PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICABROWSE ARTICLESFOR AUTHORSFOR READERSABOUT PEPE BLOGMECO ELASMOBRANCHS Volume 24.2 May–June 2021 Full table of contents. ISSN: 1094-8074, web version; 1935-3952, print version. Recent Research Articles. See all articles in 24.2 May-August 2021

FOR AUTHORS

Palaeontologia Electronica complies with the latest ICZN and ICBN requirements for electronic publication of taxonomic nomenclature. Authors should follow the practices set out in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code).Minimally the requirements for creating formal names includes coining a new Latin PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICA VOLUME 22, ISSUE 3 SEPTEMBER Palaeontologia Electronica Volume 22, Issue 3 September-December 2019. PEMSATS - PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICA MANUSCRIPTS Palaentologia Electronica publication priorities. Due to increasing numbers of submissions, PE will be rejecting a greater proportion of manuscripts without review. Please see our recent editorial for more information, and feel free to contact our executive editors with any inquires. PE is able to offer free, open-access publishing due to the

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THE ECOLOGY OF SPINOSAURUSSEE MORE ON PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG PAST - PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG PAST is a free, easy-to-use data analysis package aimed at paleontology. Inspired by PALSTAT, it includes common statistical, plotting and modelling functions:

WHALES FROM INDIA

TREES OF GVP IN MIOCENE FIRST DIRECT ARCHOSAUROMORPH REMAINS FROM THE EARLY-MIDDLE PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG 3 degree amniotes (Fortuny et al., 2011a, 2011b, 2014). La Mora site belongs to the Montseny-Llo-bregat domain of the Catalan Basin (Calvet and PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICABROWSE ARTICLESFOR AUTHORSFOR READERSABOUT PEPE BLOGMECO ELASMOBRANCHS Volume 24.2 May–June 2021 Full table of contents. ISSN: 1094-8074, web version; 1935-3952, print version. Recent Research Articles. See all articles in 24.2 May-August 2021

FOR AUTHORS

Palaeontologia Electronica complies with the latest ICZN and ICBN requirements for electronic publication of taxonomic nomenclature. Authors should follow the practices set out in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code).Minimally the requirements for creating formal names includes coining a new Latin PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICA VOLUME 22, ISSUE 3 SEPTEMBER Palaeontologia Electronica Volume 22, Issue 3 September-December 2019. PEMSATS - PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICA MANUSCRIPTS Palaentologia Electronica publication priorities. Due to increasing numbers of submissions, PE will be rejecting a greater proportion of manuscripts without review. Please see our recent editorial for more information, and feel free to contact our executive editors with any inquires. PE is able to offer free, open-access publishing due to the

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THE ECOLOGY OF SPINOSAURUSSEE MORE ON PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG PAST - PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG PAST is a free, easy-to-use data analysis package aimed at paleontology. Inspired by PALSTAT, it includes common statistical, plotting and modelling functions:

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TREES OF GVP IN MIOCENE FIRST DIRECT ARCHOSAUROMORPH REMAINS FROM THE EARLY-MIDDLE PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG 3 degree amniotes (Fortuny et al., 2011a, 2011b, 2014). La Mora site belongs to the Montseny-Llo-bregat domain of the Catalan Basin (Calvet and PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICA VOLUME 22, ISSUE 3 SEPTEMBER Palaeontologia Electronica Volume 22, Issue 3 September-December 2019.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. A challenge common to all herbivores is the processing of tough plant tissues, notably high in lignin and cellulose. Cellulose (a polysaccharide) is the major structural component of the plant cell wall, and it cannot be hydrolysed by the endogenous enzymes of vertebrates (Stevens and Hume 1995).It is only after symbiosis with cellulase-producing micro-organisms that sufficient

