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SPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto MontrealC-SYNTAX VERSION 1
A PlusCal User’s Manual C-Syntax Version 1.8 Leslie Lamport 15 December 2020 There is also a P-Syntax version of this manual. See page 3 for a description of the two syntaxes. USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we know THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017PAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. REACHING AGREEMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF FAULTS Reachmg Agreement in the Presence of Faults 229 as follows: Consider a set of n isolated processors, of which it is known that no more than VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrentSPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto MontrealC-SYNTAX VERSION 1
A PlusCal User’s Manual C-Syntax Version 1.8 Leslie Lamport 15 December 2020 There is also a P-Syntax version of this manual. See page 3 for a description of the two syntaxes. USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we know THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017PAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. REACHING AGREEMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF FAULTS Reachmg Agreement in the Presence of Faults 229 as follows: Consider a set of n isolated processors, of which it is known that no more than VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc.SPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE 1 Introduction PlusCal is a language for writing algorithms, including concurrent algo-rithms. While there is no formal distinction betweenan algorithm and a
TLA+ VIDEO COURSE
The TLA+ Video Course. Explains what TLA+ is and why you might want to use it. It introduces the concept of a state machine. Length: 21:18. Shows how a simple state machine is described in TLA+, giving the first glimpse of a TLA+ specification. Length: 15:40. Describes resources for learning about TLA+. PASSWORD AUTHENTICATION WITH INSECURE COMMUNICATION ample, a voice print. Such a mechanism is beyond the scope of this paper, so we restrict ourselves to the prob- lem of removing the firsttwo weaknesses.
COMPOSING SPECIFICATIONS Composing Specifications · 75 1 in1 out1 2 out2 in2 The Composition of 1 and 2 out2 out1 Fig. 1. Composing Systems Theprinciple’sconclusion,that SUBSTITUTION: SYNTACTIC VERSUS SEMANTIC more plausible example for which x:= x +1; x:= x +1 is not equivalent to x:= x + 2. The example is the same as the preceding one, except r and θ are hyperbolic coordinates. The substitution is x ← r ∗coshθ, y ← r ∗sinhθ, where r and θ are real numbers. Since (coshθ)2 ≥ (sinhθ)2 if θ is real, |x|≥|y| for all x and y. (Hyperbolic coordinates can represent only points whose THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we know VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way.PAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017SPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems First Printing Version of 18 June 2002 pdf le recreated 19 March 2020 TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Fig. 1. a, CY ,Y (9 (9 ~o ~ o P4' P3 P2' Pl ~ q7 q6 q5 ql r 4 r 3 r 2 r 1 event. We are assuming that the events of a process form REACHING AGREEMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF FAULTS Reachmg Agreement in the Presence of Faults 229 as follows: Consider a set of n isolated processors, of which it is known that no more than THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we know VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way.PAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017SPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems First Printing Version of 18 June 2002 pdf le recreated 19 March 2020 TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Fig. 1. a, CY ,Y (9 (9 ~o ~ o P4' P3 P2' Pl ~ q7 q6 q5 ql r 4 r 3 r 2 r 1 event. We are assuming that the events of a process form REACHING AGREEMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF FAULTS Reachmg Agreement in the Presence of Faults 229 as follows: Consider a set of n isolated processors, of which it is known that no more than LESLIE LAMPORT'S HOME PAGE My Coordinates 37° 24' 14" North 122° 2' 6" West address: Microsoft Corporation 1020 Enterprise Way Sunnyvale, CA 94089 U.S.A. email: I am happy to receive email from people, but not from spammers. So, please do not put my email address on the Web in plain text. VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSFSPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto MontrealTLA+ VIDEO COURSE
This is a series of video lectures to teach programmers and software engineers how to write their own TLA+ specifications. It assumes a basic understanding of programming concepts. USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. COMPOSING SPECIFICATIONS Composing Specifications · 75 1 in1 out1 2 out2 in2 The Composition of 1 and 2 out2 out1 Fig. 1. Composing Systems Theprinciple’sconclusion,that DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE 1 Introduction PlusCal is a language for writing algorithms, including concurrent algo-rithms. While there is no formal distinction betweenan algorithm and a
THE PART-TIME PARLIAMENT The Part-Time Parliament Leslie Lamport ThisarticleappearedinACM Transactions on Computer Sys- tems 16,2(May1998),133-169.Minorcorrectionsweremade on29August2000. THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORTSEE MORE ON LAMPORT.AZUREWEBSITES.NETTLA+ VIDEO COURSE
The TLA+ Video Course. Explains what TLA+ is and why you might want to use it. It introduces the concept of a state machine. Length: 21:18. Shows how a simple state machine is described in TLA+, giving the first glimpse of a TLA+ specification. Length: 15:40. Describes resources for learning about TLA+. DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
SPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto MontrealTHE TLA+ HOME PAGE
This is the home page of the TLA+ web site. TLA+ is a high-level language for modeling programs and systems--especially concurrent anddistributed ones.
VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we know THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORTSEE MORE ON LAMPORT.AZUREWEBSITES.NETTLA+ VIDEO COURSE
The TLA+ Video Course. Explains what TLA+ is and why you might want to use it. It introduces the concept of a state machine. Length: 21:18. Shows how a simple state machine is described in TLA+, giving the first glimpse of a TLA+ specification. Length: 15:40. Describes resources for learning about TLA+. DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
SPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto MontrealTHE TLA+ HOME PAGE
This is the home page of the TLA+ web site. TLA+ is a high-level language for modeling programs and systems--especially concurrent anddistributed ones.
VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we know ON HAIR COLOR IN FRANCE Results The results of our study are shown in the following table. Blonde Brown Red Other Total Female 46 45 13 12 116 39.66% 38.79% 11.21% 10.34% 100% Male 1 101 0 TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. LESLIE LAMPORT'S HOME PAGE 37° 24' 14" North 122° 2' 6" West address: Microsoft Corporation 1020 Enterprise Way Sunnyvale, CA 94089 U.S.A. email: I am happy to receive email from people, but not from spammers. So, please do not put my email address on the Web in plain text. You may post this giffile if you wish.
THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORT My Writings Leslie Lamport Last modified 25 January 2021. This document is a sort of scientific autobiography. It not only lists the papers I have written, but also describes them and explains how I came to write some of them. VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSFC-SYNTAX VERSION 1
A PlusCal User’s Manual C-Syntax Version 1.8 Leslie Lamport 15 December 2020 There is also a P-Syntax version of this manual. See page 3 for a description of the two syntaxes. THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent BOULANGERIE ALGORITHM The boulangerie algorithm is a variant of the bakery algorithm published in. Yoram Moses and Katia Patkin: Under the Hood of the Bakery Algorithm: Mutual Exclusion as a Matter of Priority. 22nd International Colloquium on Structural Information and Communication Complexity (SIROCCO 2015) . I had already written a PlusCal version ofthe bakery
THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017 ON HAIR COLOR IN FRANCE Results The results of our study are shown in the following table. Blonde Brown Red Other Total Female 46 45 13 12 116 39.66% 38.79% 11.21% 10.34% 100% Male 1 101 0 USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc.TLA+ VIDEO COURSE
The TLA+ Video Course. Explains what TLA+ is and why you might want to use it. It introduces the concept of a state machine. Length: 21:18. Shows how a simple state machine is described in TLA+, giving the first glimpse of a TLA+ specification. Length: 15:40. Describes resources for learning about TLA+. THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORTSEE MORE ON LAMPORT.AZUREWEBSITES.NETSPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we knowPAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal ON HAIR COLOR IN FRANCE Results The results of our study are shown in the following table. Blonde Brown Red Other Total Female 46 45 13 12 116 39.66% 38.79% 11.21% 10.34% 100% Male 1 101 0 TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc.TLA+ VIDEO COURSE
The TLA+ Video Course. Explains what TLA+ is and why you might want to use it. It introduces the concept of a state machine. Length: 21:18. Shows how a simple state machine is described in TLA+, giving the first glimpse of a TLA+ specification. Length: 15:40. Describes resources for learning about TLA+. THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORTSEE MORE ON LAMPORT.AZUREWEBSITES.NETSPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
THE TLA+ HOME PAGE
This is the home page of the TLA+ web site. TLA+ is a high-level language for modeling programs and systems--especially concurrent anddistributed ones.
THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we knowPAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal ON HAIR COLOR IN FRANCE Results The results of our study are shown in the following table. Blonde Brown Red Other Total Female 46 45 13 12 116 39.66% 38.79% 11.21% 10.34% 100% Male 1 101 0 TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. LESLIE LAMPORT'S HOME PAGE 37° 24' 14" North 122° 2' 6" West address: Microsoft Corporation 1020 Enterprise Way Sunnyvale, CA 94089 U.S.A. email: I am happy to receive email from people, but not from spammers. So, please do not put my email address on the Web in plain text. You may post this giffile if you wish.
THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORT My Writings Leslie Lamport Last modified 25 January 2021. This document is a sort of scientific autobiography. It not only lists the papers I have written, but also describes them and explains how I came to write some of them. VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrentC-SYNTAX VERSION 1
A PlusCal User’s Manual C-Syntax Version 1.8 Leslie Lamport 15 December 2020 There is also a P-Syntax version of this manual. See page 3 for a description of the two syntaxes. ON HAIR COLOR IN FRANCE Results The results of our study are shown in the following table. Blonde Brown Red Other Total Female 46 45 13 12 116 39.66% 38.79% 11.21% 10.34% 100% Male 1 101 0 THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017 USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. REACHING AGREEMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF FAULTS 230 M. PEASE, R. SHOSTAK, AND L. LAMPORT the three reports agree, the majority value is used. Otherwise, a default value such as "NIL" is used. To see that this procedure assures interactive consistency, first note that if q is nonfaulty,TLA+ VIDEO COURSE
The TLA+ Video Course. Explains what TLA+ is and why you might want to use it. It introduces the concept of a state machine. Length: 21:18. Shows how a simple state machine is described in TLA+, giving the first glimpse of a TLA+ specification. Length: 15:40. Describes resources for learning about TLA+. THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORTSEE MORE ON LAMPORT.AZUREWEBSITES.NETSPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we knowPAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal ON HAIR COLOR IN FRANCE Results The results of our study are shown in the following table. Blonde Brown Red Other Total Female 46 45 13 12 116 39.66% 38.79% 11.21% 10.34% 100% Male 1 101 0 TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc.TLA+ VIDEO COURSE
The TLA+ Video Course. Explains what TLA+ is and why you might want to use it. It introduces the concept of a state machine. Length: 21:18. Shows how a simple state machine is described in TLA+, giving the first glimpse of a TLA+ specification. Length: 15:40. Describes resources for learning about TLA+. THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORTSEE MORE ON LAMPORT.AZUREWEBSITES.NETSPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we knowPAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal ON HAIR COLOR IN FRANCE Results The results of our study are shown in the following table. Blonde Brown Red Other Total Female 46 45 13 12 116 39.66% 38.79% 11.21% 10.34% 100% Male 1 101 0 TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. LESLIE LAMPORT'S HOME PAGE 37° 24' 14" North 122° 2' 6" West address: Microsoft Corporation 1020 Enterprise Way Sunnyvale, CA 94089 U.S.A. email: I am happy to receive email from people, but not from spammers. So, please do not put my email address on the Web in plain text. You may post this giffile if you wish.
THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORT My Writings Leslie Lamport Last modified 25 January 2021. This document is a sort of scientific autobiography. It not only lists the papers I have written, but also describes them and explains how I came to write some of them. VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrentC-SYNTAX VERSION 1
A PlusCal User’s Manual C-Syntax Version 1.8 Leslie Lamport 15 December 2020 There is also a P-Syntax version of this manual. See page 3 for a description of the two syntaxes. ON HAIR COLOR IN FRANCE Results The results of our study are shown in the following table. Blonde Brown Red Other Total Female 46 45 13 12 116 39.66% 38.79% 11.21% 10.34% 100% Male 1 101 0 THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017 USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. REACHING AGREEMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF FAULTS 230 M. PEASE, R. SHOSTAK, AND L. LAMPORT the three reports agree, the majority value is used. Otherwise, a default value such as "NIL" is used. To see that this procedure assures interactive consistency, first note that if q is nonfaulty, VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSFSPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017 THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we know CONSENSUS ON TRANSACTION COMMIT 1 Introduction A distributed transaction consists of a number of operations, performed at multiple sites, terminated by a request to commit or abort the transaction.MEASURING CELEBRITY
Measuring Celebrity Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 15 November 2005 Abstract Celebrity is not fame, but it too can be measured. A versionof thispaper, somewhat mangled bythe editor,PAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSFSPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017 THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we know CONSENSUS ON TRANSACTION COMMIT 1 Introduction A distributed transaction consists of a number of operations, performed at multiple sites, terminated by a request to commit or abort the transaction.MEASURING CELEBRITY
Measuring Celebrity Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 15 November 2005 Abstract Celebrity is not fame, but it too can be measured. A versionof thispaper, somewhat mangled bythe editor,PAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal LESLIE LAMPORT'S HOME PAGE 37° 24' 14" North 122° 2' 6" West address: Microsoft Corporation 1020 Enterprise Way Sunnyvale, CA 94089 U.S.A. email: I am happy to receive email from people, but not from spammers. So, please do not put my email address on the Web in plain text. You may post this giffile if you wish.
