BIOLOGY DICTIONARY

Biology Dictionary (THYM-) thymine (T) /THĪ-meen/ n. One of the four nucleotide bases, a pyrimidine, found in DNA, but not RNA; pairs with adenine. thymus /THĪ-məs/ n. A bodily organ located in the chest behind the sternum. Formerly considered functionless, but LAKE AGASSIZ: VAST PREHISTORIC LAKE Lake Agassiz (13,000 years ago) Southern end of Lake Traverse, site of Lake Agassiz's former southern outlet. Lake Agassiz was an immense lake that existed in north-central North America during the last ice age. It is named for Louis Agassiz, the first scientist to realize it

BIOLOGY DICTIONARY

Biology Dictionary (FRONT-) frontal /FRUN-təl/ (1) of or pertaining to the front; (2) lying at the front. frontal bone The bone underlying the forehead. frontal lobe One of the two anterior lobes of the brain that underlie the forehead. Taken together, the two frontal lobes are the frontal region .

CAMEL-HORSE HYBRIDS

I n Romania, during the predawn hours of June 29, 2014, a mare gave birth to what seems to have been a camel-horse hybrid in Zărand, a commune in Arad County. The severed head and neck of this strange creature, which was stillborn, are pictured below. It is unclear whether the camel parent would have been a Bactrian camel or a dromedary—both in the present case and in a second case, quoted

PORPOISE HYBRIDS

Willis et al. (2004) encountered probable Harbor Porpoise × Dall’s Porpoise hybrids on 79% of study days (117 of 148). Hybrids occurred in association with Dall’s Porpoises (the maternal parent) in 92% of all sightings, but never with Harbor Porpoises. Willis et al. (p. 832) say they “believe incidental descriptions of white or gray CAT-RABBIT HYBRIDS (CABBITS)

DOG-MONKEY HYBRIDS

Various older (pre-1800) accounts of dog-monkey hybrids exist. In his De generis humani varietate nativa (Blumenbach 1776, p.11. Vol. 2, Tiguri, apud Orell, Gessner, Fuessli, et Socc., p. 707), Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840), the German physician, naturalist and physiologist, mentions two instances of a dog mating with a primate, and he claims that progeny resulted.

BIOLOGY DICTIONARY

oxygen (O) /AWKS-ə-jehn/ A gaseous chemical element; odorless, tasteless, colorless; atomic weight 15.9994, atomic number 8, valence 2⁻. The second most abundant of the biologically important elements. Makes up 75% of an animal's weight, and 80% of a plant's. THE DEATH OF PLINY THE ELDER The Death of Pliny. . He was at that time with the fleet under his command at Misenum. On August 24th , about one in the afternoon, my mother asked him to look at a cloud of the most peculiar size and shape. He had been sunbathing earlier, which he APPENDIX H: DARWIN'S ASSESSMENT OF HYBRIDIZATION Darwin's Assessment of Hybridization. Certainly, he made conflicting statements regarding the significance of hybridization, just as he did regarding the meaning of species, and with respect to the importance of saltation. Thus, in the first chapter of the Origin (1859), Darwin strongly expresses the opinion that new forms of life rarely arise

BIOLOGY DICTIONARY

Biology Dictionary (THYM-) thymine (T) /THĪ-meen/ n. One of the four nucleotide bases, a pyrimidine, found in DNA, but not RNA; pairs with adenine. thymus /THĪ-məs/ n. A bodily organ located in the chest behind the sternum. Formerly considered functionless, but LAKE AGASSIZ: VAST PREHISTORIC LAKE Lake Agassiz (13,000 years ago) Southern end of Lake Traverse, site of Lake Agassiz's former southern outlet. Lake Agassiz was an immense lake that existed in north-central North America during the last ice age. It is named for Louis Agassiz, the first scientist to realize it

BIOLOGY DICTIONARY

Biology Dictionary (FRONT-) frontal /FRUN-təl/ (1) of or pertaining to the front; (2) lying at the front. frontal bone The bone underlying the forehead. frontal lobe One of the two anterior lobes of the brain that underlie the forehead. Taken together, the two frontal lobes are the frontal region .

