GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer edge of UNIVERSE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG The simplest equation for the expansion rate’s effect on P would be an exponential decay expression, P = hoe^ (-rt), where ho is an initial value for h, r is the rate of increase in this expansion and t is time. We can get an estimate of a value for ho from Alan Guth’s

formulation of

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND QUINTESSENCE ANALOGS The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result of chance). The concept was introduced by R. A. Fisher. The hypothesis contrary to the null hypothesis, usually

that the

DARK MATTER IS AN UNNECESSARY AD HOC FIX The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric. Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild's analysis of his spacetime metric HYPERBOLIC SPACETIME The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR.

HELLO WORLD!

I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship funds and I could not continue unless A POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM IS PERFECTLY POSSIBLE FOR A First of all, note that a potential energy diagram is perfectly possible for a hyperbolic black-hole gravitational field. The only trouble is with convention. Normally, one takes potential energy U as U = 0 at r = infinity. But, U keeps increasing forever with increasing r in the case of the HBH field. It does ORIGINS, EMERGENCE AND ESCHATOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSE: DARK Should we mean "the universe" or "the meta-verse" or "the multi-verse"? (Hugh Everett) Presumably, when the universe formed from an ensemble of some sort of "inflaton" point particles (Alan Guth) as a statistically inevitable child of an extremely excited field, possibly the gravitational field itself, its hyperbolic (proportional to 1/r) field began to collapse into THE HYPERBOLIC BLACK HOLE GALACTIC AND UNIVERSE The “underlying” set of curves, for which the legend applies, are composed as follows: 1.) The straight black diagonal line represents expansion of the universe if it had occurred at the speed of light. 2.) The green curve represents the exponential expansion of the universe according to equation 3 against proper time, t, and the

extensive

BLACK-HOLES: THE HYPERBOLIC HYPER-MASSIVE BLACK-HOLE See the post The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field Below, after the following post. Black-Holes: The Hyperbolic Hyper-Massive Black-Hole Universe The hyperbolic (declines as 1/r) black-hole galactic and universe gravitational field explains Dark Energy and Dark Matter. Stephen Hawking did not buy his own pronouncements regarding the disappearance of information

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer edge of UNIVERSE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG The simplest equation for the expansion rate’s effect on P would be an exponential decay expression, P = hoe^ (-rt), where ho is an initial value for h, r is the rate of increase in this expansion and t is time. We can get an estimate of a value for ho from Alan Guth’s

formulation of

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND QUINTESSENCE ANALOGS The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result of chance). The concept was introduced by R. A. Fisher. The hypothesis contrary to the null hypothesis, usually

that the

DARK MATTER IS AN UNNECESSARY AD HOC FIX The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric. Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild's analysis of his spacetime metric HYPERBOLIC SPACETIME The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR.

HELLO WORLD!

I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship funds and I could not continue unless A POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM IS PERFECTLY POSSIBLE FOR A First of all, note that a potential energy diagram is perfectly possible for a hyperbolic black-hole gravitational field. The only trouble is with convention. Normally, one takes potential energy U as U = 0 at r = infinity. But, U keeps increasing forever with increasing r in the case of the HBH field. It does ORIGINS, EMERGENCE AND ESCHATOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSE: DARK Should we mean "the universe" or "the meta-verse" or "the multi-verse"? (Hugh Everett) Presumably, when the universe formed from an ensemble of some sort of "inflaton" point particles (Alan Guth) as a statistically inevitable child of an extremely excited field, possibly the gravitational field itself, its hyperbolic (proportional to 1/r) field began to collapse into THE HYPERBOLIC BLACK HOLE GALACTIC AND UNIVERSE The “underlying” set of curves, for which the legend applies, are composed as follows: 1.) The straight black diagonal line represents expansion of the universe if it had occurred at the speed of light. 2.) The green curve represents the exponential expansion of the universe according to equation 3 against proper time, t, and the

extensive

BLACK-HOLES: THE HYPERBOLIC HYPER-MASSIVE BLACK-HOLE See the post The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field Below, after the following post. Black-Holes: The Hyperbolic Hyper-Massive Black-Hole Universe The hyperbolic (declines as 1/r) black-hole galactic and universe gravitational field explains Dark Energy and Dark Matter. Stephen Hawking did not buy his own pronouncements regarding the disappearance of information

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer edge of

HELLO WORLD!

