MERCK VETERINARY MANUALPET HEALTH & WELLNESSRESOURCESNEWSABOUTDOG

OWNERSCAT OWNERS

Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. VACCINATION IN BREEDING HORSES Vaccine. Schedule. Equine rhinopneumonitis (inactivated) EHV-1 at 5, 7, and 9 months of gestation; EHV-1/EHV-4 4–6 weeks before due date. Tetanus (toxoid) 4–6 weeks before due date. Equine influenza. 4–6 weeks before due date; if unvaccinated, initially administer two doses at 4–6 week intervals and then a third dose 4–6 weeks before TICK PARALYSIS IN DOGS Tick Paralysis in Dogs. Tick paralysis is a rapidly progressive motor paralysis caused by a toxin in the tick's saliva that attacks the nervous system. Certain species of ticks are known to cause tick paralysis. People (especially children) and many other animals may be affected. Human cases of tick paralysis caused by the genera Ixodes NEOSPOROSIS IN ANIMALS Neosporosis in Animals. Neosporosis is a disease caused by infection with protozoal parasites in the genus Neospora, most often N caninum but also N hughesi in horses. The most commonly observed problems include bovine abortion and gradually progressive myositis with paraparesis in puppies. Diagnosis is based on a combination of

clinical signs

PROSTATITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Prostatitis in Dogs and Cats. Inflammation of the canine prostate gland usually is suppurative, and acute prostatitis may result in abscesses. Chronic prostatitis occurs secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Various organisms, including Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp, have been

incriminated.

HIVES (URTICARIA) IN HORSES Hives (Urticaria) in Horses. Hives (urticaria) are groups of itchy eruptions of localized swelling in the dermis. They often develop and disappear suddenly. The most common causes of hives in horses are insect bites or stings, medications, and exposure to allergens. Other potential causes include vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels

of

OSTEOMYELITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Osteomyelitis in Dogs and Cats. Courtesy of Dr. Ronald Green. Inflammation and infection of the medullary cavity, cortex, and periosteum of bone are most frequently associated with bacteria such as: Anaerobic bacteria are less frequently isolated and may be part of a polymicrobial infection. Fungal diseases are based on geographic

distributions

PREGNANCY DETERMINATION IN DOGS AND CATS Fertilization occurs in the oviducts in both dogs and cats. Implantation of zygotes in the uterus occurs at ~18 days in female dogs and 14 days in the queen. This is accompanied by the formation of small swellings along the uterine horns (deciduomata) by ~21 days. These are palpable, assuming the animal is cooperative, at this time. BOVINE GENITAL CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS Bovine genital campylobacteriosis, caused by Campylobacter fetus venerealis or C fetus fetus, is characterized by early fetal death, infertility, and occasional abortions. A vaginal mucus agglutination test can be used for diagnosis but requires sampling multiple cows. Outbreaks can be controlled by vaccination or artificial insemination. BONE TUMORS IN DOGS AND CATS Skeletal tumors can be benign or malignant and primary or secondary to metastases or adjacent soft-tissue structures. The most common primary bone tumor is osteosarcoma that affects the distal radius, proximal humerus, distal femur, or proximal tibia. Clinical signs include lameness, bone swelling, and an acute, nontraumatic pathologic

fracture

MERCK VETERINARY MANUALPET HEALTH & WELLNESSRESOURCESNEWSABOUTDOG

OWNERSCAT OWNERS

Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. VACCINATION IN BREEDING HORSES Vaccine. Schedule. Equine rhinopneumonitis (inactivated) EHV-1 at 5, 7, and 9 months of gestation; EHV-1/EHV-4 4–6 weeks before due date. Tetanus (toxoid) 4–6 weeks before due date. Equine influenza. 4–6 weeks before due date; if unvaccinated, initially administer two doses at 4–6 week intervals and then a third dose 4–6 weeks before TICK PARALYSIS IN DOGS Tick Paralysis in Dogs. Tick paralysis is a rapidly progressive motor paralysis caused by a toxin in the tick's saliva that attacks the nervous system. Certain species of ticks are known to cause tick paralysis. People (especially children) and many other animals may be affected. Human cases of tick paralysis caused by the genera Ixodes NEOSPOROSIS IN ANIMALS Neosporosis in Animals. Neosporosis is a disease caused by infection with protozoal parasites in the genus Neospora, most often N caninum but also N hughesi in horses. The most commonly observed problems include bovine abortion and gradually progressive myositis with paraparesis in puppies. Diagnosis is based on a combination of

clinical signs

PROSTATITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Prostatitis in Dogs and Cats. Inflammation of the canine prostate gland usually is suppurative, and acute prostatitis may result in abscesses. Chronic prostatitis occurs secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Various organisms, including Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Mycoplasma spp, have been

incriminated.