CAMEL-HORSE HYBRIDS

I n Romania, during the predawn hours of June 29, 2014, a mare gave birth to what seems to have been a camel-horse hybrid in Zărand, a commune in Arad County. The severed head and neck of this strange creature, which was stillborn, are pictured below. It is unclear whether the camel parent would have been a Bactrian camel or a dromedary—both in the present case and in a second case, quoted

PORPOISE HYBRIDS

Willis et al. (2004) encountered probable Harbor Porpoise × Dall’s Porpoise hybrids on 79% of study days (117 of 148). Hybrids occurred in association with Dall’s Porpoises (the maternal parent) in 92% of all sightings, but never with Harbor Porpoises. Willis et al. (p. 832) say they “believe incidental descriptions of white or gray CAT-RABBIT HYBRIDS (CABBITS)

DOG-MONKEY HYBRIDS

Various older (pre-1800) accounts of dog-monkey hybrids exist. In his De generis humani varietate nativa (Blumenbach 1776, p.11. Vol. 2, Tiguri, apud Orell, Gessner, Fuessli, et Socc., p. 707), Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840), the German physician, naturalist and physiologist, mentions two instances of a dog mating with a primate, and he claims that progeny resulted.

BIOLOGY DICTIONARY

oxygen (O) /AWKS-ə-jehn/ A gaseous chemical element; odorless, tasteless, colorless; atomic weight 15.9994, atomic number 8, valence 2⁻. The second most abundant of the biologically important elements. Makes up 75% of an animal's weight, and 80% of a plant's. THE DEATH OF PLINY THE ELDER The Death of Pliny. . He was at that time with the fleet under his command at Misenum. On August 24th , about one in the afternoon, my mother asked him to look at a cloud of the most peculiar size and shape. He had been sunbathing earlier, which he APPENDIX H: DARWIN'S ASSESSMENT OF HYBRIDIZATION Darwin's Assessment of Hybridization. Certainly, he made conflicting statements regarding the significance of hybridization, just as he did regarding the meaning of species, and with respect to the importance of saltation. Thus, in the first chapter of the Origin (1859), Darwin strongly expresses the opinion that new forms of life rarely arise BIOLOGY DICTIONARY U-Z vitiligo /vid-əl-Ī-gō/ n. A skin abnormality that involves color loss in patches. vitreous /VIT-ree-əs/ adj. (1) glasslike, glassy, transparent; (2) pertaining to the vitreous body. vitreous body /VIT-ree-əs/ n. The gelatinous, transparent mass that fills the eyeball. It is enclosed in the hyaline membrane.

BIOLOGY DICTIONARY

Biology Dictionary (ION) ion /Ī-awn/ n. An atom or small molecule with a negative or positive charge — ionic /ī-AWN-ick/. ion channels /Ī-awn, -ən/ n. Proteins, present in all cell membranes, governing the passage of specific ions between the interior and exterior of the cell. ionize /Ī-ə-nīz/ ( British: ionise) v. LAKE AGASSIZ: VAST PREHISTORIC LAKE Lake Agassiz (13,000 years ago) Southern end of Lake Traverse, site of Lake Agassiz's former southern outlet. Lake Agassiz was an immense lake that existed in north-central North America during the last ice age. It is named for Louis Agassiz, the first scientist to realize it BIOLOGY DICTIONARY P-Q p abbr. (1) phosphate; (2) symbol indicating the short arm of a chromosome; (3) pico- (10-12) . P abbr. (1) phosphorus; (2) proline; (3) Permian.. p-aminobenzoic acid /ə-MEEN-ō-ben-ZŌ-ik/ (PABA also 4-aminobenzoic acid or para-aminobenzoic acid) n. A white crystalline organic compound (C₇H₇NO₂) composed of a benzene ring with an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to the carbon

BIOLOGY DICTIONARY

oxygen (O) /AWKS-ə-jehn/ A gaseous chemical element; odorless, tasteless, colorless; atomic weight 15.9994, atomic number 8, valence 2⁻. The second most abundant of the biologically important elements. Makes up 75% of an animal's weight, and 80% of a plant's.