I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship funds and I could not continue unless SN 1A | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about SN 1a written by garyakent. If one carefully reads the papers submitted to ArXiv astrophysics from after 1998, one sees that Saul Perlmutter’s and Adam Riess’s supernova research groups were not independent (as claimed) and that they were in serious

communication.

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Posts about gravitational potential energy written by garyakent. The “normal” Newtonian potential energy diagram derived from the inverse square relation versus the hyperbolic black hole gravitational potential energy diagram derived from the inverse (1/kr) relation

HUBBLE EXPANSION

The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR. INVERSE SQUARE POTENTIAL The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR. ORIGINS, EMERGENCE AND ESCHATOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSE: DARK Should we mean "the universe" or "the meta-verse" or "the multi-verse"? (Hugh Everett) Presumably, when the universe formed from an ensemble of some sort of "inflaton" point particles (Alan Guth) as a statistically inevitable child of an extremely excited field, possibly the gravitational field itself, its hyperbolic (proportional to 1/r) field began to collapse into BLACK HOLE SINGULARITIES AND THE POSSIBILITY OF TWO According to general relativity, in a 3-D universe with time, the gravitational field of all compact objects behaves as if the objects are point masses and the field strength must decline as 1/r2. In a 3-D universe, therefore it is said, it is impossible to support a NORMAL DISTRIBUTION APPLIED TO MILKY WAY GALAXY M-SIGMA This superposition is supposed to show how the M-sigma relation could be applied to a given galaxy (the Milky Way). The vertical blue lines represent the positions of + and - sigma, the standard deviation of the normal distribution. The horizontal green line is positioned at the points where the blue lines intersect the distribution FEBRUARY | 2012 | GARYAKENT'S BLOG The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field. Figure 1 Proper Time versus Scale Factor a(t) or Hubble Distance, R and also versus Potential Energies, Expansion Velocity, and Acceleration with Dilated or Reduced “Root” Time or “Relativistic Time” UNIVERSE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG The simplest equation for the expansion rate’s effect on P would be an exponential decay expression, P = hoe^ (-rt), where ho is an initial value for h, r is the rate of increase in this expansion and t is time. We can get an estimate of a value for ho from Alan Guth’s

formulation of

DARK MATTER IS AN UNNECESSARY AD HOC FIX The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric. Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild's analysis of his spacetime metric CHEMISTRY | GARYAKENT'S BLOG I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship EXISTENCE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about existence written by garyakent. Stephen Hawking cannot say whether God exists. All he can say is that there is no need for us to assume that He does. EXPERIMENT | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about experiment written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

HYPERBOLIC SPACETIME The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Posts about gravitational potential energy written by garyakent. The “normal” Newtonian potential energy diagram derived from the inverse square relation versus the hyperbolic black hole gravitational potential energy diagram derived from the inverse (1/kr) relation A POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM IS PERFECTLY POSSIBLE FOR A First of all, note that a potential energy diagram is perfectly possible for a hyperbolic black-hole gravitational field. The only trouble is with convention. Normally, one takes potential energy U as U = 0 at r = infinity. But, U keeps increasing forever with increasing r in the case of the HBH field. It does FEBRUARY | 2012 | GARYAKENT'S BLOG The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field. Figure 1 Proper Time versus Scale Factor a(t) or Hubble Distance, R and also versus Potential Energies, Expansion Velocity, and Acceleration with Dilated or Reduced “Root” Time or “Relativistic Time”

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole UNIVERSE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG The simplest equation for the expansion rate’s effect on P would be an exponential decay expression, P = hoe^ (-rt), where ho is an initial value for h, r is the rate of increase in this expansion and t is time. We can get an estimate of a value for ho from Alan Guth’s

formulation of

DARK MATTER IS AN UNNECESSARY AD HOC FIX The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric. Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild's analysis of his spacetime metric CHEMISTRY | GARYAKENT'S BLOG I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship EXISTENCE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about existence written by garyakent. Stephen Hawking cannot say whether God exists. All he can say is that there is no need for us to assume that He does. EXPERIMENT | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about experiment written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

