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the apex.
TREE-OF-HEAVEN (AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA) Tree-of-Heaven is dioecious, producing either all male (staminate) flowers or all female (pistillate) flowers on the same tree. These greenish yellow flowers are produced in panicles about 4-12" long. Male flowers are up to 1/3" (8 mm.) across, consisting of a shortcalyx with
EARLY BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS) Early Buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a small tuft of basal leaves and flowering stalks; a tufted plant is typically about 6" tall and 6" across. The basal leaves are usually divided into 3-5 leaflets; these leaflets are divided into narrow lobes and they may have a few teeth along their margins. HEART-LEAVED SKULLCAP (SCUTELLARIA OVATA) Heart-Leaved Skullcap (Scutellaria ovata) Description: This perennial wildflower is ¾-3' tall and usually unbranched, except near the apex where the inflorescence occurs. Erect leafy stems may be produced individually or in small clusters. The central stem is is whitish green, 4-angled, and covered with either glandular or non-glandularhairs
MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove (Dasistoma macrophylla) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly from the central stem, while the side stems branch very little. These stems are somewhat pubescent and green to reddish green. PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
TREE-OF-HEAVEN (AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA) Tree-of-Heaven is dioecious, producing either all male (staminate) flowers or all female (pistillate) flowers on the same tree. These greenish yellow flowers are produced in panicles about 4-12" long. Male flowers are up to 1/3" (8 mm.) across, consisting of a shortcalyx with
EARLY BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS) Early Buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a small tuft of basal leaves and flowering stalks; a tufted plant is typically about 6" tall and 6" across. The basal leaves are usually divided into 3-5 leaflets; these leaflets are divided into narrow lobes and they may have a few teeth along their margins. HEART-LEAVED SKULLCAP (SCUTELLARIA OVATA) Heart-Leaved Skullcap (Scutellaria ovata) Description: This perennial wildflower is ¾-3' tall and usually unbranched, except near the apex where the inflorescence occurs. Erect leafy stems may be produced individually or in small clusters. The central stem is is whitish green, 4-angled, and covered with either glandular or non-glandularhairs
MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove (Dasistoma macrophylla) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly from the central stem, while the side stems branch very little. These stems are somewhat pubescent and green to reddish green. PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. TREE-OF-HEAVEN (AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA) Tree-of-Heaven is dioecious, producing either all male (staminate) flowers or all female (pistillate) flowers on the same tree. These greenish yellow flowers are produced in panicles about 4-12" long. Male flowers are up to 1/3" (8 mm.) across, consisting of a shortcalyx with
INSECT TABLE (POPULUS SPP.) *larvae bore through wood, ** forms galls on leaves, § larvae are leaf-miners Note: Chrysomelidae (Leaf Beetles) and Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Skippers, & Moths) have been excluded from this table. BUTTERWEED (PACKERA GLABELLA) Butterweed Packera glabella Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: Butterweed is a winter annual or biennial that initially forms a low rosette of basal leaves. During the spring, this plant bolts to become 1-3' tall; it is unbranched, except for short flowering stems in MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove (Dasistoma macrophylla) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly from the central stem, while the side stems branch very little. These stems are somewhat pubescent and green to reddish green. MUSKINGUM SEDGE (CAREX MUSKINGUMENSIS) Muskingum Sedge Carex muskingumensis Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge forms a tuft of culms and leaves up to 3' tall. Both fertile and infertile shoots are SWAMP BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS SEPTENTRIONALIS) Swamp Buttercup Ranunculus septentrionalis Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 6" tall, although its stems can extend up to 1' long. Both basal leaves and stems with alternate leaves are produced; the latter usually sprawl across the ground. JAMES' SEDGE (CAREX JAMESII) James' Sedge Carex jamesii Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge consists of a dense tuft of vegetative shoots and fertile culms. The culms are shorter than the blades of the leaves. The culms are about 2-4" long, light green, sharply 3-angled, and hairless; they are slightly winged and rough-textured along theiredges.
PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. PURPLE ROCKET (IODANTHUS PINNATIFIDUS) Purple Rocket Iodanthus pinnatifidus Mustard family (Brassicaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-3' tall, branching sparingly. It is relatively short-lived. The foliage consists of basal leaves and bolting stems with alternate leaves; most vegetative growth occurs during the spring. ACMAEODERA TUBULUS (FLOWERS VISITED) Acmaeodera tubulus Fabricius: Buprestidae, Coleoptera (observations are from Robertson, MacRae, Lovell, and Wilhelm & Rericha) Acanthaceae: Ruellia humilis (McR ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. TREE-OF-HEAVEN (AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA) Tree-of-Heaven is dioecious, producing either all male (staminate) flowers or all female (pistillate) flowers on the same tree. These greenish yellow flowers are produced in panicles about 4-12" long. Male flowers are up to 1/3" (8 mm.) across, consisting of a shortcalyx with
ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
EARLY BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS) Early Buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a small tuft of basal leaves and flowering stalks; a tufted plant is typically about 6" tall and 6" across. The basal leaves are usually divided into 3-5 leaflets; these leaflets are divided into narrow lobes and they may have a few teeth along their margins. HISPID BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS HISPIDUS) Hispid Buttercup Ranunculus hispidus Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is up to 1' tall; it has a tendency to sprawl with age. The stems are light green to pale reddish brown and more or less covered with long spreading hairs. MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove (Dasistoma macrophylla) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly from the central stem, while the side stems branch very little. These stems are somewhat pubescent and green to reddish green. PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. TREE-OF-HEAVEN (AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA) Tree-of-Heaven is dioecious, producing either all male (staminate) flowers or all female (pistillate) flowers on the same tree. These greenish yellow flowers are produced in panicles about 4-12" long. Male flowers are up to 1/3" (8 mm.) across, consisting of a shortcalyx with
ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
EARLY BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS) Early Buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a small tuft of basal leaves and flowering stalks; a tufted plant is typically about 6" tall and 6" across. The basal leaves are usually divided into 3-5 leaflets; these leaflets are divided into narrow lobes and they may have a few teeth along their margins. HISPID BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS HISPIDUS) Hispid Buttercup Ranunculus hispidus Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is up to 1' tall; it has a tendency to sprawl with age. The stems are light green to pale reddish brown and more or less covered with long spreading hairs. MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove (Dasistoma macrophylla) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly from the central stem, while the side stems branch very little. These stems are somewhat pubescent and green to reddish green. PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. HEART-LEAVED SKULLCAP (SCUTELLARIA OVATA) Heart-Leaved Skullcap (Scutellaria ovata) Description: This perennial wildflower is ¾-3' tall and usually unbranched, except near the apex where the inflorescence occurs. Erect leafy stems may be produced individually or in small clusters. The central stem is is whitish green, 4-angled, and covered with either glandular or non-glandularhairs
BUTTERWEED (PACKERA GLABELLA) Butterweed Packera glabella Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: Butterweed is a winter annual or biennial that initially forms a low rosette of basal leaves. During the spring, this plant bolts to become 1-3' tall; it is unbranched, except for short flowering stems in INSECT TABLE (POPULUS SPP.) *larvae bore through wood, ** forms galls on leaves, § larvae are leaf-miners Note: Chrysomelidae (Leaf Beetles) and Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Skippers, & Moths) have been excluded from this table. PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. MUSKINGUM SEDGE (CAREX MUSKINGUMENSIS) Muskingum Sedge Carex muskingumensis Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge forms a tuft of culms and leaves up to 3' tall. Both fertile and infertile shoots are SILKY WILD RYE (ELYMUS VILLOSUS) Silky Wild Rye Elymus villosus Grass family (Poaceae) Description: This perennial grass is 2½–3½' tall and unbranched, often forming tufts of culms at the base. Each culm is green, glabrous, and terete (round in cross-section). The blades of the alternate leaves are up to 9" long and nearly ½" across; they are linear, dark green, andslightly hairy.
MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove (Dasistoma macrophylla) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly from the central stem, while the side stems branch very little. These stems are somewhat pubescent and green to reddish green. CREAM WILD INDIGO (BAPTISIA BRACTEATA) Cream Wild Indigo Baptisia bracteata Bean family (Fabaceae) Description: This perennial plant is up to 1½' tall and 3' across. One or more stems originate from the root system of each plant; these stems branch occasionally and they are ascending to widely spreading. JAMES' SEDGE (CAREX JAMESII) James' Sedge Carex jamesii Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge consists of a dense tuft of vegetative shoots and fertile culms. The culms are shorter than the blades of the leaves. The culms are about 2-4" long, light green, sharply 3-angled, and hairless; they are slightly winged and rough-textured along theiredges.
