TLDP - THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECTLDP WIKIMEMBERSPAGERECENTLY UPDATEDPRINTED BOOKSFEEDBACKLDPSTAFF The Linux Documentation Project is working towards developing free, high quality documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to HOW DO INPUT DEVICES AND INTERRUPTS WORK? How do input devices and interrupts work? Your keyboard is a very simple input device; simple because it generates small amounts of data very slowly (by a computer's standards). When you press or release a key, that event is signalled up the keyboard cable to raise a hardware interrupt. It's the operating system's job to watch for such

interrupts.

1. DISPLAYING EXISTING IPV6 ROUTES 1. Displaying existing IPv6 routes. First you should check, whether and which IPv6 addresses are already configured (perhaps auto-magically during auto-configuration). 1.1. Using "ip". Usage: # /sbin/ip -6 route show Example: # /sbin/ip -6 route show dev eth0 2001:0db8:0:f101::/64 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss

1440 fe80

SETTING UP AN EXT2 FILESYSTEM Making an ext2 device. Having completed the partition part, we go straight on to "formatting" the device in ext2. For this we use the tool mke2fs. This is straightforward. # mke2fs /dev/sda1. You might like to watch the led on your memory stick flicker while this is happening. When it stops, the job is done. 8.3. 2. ADD AN IPV6 ADDRESS Adding an IPv6 address is similar to the mechanism of "IP ALIAS" addresses in Linux IPv4 addressed interfaces. SMB HOWTO: ACCESSING AN SMB SHARE WITH LINUX MACHINES To see which shares are available on a given host, run: /usr/bin/smbclient -L host. where 'host' is the name of the machine that you wish to view. this will return a list of 'service' names - that is, names of drives or printers that it can share with you. Unless the SMB server has no security configured, it FORMATTING AN EXT2/3 PARTITION Formatting an ext2/3 partition. When a hard drive is partitioned, it is mapped into sections, but the sections are empty. It is like a newly constructed library; shelves, signs, and a card catalogue system must be put in place before the books are put away. The organizational structure inside a partition is called a file system. LEX AND YACC PRIMER/HOWTO: DEBUGGING This feedback comes at the cost of some overhead, so you need to supply some switches to enable it. When compiling your grammar, add --debug and --verbose to the YACC commandline. In your grammar C heading, add the following: int yydebug=1; This will generate the file 'y.output' which explains the state machine that was created. SELECT A SERIAL SPEED AND PARAMETERS The description of the command syntax for setting the serial parameters in the kernel, boot loaders and login applications uses the following variables which describe RS-232 parameters. . The speed of the serial link in bits per second. The Linux kernel on a modern PC supports a serial console speeds of 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200 3. REMOVING AN IPV6 ADDRESS Not so often needed, be carefully with removing non existent IPv6 address, sometimes using older kernels it results in a crash. TLDP - THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECTLDP WIKIMEMBERSPAGERECENTLY UPDATEDPRINTED BOOKSFEEDBACKLDPSTAFF The Linux Documentation Project is working towards developing free, high quality documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to C++ DLOPEN MINI HOWTO 3.1. extern "C" C++ has a special keyword to declare a function with C bindings: extern "C".A function declared as extern "C" uses the function name as symbol name, just as a C function. For that reason, only non-member functions can be declared as extern "C", and they cannot be overloaded.. Although there are severe limitations, extern "C" functions are very useful because they can be 1. DISPLAYING EXISTING IPV6 ROUTES 1. Displaying existing IPv6 routes. First you should check, whether and which IPv6 addresses are already configured (perhaps auto-magically during auto-configuration). 1.1. Using "ip". Usage: # /sbin/ip -6 route show Example: # /sbin/ip -6 route show dev eth0 2001:0db8:0:f101::/64 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss

1440 fe80

SMB HOWTO: ACCESSING AN SMB SHARE WITH LINUX MACHINES To see which shares are available on a given host, run: /usr/bin/smbclient -L host. where 'host' is the name of the machine that you wish to view. this will return a list of 'service' names - that is, names of drives or printers that it can share with you. Unless the SMB server has no security configured, it THE LINUX SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR'S GUIDE About This Book "Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former." Albert Einstein 1.