HYPERBOLIC SPACETIME The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Posts about gravitational potential energy written by garyakent. The “normal” Newtonian potential energy diagram derived from the inverse square relation versus the hyperbolic black hole gravitational potential energy diagram derived from the inverse (1/kr) relation A POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM IS PERFECTLY POSSIBLE FOR A First of all, note that a potential energy diagram is perfectly possible for a hyperbolic black-hole gravitational field. The only trouble is with convention. Normally, one takes potential energy U as U = 0 at r = infinity. But, U keeps increasing forever with increasing r in the case of the HBH field. It does FEBRUARY | 2012 | GARYAKENT'S BLOG The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field. Figure 1 Proper Time versus Scale Factor a(t) or Hubble Distance, R and also versus Potential Energies, Expansion Velocity, and Acceleration with Dilated or Reduced “Root” Time or “Relativistic Time”

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer edge of

HELLO WORLD!

I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship funds and I could not continue unless EXISTENCE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about existence written by garyakent. Stephen Hawking cannot say whether God exists. All he can say is that there is no need for us to assume that He does. JULY | 2013 | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer EXPERIMENT | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about experiment written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

HUBBLE EXPANSION

The simplest equation for the expansion rate’s effect on P would be an exponential decay expression, P = hoe^ (-rt), where ho is an initial value for h, r is the rate of increase in this expansion and t is time. We can get an estimate of a value for ho from Alan Guth’s

formulation of

JANUARY | 2012 | GARYAKENT'S BLOG The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR. APRIL | 2010 | GARYAKENT'S BLOG 2 posts published by garyakent during April 2010. Stephen Hawking cannot say whether God exists. All he can say is that there is no need for us to assume that He does. BLACK-HOLES: THE HYPERBOLIC HYPER-MASSIVE BLACK-HOLE See the post The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field Below, after the following post. Black-Holes: The Hyperbolic Hyper-Massive Black-Hole Universe The hyperbolic (declines as 1/r) black-hole galactic and universe gravitational field explains Dark Energy and Dark Matter. Stephen Hawking did not buy his own pronouncements regarding the disappearance of information

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole

HELLO WORLD!

I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship funds and I could not continue unless DARK MATTER IS AN UNNECESSARY AD HOC FIX The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric. Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild's analysis of his spacetime metric EXPERIMENT | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about experiment written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

UNIVERSE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer EXISTENCE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about existence written by garyakent. Stephen Hawking cannot say whether God exists. All he can say is that there is no need for us to assume that He does. HYPERBOLIC SPACETIME The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR. GOD | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about God written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Posts about gravitational potential energy written by garyakent. The “normal” Newtonian potential energy diagram derived from the inverse square relation versus the hyperbolic black hole gravitational potential energy diagram derived from the inverse (1/kr) relation A POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM IS PERFECTLY POSSIBLE FOR A First of all, note that a potential energy diagram is perfectly possible for a hyperbolic black-hole gravitational field. The only trouble is with convention. Normally, one takes potential energy U as U = 0 at r = infinity. But, U keeps increasing forever with increasing r in the case of the HBH field. It does

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole

HELLO WORLD!

I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship funds and I could not continue unless DARK MATTER IS AN UNNECESSARY AD HOC FIX The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric. Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild's analysis of his spacetime metric EXPERIMENT | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about experiment written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

UNIVERSE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer EXISTENCE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about existence written by garyakent. Stephen Hawking cannot say whether God exists. All he can say is that there is no need for us to assume that He does. HYPERBOLIC SPACETIME The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR. GOD | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about God written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Posts about gravitational potential energy written by garyakent. The “normal” Newtonian potential energy diagram derived from the inverse square relation versus the hyperbolic black hole gravitational potential energy diagram derived from the inverse (1/kr) relation A POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM IS PERFECTLY POSSIBLE FOR A First of all, note that a potential energy diagram is perfectly possible for a hyperbolic black-hole gravitational field. The only trouble is with convention. Normally, one takes potential energy U as U = 0 at r = infinity. But, U keeps increasing forever with increasing r in the case of the HBH field. It does

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole SN 1A | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about SN 1a written by garyakent. If one carefully reads the papers submitted to ArXiv astrophysics from after 1998, one sees that Saul Perlmutter’s and Adam Riess’s supernova research groups were not independent (as claimed) and that they were in serious

communication.