TLA+ VIDEO COURSE
The TLA+ Video Course. Explains what TLA+ is and why you might want to use it. It introduces the concept of a state machine. Length: 21:18. Shows how a simple state machine is described in TLA+, giving the first glimpse of a TLA+ specification. Length: 15:40. Describes resources for learning about TLA+. USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we knowC-SYNTAX VERSION 1
A PlusCal User’s Manual C-Syntax Version 1.8 Leslie Lamport 15 December 2020 There is also a P-Syntax version of this manual. See page 3 for a description of the two syntaxes.SPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017MEASURING CELEBRITY
Measuring Celebrity Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 15 November 2005 Abstract Celebrity is not fame, but it too can be measured. A versionof thispaper, somewhat mangled bythe editor, TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. SUBSTITUTION: SYNTACTIC VERSUS SEMANTIC more plausible example for which x:= x +1; x:= x +1 is not equivalent to x:= x + 2. The example is the same as the preceding one, except r and θ are hyperbolic coordinates. The substitution is x ← r ∗coshθ, y ← r ∗sinhθ, where r and θ are real numbers. Since (coshθ)2 ≥ (sinhθ)2 if θ is real, |x|≥|y| for all x and y. (Hyperbolic coordinates can represent only points whose THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORTSEE MORE ON LAMPORT.AZUREWEBSITES.NETTLA+ VIDEO COURSE
The TLA+ Video Course. Explains what TLA+ is and why you might want to use it. It introduces the concept of a state machine. Length: 21:18. Shows how a simple state machine is described in TLA+, giving the first glimpse of a TLA+ specification. Length: 15:40. Describes resources for learning about TLA+. VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
THE TLA+ HOME PAGE
This is the home page of the TLA+ web site. TLA+ is a high-level language for modeling programs and systems--especially concurrent anddistributed ones.
THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we knowPAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal ON HAIR COLOR IN FRANCE Results The results of our study are shown in the following table. Blonde Brown Red Other Total Female 46 45 13 12 116 39.66% 38.79% 11.21% 10.34% 100% Male 1 101 0 TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORTSEE MORE ON LAMPORT.AZUREWEBSITES.NETTLA+ VIDEO COURSE
The TLA+ Video Course. Explains what TLA+ is and why you might want to use it. It introduces the concept of a state machine. Length: 21:18. Shows how a simple state machine is described in TLA+, giving the first glimpse of a TLA+ specification. Length: 15:40. Describes resources for learning about TLA+. VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent LESLIE LAMPORT'S HOME PAGE 37° 24' 14" North 122° 2' 6" West address: Microsoft Corporation 1020 Enterprise Way Sunnyvale, CA 94089 U.S.A. email: I am happy to receive email from people, but not from spammers. So, please do not put my email address on the Web in plain text. You may post this giffile if you wish.