Acknowledgments

FORMATTING AN EXT2/3 PARTITION Formatting an ext2/3 partition. When a hard drive is partitioned, it is mapped into sections, but the sections are empty. It is like a newly constructed library; shelves, signs, and a card catalogue system must be put in place before the books are put away. The organizational structure inside a partition is called a file system. LEX AND YACC PRIMER/HOWTO: DEBUGGING This feedback comes at the cost of some overhead, so you need to supply some switches to enable it. When compiling your grammar, add --debug and --verbose to the YACC commandline. In your grammar C heading, add the following: int yydebug=1; This will generate the file 'y.output' which explains the state machine that was created. 2. ADD AN IPV6 ADDRESS Adding an IPv6 address is similar to the mechanism of "IP ALIAS" addresses in Linux IPv4 addressed interfaces. SELECT A SERIAL SPEED AND PARAMETERS The description of the command syntax for setting the serial parameters in the kernel, boot loaders and login applications uses the following variables which describe RS-232 parameters. . The speed of the serial link in bits per second. The Linux kernel on a modern PC supports a serial console speeds of 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200 3. REMOVING AN IPV6 ADDRESS Not so often needed, be carefully with removing non existent IPv6 address, sometimes using older kernels it results in a crash. THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECT WORKS The Linux Documentation Project (LDP) is working on developing good, reliable documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to collaborate in taking care of all of the issues of Linux documentation, ranging from online documentation (man pages, HTML, and so on) to printed manuals covering topics such as installing THE LINUX INSTALLATION HOWTO Revision History; Revision 5.7: 2002-07-06: Revised by: esr: New translations. Revision 5.6: 2002-01-04: Revised by: esr: Minor corrections. Revision 5.6: 2001-09-06

EXERCISES - TLDP

Change into the new directory and make a directory for files starting with an upper case character and one for files starting with a lower case character. Move all the files to the appropriate directories. Use as few commands as possible. Remove the remaining files. Delete the directory and its entire content using a single command. INTRODUCTION TO LINUX Introduction 1. Why this guide? Many people still believe that learning Linux is difficult, or that only experts can understand how a

Linux system works.

FORMATTING AN EXT2/3 PARTITION Formatting an ext2/3 partition. When a hard drive is partitioned, it is mapped into sections, but the sections are empty. It is like a newly constructed library; shelves, signs, and a card catalogue system must be put in place before the books are put away. The organizational structure inside a partition is called a file system. PUBLISHING DIGITAL CERTIFICATES WITH LDAP Certificates are encoded using ASN.1 DER (Distingushed Encoding Rules). So it must be published into the LDAP server as a binary piece of data (using BER encoding). You can convert a pem certificate into der format using openssl. openssl x509 -outform DER -in incert.pem -out outcert.der. Then an LDIF file can be created using the ldif

utility

OLSR FOR LINUX

Unpack, compile and install the source code: # tar jxvf uolsrd-x.y.z # cd unik-olsrd-x.y.z # make # make install. The olsrd gets installed to /usr/bin/ and a default config file, olsrd.conf can be found under /etc. Check out the /etc/olsrd.conf config file, and change values to fit your system. All values in this file can be overridden with

5.8. THE INETD

5.8. The inetd - /etc/inetd.conf file inetd, called also the super server, will load a network program based upon a request from the network.The inetd.conf file tells inetd which ports to listen to and what server to start for each port.. The first thing to look at as soon as you put your Linux system on ANY network is what services you

need to offer.

VLC USER GUIDE

Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. What is the VideoLAN project ? 1.1.1. Overview VideoLAN is a complete software solution for video streaming, developed by students of the Ecole Centrale CLASSIFYING PACKETS WITH FILTERS Classifying packets with filters. To determine which class shall process a packet, the so-called 'classifier chain' is called each time a choice needs to be made. This chain consists of all filters attached to the classful qdisc that needs to decide. To reiterate the tree, which is not a tree: TLDP - THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECTLDP WIKIMEMBERSPAGERECENTLY UPDATEDPRINTED BOOKSFEEDBACKLDPSTAFF The Linux Documentation Project is working towards developing free, high quality documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to HOW DO INPUT DEVICES AND INTERRUPTS WORK? How do input devices and interrupts work? Your keyboard is a very simple input device; simple because it generates small amounts of data very slowly (by a computer's standards). When you press or release a key, that event is signalled up the keyboard cable to raise a hardware interrupt. It's the operating system's job to watch for such

interrupts.