PURPLE ROCKET (IODANTHUS PINNATIFIDUS) Purple Rocket Iodanthus pinnatifidus Mustard family (Brassicaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-3' tall, branching sparingly. It is relatively short-lived. The foliage consists of basal leaves and bolting stems with alternate leaves; most vegetative growth occurs during the spring. ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. TREE-OF-HEAVEN (AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA) Tree-of-Heaven is dioecious, producing either all male (staminate) flowers or all female (pistillate) flowers on the same tree. These greenish yellow flowers are produced in panicles about 4-12" long. Male flowers are up to 1/3" (8 mm.) across, consisting of a shortcalyx with
ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
EARLY BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS) Early Buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a small tuft of basal leaves and flowering stalks; a tufted plant is typically about 6" tall and 6" across. The basal leaves are usually divided into 3-5 leaflets; these leaflets are divided into narrow lobes and they may have a few teeth along their margins. HISPID BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS HISPIDUS) Hispid Buttercup Ranunculus hispidus Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is up to 1' tall; it has a tendency to sprawl with age. The stems are light green to pale reddish brown and more or less covered with long spreading hairs. MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove (Dasistoma macrophylla) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly from the central stem, while the side stems branch very little. These stems are somewhat pubescent and green to reddish green. PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. TREE-OF-HEAVEN (AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA) Tree-of-Heaven is dioecious, producing either all male (staminate) flowers or all female (pistillate) flowers on the same tree. These greenish yellow flowers are produced in panicles about 4-12" long. Male flowers are up to 1/3" (8 mm.) across, consisting of a shortcalyx with
ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
EARLY BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS) Early Buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a small tuft of basal leaves and flowering stalks; a tufted plant is typically about 6" tall and 6" across. The basal leaves are usually divided into 3-5 leaflets; these leaflets are divided into narrow lobes and they may have a few teeth along their margins. HISPID BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS HISPIDUS) Hispid Buttercup Ranunculus hispidus Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is up to 1' tall; it has a tendency to sprawl with age. The stems are light green to pale reddish brown and more or less covered with long spreading hairs. MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove (Dasistoma macrophylla) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly from the central stem, while the side stems branch very little. These stems are somewhat pubescent and green to reddish green. PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. HEART-LEAVED SKULLCAP (SCUTELLARIA OVATA) Heart-Leaved Skullcap (Scutellaria ovata) Description: This perennial wildflower is ¾-3' tall and usually unbranched, except near the apex where the inflorescence occurs. Erect leafy stems may be produced individually or in small clusters. The central stem is is whitish green, 4-angled, and covered with either glandular or non-glandularhairs
BUTTERWEED (PACKERA GLABELLA) Butterweed Packera glabella Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: Butterweed is a winter annual or biennial that initially forms a low rosette of basal leaves. During the spring, this plant bolts to become 1-3' tall; it is unbranched, except for short flowering stems in INSECT TABLE (POPULUS SPP.) *larvae bore through wood, ** forms galls on leaves, § larvae are leaf-miners Note: Chrysomelidae (Leaf Beetles) and Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Skippers, & Moths) have been excluded from this table. PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. MUSKINGUM SEDGE (CAREX MUSKINGUMENSIS) Muskingum Sedge Carex muskingumensis Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge forms a tuft of culms and leaves up to 3' tall. Both fertile and infertile shoots are SILKY WILD RYE (ELYMUS VILLOSUS) Silky Wild Rye Elymus villosus Grass family (Poaceae) Description: This perennial grass is 2½–3½' tall and unbranched, often forming tufts of culms at the base. Each culm is green, glabrous, and terete (round in cross-section). The blades of the alternate leaves are up to 9" long and nearly ½" across; they are linear, dark green, andslightly hairy.
MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove (Dasistoma macrophylla) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly from the central stem, while the side stems branch very little. These stems are somewhat pubescent and green to reddish green. CREAM WILD INDIGO (BAPTISIA BRACTEATA) Cream Wild Indigo Baptisia bracteata Bean family (Fabaceae) Description: This perennial plant is up to 1½' tall and 3' across. One or more stems originate from the root system of each plant; these stems branch occasionally and they are ascending to widely spreading. JAMES' SEDGE (CAREX JAMESII) James' Sedge Carex jamesii Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge consists of a dense tuft of vegetative shoots and fertile culms. The culms are shorter than the blades of the leaves. The culms are about 2-4" long, light green, sharply 3-angled, and hairless; they are slightly winged and rough-textured along theiredges.