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FIRE IN FOSSIL PREPARATION Non-traditional applications of fire in fossil preparation PATHOLOGICAL PHYTOSAUR A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs PATHOLOGICAL PHYTOSAUR: FIGURES FIGURE 1. Index maps showing the geographic position of the study area in the USA (A) and on a generalized geologic map of east-central Arizona (B) showing the most prolific Triassic localities in east-central Arizona, including the Blue Hills (BH), Big Hollow Wash (BHW) and Blue Mesa (BM) in the Petrified Forest National Park (PFNP). PATHOLOGICAL PHYTOSAUR: AUTHORS Andrew B. Heckert. Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, ASU Box 32067, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2067 USA. GERMAN JURASSIC MEGALOSAURID A new megalosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of north-western Germany: implications for theropod evolution and faunal turnover in the Jurassic PATHOLOGICAL PHYTOSAUR: APPENDICES APPENDIX 1. Letter from Guy Hazen to John Reeside detailing the collection of the specimen that would become USNM 18313. APPENDIX 2. Description of the measured section “St. Johns South” in Figure 2.. Section measured 18 May, 2008 by Appalachian State University Students (A. Ahlström, A. George, J. Mitchell, J. Norman, W. Sautter) under the direction of A.B. Heckert. PATHOLOGICAL PHYTOSAUR: ABSTRACTSTRANSLATE THIS PAGE A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs. Andrew B. Heckert, Tabitha C. Viner, and Matthew T. Carrano. Plain Language Abstract. One of the specimens now on display at the Smithsonian Institution’s National PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICABROWSE ARTICLESFOR AUTHORSFOR READERSABOUT PEPE BLOGMECO ELASMOBRANCHS Volume 24.2 May–June 2021 Full table of contents. ISSN: 1094-8074, web version; 1935-3952, print version. Recent Research Articles. See all articles in 24.2 May-August 2021

FOR AUTHORS

Palaeontologia Electronica complies with the latest ICZN and ICBN requirements for electronic publication of taxonomic nomenclature. Authors should follow the practices set out in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code).Minimally the requirements for creating formal names includes coining a new Latin PEMSATS - PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICA MANUSCRIPTS Palaentologia Electronica publication priorities. Due to increasing numbers of submissions, PE will be rejecting a greater proportion of manuscripts without review. Please see our recent editorial for more information, and feel free to contact our executive editors with any inquires. PE is able to offer free, open-access publishing due to the

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Taxon-specific variability. The ecology of Spinosaurus. Patagonian Danian forests. Ellobius and GMM. Mesofossils of Lower Silesia. Testate lobose amoebae. Odonata from Enspel. Collections biases. Late Holocene Fauna from Cuba. EDITORS - PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG Alana Sharp, Handling Editor (2019-current) alana.sharp@liverpool.ac.uk. Antoine Souron, Handling Editor (2015-current) antoine.souron@u-bordeaux.fr. Ashraf M.T. Elewa, Handling Editor (2020-current) ashrafelewah@yahoo.com. Enrique Peñalver Mollá, Handling Editor (2020-current) e.penalver@igme.es. Christian Kammerer, Handling Editor (2015

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. A challenge common to all herbivores is the processing of tough plant tissues, notably high in lignin and cellulose. Cellulose (a polysaccharide) is the major structural component of the plant cell wall, and it cannot be hydrolysed by the endogenous enzymes of vertebrates (Stevens and Hume 1995).It is only after symbiosis with cellulase-producing micro-organisms that sufficient GASTROPOD HETEROCHRONY MODEL ALOISALTHELLA AND CLYPEINA PROCEDURE: EPOFIX AND VACUUM: AN EASY METHOD TO MAKE … PROCEDURE The procedure requires an Epofix kit, which is available from the Electron Microscopy Sciences (P.O. Box 251, 321 Morris Road, Fort Washington, PA 19034), and Struers (Valhøjs Allé 176, 2610

Rødovre, Denmark).

FOSSILS OF HUNSRUCK SLATE The aim of palaeontology is to reconstruct the biology, ecology and evolution of ancient life through study of the fossil record. This record is extremely biased in many ways but most significantly to the preservation of the hard parts, such as the shells, bones and teeth,

of animals.

PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICABROWSE ARTICLESFOR AUTHORSFOR READERSABOUT PEPE BLOGMECO ELASMOBRANCHS Volume 24.2 May–June 2021 Full table of contents. ISSN: 1094-8074, web version; 1935-3952, print version. Recent Research Articles. See all articles in 24.2 May-August 2021

FOR AUTHORS

Palaeontologia Electronica complies with the latest ICZN and ICBN requirements for electronic publication of taxonomic nomenclature. Authors should follow the practices set out in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code).Minimally the requirements for creating formal names includes coining a new Latin PEMSATS - PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICA MANUSCRIPTS Palaentologia Electronica publication priorities. Due to increasing numbers of submissions, PE will be rejecting a greater proportion of manuscripts without review. Please see our recent editorial for more information, and feel free to contact our executive editors with any inquires. PE is able to offer free, open-access publishing due to the

NEWEST ARTICLES

Taxon-specific variability. The ecology of Spinosaurus. Patagonian Danian forests. Ellobius and GMM. Mesofossils of Lower Silesia. Testate lobose amoebae. Odonata from Enspel. Collections biases. Late Holocene Fauna from Cuba. EDITORS - PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG Alana Sharp, Handling Editor (2019-current) alana.sharp@liverpool.ac.uk. Antoine Souron, Handling Editor (2015-current) antoine.souron@u-bordeaux.fr. Ashraf M.T. Elewa, Handling Editor (2020-current) ashrafelewah@yahoo.com. Enrique Peñalver Mollá, Handling Editor (2020-current) e.penalver@igme.es. Christian Kammerer, Handling Editor (2015

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. A challenge common to all herbivores is the processing of tough plant tissues, notably high in lignin and cellulose. Cellulose (a polysaccharide) is the major structural component of the plant cell wall, and it cannot be hydrolysed by the endogenous enzymes of vertebrates (Stevens and Hume 1995).It is only after symbiosis with cellulase-producing micro-organisms that sufficient GASTROPOD HETEROCHRONY MODEL ALOISALTHELLA AND CLYPEINA PROCEDURE: EPOFIX AND VACUUM: AN EASY METHOD TO MAKE … PROCEDURE The procedure requires an Epofix kit, which is available from the Electron Microscopy Sciences (P.O. Box 251, 321 Morris Road, Fort Washington, PA 19034), and Struers (Valhøjs Allé 176, 2610

Rødovre, Denmark).

FOSSILS OF HUNSRUCK SLATE The aim of palaeontology is to reconstruct the biology, ecology and evolution of ancient life through study of the fossil record. This record is extremely biased in many ways but most significantly to the preservation of the hard parts, such as the shells, bones and teeth,

of animals.

NEWEST ARTICLES

Taxon-specific variability. The ecology of Spinosaurus. Patagonian Danian forests. Ellobius and GMM. Mesofossils of Lower Silesia. Testate lobose amoebae. Odonata from Enspel. Collections biases. Late Holocene Fauna from Cuba.

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paleontology, palaeontology, dinosaurs, Palaeontologia Electronica, Palaeontologica Electronica, Paleontologia Electronica, Paleontologica