1. DISPLAYING EXISTING IPV6 ROUTES 1. Displaying existing IPv6 routes. First you should check, whether and which IPv6 addresses are already configured (perhaps auto-magically during auto-configuration). 1.1. Using "ip". Usage: # /sbin/ip -6 route show Example: # /sbin/ip -6 route show dev eth0 2001:0db8:0:f101::/64 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss

1440 fe80

SETTING UP AN EXT2 FILESYSTEM Making an ext2 device. Having completed the partition part, we go straight on to "formatting" the device in ext2. For this we use the tool mke2fs. This is straightforward. # mke2fs /dev/sda1. You might like to watch the led on your memory stick flicker while this is happening. When it stops, the job is done. 8.3. 2. ADD AN IPV6 ADDRESS Adding an IPv6 address is similar to the mechanism of "IP ALIAS" addresses in Linux IPv4 addressed interfaces. SMB HOWTO: ACCESSING AN SMB SHARE WITH LINUX MACHINES To see which shares are available on a given host, run: /usr/bin/smbclient -L host. where 'host' is the name of the machine that you wish to view. this will return a list of 'service' names - that is, names of drives or printers that it can share with you. Unless the SMB server has no security configured, it FORMATTING AN EXT2/3 PARTITION Formatting an ext2/3 partition. When a hard drive is partitioned, it is mapped into sections, but the sections are empty. It is like a newly constructed library; shelves, signs, and a card catalogue system must be put in place before the books are put away. The organizational structure inside a partition is called a file system. LEX AND YACC PRIMER/HOWTO: DEBUGGING This feedback comes at the cost of some overhead, so you need to supply some switches to enable it. When compiling your grammar, add --debug and --verbose to the YACC commandline. In your grammar C heading, add the following: int yydebug=1; This will generate the file 'y.output' which explains the state machine that was created. SELECT A SERIAL SPEED AND PARAMETERS The description of the command syntax for setting the serial parameters in the kernel, boot loaders and login applications uses the following variables which describe RS-232 parameters. . The speed of the serial link in bits per second. The Linux kernel on a modern PC supports a serial console speeds of 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200 3. REMOVING AN IPV6 ADDRESS Not so often needed, be carefully with removing non existent IPv6 address, sometimes using older kernels it results in a crash. TLDP - THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECTLDP WIKIMEMBERSPAGERECENTLY UPDATEDPRINTED BOOKSFEEDBACKLDPSTAFF The Linux Documentation Project is working towards developing free, high quality documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to HOW DO INPUT DEVICES AND INTERRUPTS WORK? How do input devices and interrupts work? Your keyboard is a very simple input device; simple because it generates small amounts of data very slowly (by a computer's standards). When you press or release a key, that event is signalled up the keyboard cable to raise a hardware interrupt. It's the operating system's job to watch for such

interrupts.

1. DISPLAYING EXISTING IPV6 ROUTES 1. Displaying existing IPv6 routes. First you should check, whether and which IPv6 addresses are already configured (perhaps auto-magically during auto-configuration). 1.1. Using "ip". Usage: # /sbin/ip -6 route show Example: # /sbin/ip -6 route show dev eth0 2001:0db8:0:f101::/64 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss

