still attached, the presence of a tick “crater” (a small hole surrounded by a slightly raised and red area) can helpconfirm diagnosis.
PROSTATITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Inflammation of the canine prostate gland usually is suppurative, and acute prostatitis may result in abscesses. Chronic prostatitis occurs secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia.Various organisms, including Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp, have been incriminated. Infection may be hematogenous (acute prostatitis) or ascend from the urethra (chronic FELINE PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM Aldosterone is a steroid hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. It is responsible for retention of sodium by the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, along with the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. ABSCESSES BETWEEN THE TOES (INTERDIGITAL FURUNCULOSIS) IN The most common cause of furuncles between the toes is a deep bacterial infection. Many dog breeds (for example, Chinese Shar-Peis, Labrador Retrievers, and English Bulldogs) are predisposed to the condition because they have short, bristly hairs on the webbing between the toes and/or prominent amounts of webbing. CANINE GALLBLADDER MUCOCELE TAPEWORM-ASSOCIATED COLIC IN HORSES Free-living and commonly occurring oribatid mites act as intermediate hosts, and horses accidentally ingest these while grazing. The mites carry the infective stage of the parasite, the cysticercoid, which is digested free of the mite’s tissue in the intestinal tract of the horse and forms a scolex. OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN DOGS Osteochondrosis is a developmental disorder of medium and large rapidly growing dogs that is characterized by abnormal endochondral ossification of epiphyseal cartilage in the shoulder, elbow, stifle, and hock joints. Although the exact cause is unknown, excessive nutrition, rapid growth, trauma, and a hereditary component aresuspected to be
VACCINATION IN BREEDING HORSES Vaccine. Schedule. Equine rhinopneumonitis (inactivated) EHV-1 at 5, 7, and 9 months of gestation; EHV-1/EHV-4 4–6 weeks before due date. Tetanus (toxoid) 4–6 weeks before due date. Equine influenza. 4–6 weeks before due date; if unvaccinated, initially administer two doses at 4–6 week intervals and then a third dose 4–6 weeks before TICK PARALYSIS IN DOGS Tick Paralysis in Dogs. Tick paralysis is a rapidly progressive motor paralysis caused by a toxin in the tick's saliva that attacks the nervous system. Certain species of ticks are known to cause tick paralysis. People (especially children) and many other animals may be affected. Human cases of tick paralysis caused by the genera Ixodes OVERVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES OF SHEEP AND GOATS PI-3 is an enveloped RNA virus (family Paramyxoviridae) that induces a mild interstitial pneumonia. Clinical signs may include coughing, serous nasal and/or ocular discharge, fever (104°–106°F ), and an increased respiratory rate. The single PI-3 serotype for sheep that has been identified is distinct from thebovine PI-3
NEOSPOROSIS IN ANIMALS Neosporosis in Animals. Neosporosis is a disease caused by infection with protozoal parasites in the genus Neospora, most often N caninum but also N hughesi in horses. The most commonly observed problems include bovine abortion and gradually progressive myositis with paraparesis in puppies. Diagnosis is based on a combination ofclinical signs
GAMMOPATHIES IN ANIMALS Gammopathies in Animals. Gammopathies are conditions in which serum immunoglobulin levels are greatly increased. They can be classified either as polyclonal (increases in all major immunoglobulin classes) or monoclonal (increases in a single homogeneous immunoglobulin). Polyclonal gammopathies result from chronic stimulation of the immunesystem.
EQUINE SARCOIDS
Equine Sarcoids. Equine sarcoids are the most commonly diagnosed tumor of equids, representing 20% of all equine neoplasms and 36% of all skin tumors in horses. Studies suggest there is no significant gender or age predisposition. Equine sarcoids are rarely life threatening but can compromise function and be a major economic concern. TRACHEOBRONCHITIS (BRONCHITIS) IN DOGS Tracheobronchitis (Bronchitis) in Dogs. Tracheobronchitis is a sudden or longterm inflammation of the trachea and bronchial airways; it may also extend into the lungs. It often occurs in dogs already affected by respiratory disease or a disorder of the lungs or airways. For example, infectious tracheo-bronchitis (kennel cough; see below) often ACTINOMYCOSIS IN CATTLE, SWINE, AND OTHER ANIMALS Actinomycosis in cattle, radiograph. Actinomyces are gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria that cause disease primarily in cattle and swine but also occasionally in other animals. Lumpy jaw is a localized, chronic, progressive, granulomatous abscess that most frequently involves the mandible, the maxillae, or other bony tissues in thehead.
SUSPENSORY DESMITIS IN HORSES The term proximal suspensory desmitis (PSD) is restricted to lesions confined to the proximal one-third of the metacarpus. PSD can occur unilaterally or bilaterally and is a common injury in all types of athletic horses. Injury to the proximal suspensory ligament and/or its attachment to the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal boneMERCK MANUAL
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An obese, 13-year-old, neutered male Pomeranian is brought to the veterinarian because of a cough that has worsened over the last 3 to 4 months. His owner reports that the cough sounds like a “goose honk,” occurs when the dog is excited (e.g., when the doorbell rings), and is unproductive of sputum. The dog then appears to have trouble breathing after coughing. On physical examination, auscultation of the heart and lungs is normal, and the veterinarian is unable to stimulate the cough. The owner declines thoracic x-rays due to financial concerns. Which of the following is the most likelydiagnosis?
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