Electronica

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. A challenge common to all herbivores is the processing of tough plant tissues, notably high in lignin and cellulose. Cellulose (a polysaccharide) is the major structural component of the plant cell wall, and it cannot be hydrolysed by the endogenous enzymes of vertebrates (Stevens and Hume 1995).It is only after symbiosis with cellulase-producing micro-organisms that sufficient UNDERWATER PALAEONTOLOGY The first to explicitly address underwater study as important for palaeontology was the French philosopher Benoît de Maillet, who in 1797 described diving gear and techniques for underwater observation of animals and sediments, relating these to fossils (de Maillet, 1797, cited in Brooks, 1965). PATHOLOGICAL PHYTOSAUR A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs FIRE IN FOSSIL PREPARATION Non-traditional applications of fire in fossil preparation AIR-ABRASIVE FOSSIL PREPARATION Swan (2011) lists some general guidelines that can be of use in fossil preparation: 1) When the diameter of the nozzle doubles, the resulting flow is quadrupled; 2) The air-abrasive stream forms a cone-shape with an included angle of approximately 8 o; PATHOLOGICAL PHYTOSAUR: FIGURES FIGURE 1. Index maps showing the geographic position of the study area in the USA (A) and on a generalized geologic map of east-central Arizona (B) showing the most prolific Triassic localities in east-central Arizona, including the Blue Hills (BH), Big Hollow Wash (BHW) and Blue Mesa (BM) in the Petrified Forest National Park (PFNP). PATHOLOGICAL PHYTOSAUR: AUTHORS Andrew B. Heckert. Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, ASU Box 32067, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2067 USA. ALOISALTHELLA AND CLYPEINA Following a preliminary historical survey of the Cenozoic Clypeina marginoporella Michelin, 1845, which is the type species of the respective genus, and of the Mesozoic Clypeina sulcata (Alth, 1882), the point was made that these two species may not be ascribed to the same genus. Accordingly, the new genus Aloisalthella is introduced

with

PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICABROWSE ARTICLESFOR AUTHORSFOR READERSABOUT PEPE BLOGMECO ELASMOBRANCHS Volume 24.2 May–June 2021 Full table of contents. ISSN: 1094-8074, web version; 1935-3952, print version. Recent Research Articles. See all articles in 24.2 May-August 2021

FOR AUTHORS

Palaeontologia Electronica complies with the latest ICZN and ICBN requirements for electronic publication of taxonomic nomenclature. Authors should follow the practices set out in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code).Minimally the requirements for creating formal names includes coining a new Latin PEMSATS - PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICA MANUSCRIPTS Palaentologia Electronica publication priorities. Due to increasing numbers of submissions, PE will be rejecting a greater proportion of manuscripts without review. Please see our recent editorial for more information, and feel free to contact our executive editors with any inquires. PE is able to offer free, open-access publishing due to the

NEWEST ARTICLES

Taxon-specific variability. The ecology of Spinosaurus. Patagonian Danian forests. Ellobius and GMM. Mesofossils of Lower Silesia. Testate lobose amoebae. Odonata from Enspel. Collections biases. Late Holocene Fauna from Cuba. EDITORS - PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG Alana Sharp, Handling Editor (2019-current) alana.sharp@liverpool.ac.uk. Antoine Souron, Handling Editor (2015-current) antoine.souron@u-bordeaux.fr. Ashraf M.T. Elewa, Handling Editor (2020-current) ashrafelewah@yahoo.com. Enrique Peñalver Mollá, Handling Editor (2020-current) e.penalver@igme.es. Christian Kammerer, Handling Editor (2015

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. A challenge common to all herbivores is the processing of tough plant tissues, notably high in lignin and cellulose. Cellulose (a polysaccharide) is the major structural component of the plant cell wall, and it cannot be hydrolysed by the endogenous enzymes of vertebrates (Stevens and Hume 1995).It is only after symbiosis with cellulase-producing micro-organisms that sufficient GASTROPOD HETEROCHRONY MODEL ALOISALTHELLA AND CLYPEINA PROCEDURE: EPOFIX AND VACUUM: AN EASY METHOD TO MAKE … PROCEDURE The procedure requires an Epofix kit, which is available from the Electron Microscopy Sciences (P.O. Box 251, 321 Morris Road, Fort Washington, PA 19034), and Struers (Valhøjs Allé 176, 2610

Rødovre, Denmark).

FOSSILS OF HUNSRUCK SLATE The aim of palaeontology is to reconstruct the biology, ecology and evolution of ancient life through study of the fossil record. This record is extremely biased in many ways but most significantly to the preservation of the hard parts, such as the shells, bones and teeth,

of animals.

PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICABROWSE ARTICLESFOR AUTHORSFOR READERSABOUT PEPE BLOGMECO ELASMOBRANCHS Volume 24.2 May–June 2021 Full table of contents. ISSN: 1094-8074, web version; 1935-3952, print version. Recent Research Articles. See all articles in 24.2 May-August 2021

FOR AUTHORS

Palaeontologia Electronica complies with the latest ICZN and ICBN requirements for electronic publication of taxonomic nomenclature. Authors should follow the practices set out in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code).Minimally the requirements for creating formal names includes coining a new Latin PEMSATS - PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICA MANUSCRIPTS Palaentologia Electronica publication priorities. Due to increasing numbers of submissions, PE will be rejecting a greater proportion of manuscripts without review. Please see our recent editorial for more information, and feel free to contact our executive editors with any inquires. PE is able to offer free, open-access publishing due to the

NEWEST ARTICLES

Taxon-specific variability. The ecology of Spinosaurus. Patagonian Danian forests. Ellobius and GMM. Mesofossils of Lower Silesia. Testate lobose amoebae. Odonata from Enspel. Collections biases. Late Holocene Fauna from Cuba. EDITORS - PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG Alana Sharp, Handling Editor (2019-current) alana.sharp@liverpool.ac.uk. Antoine Souron, Handling Editor (2015-current) antoine.souron@u-bordeaux.fr. Ashraf M.T. Elewa, Handling Editor (2020-current) ashrafelewah@yahoo.com. Enrique Peñalver Mollá, Handling Editor (2020-current) e.penalver@igme.es. Christian Kammerer, Handling Editor (2015

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. A challenge common to all herbivores is the processing of tough plant tissues, notably high in lignin and cellulose. Cellulose (a polysaccharide) is the major structural component of the plant cell wall, and it cannot be hydrolysed by the endogenous enzymes of vertebrates (Stevens and Hume 1995).It is only after symbiosis with cellulase-producing micro-organisms that sufficient GASTROPOD HETEROCHRONY MODEL ALOISALTHELLA AND CLYPEINA PROCEDURE: EPOFIX AND VACUUM: AN EASY METHOD TO MAKE … PROCEDURE The procedure requires an Epofix kit, which is available from the Electron Microscopy Sciences (P.O. Box 251, 321 Morris Road, Fort Washington, PA 19034), and Struers (Valhøjs Allé 176, 2610

Rødovre, Denmark).

FOSSILS OF HUNSRUCK SLATE The aim of palaeontology is to reconstruct the biology, ecology and evolution of ancient life through study of the fossil record. This record is extremely biased in many ways but most significantly to the preservation of the hard parts, such as the shells, bones and teeth,

of animals.

NEWEST ARTICLES

Taxon-specific variability. The ecology of Spinosaurus. Patagonian Danian forests. Ellobius and GMM. Mesofossils of Lower Silesia. Testate lobose amoebae. Odonata from Enspel. Collections biases. Late Holocene Fauna from Cuba.

NEWEST ARTICLES

paleontology, palaeontology, dinosaurs, Palaeontologia Electronica, Palaeontologica Electronica, Paleontologia Electronica, Paleontologica

Electronica

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. A challenge common to all herbivores is the processing of tough plant tissues, notably high in lignin and cellulose. Cellulose (a polysaccharide) is the major structural component of the plant cell wall, and it cannot be hydrolysed by the endogenous enzymes of vertebrates (Stevens and Hume 1995).It is only after symbiosis with cellulase-producing micro-organisms that sufficient UNDERWATER PALAEONTOLOGY The first to explicitly address underwater study as important for palaeontology was the French philosopher Benoît de Maillet, who in 1797 described diving gear and techniques for underwater observation of animals and sediments, relating these to fossils (de Maillet, 1797, cited in Brooks, 1965). PATHOLOGICAL PHYTOSAUR A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs AIR-ABRASIVE FOSSIL PREPARATION Swan (2011) lists some general guidelines that can be of use in fossil preparation: 1) When the diameter of the nozzle doubles, the resulting flow is quadrupled; 2) The air-abrasive stream forms a cone-shape with an included angle of approximately 8 o; PALAEOECOLOGY AND RISING SEAS: TABLES TABLE 2. Weights of bone samples from Morgan’s Cave submitted to the University of Waikato for radiocarbon dating. Bone samples were made up of spirally-fractured fragments and other large pieces of

non-porous bone.