1440 fe80

SETTING UP AN EXT2 FILESYSTEM Making an ext2 device. Having completed the partition part, we go straight on to "formatting" the device in ext2. For this we use the tool mke2fs. This is straightforward. # mke2fs /dev/sda1. You might like to watch the led on your memory stick flicker while this is happening. When it stops, the job is done. 8.3. SMB HOWTO: ACCESSING AN SMB SHARE WITH LINUX MACHINES To see which shares are available on a given host, run: /usr/bin/smbclient -L host. where 'host' is the name of the machine that you wish to view. this will return a list of 'service' names - that is, names of drives or printers that it can share with you. Unless the SMB server has no security configured, it 2. ADD AN IPV6 ADDRESS Adding an IPv6 address is similar to the mechanism of "IP ALIAS" addresses in Linux IPv4 addressed interfaces. LEX AND YACC PRIMER/HOWTO: DEBUGGING This feedback comes at the cost of some overhead, so you need to supply some switches to enable it. When compiling your grammar, add --debug and --verbose to the YACC commandline. In your grammar C heading, add the following: int yydebug=1; This will generate the file 'y.output' which explains the state machine that was created. FORMATTING AN EXT2/3 PARTITION Formatting an ext2/3 partition. When a hard drive is partitioned, it is mapped into sections, but the sections are empty. It is like a newly constructed library; shelves, signs, and a card catalogue system must be put in place before the books are put away. The organizational structure inside a partition is called a file system. SELECT A SERIAL SPEED AND PARAMETERS The description of the command syntax for setting the serial parameters in the kernel, boot loaders and login applications uses the following variables which describe RS-232 parameters. . The speed of the serial link in bits per second. The Linux kernel on a modern PC supports a serial console speeds of 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200 3. REMOVING AN IPV6 ADDRESS Not so often needed, be carefully with removing non existent IPv6 address, sometimes using older kernels it results in a crash. THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECT WORKS The Linux Documentation Project (LDP) is working on developing good, reliable documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to collaborate in taking care of all of the issues of Linux documentation, ranging from online documentation (man pages, HTML, and so on) to printed manuals covering topics such as installing THE LINUX INSTALLATION HOWTO Revision History; Revision 5.7: 2002-07-06: Revised by: esr: New translations. Revision 5.6: 2002-01-04: Revised by: esr: Minor corrections. Revision 5.6: 2001-09-06

EXERCISES - TLDP

Change into the new directory and make a directory for files starting with an upper case character and one for files starting with a lower case character. Move all the files to the appropriate directories. Use as few commands as possible. Remove the remaining files. Delete the directory and its entire content using a single command. INTRODUCTION TO LINUX Introduction 1. Why this guide? Many people still believe that learning Linux is difficult, or that only experts can understand how a

Linux system works.

FORMATTING AN EXT2/3 PARTITION Formatting an ext2/3 partition. When a hard drive is partitioned, it is mapped into sections, but the sections are empty. It is like a newly constructed library; shelves, signs, and a card catalogue system must be put in place before the books are put away. The organizational structure inside a partition is called a file system. PUBLISHING DIGITAL CERTIFICATES WITH LDAP Certificates are encoded using ASN.1 DER (Distingushed Encoding Rules). So it must be published into the LDAP server as a binary piece of data (using BER encoding). You can convert a pem certificate into der format using openssl. openssl x509 -outform DER -in incert.pem -out outcert.der. Then an LDIF file can be created using the ldif

utility

OLSR FOR LINUX

Unpack, compile and install the source code: # tar jxvf uolsrd-x.y.z # cd unik-olsrd-x.y.z # make # make install. The olsrd gets installed to /usr/bin/ and a default config file, olsrd.conf can be found under /etc. Check out the /etc/olsrd.conf config file, and change values to fit your system. All values in this file can be overridden with

5.8. THE INETD

5.8. The inetd - /etc/inetd.conf file inetd, called also the super server, will load a network program based upon a request from the network.The inetd.conf file tells inetd which ports to listen to and what server to start for each port.. The first thing to look at as soon as you put your Linux system on ANY network is what services you

need to offer.

VLC USER GUIDE

Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. What is the VideoLAN project ? 1.1.1. Overview VideoLAN is a complete software solution for video streaming, developed by students of the Ecole Centrale CLASSIFYING PACKETS WITH FILTERS Classifying packets with filters. To determine which class shall process a packet, the so-called 'classifier chain' is called each time a choice needs to be made. This chain consists of all filters attached to the classful qdisc that needs to decide. To reiterate the tree, which is not a tree: TLDP - THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECTLDP WIKIMEMBERSPAGERECENTLY UPDATEDPRINTED BOOKSFEEDBACKLDPSTAFF The Linux Documentation Project is working towards developing free, high quality documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to HOW DO INPUT DEVICES AND INTERRUPTS WORK? How do input devices and interrupts work? Your keyboard is a very simple input device; simple because it generates small amounts of data very slowly (by a computer's standards). When you press or release a key, that event is signalled up the keyboard cable to raise a hardware interrupt. It's the operating system's job to watch for such

interrupts.