PURPLE ROCKET (IODANTHUS PINNATIFIDUS) Purple Rocket Iodanthus pinnatifidus Mustard family (Brassicaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-3' tall, branching sparingly. It is relatively short-lived. The foliage consists of basal leaves and bolting stems with alternate leaves; most vegetative growth occurs during the spring. ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. BUTTERWEED (PACKERA GLABELLA) Butterweed Packera glabella Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: Butterweed is a winter annual or biennial that initially forms a low rosette of basal leaves. During the spring, this plant bolts to become 1-3' tall; it is unbranched, except for short flowering stems in ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves COMMON BLACK SNAKEROOT (SANICULA ODORATA) Common Black Snakeroot Sanicula odorata Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to pale red or purple, glabrous, and veined. HONEWORT (CRYPTOTAENIA CANADENSIS) Honewort Cryptotaenia canadensis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-3' tall; it is unbranched toward the base, but branches occasionally in the upper half. The light green stems are glabrous and occasionally glaucous; they are slightly widerand angular at
CREAM WILD INDIGO (BAPTISIA BRACTEATA) Cream Wild Indigo Baptisia bracteata Bean family (Fabaceae) Description: This perennial plant is up to 1½' tall and 3' across. One or more stems originate from the root system of each plant; these stems branch occasionally and they are ascending to widely spreading. SHOOTING STAR (DODECATHEON MEADIA) Shooting Star (Dodecatheon meadia) Description: This perennial plant consists of a basal rosette of leaves, from which emerges one or more stalks of flowers. The leaves are up to 6" long and 2½" across, and broadly oblong or oblanceolate-elliptic. They are greyish green or green with a prominent central vein and smooth margins. PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. BUTTERWEED (PACKERA GLABELLA) Butterweed Packera glabella Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: Butterweed is a winter annual or biennial that initially forms a low rosette of basal leaves. During the spring, this plant bolts to become 1-3' tall; it is unbranched, except for short flowering stems in ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves COMMON BLACK SNAKEROOT (SANICULA ODORATA) Common Black Snakeroot Sanicula odorata Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to pale red or purple, glabrous, and veined. HONEWORT (CRYPTOTAENIA CANADENSIS) Honewort Cryptotaenia canadensis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-3' tall; it is unbranched toward the base, but branches occasionally in the upper half. The light green stems are glabrous and occasionally glaucous; they are slightly widerand angular at
CREAM WILD INDIGO (BAPTISIA BRACTEATA) Cream Wild Indigo Baptisia bracteata Bean family (Fabaceae) Description: This perennial plant is up to 1½' tall and 3' across. One or more stems originate from the root system of each plant; these stems branch occasionally and they are ascending to widely spreading. SHOOTING STAR (DODECATHEON MEADIA) Shooting Star (Dodecatheon meadia) Description: This perennial plant consists of a basal rosette of leaves, from which emerges one or more stalks of flowers. The leaves are up to 6" long and 2½" across, and broadly oblong or oblanceolate-elliptic. They are greyish green or green with a prominent central vein and smooth margins. PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
CLEARWEED (PILEA PUMILA) Clearweed Pilea pumila Nettle family (Urticaceae) Description: This annual plant is ½–2' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half. The stems are smooth, terete, glabrous, and translucent. They are light green, greyish green, or reddish green in appearance; some of the larger stems may be slightly ribbed. STICKSEED (HACKELIA VIRGINIANA) Stickseed Hackelia virginiana Borage family (Boraginaceae) Description: This biennial plant forms a rosette of leaves during the first year. During the second year, it becomes a rather lanky plant about 2-4' tall that branches occasionally. COMMON BLACK SNAKEROOT (SANICULA ODORATA) Common Black Snakeroot Sanicula odorata Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to pale red or purple, glabrous, and veined. INSECT TABLE (POPULUS SPP.) *larvae bore through wood, ** forms galls on leaves, § larvae are leaf-miners Note: Chrysomelidae (Leaf Beetles) and Lepidoptera (Butterflies, Skippers, & Moths) have been excluded from this table. EARLY BUTTERCUP (RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS) Early Buttercup Ranunculus fascicularis Buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower consists of a small tuft of basal leaves and flowering stalks; a tufted plant is typically about 6" tall and 6" across. The basal leaves are usually divided into 3-5 leaflets; these leaflets are divided into narrow lobes and they may have a few teeth along their margins. BIRD TABLE (CAREX SPP.) Bird Names (Scientific & Common) Cygnus buccinator (Trumpeter Swan) Aix sponsa (Wood Duck) Anas americana (American Wigeon) Anas acuta (Northern Pintail) Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler) Anas crecca (Green-winged Teal) Anas discors (Blue-winged Teal) Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) Anas rubripes (Black Duck) Aythya affinis (Lesser Scaup) Aythya americana (Redhead) HEART-LEAVED SKULLCAP (SCUTELLARIA OVATA) Heart-Leaved Skullcap (Scutellaria ovata) Description: This perennial wildflower is ¾-3' tall and usually unbranched, except near the apex where the inflorescence occurs. Erect leafy stems may be produced individually or in small clusters. The central stem is is whitish green, 4-angled, and covered with either glandular or non-glandularhairs