DOG-MONKEY HYBRIDS

Various older (pre-1800) accounts of dog-monkey hybrids exist. In his De generis humani varietate nativa (Blumenbach 1776, p.11. Vol. 2, Tiguri, apud Orell, Gessner, Fuessli, et Socc., p. 707), Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840), the German physician, naturalist and physiologist, mentions two instances of a dog mating with a primate, and he claims that progeny resulted. CHICKEN-PIGEON HYBRIDS A pigeon cock willingly mating with a chicken ( source ). Caution: Although the sheer anatomy of these birds (pigeon head + chicken body) strongly indicates they are pigeon-chicken hybrids, this cross, which would be interordinal (Galliformes × Columbiformes), has

RED DEER × SIKA

N atural hybridization between red deer and sika occurs in many locales (Ireland, Britain, Europe, New Zealand and eastern Asia). Many such hybrids have also been produced in captivity. The hybrids are fertile in both sexes. These hybrids are intermediate in size between red deer and sika, but resemble sika more, especially the antlers and

tail.

MOOSE-HORSE HYBRIDS? The diploid chromosome number of horses is 2n=64, while that of North American moose is 2n=70. From the pictures shown here, as well as other photos shown on the Internet, it’s clear that this animal, if it is a hybrid, is much more similar to a horse than to a moose. PIG MATING WITH SHEEP Videos documenting that pigs sometimes mate with sheep BIOLOGY DICTIONARY U-Z uracil /YER-ə-sill/ n. One of the four nucleotide bases, a pyrimidine, found in RNA (another pyrimidine, thymine, replaces uracil in DNA). PICTURE. uranium (U) /yer-RAIN-ee-əm/ n. A weakly radioactive chemical element; atomic weight 238.02891; atomic number 92. There are three isotopes: U-238, U-235, and U-234. Uranium decays slowly by emitting an alpha particle.

METAPHASE I

Metaphase I. After prophase I, crossing-over is complete. The tetrads move to a plane — called the "metaphase plate" — halfway between the two poles of the cell. Next, the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.Both kinetochores of each sister chromatid pair are turned toward the same pole. As a result, both kinetochores attach to spindle fibers from the same pole. BIOLOGY DICTIONARY P-Q p abbr. (1) phosphate; (2) symbol indicating the short arm of a chromosome; (3) pico- (10-12) . P abbr. (1) phosphorus; (2) proline; (3) Permian.. p-aminobenzoic acid /ə-MEEN-ō-ben-ZŌ-ik/ (PABA also 4-aminobenzoic acid or para-aminobenzoic acid) n. A white crystalline organic compound (C₇H₇NO₂) composed of a benzene ring with an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to the carbon THE DEATH OF PLINY THE ELDER Map of Gulf of Naples showing the names and locations of towns at the time of the death of Pliny. The darkened area is the region where heavy downfalls of ash and pumice occurred.

MAMMALIAN HYBRIDS

A caveat: Please note that this resource lists not only crosses that are well documented, but also ones that have been reported, but which are not definitely known to occur. The latter are listed as part of an effort to accumulate all available information about each specific type of cross under a single heading corresponding to that cross.

DOG-MONKEY HYBRIDS

Various older (pre-1800) accounts of dog-monkey hybrids exist. In his De generis humani varietate nativa (Blumenbach 1776, p.11. Vol. 2, Tiguri, apud Orell, Gessner, Fuessli, et Socc., p. 707), Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840), the German physician, naturalist and physiologist, mentions two instances of a dog mating with a primate, and he claims that progeny resulted.

PORPOISE HYBRIDS

× Phocoenoides dalli (♀) ENHR(e Pacific). HPF(♀♀).CON: coastal waters, northern Pacific. Morphological and behavioral observations, combined with molecular data, indicate these porpoise hybrids are common in the area studied off the southern coast of Vancouver Island (Haro Strait, 48°35′ N, 123°16′ W).

FOX-WOLF HYBRIDS

Since dogs and wolves are often treated as conspecific, some scientists would equate wolf × fox with dog × fox, a cross for which far more evidence is available.. A lthough potential breeding contact between wolves and red foxes occurs in North America and Eurasia, fox-wolf hybrids are poorly attested. A brief report does, however, appear in Isis: Zeitschrift für alle

PIG-HORSE HYBRIDS

Y ears of searching for reports about mammalian hybrids have thus far revealed only a few brief descriptions of a cross between a pig and a horse. However, those that do exist describe local events that could easily have been verified by any resident of the community. Therefore it is not easy to see how a hoax could have been perpetrated, or with

what motive.