ALOISALTHELLA AND CLYPEINA Following a preliminary historical survey of the Cenozoic Clypeina marginoporella Michelin, 1845, which is the type species of the respective genus, and of the Mesozoic Clypeina sulcata (Alth, 1882), the point was made that these two species may not be ascribed to the same genus. Accordingly, the new genus Aloisalthella is introduced

with

OLIGOCENE SHARK NURSERY: TABLE TABLE 1. Measurements, identifications, and estimated total lengths of specimens used in this study. “~” denotes estimated measurement. Tooth position after Shimada et al. (2003); A=anterior; L=lateral; upper case denotes upper tooth, lower case denotes lower tooth. OLIGOCENE SHARK NURSERY: AUTHORS Addison Miller. Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, USA. Addison Miller is a Water Resources Scientist/Engineer at Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, and former geology student at College of

Charleston.

PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICABROWSE ARTICLESFOR AUTHORSFOR READERSABOUT PEPE BLOGMECO ELASMOBRANCHS Volume 24.2 May–June 2021 Full table of contents. ISSN: 1094-8074, web version; 1935-3952, print version. Recent Research Articles. See all articles in 24.2 May-August 2021

FOR AUTHORS

Palaeontologia Electronica complies with the latest ICZN and ICBN requirements for electronic publication of taxonomic nomenclature. Authors should follow the practices set out in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code).Minimally the requirements for creating formal names includes coining a new Latin

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PEMSATS - PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICA MANUSCRIPTS Palaentologia Electronica publication priorities. Due to increasing numbers of submissions, PE will be rejecting a greater proportion of manuscripts without review. Please see our recent editorial for more information, and feel free to contact our executive editors with any inquires. PE is able to offer free, open-access publishing due to the EDITORS - PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG Alana Sharp, Handling Editor (2019-current) alana.sharp@liverpool.ac.uk. Antoine Souron, Handling Editor (2015-current) antoine.souron@u-bordeaux.fr. Ashraf M.T. Elewa, Handling Editor (2020-current) ashrafelewah@yahoo.com. Enrique Peñalver Mollá, Handling Editor (2020-current) e.penalver@igme.es. Christian Kammerer, Handling Editor (2015 DITRUPA BARTONENSIS TUBE 1.1 APPLICATION OF MODERN ANALOG

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ALOISALTHELLA AND CLYPEINA TEASING FOSSILS OUT OF SHALES WITH CAMERAS AND … TEASING FOSSILS OUT OF SHALES WITH CAMERAS AND COMPUTERS. ABSTRACT. Simple yet effective methods are available to enhance photographic images of low-contrast and low-relief specimens, such as fossils in shales, without manipulating or retouching the photographs. PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICABROWSE ARTICLESFOR AUTHORSFOR READERSABOUT PEPE BLOGMECO ELASMOBRANCHS Volume 24.2 May–June 2021 Full table of contents. ISSN: 1094-8074, web version; 1935-3952, print version. Recent Research Articles. See all articles in 24.2 May-August 2021

FOR AUTHORS

Palaeontologia Electronica complies with the latest ICZN and ICBN requirements for electronic publication of taxonomic nomenclature. Authors should follow the practices set out in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code).Minimally the requirements for creating formal names includes coining a new Latin

BROWSE ARTICLES

paleontology, palaeontology, dinosaurs, Palaeontologia Electronica, Palaeontologica Electronica, Paleontologia Electronica, Paleontologica