PRAIRIE SUNDROPS (OENOTHERA PILOSELLA) Prairie Sundrops Oenothera pilosella Evening Primrose family (Onagraceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is up to 2' tall and sometimes bushy. The stems are covered with conspicuous white hairs. The sessile alternate leaves are up to 3" long and 1" wide, lanceolate or ovate, with margins that are toothless and ciliate. ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves COMMON ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA CANADENSIS) Common Elderberry (Sambucus nigra canadensis) Description: This is a deciduous shrub about 4-12' tall. It is usually a multistemmed shrub; these woody stems usually have an arching habit, creating a relatively loose broad crown. On larger and older woody stems, the bark is light grayish brown and warty in appearance from scattered short BUTTERWEED (PACKERA GLABELLA) Butterweed Packera glabella Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: Butterweed is a winter annual or biennial that initially forms a low rosette of basal leaves. During the spring, this plant bolts to become 1-3' tall; it is unbranched, except for short flowering stems in COMMON BLACK SNAKEROOT (SANICULA ODORATA)BLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTBLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTS FOR SALESNAKEROOT PLANTWHITE SNAKEROOTWHITE SNAKEROOT FLOWERWHITE SNAKEROOT USES Common Black Snakeroot Sanicula odorata Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to pale red or purple, glabrous, and veined. VIRGINIA WATERLEAF (HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM) Virginia Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-2' tall, branching sparingly. The stems are green, reddish green, or reddish brown, and they are glabrous to slightly hairy. When they are present, these hairs are curved or appressed against their stems. MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove Dasistoma macrophylla Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves COMMON ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA CANADENSIS) Common Elderberry (Sambucus nigra canadensis) Description: This is a deciduous shrub about 4-12' tall. It is usually a multistemmed shrub; these woody stems usually have an arching habit, creating a relatively loose broad crown. On larger and older woody stems, the bark is light grayish brown and warty in appearance from scattered short BUTTERWEED (PACKERA GLABELLA) Butterweed Packera glabella Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: Butterweed is a winter annual or biennial that initially forms a low rosette of basal leaves. During the spring, this plant bolts to become 1-3' tall; it is unbranched, except for short flowering stems in COMMON BLACK SNAKEROOT (SANICULA ODORATA)BLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTBLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTS FOR SALESNAKEROOT PLANTWHITE SNAKEROOTWHITE SNAKEROOT FLOWERWHITE SNAKEROOT USES Common Black Snakeroot Sanicula odorata Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to pale red or purple, glabrous, and veined. VIRGINIA WATERLEAF (HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM) Virginia Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-2' tall, branching sparingly. The stems are green, reddish green, or reddish brown, and they are glabrous to slightly hairy. When they are present, these hairs are curved or appressed against their stems. MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove Dasistoma macrophylla Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly ILLINOIS BUNDLEFLOWER (DESMANTHUS ILLINOENSIS) Illinois Bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis) Description: This is a herbaceous perennial plant about 2-4' tall that is either unbranched or sparingly so. The central stem is light green, grooved, and either glabrous or sparsely pubescent. The alternate compound leaves are bipinnate and up to 8" long; they have a ferny appearance. EARLY MEADOW RUE (THALICTRUM DIOICUM) Early Meadow Rue (Thalictrum dioicum) Description: This perennial wildflower is up to 2½' tall and across. Its central stem (and any side stems) is pale green to pale purplish green, terete, glabrous, and glaucous. The alternate compound leaves are double or triple COMMON FERN MOSS (THUIDIUM DELICATULUM) Comments: Common Fern Moss (Thuidium delicatulum), also referred to as Delicate Fern Moss, resembles the fronds of a small fern, except it forms colonial mats of leaves, rather than leafy rosettes.It is one of the more attractive mosses in Illinois. As its common name suggests, Common Fern Moss is the most common species of fern moss (Thuidium) inIllinois.
COMMON DEWBERRY (RUBUS FLAGELLARIS) Common Dewberry Rubus flagellaris Rose family (Rosaceae) Description: This woody vine produces stems up to 15' long that trail along the ground; some of the flowering stems are more erect and up to 4' tall. Old stems are brown and woody with scattered hooked prickles. Young stems are green with scattered hooked prickles; they are also more orless hairy.
SILKY WILD RYE (ELYMUS VILLOSUS) Silky Wild Rye Elymus villosus Grass family (Poaceae) Description: This perennial grass is 2½–3½' tall and unbranched, often forming tufts of culms at the base. Each culm is green, glabrous, and terete (round in cross-section). The blades of the alternate leaves are up to 9" long and nearly ½" across; they are linear, dark green, andslightly hairy.