APPENDIX H: DARWIN'S ASSESSMENT OF HYBRIDIZATION A careful reading of Darwin's writings other than the Origin shows that he did come to believe that hybridization is a significant source

of variation.

BIOLOGY DICTIONARY U-Z uracil /YER-ə-sill/ n. One of the four nucleotide bases, a pyrimidine, found in RNA (another pyrimidine, thymine, replaces uracil in DNA). PICTURE. uranium (U) /yer-RAIN-ee-əm/ n. A weakly radioactive chemical element; atomic weight 238.02891; atomic number 92. There are three isotopes: U-238, U-235, and U-234. Uranium decays slowly by emitting an alpha particle.

METAPHASE I

Metaphase I. After prophase I, crossing-over is complete. The tetrads move to a plane — called the "metaphase plate" — halfway between the two poles of the cell. Next, the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.Both kinetochores of each sister chromatid pair are turned toward the same pole. As a result, both kinetochores attach to spindle fibers from the same pole. BIOLOGY DICTIONARY P-Q p abbr. (1) phosphate; (2) symbol indicating the short arm of a chromosome; (3) pico- (10-12) . P abbr. (1) phosphorus; (2) proline; (3) Permian.. p-aminobenzoic acid /ə-MEEN-ō-ben-ZŌ-ik/ (PABA also 4-aminobenzoic acid or para-aminobenzoic acid) n. A white crystalline organic compound (C₇H₇NO₂) composed of a benzene ring with an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to the carbon THE DEATH OF PLINY THE ELDER Map of Gulf of Naples showing the names and locations of towns at the time of the death of Pliny. The darkened area is the region where heavy downfalls of ash and pumice occurred.

MAMMALIAN HYBRIDS

A caveat: Please note that this resource lists not only crosses that are well documented, but also ones that have been reported, but which are not definitely known to occur. The latter are listed as part of an effort to accumulate all available information about each specific type of cross under a single heading corresponding to that cross.

DOG-MONKEY HYBRIDS

Various older (pre-1800) accounts of dog-monkey hybrids exist. In his De generis humani varietate nativa (Blumenbach 1776, p.11. Vol. 2, Tiguri, apud Orell, Gessner, Fuessli, et Socc., p. 707), Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840), the German physician, naturalist and physiologist, mentions two instances of a dog mating with a primate, and he claims that progeny resulted.

PORPOISE HYBRIDS

× Phocoenoides dalli (♀) ENHR(e Pacific). HPF(♀♀).CON: coastal waters, northern Pacific. Morphological and behavioral observations, combined with molecular data, indicate these porpoise hybrids are common in the area studied off the southern coast of Vancouver Island (Haro Strait, 48°35′ N, 123°16′ W).

FOX-WOLF HYBRIDS

Since dogs and wolves are often treated as conspecific, some scientists would equate wolf × fox with dog × fox, a cross for which far more evidence is available.. A lthough potential breeding contact between wolves and red foxes occurs in North America and Eurasia, fox-wolf hybrids are poorly attested. A brief report does, however, appear in Isis: Zeitschrift für alle APPENDIX H: DARWIN'S ASSESSMENT OF HYBRIDIZATION When in any country several domestic breeds have once been established, their occasional intercrossing, with the aid of selection, has, no doubt, largely aided in the formation of new sub-breeds; but the importance of the crossing of varieties has, I believe, been greatly exaggerated, both in regard to animals and to those plants which are propagated by seed.

PIG-HORSE HYBRIDS

Y ears of searching for reports about mammalian hybrids have thus far revealed only a few brief descriptions of a cross between a pig and a horse. However, those that do exist describe local events that could easily have been verified by any resident of the community. Therefore it is not easy to see how a hoax could have been perpetrated, or with

what motive.

METAPHASE I

Metaphase I. After prophase I, crossing-over is complete. The tetrads move to a plane — called the "metaphase plate" — halfway between the two poles of the cell. Next, the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.Both kinetochores of each sister chromatid pair are turned toward the same pole. As a result, both kinetochores attach to spindle fibers from the same pole.