HIVES (URTICARIA) IN HORSES Hives (Urticaria) in Horses. Hives (urticaria) are groups of itchy eruptions of localized swelling in the dermis. They often develop and disappear suddenly. The most common causes of hives in horses are insect bites or stings, medications, and exposure to allergens. Other potential causes include vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels

of

OSTEOMYELITIS IN DOGS AND CATS Osteomyelitis in Dogs and Cats. Courtesy of Dr. Ronald Green. Inflammation and infection of the medullary cavity, cortex, and periosteum of bone are most frequently associated with bacteria such as: Anaerobic bacteria are less frequently isolated and may be part of a polymicrobial infection. Fungal diseases are based on geographic

distributions

PREGNANCY DETERMINATION IN DOGS AND CATS Fertilization occurs in the oviducts in both dogs and cats. Implantation of zygotes in the uterus occurs at ~18 days in female dogs and 14 days in the queen. This is accompanied by the formation of small swellings along the uterine horns (deciduomata) by ~21 days. These are palpable, assuming the animal is cooperative, at this time. BOVINE GENITAL CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS Bovine genital campylobacteriosis, caused by Campylobacter fetus venerealis or C fetus fetus, is characterized by early fetal death, infertility, and occasional abortions. A vaginal mucus agglutination test can be used for diagnosis but requires sampling multiple cows. Outbreaks can be controlled by vaccination or artificial insemination. BONE TUMORS IN DOGS AND CATS Skeletal tumors can be benign or malignant and primary or secondary to metastases or adjacent soft-tissue structures. The most common primary bone tumor is osteosarcoma that affects the distal radius, proximal humerus, distal femur, or proximal tibia. Clinical signs include lameness, bone swelling, and an acute, nontraumatic pathologic

fracture

TICK PARALYSIS IN DOGS Tick Paralysis in Dogs. Tick paralysis is a rapidly progressive motor paralysis caused by a toxin in the tick's saliva that attacks the nervous system. Certain species of ticks are known to cause tick paralysis. People (especially children) and many other animals may be affected. Human cases of tick paralysis caused by the genera Ixodes BONE TUMORS IN DOGS AND CATS Skeletal tumors can be benign or malignant and primary or secondary to metastases or adjacent soft-tissue structures. The most common primary bone tumor is osteosarcoma that affects the distal radius, proximal humerus, distal femur, or proximal tibia. Clinical signs include lameness, bone swelling, and an acute, nontraumatic pathologic

fracture

ANTHRAX IN HORSES

Anthrax in Horses. Anthrax is an often fatal infectious disease that can infect all warm-blooded animals, including horses and humans. Under-diagnosis and unreliable reporting make it difficult to estimate the true frequency of anthrax worldwide; however, anthrax has been reported from nearly every continent. Under normal circumstances,

anthrax

STAPHYLOCOCCOSIS IN POULTRY Staphylococcosis is a bacterial disease caused by gram-positive cocci of the genus Staphylococcus.S aureus and other species are ubiquitous in the environment and are part of the normal flora of the skin and other mucous membranes of poultry and other animals. They typically cause disease when they have access to tissue and the bloodstream after physical barriers, such as skin or mucous THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF HORSES The mare should be presented to a stallion (teaser) daily or every other day during the breeding season, and the mare's behavioral response observed, interpreted, and recorded. Mares in estrus raise their tail, squat, urinate, evert the vulvar lips to expose the clitoris, and ultimately tolerate copulation. DISORDERS OF THE OUTER EAR IN HORSES Ticks can cause irritation at the site of attachment and may be found on the pinna or in the ear canal. The ear tick, found in the southwestern United States, South and Central America, southern Africa, and India, is a soft-shelled tick whose younger, immature forms infest and live on the external ear canal of horses.Signs of infestation include head shaking, head rubbing, or drooped ears. ACTINOMYCOSIS IN CATTLE, SWINE, AND OTHER ANIMALS Actinomycosis in cattle, radiograph. Actinomyces are gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria that cause disease primarily in cattle and swine but also occasionally in other animals. Lumpy jaw is a localized, chronic, progressive, granulomatous abscess that most frequently involves the mandible, the maxillae, or other bony tissues in the

head.

OVERVIEW OF CANINE HERPESVIRAL INFECTION Overview of Canine Herpesviral Infection. Canine herpesvirus is best known as a severe viral infection of puppies worldwide, which often has a 100% mortality rate in affected litters. Increasingly sensitive molecular diagnostics have enabled its recognition in adult dogs with upper respiratory infection, ocular disease, vesicular vaginitis or POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA IN RUMINANTS Polioencephalomalacia is a neurologic disease that affects young ruminants and pseudoruminants. It occurs in outbreaks or in individual animals. Clinical signs include head pressing, blindness, convulsions, nystagmus, dorsomedial strabismus, and recumbency. Diagnosis is suspected based on signs and response to thiamine administration. ABSCESSES BETWEEN THE TOES (INTERDIGITAL FURUNCULOSIS) IN The most common cause of furuncles between the toes is a deep bacterial infection. Many dog breeds (for example, Chinese Shar-Peis, Labrador Retrievers, and English Bulldogs) are predisposed to the condition because they have short, bristly hairs on the webbing between the toes and/or prominent amounts of webbing. MERCK VETERINARY MANUALPET HEALTH & WELLNESSRESOURCESNEWSABOUTDOG

OWNERSCAT OWNERS

Merck and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. GLOMERULAR DISEASE IN SMALL ANIMALS Glomerular Disease in Small Animals. Glomerular disease is a well-recognized cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs, may produce acute kidney injury in dogs, and is also occasionally seen in cats with CKD. These animals should be staged and substaged as recommended above (see Table: Classification of Stages of Kidney

Disease, {blank

ABOMASAL ULCERS

Abomasal ulcers are very common in milk-fed calves after they have consumed milk or milk replacer for 4–12 wk. Most of these ulcers are subclinical and nonhemorrhagic. Occasionally, milk-fed calves