PRAIRIE WHITE-FRINGED ORCHID (WESTERN) Platanthera praeclara (Prairie White-Fringed Orchid) (this prairie orchid has a more western distribution than Platanthera leucophaea; Sphinx moths suck nectar, some species are effective at cross-pollination while others are ineffective; observations are from Sheviak & Bowles, Heshka, and Travers et al.) Moths Sphingidae: Eumorpha achemon sn (Trv), Hyles euphorbiae sn (Trv), Hyles gallii sn PHYSOSTEGIA PARVIFLORA (FLORAL VISITORS) Physostegia parviflora (Western Obedient Plant) (the Epeoline cuckoo bee sucks nectar, short-tongued bees probably collect pollen, other bees suck nectar and/or collect pollen; observations are from Stevens, Rightmyer, and Discover Life as indicated below)OF NODDING SPURGE
Chamaesyce nutans (Nodding Spurge) (Short-tongued bees suck nectar or collect pollen, other insects suck nectar; observations are fromRobertson)
COMMON PEPPERGRASS
Lepidium virginicum (Common Peppergrass) (Bees collect pollen or suck nectar, other insects nectar; most observations are from Robertson, otherwise they are from Moure & VICIA VILLOSA (FLORAL VISITORS) Vicia villosa (Hairy Vetch) introduced (bumblebees suck nectar and/or collect pollen; observations are from Wilhelm & Rericha) Bees (long-tongued) Apidae (Bombini): Bombus auricomus (WR), Bombus griseocallis (WR), Bombus impatiens (WR) ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves COMMON ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA CANADENSIS) Common Elderberry (Sambucus nigra canadensis) Description: This is a deciduous shrub about 4-12' tall. It is usually a multistemmed shrub; these woody stems usually have an arching habit, creating a relatively loose broad crown. On larger and older woody stems, the bark is light grayish brown and warty in appearance from scattered short BUTTERWEED (PACKERA GLABELLA) Butterweed Packera glabella Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: Butterweed is a winter annual or biennial that initially forms a low rosette of basal leaves. During the spring, this plant bolts to become 1-3' tall; it is unbranched, except for short flowering stems in COMMON BLACK SNAKEROOT (SANICULA ODORATA)BLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTBLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTS FOR SALESNAKEROOT PLANTWHITE SNAKEROOTWHITE SNAKEROOT FLOWERWHITE SNAKEROOT USES Common Black Snakeroot Sanicula odorata Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to pale red or purple, glabrous, and veined. VIRGINIA WATERLEAF (HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM) Virginia Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-2' tall, branching sparingly. The stems are green, reddish green, or reddish brown, and they are glabrous to slightly hairy. When they are present, these hairs are curved or appressed against their stems. MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove Dasistoma macrophylla Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves COMMON ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA CANADENSIS) Common Elderberry (Sambucus nigra canadensis) Description: This is a deciduous shrub about 4-12' tall. It is usually a multistemmed shrub; these woody stems usually have an arching habit, creating a relatively loose broad crown. On larger and older woody stems, the bark is light grayish brown and warty in appearance from scattered short BUTTERWEED (PACKERA GLABELLA) Butterweed Packera glabella Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: Butterweed is a winter annual or biennial that initially forms a low rosette of basal leaves. During the spring, this plant bolts to become 1-3' tall; it is unbranched, except for short flowering stems in COMMON BLACK SNAKEROOT (SANICULA ODORATA)BLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTBLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTS FOR SALESNAKEROOT PLANTWHITE SNAKEROOTWHITE SNAKEROOT FLOWERWHITE SNAKEROOT USES Common Black Snakeroot Sanicula odorata Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to pale red or purple, glabrous, and veined. VIRGINIA WATERLEAF (HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM) Virginia Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-2' tall, branching sparingly. The stems are green, reddish green, or reddish brown, and they are glabrous to slightly hairy. When they are present, these hairs are curved or appressed against their stems. MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove Dasistoma macrophylla Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly ILLINOIS BUNDLEFLOWER (DESMANTHUS ILLINOENSIS) Illinois Bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis) Description: This is a herbaceous perennial plant about 2-4' tall that is either unbranched or sparingly so. The central stem is light green, grooved, and either glabrous or sparsely pubescent. The alternate compound leaves are bipinnate and up to 8" long; they have a ferny appearance. EARLY MEADOW RUE (THALICTRUM DIOICUM) Early Meadow Rue (Thalictrum dioicum) Description: This perennial wildflower is up to 2½' tall and across. Its central stem (and any side stems) is pale green to pale purplish green, terete, glabrous, and glaucous. The alternate compound leaves are double or triple COMMON FERN MOSS (THUIDIUM DELICATULUM) Comments: Common Fern Moss (Thuidium delicatulum), also referred to as Delicate Fern Moss, resembles the fronds of a small fern, except it forms colonial mats of leaves, rather than leafy rosettes.It is one of the more attractive mosses in Illinois. As its common name suggests, Common Fern Moss is the most common species of fern moss (Thuidium) inIllinois.
COMMON DEWBERRY (RUBUS FLAGELLARIS) Common Dewberry Rubus flagellaris Rose family (Rosaceae) Description: This woody vine produces stems up to 15' long that trail along the ground; some of the flowering stems are more erect and up to 4' tall. Old stems are brown and woody with scattered hooked prickles. Young stems are green with scattered hooked prickles; they are also more orless hairy.