THE WRITINGS OF LESLIE LAMPORT My Writings Leslie Lamport Last modified 25 January 2021. This document is a sort of scientific autobiography. It not only lists the papers I have written, but also describes them and explains how I came to write some of them. THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSFSPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto MontrealC-SYNTAX VERSION 1
A PlusCal User’s Manual C-Syntax Version 1.8 Leslie Lamport 15 December 2020 There is also a P-Syntax version of this manual. See page 3 for a description of the two syntaxes. THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017 ON HAIR COLOR IN FRANCE Results The results of our study are shown in the following table. Blonde Brown Red Other Total Female 46 45 13 12 116 39.66% 38.79% 11.21% 10.34% 100% Male 1 101 0 USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way.SPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017 THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we know CONSENSUS ON TRANSACTION COMMIT 1 Introduction A distributed transaction consists of a number of operations, performed at multiple sites, terminated by a request to commit or abort the transaction.MEASURING CELEBRITY
Measuring Celebrity Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 15 November 2005 Abstract Celebrity is not fame, but it too can be measured. A versionof thispaper, somewhat mangled bythe editor,PAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal VERIFYING HYPERPROPERTIES WITH TLA Verifying Hyperproperties with TLA Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneidery 6 January 2021 To appear in the Proceedings of the 34th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF THE TEMPORAL LOGIC OF ACTIONS The Temporal Logic of Actions LESLIE LAMPORT Digital Equipment Corporation The temporal logic of actions (TLA) is a logic for specifying and reasoning about concurrent DISTRIBUTED SNAPSHOTS: DETERMINING GLOBAL STATES OF 66 l K. M. Chandy and L. Lamport Fig. 1. A distributed system with processes p, q, and r and channels cl, c2, c3, and c4. before the event, (3) the state s’ of p immediately after the event, (4) thechannel
USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way.SPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017 THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we know CONSENSUS ON TRANSACTION COMMIT 1 Introduction A distributed transaction consists of a number of operations, performed at multiple sites, terminated by a request to commit or abort the transaction.MEASURING CELEBRITY
Measuring Celebrity Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 15 November 2005 Abstract Celebrity is not fame, but it too can be measured. A versionof thispaper, somewhat mangled bythe editor,PAXOS MADE SIMPLE
Every acceptor in C has accepted a proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1), and every proposal with number in m ::(n ¡ 1) accepted by any acceptor has value v. Since any set S consisting of a majority of acceptors contains at least one member of C, we can conclude that a proposal numbered n has value v by ensuring that the following invariant is maintained: P2c.For any v and n, if a proposal LESLIE LAMPORT'S HOME PAGE 37° 24' 14" North 122° 2' 6" West address: Microsoft Corporation 1020 Enterprise Way Sunnyvale, CA 94089 U.S.A. email: I am happy to receive email from people, but not from spammers. So, please do not put my email address on the Web in plain text. You may post this giffile if you wish.
TLA+ VIDEO COURSE
The TLA+ Video Course. Explains what TLA+ is and why you might want to use it. It introduces the concept of a state machine. Length: 21:18. Shows how a simple state machine is described in TLA+, giving the first glimpse of a TLA+ specification. Length: 15:40. Describes resources for learning about TLA+. USING TIME INSTEAD OF TIMEOUT FOR FAULT-TOLERANT Using Time Instead of Timeout • 255 process. A number of fault-tolerant synchronization algorithms have been pro- posed that use timeouts in this way. THE BYZANTINE GENERALS PROBLEM 386 L. Lamport, R. Shostak, and M. Pease solution for a group of 3m or fewer and use it to construct a three-general solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem that works with one traitor, which we knowC-SYNTAX VERSION 1
A PlusCal User’s Manual C-Syntax Version 1.8 Leslie Lamport 15 December 2020 There is also a P-Syntax version of this manual. See page 3 for a description of the two syntaxes.SPECIFYING SYSTEMS
Specifying Systems The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research Boston San Francisco New York Toronto Montreal THE PLUSCAL ALGORITHM LANGUAGE The PlusCal Algorithm Language Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 2 January 2009 minor corrections 13 April 2011 and 23 October 2017MEASURING CELEBRITY
Measuring Celebrity Leslie Lamport Microsoft Research 15 November 2005 Abstract Celebrity is not fame, but it too can be measured. A versionof thispaper, somewhat mangled bythe editor, TIME, CLOCKS, AND THE ORDERING OF EVENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED Operating R. Stockton Gaines Systems Editor Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System Leslie Lamport Massachusetts Computer Associates, Inc. SUBSTITUTION: SYNTACTIC VERSUS SEMANTIC more plausible example for which x:= x +1; x:= x +1 is not equivalent to x:= x + 2. The example is the same as the preceding one, except r and θ are hyperbolic coordinates. The substitution is x ← r ∗coshθ, y ← r ∗sinhθ, where r and θ are real numbers. Since (coshθ)2 ≥ (sinhθ)2 if θ is real, |x|≥|y| for all x and y. (Hyperbolic coordinates can represent only points whose LESLIE LAMPORT'S HOME PAGETLA+ USE AT AMAZON
THE TLA WEB PAGE
MY COLLECTED WORKS
MY COORDINATES
37° 24' 14" North 122° 2' 6" West address: Microsoft Corporation 1020 Enterprise Way Sunnyvale, CA 94089U.S.A.
email:
I am happy to receive email from people, but not from spammers. So, please do not put my email address on the Web in plain text. You may post this gif file if you wish.Details
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