1. DISPLAYING EXISTING IPV6 ROUTES 1. Displaying existing IPv6 routes. First you should check, whether and which IPv6 addresses are already configured (perhaps auto-magically during auto-configuration). 1.1. Using "ip". Usage: # /sbin/ip -6 route show Example: # /sbin/ip -6 route show dev eth0 2001:0db8:0:f101::/64 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss

1440 fe80

SETTING UP AN EXT2 FILESYSTEM Making an ext2 device. Having completed the partition part, we go straight on to "formatting" the device in ext2. For this we use the tool mke2fs. This is straightforward. # mke2fs /dev/sda1. You might like to watch the led on your memory stick flicker while this is happening. When it stops, the job is done. 8.3. 2. ADD AN IPV6 ADDRESS Adding an IPv6 address is similar to the mechanism of "IP ALIAS" addresses in Linux IPv4 addressed interfaces. SMB HOWTO: ACCESSING AN SMB SHARE WITH LINUX MACHINES To see which shares are available on a given host, run: /usr/bin/smbclient -L host. where 'host' is the name of the machine that you wish to view. this will return a list of 'service' names - that is, names of drives or printers that it can share with you. Unless the SMB server has no security configured, it FORMATTING AN EXT2/3 PARTITION Formatting an ext2/3 partition. When a hard drive is partitioned, it is mapped into sections, but the sections are empty. It is like a newly constructed library; shelves, signs, and a card catalogue system must be put in place before the books are put away. The organizational structure inside a partition is called a file system. LEX AND YACC PRIMER/HOWTO: DEBUGGING This feedback comes at the cost of some overhead, so you need to supply some switches to enable it. When compiling your grammar, add --debug and --verbose to the YACC commandline. In your grammar C heading, add the following: int yydebug=1; This will generate the file 'y.output' which explains the state machine that was created. SELECT A SERIAL SPEED AND PARAMETERS The description of the command syntax for setting the serial parameters in the kernel, boot loaders and login applications uses the following variables which describe RS-232 parameters. . The speed of the serial link in bits per second. The Linux kernel on a modern PC supports a serial console speeds of 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200 3. REMOVING AN IPV6 ADDRESS Not so often needed, be carefully with removing non existent IPv6 address, sometimes using older kernels it results in a crash. TLDP - THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECTLDP WIKIMEMBERSPAGERECENTLY UPDATEDPRINTED BOOKSFEEDBACKLDPSTAFF The Linux Documentation Project is working towards developing free, high quality documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to HOW DO INPUT DEVICES AND INTERRUPTS WORK? How do input devices and interrupts work? Your keyboard is a very simple input device; simple because it generates small amounts of data very slowly (by a computer's standards). When you press or release a key, that event is signalled up the keyboard cable to raise a hardware interrupt. It's the operating system's job to watch for such

interrupts.

1. DISPLAYING EXISTING IPV6 ROUTES 1. Displaying existing IPv6 routes. First you should check, whether and which IPv6 addresses are already configured (perhaps auto-magically during auto-configuration). 1.1. Using "ip". Usage: # /sbin/ip -6 route show Example: # /sbin/ip -6 route show dev eth0 2001:0db8:0:f101::/64 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss

1440 fe80

SETTING UP AN EXT2 FILESYSTEM Making an ext2 device. Having completed the partition part, we go straight on to "formatting" the device in ext2. For this we use the tool mke2fs. This is straightforward. # mke2fs /dev/sda1. You might like to watch the led on your memory stick flicker while this is happening. When it stops, the job is done. 8.3. 2. ADD AN IPV6 ADDRESS Adding an IPv6 address is similar to the mechanism of "IP ALIAS" addresses in Linux IPv4 addressed interfaces. SMB HOWTO: ACCESSING AN SMB SHARE WITH LINUX MACHINES To see which shares are available on a given host, run: /usr/bin/smbclient -L host. where 'host' is the name of the machine that you wish to view. this will return a list of 'service' names - that is, names of drives or printers that it can share with you. Unless the SMB server has no security configured, it FORMATTING AN EXT2/3 PARTITION Formatting an ext2/3 partition. When a hard drive is partitioned, it is mapped into sections, but the sections are empty. It is like a newly constructed library; shelves, signs, and a card catalogue system must be put in place before the books are put away. The organizational structure inside a partition is called a file system. LEX AND YACC PRIMER/HOWTO: DEBUGGING This feedback comes at the cost of some overhead, so you need to supply some switches to enable it. When compiling your grammar, add --debug and --verbose to the YACC commandline. In your grammar C heading, add the following: int yydebug=1; This will generate the file 'y.output' which explains the state machine that was created. SELECT A SERIAL SPEED AND PARAMETERS The description of the command syntax for setting the serial parameters in the kernel, boot loaders and login applications uses the following variables which describe RS-232 parameters. . The speed of the serial link in bits per second. The Linux kernel on a modern PC supports a serial console speeds of 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200 3. REMOVING AN IPV6 ADDRESS Not so often needed, be carefully with removing non existent IPv6 address, sometimes using older kernels it results in a crash. THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECT WORKS The Linux Documentation Project (LDP) is working on developing good, reliable documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to collaborate in taking care of all of the issues of Linux documentation, ranging from online documentation (man pages, HTML, and so on) to printed manuals covering topics such as installing THE LINUX INSTALLATION HOWTO This document describes how to obtain and install Linux software. It is the first document which a new Linux user should read to get

started.

EXERCISES - TLDP

Change into the new directory and make a directory for files starting with an upper case character and one for files starting with a lower case character. Move all the files to the appropriate directories. Use as few commands as possible. Remove the remaining files. Delete the directory and its entire content using a single command. PUBLISHING DIGITAL CERTIFICATES WITH LDAP Certificates are encoded using ASN.1 DER (Distingushed Encoding Rules). So it must be published into the LDAP server as a binary piece of data (using BER encoding). You can convert a pem certificate into der format using openssl. openssl x509 -outform DER -in incert.pem -out outcert.der. Then an LDIF file can be created using the ldif

utility

FORMATTING AN EXT2/3 PARTITION Formatting an ext2/3 partition. When a hard drive is partitioned, it is mapped into sections, but the sections are empty. It is like a newly constructed library; shelves, signs, and a card catalogue system must be put in place before the books are put away. The organizational structure inside a partition is called a file system. INTRODUCTION TO LINUX Introduction 1. Why this guide? Many people still believe that learning Linux is difficult, or that only experts can understand how a

Linux system works.

OLSR FOR LINUX

Unpack, compile and install the source code: # tar jxvf uolsrd-x.y.z # cd unik-olsrd-x.y.z # make # make install. The olsrd gets installed to /usr/bin/ and a default config file, olsrd.conf can be found under /etc. Check out the /etc/olsrd.conf config file, and change values to fit your system. All values in this file can be overridden with LINUX KERNEL 2.4 INTERNALS: IPC MECHANISMS 5. IPC mechanisms. This chapter describes the semaphore, shared memory, and message queue IPC mechanisms as implemented in the Linux 2.4 kernel. It is organized into four sections. LINUX KERNEL 2.4 INTERNALS: PROCESS AND INTERRUPT MANAGEMENT 2. Process and Interrupt Management 2.1 Task Structure and Process Table. Every process under Linux is dynamically allocated a struct task_struct structure. The maximum number of processes which can be created on Linux is limited only by the amount of physical memory present, and is equal to (see kernel/fork.c:fork_init()): LINUX KERNEL 2.4 INTERNALS: LINUX PAGE CACHE To understand the way address_spaces works, we only need to look at a few of this fields: clean_pages, dirty_pages and locked_pages are double linked lists of all clean, dirty and locked pages that belong to this address_space, nrpages is the total number of pages in this address_space.a_ops defines the methods of this object and host is an pointer to the inode this address_space belongs to TLDP - THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECTLDP WIKIMEMBERSPAGERECENTLY UPDATEDPRINTED BOOKSFEEDBACKLDPSTAFF The Linux Documentation Project is working towards developing free, high quality documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECT WORKS The Linux Documentation Project (LDP) is working on developing good, reliable documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to collaborate in taking care of all of the issues of Linux documentation, ranging from online documentation (man pages, HTML, and so on) to printed manuals covering topics such as installing

LABELS - TLDP

Labels are not mandatory for a linux volume. Each can be a maximum of 16 characters long. There are three tools to make volume labels: mke2fs, tune2fs and e2label. 6.1.1. Simple Invocation. e2label /dev/hdb1 pubsw. tune2fs -L pubsw /dev/hdb1. Either of thse two commands will label the first partition of the second drive "pubsw".