SILKY WILD RYE (ELYMUS VILLOSUS) Silky Wild Rye Elymus villosus Grass family (Poaceae) Description: This perennial grass is 2½–3½' tall and unbranched, often forming tufts of culms at the base. Each culm is green, glabrous, and terete (round in cross-section). The blades of the alternate leaves are up to 9" long and nearly ½" across; they are linear, dark green, andslightly hairy.
PRAIRIE WHITE-FRINGED ORCHID (WESTERN) Platanthera praeclara (Prairie White-Fringed Orchid) (this prairie orchid has a more western distribution than Platanthera leucophaea; Sphinx moths suck nectar, some species are effective at cross-pollination while others are ineffective; observations are from Sheviak & Bowles, Heshka, and Travers et al.) Moths Sphingidae: Eumorpha achemon sn (Trv), Hyles euphorbiae sn (Trv), Hyles gallii sn PHYSOSTEGIA PARVIFLORA (FLORAL VISITORS) Physostegia parviflora (Western Obedient Plant) (the Epeoline cuckoo bee sucks nectar, short-tongued bees probably collect pollen, other bees suck nectar and/or collect pollen; observations are from Stevens, Rightmyer, and Discover Life as indicated below)OF NODDING SPURGE
Chamaesyce nutans (Nodding Spurge) (Short-tongued bees suck nectar or collect pollen, other insects suck nectar; observations are fromRobertson)
COMMON PEPPERGRASS
Lepidium virginicum (Common Peppergrass) (Bees collect pollen or suck nectar, other insects nectar; most observations are from Robertson, otherwise they are from Moure & VICIA VILLOSA (FLORAL VISITORS) Vicia villosa (Hairy Vetch) introduced (bumblebees suck nectar and/or collect pollen; observations are from Wilhelm & Rericha) Bees (long-tongued) Apidae (Bombini): Bombus auricomus (WR), Bombus griseocallis (WR), Bombus impatiens (WR) ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves COMMON ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA CANADENSIS) Common Elderberry (Sambucus nigra canadensis) Description: This is a deciduous shrub about 4-12' tall. It is usually a multistemmed shrub; these woody stems usually have an arching habit, creating a relatively loose broad crown. On larger and older woody stems, the bark is light grayish brown and warty in appearance from scattered short BUTTERWEED (PACKERA GLABELLA) Butterweed Packera glabella Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: Butterweed is a winter annual or biennial that initially forms a low rosette of basal leaves. During the spring, this plant bolts to become 1-3' tall; it is unbranched, except for short flowering stems in COMMON BLACK SNAKEROOT (SANICULA ODORATA)BLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTBLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTS FOR SALESNAKEROOT PLANTWHITE SNAKEROOTWHITE SNAKEROOT FLOWERWHITE SNAKEROOT USES Common Black Snakeroot Sanicula odorata Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to pale red or purple, glabrous, and veined. VIRGINIA WATERLEAF (HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM) Virginia Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-2' tall, branching sparingly. The stems are green, reddish green, or reddish brown, and they are glabrous to slightly hairy. When they are present, these hairs are curved or appressed against their stems. MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove Dasistoma macrophylla Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly ILLINOIS WILDFLOWERSPLANT-FEEDING INSECTPHOTO USE POLICYFLOWER-VISITING INSECTTREES, SHRUBSECOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Prairie Wildflowers Savanna & Thicket Wildflowers Woodland Wildflowers Wetland Wildflowers Weedy Wildflowers Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, & Spore-bearing Vascular Plants ANNUAL FLEABANE (ERIGERON ANNUUS) Annual Fleabane Erigeron annuus Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: This is an annual or biennial plant that is up to 3½' tall, branching occasionally in the upper half to form flowering stems. The central stem has spreading white hairs throughout its length. The leaves toward the base are 3-5" long with sizable petioles, and they are lanceolate, ovate, or oblanceolate in shape. LARGE-FLOWERED VALERIAN (VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA) Large-Flowered Valerian Valeriana pauciflora Valerian family (Valerianaceae) Description: This perennial wildflower is 1½–3' tall and unbranched or sparingly branched. The stout central stem is erect, medium green, hairless, and terete. CLUSTERED SEDGE (CAREX AGGREGATA) Clustered Sedge Carex aggregata Sedge family (Cyperaceae) Description: This perennial sedge produces culms about 2-3' tall and it is often tufted at the base with the leaves of low vegetative shoots. Each culm is light green, 3-angled, and rough underneath the inflorescence nearthe apex.