BIOLOGY DICTIONARY

t abbr. (1) time; (2) temperature; (3) three times (abbreviation for Latin ter) . T Symbol for (1) thymine; (2) threonine.. tab. abbr. Tablet (abbreviation used in medical prescriptions). Tabanidae /tə-BAN-ə-dee/ n. An insect family including the horseflies, deer flies, and gadflies. They are significant disease vectors because they feed on the blood of humans and other warm-blooded animals. LAKE AGASSIZ: VAST PREHISTORIC LAKE Lake Agassiz was an immense lake that existed in north-central North America during the last ice age. It is named for Louis Agassiz, the first scientist to realize it had been created by glaciers acting as dams.Larger than many modern seas, its waters were fresh, not salt.

BIOLOGY DICTIONARY

haploid /HAP-loid/ adj. (1) in the case of a single-celled eukaryotic organism, having a single complete set of chromosomes; (2) in the case of a multicellular eukaryotic organism, having a single complete set of chromosomes in each somatic cell.See also: diploid. haplotype /HAP-lə-type/ n. The collective genotype of a set of linked loci.. Hb Hemoglobin.. HDL High-density lipoprotein.

MAMMALIAN HYBRIDS

A caveat: Please note that this resource lists not only crosses that are well documented, but also ones that have been reported, but which are not definitely known to occur. The latter are listed as part of an effort to accumulate all available information about each specific type of cross under a single heading corresponding to that cross. APPENDIX H: DARWIN'S ASSESSMENT OF HYBRIDIZATION When in any country several domestic breeds have once been established, their occasional intercrossing, with the aid of selection, has, no doubt, largely aided in the formation of new sub-breeds; but the importance of the crossing of varieties has, I believe, been greatly exaggerated, both in regard to animals and to those plants which are propagated by seed.

CAMEL-HORSE HYBRIDS

I n Romania, during the predawn hours of June 29, 2014, a mare gave birth to what seems to have been a camel-horse hybrid in Zărand, a commune in Arad County. The severed head and neck of this strange creature, which was stillborn, are pictured below. It is unclear whether the camel parent would have been a Bactrian camel or a dromedary—both in the present case and in a second case, quoted

MAMMALIAN HYBRIDS

Most scientists do not believe that crosses as distant as those listed below can actually occur. That is, the idea that intergeneric crosses occur is widely accepted, but not the notion that interfamilial crosses do. And most scientists consider the occurrence of interordinal and interclass crosses as far-fetched, or even impossible, especially ones involving human beings. CHARLES LYELL AND CHARLES DARWIN Charles Lyell (1797-1875), the famed Scottish geologist and paleontologist who named the Pliocene Epoch, befriended the young Charles Darwin (Darwin was 12 years younger than Lyell) and strongly influenced his thought. In particular, Darwin's reading of Lyell's Principles of Geology prompted him to think of evolution as a slow process in which small changes gradually accumulate over immense

SNAKE-HUMAN HYBRIDS

I list every cross that’s reported, at least those reports that purport to be in earnest, not because I think every reported hybrid is real, but because I use the name of a cross as a heading for a page that serves as a repository for all the information of any kind that I’ve collected about that cross. Somewhat surprisingly, there are quite a few serious reports about snake-human hybrids. > Interested in strange and rare composite animals, such as the > horse-cow shown in the video below? You can read about this case and > a thousand others in my new book, available here: > https://t.co/qK5Tfgo212 Excellent reading for those who shelter in

> place! #hybrids

>

> #cattle

>

> #horses

>

> pic.twitter.com/fRWGxrTPsh > — Gene McCarthy, PhD (@Macroevo) August 8, 2020

>

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STABILIZATION THEORY

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THE HYBRID HYPOTHESIS A theory of human origins

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Most shared on Macroevolution.net: ------------------------- Human Origins: Are we hybrids? On the Origins of New Forms of Life

Mammalian Hybrids

Cat-rabbit Hybrids: Fact or fiction?

Famous Biologists

Dog-cow Hybrids

Prothero: A Rebuttal

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Dog-fox Hybrids