LINUX IPX-HOWTO

Kevin Thorpe, kevin@pricetrak.com. v2.3, 06 May 1998. This document aims to describe how to obtain, install and configure various tools available for the the Linux operating system that use the Linux kernel IPX protocol support. 1.

EXERCISES - TLDP

Change into the new directory and make a directory for files starting with an upper case character and one for files starting with a lower case character. Move all the files to the appropriate directories. Use as few commands as possible. Remove the remaining files. Delete the directory and its entire content using a single command. 1. DISPLAYING EXISTING IPV6 ROUTES 1. Displaying existing IPv6 routes. First you should check, whether and which IPv6 addresses are already configured (perhaps auto-magically during auto-configuration). 1.1. Using "ip". Usage: # /sbin/ip -6 route show Example: # /sbin/ip -6 route show dev eth0 2001:0db8:0:f101::/64 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss

1440 fe80

CONFIGURING LINUX

Configuring Linux. After you have connected the modem and it's getting sync, then you're ready to configure Linux and verify your connection to your ISP. Although I will refer to a Linux System, you could conceivably connect any type of 10baseT device to the modem. This includes a router, hub, switch, PC, or any other system that you wish

to use.

MULTICAST OVER TCP/IP HOWTO: MULTICAST PROGRAMMING. 6.2 IP_MULTICAST_TTL. If not otherwise specified, multicast datagrams are sent with a default value of 1, to prevent them to be forwarded beyond the local network. To change the TTL to the value you desire (from 0 to 255), put that value into a variable (here I name it "ttl") and write somewhere in your program: 6. CLASSLESS QUEUING DISCIPLINES (QDISCS)TC QDISCLINUX TCTC QDISC CHANGETC TRAFFIC CONTROL LINUX EXAMPLESTRAFFIC CONTROL LINUXQDISC MQ

STATE DOWN

6. Classless Queuing Disciplines ( qdisc s) Each of these queuing disciplines can be used as the primary qdisc on an interface, or can be used inside a leaf class of a classful qdiscs . These are the fundamental schedulers used under Linux. Note that the default scheduler is the pfifo_fast . 6.1. 3. REMOVING AN IPV6 ADDRESS Not so often needed, be carefully with removing non existent IPv6 address, sometimes using older kernels it results in a crash. TLDP - THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECTLDP WIKIMEMBERSPAGERECENTLY UPDATEDPRINTED BOOKSFEEDBACKLDPSTAFF The Linux Documentation Project is working towards developing free, high quality documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to THE LINUX DOCUMENTATION PROJECT WORKS The Linux Documentation Project (LDP) is working on developing good, reliable documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP is to collaborate in taking care of all of the issues of Linux documentation, ranging from online documentation (man pages, HTML, and so on) to printed manuals covering topics such as installing

LABELS - TLDP

Labels are not mandatory for a linux volume. Each can be a maximum of 16 characters long. There are three tools to make volume labels: mke2fs, tune2fs and e2label. 6.1.1. Simple Invocation. e2label /dev/hdb1 pubsw. tune2fs -L pubsw /dev/hdb1. Either of thse two commands will label the first partition of the second drive "pubsw".

LINUX IPX-HOWTO

Kevin Thorpe, kevin@pricetrak.com. v2.3, 06 May 1998. This document aims to describe how to obtain, install and configure various tools available for the the Linux operating system that use the Linux kernel IPX protocol support. 1.

EXERCISES - TLDP

Change into the new directory and make a directory for files starting with an upper case character and one for files starting with a lower case character. Move all the files to the appropriate directories. Use as few commands as possible. Remove the remaining files. Delete the directory and its entire content using a single command. 1. DISPLAYING EXISTING IPV6 ROUTES 1. Displaying existing IPv6 routes. First you should check, whether and which IPv6 addresses are already configured (perhaps auto-magically during auto-configuration). 1.1. Using "ip". Usage: # /sbin/ip -6 route show Example: # /sbin/ip -6 route show dev eth0 2001:0db8:0:f101::/64 proto kernel metric 256 mtu 1500 advmss

1440 fe80

CONFIGURING LINUX

Configuring Linux. After you have connected the modem and it's getting sync, then you're ready to configure Linux and verify your connection to your ISP. Although I will refer to a Linux System, you could conceivably connect any type of 10baseT device to the modem. This includes a router, hub, switch, PC, or any other system that you wish

to use.