Electronica

PEMSATS - PALAEONTOLOGIA ELECTRONICA MANUSCRIPTS Palaentologia Electronica publication priorities. Due to increasing numbers of submissions, PE will be rejecting a greater proportion of manuscripts without review. Please see our recent editorial for more information, and feel free to contact our executive editors with any inquires. PE is able to offer free, open-access publishing due to the EDITORS - PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG Alana Sharp, Handling Editor (2019-current) alana.sharp@liverpool.ac.uk. Antoine Souron, Handling Editor (2015-current) antoine.souron@u-bordeaux.fr. Ashraf M.T. Elewa, Handling Editor (2020-current) ashrafelewah@yahoo.com. Enrique Peñalver Mollá, Handling Editor (2020-current) e.penalver@igme.es. Christian Kammerer, Handling Editor (2015 DITRUPA BARTONENSIS TUBE 1.1 APPLICATION OF MODERN ANALOG

WHALES FROM INDIA

ALOISALTHELLA AND CLYPEINA TEASING FOSSILS OUT OF SHALES WITH CAMERAS AND … TEASING FOSSILS OUT OF SHALES WITH CAMERAS AND COMPUTERS. ABSTRACT. Simple yet effective methods are available to enhance photographic images of low-contrast and low-relief specimens, such as fossils in shales, without manipulating or retouching the photographs. EDITORS - PALAEO-ELECTRONICA.ORG Coquina Press. Web: ISSN 1094-8074. Editorship. The editorship of Palaeontologia Electronica include the following:. Andrew Bush, Executive Editor (2014-current) ; Daniel Hembree, Executive Editor (2015-current) ; Carolin Haug, Executive Editor (2014-current) ; Matus Hyzny, Executive Editor (2017-current) ; Jennifer Pattison Rumford, Managing Editor (1998-current)

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION. A challenge common to all herbivores is the processing of tough plant tissues, notably high in lignin and cellulose. Cellulose (a polysaccharide) is the major structural component of the plant cell wall, and it cannot be hydrolysed by the endogenous enzymes of vertebrates (Stevens and Hume 1995).It is only after symbiosis with cellulase-producing micro-organisms that sufficient PALAEOECOLOGY AND RISING SEAS: FIGURES paleontology, palaeontology, dinosaurs, Palaeontologia Electronica, Palaeontologica Electronica, Paleontologia Electronica, Paleontologica

Electronica

PATHOLOGICAL PHYTOSAUR A large, pathological skeleton of Smilosuchus gregorii (Archosauriformes: Phytosauria) from the Upper Triassic of Arizona, U.S.A., with discussion of the paleobiological implications of paleopathology in fossil archosauromorphs

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1.1 APPLICATION OF MODERN ANALOG The Modern Analog Technique (MAT) quantifies faunal changes within deep-sea cores in terms of modern oceanographic conditions (Hutson 1979). The method uses a measure of faunal dissimilarity to compare down-core samples to each reference sample in a modern oceanographic

database.

PALAEOECOLOGY AND RISING SEAS: TABLES TABLE 2. Weights of bone samples from Morgan’s Cave submitted to the University of Waikato for radiocarbon dating. Bone samples were made up of spirally-fractured fragments and other large pieces of

non-porous bone.

OLIGOCENE SHARK NURSERY: TABLE TABLE 1. Measurements, identifications, and estimated total lengths of specimens used in this study. “~” denotes estimated measurement. Tooth position after Shimada et al. (2003); A=anterior; L=lateral; upper case denotes upper tooth, lower case denotes lower tooth. OLIGOCENE SHARK NURSERY: AUTHORS Addison Miller. Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, USA. Addison Miller is a Water Resources Scientist/Engineer at Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, and former geology student at College of

Charleston.

OLIGOCENE SHARK NURSERY: FIGURES FIGURE 1. Generalized geology and stratigraphy of Oligocene marine strata in the vicinity of Ladson and Summerville, South Carolina, USA. A) Map of South Carolina showing Charleston.