ANISEROOT (OSMORHIZA LONGISTYLIS) Aniseroot Osmorhiza longistylis Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is about 1-2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to reddish purple, terete, and glabrous (var. longistylis) to hairy (var. villicaulis).The alternate leaves are ternately compound; the lower compound leaves are up to 9" long and 9" across, while the upper compound leaves COMMON ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA CANADENSIS) Common Elderberry (Sambucus nigra canadensis) Description: This is a deciduous shrub about 4-12' tall. It is usually a multistemmed shrub; these woody stems usually have an arching habit, creating a relatively loose broad crown. On larger and older woody stems, the bark is light grayish brown and warty in appearance from scattered short BUTTERWEED (PACKERA GLABELLA) Butterweed Packera glabella Aster family (Asteraceae) Description: Butterweed is a winter annual or biennial that initially forms a low rosette of basal leaves. During the spring, this plant bolts to become 1-3' tall; it is unbranched, except for short flowering stems in COMMON BLACK SNAKEROOT (SANICULA ODORATA)BLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTBLACK SNAKEROOT PLANTS FOR SALESNAKEROOT PLANTWHITE SNAKEROOTWHITE SNAKEROOT FLOWERWHITE SNAKEROOT USES Common Black Snakeroot Sanicula odorata Carrot family (Apiaceae) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1–2½' tall, branching occasionally. The stems are light green to pale red or purple, glabrous, and veined. VIRGINIA WATERLEAF (HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM) Virginia Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum) Description: This herbaceous perennial plant is 1-2' tall, branching sparingly. The stems are green, reddish green, or reddish brown, and they are glabrous to slightly hairy. When they are present, these hairs are curved or appressed against their stems. MULLEIN FOXGLOVE (DASISTOMA MACROPHYLLA) Mullein Foxglove Dasistoma macrophylla Figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) Description: This herbaceous plant is a summer annual about 2-6' tall. It branches regularly ILLINOIS BUNDLEFLOWER (DESMANTHUS ILLINOENSIS) Illinois Bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis) Description: This is a herbaceous perennial plant about 2-4' tall that is either unbranched or sparingly so. The central stem is light green, grooved, and either glabrous or sparsely pubescent. The alternate compound leaves are bipinnate and up to 8" long; they have a ferny appearance. EARLY MEADOW RUE (THALICTRUM DIOICUM) Early Meadow Rue (Thalictrum dioicum) Description: This perennial wildflower is up to 2½' tall and across. Its central stem (and any side stems) is pale green to pale purplish green, terete, glabrous, and glaucous. The alternate compound leaves are double or triple COMMON FERN MOSS (THUIDIUM DELICATULUM) Comments: Common Fern Moss (Thuidium delicatulum), also referred to as Delicate Fern Moss, resembles the fronds of a small fern, except it forms colonial mats of leaves, rather than leafy rosettes.It is one of the more attractive mosses in Illinois. As its common name suggests, Common Fern Moss is the most common species of fern moss (Thuidium) inIllinois.
COMMON DEWBERRY (RUBUS FLAGELLARIS) Common Dewberry Rubus flagellaris Rose family (Rosaceae) Description: This woody vine produces stems up to 15' long that trail along the ground; some of the flowering stems are more erect and up to 4' tall. Old stems are brown and woody with scattered hooked prickles. Young stems are green with scattered hooked prickles; they are also more orless hairy.
PRAIRIE WHITE-FRINGED ORCHID (WESTERN) Platanthera praeclara (Prairie White-Fringed Orchid) (this prairie orchid has a more western distribution than Platanthera leucophaea; Sphinx moths suck nectar, some species are effective at cross-pollination while others are ineffective; observations are from Sheviak & Bowles, Heshka, and Travers et al.) Moths Sphingidae: Eumorpha achemon sn (Trv), Hyles euphorbiae sn (Trv), Hyles gallii sn PHYSOSTEGIA PARVIFLORA (FLORAL VISITORS) Physostegia parviflora (Western Obedient Plant) (the Epeoline cuckoo bee sucks nectar, short-tongued bees probably collect pollen, other bees suck nectar and/or collect pollen; observations are from Stevens, Rightmyer, and Discover Life as indicated below)OF NODDING SPURGE
Chamaesyce nutans (Nodding Spurge) (Short-tongued bees suck nectar or collect pollen, other insects suck nectar; observations are fromRobertson)
COMMON PEPPERGRASS
Lepidium virginicum (Common Peppergrass) (Bees collect pollen or suck nectar, other insects nectar; most observations are from Robertson, otherwise they are from Moure & VICIA VILLOSA (FLORAL VISITORS) Vicia villosa (Hairy Vetch) introduced (bumblebees suck nectar and/or collect pollen; observations are from Wilhelm & Rericha) Bees (long-tongued) Apidae (Bombini): Bombus auricomus (WR), Bombus griseocallis (WR), Bombus impatiens (WR) LYGUS LINEOLARIS (FLOWERS VISITED) Lygus lineolaris Palisot: Miridae, Hemiptera (This is the Tarnished Plant Bug. Observations are from Robertson, Graenicher, Krannitz & Maun, Wilhelm & Rericha, and Williams. Illinois WildflowersPrairie Wildflowers
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