MULTICAST OVER TCP/IP HOWTO: MULTICAST PROGRAMMING. 6.2 IP_MULTICAST_TTL. If not otherwise specified, multicast datagrams are sent with a default value of 1, to prevent them to be forwarded beyond the local network. To change the TTL to the value you desire (from 0 to 255), put that value into a variable (here I name it "ttl") and write somewhere in your program: 6. CLASSLESS QUEUING DISCIPLINES (QDISCS)TC QDISCLINUX TCTC QDISC CHANGETC TRAFFIC CONTROL LINUX EXAMPLESTRAFFIC CONTROL LINUXQDISC MQ

STATE DOWN

6. Classless Queuing Disciplines ( qdisc s) Each of these queuing disciplines can be used as the primary qdisc on an interface, or can be used inside a leaf class of a classful qdiscs . These are the fundamental schedulers used under Linux. Note that the default scheduler is the pfifo_fast . 6.1. 3. REMOVING AN IPV6 ADDRESS Not so often needed, be carefully with removing non existent IPv6 address, sometimes using older kernels it results in a crash. THE LINUX INSTALLATION HOWTO This document describes how to obtain and install Linux software. It is the first document which a new Linux user should read to get

started.

TRAFFIC CONTROL HOWTO Traffic control is the set of tools which allows the user to have granular control over these queues and the queuing mechanisms of a networked device. The power to rearrange traffic flows and packets with these tools is tremendous and can be complicated, LINUX SECURITY HOWTO This document is a general overview of security issues that face the administrator of Linux systems. It covers general security philosophy and a number of specific examples of how to better secure your Linux system from intruders. Also included are pointers to security-related material and programs. Improvements, constructive criticism, additions and corrections are gratefully accepted. MULTICAST OVER TCP/IP HOWTO: MULTICAST EXPLAINED. 2.1 Multicast addresses. As you probably know, the range of IP addresses is divided into "classes" based on the high order bits of a 32 bits IP address: The one which concerns us is the "Class D Address". Every IP datagram whose destination address starts with "1110" is an IP Multicast datagram. The remaining 28 bits identify the

multicast

I/O PERFORMANCE HOWTO This HOWTO covers information on available patches for the 2.4 kernel that can improve the I/O performance of your Linux™ operating

system.

THE LINUX TIPS HOWTO The Linux Tips HOWTO Paul Anderson, paul@geeky1.ebtech.net v3.6, June

1998

SCRIPTING GRAPHICAL COMMANDS WITH TCL/TK MINI-HOWTO One of the richest aspects of Linux is its abundance of commandline utilities. The ability to rapidly provide a graphical frontend for those utilities to make them available to non-technical users can be a handy skill for a developer or administrator to possess. This article provides a cookbook-style tutorial introduction to Tcl and Tk, a scripting language and graphical toolkit that were SELECT A SERIAL SPEED AND PARAMETERS The description of the command syntax for setting the serial parameters in the kernel, boot loaders and login applications uses the following variables which describe RS-232 parameters. . The speed of the serial link in bits per second. The Linux kernel on a modern PC supports a serial console speeds of 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200

LINUX-RAID FAQ

This is a FAQ for the Linux-RAID mailing list, hosted on vger.kernel.org. vger.rutgers.edu is gone, so don't bother looking for it. It's intended as a supplement to the existing Linux-RAID HOWTO, to cover questions that keep occurring on the mailing list. PLEASE read this document before your post to the list. LINUX KERNEL 2.4 INTERNALS: PROCESS AND INTERRUPT MANAGEMENT 2. Process and Interrupt Management 2.1 Task Structure and Process Table. Every process under Linux is dynamically allocated a struct task_struct structure. The maximum number of processes which can be created on Linux is limited only by the amount of physical memory present, and is equal to (see kernel/fork.c:fork_init()):

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