RELATIVITY | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about relativity written by garyakent. The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field. Figure 1 Proper Time versus Scale Factor a(t) or Hubble Distance, R and also versus Potential Energies, Expansion Velocity, and Acceleration with Dilated or Reduced “Root” Time or “Relativistic Time” COSMOLOGY | GARYAKENT'S BLOG The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR.

HUBBLE EXPANSION

The simplest equation for the expansion rate’s effect on P would be an exponential decay expression, P = hoe^ (-rt), where ho is an initial value for h, r is the rate of increase in this expansion and t is time. We can get an estimate of a value for ho from Alan Guth’s

formulation of

INFLATION | GARYAKENT'S BLOG According to general relativity, in a 3-D universe with time, the gravitational field of all compact objects behaves as if the objects are point masses and the field strength must decline as 1/r 2.In a 3-D universe, therefore it is said, it is impossible to support a hyperbolic 1/r gravitational field.

ACCELERATION

Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer edge of GRAVITY | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion. Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline. Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole

gravity

MASSIVE BLACK HOLE

See the post. The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field. Below, after the following post. Black-Holes: The Hyperbolic Hyper-Massive Black-Hole Universe JULY | 2013 | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer INVERSE SQUARE POTENTIAL The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR.

HELLO WORLD!

I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship funds and I could not continue unless DARK MATTER IS AN UNNECESSARY AD HOC FIX The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric. Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild's analysis of his spacetime metric EXPERIMENT | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about experiment written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

UNIVERSE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer EXISTENCE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about existence written by garyakent. Stephen Hawking cannot say whether God exists. All he can say is that there is no need for us to assume that He does. HYPERBOLIC SPACETIME The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR. GOD | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about God written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Posts about gravitational potential energy written by garyakent. The “normal” Newtonian potential energy diagram derived from the inverse square relation versus the hyperbolic black hole gravitational potential energy diagram derived from the inverse (1/kr) relation A POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM IS PERFECTLY POSSIBLE FOR A First of all, note that a potential energy diagram is perfectly possible for a hyperbolic black-hole gravitational field. The only trouble is with convention. Normally, one takes potential energy U as U = 0 at r = infinity. But, U keeps increasing forever with increasing r in the case of the HBH field. It does

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole

HELLO WORLD!

I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship funds and I could not continue unless DARK MATTER IS AN UNNECESSARY AD HOC FIX The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric. Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild's analysis of his spacetime metric EXPERIMENT | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about experiment written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

UNIVERSE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer EXISTENCE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about existence written by garyakent. Stephen Hawking cannot say whether God exists. All he can say is that there is no need for us to assume that He does. HYPERBOLIC SPACETIME The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR. GOD | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about God written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Posts about gravitational potential energy written by garyakent. The “normal” Newtonian potential energy diagram derived from the inverse square relation versus the hyperbolic black hole gravitational potential energy diagram derived from the inverse (1/kr) relation A POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM IS PERFECTLY POSSIBLE FOR A First of all, note that a potential energy diagram is perfectly possible for a hyperbolic black-hole gravitational field. The only trouble is with convention. Normally, one takes potential energy U as U = 0 at r = infinity. But, U keeps increasing forever with increasing r in the case of the HBH field. It does

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole SN 1A | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about SN 1a written by garyakent. If one carefully reads the papers submitted to ArXiv astrophysics from after 1998, one sees that Saul Perlmutter’s and Adam Riess’s supernova research groups were not independent (as claimed) and that they were in serious

communication.

RELATIVITY | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about relativity written by garyakent. The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field. Figure 1 Proper Time versus Scale Factor a(t) or Hubble Distance, R and also versus Potential Energies, Expansion Velocity, and Acceleration with Dilated or Reduced “Root” Time or “Relativistic Time” COSMOLOGY | GARYAKENT'S BLOG The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR.

HUBBLE EXPANSION

The simplest equation for the expansion rate’s effect on P would be an exponential decay expression, P = hoe^ (-rt), where ho is an initial value for h, r is the rate of increase in this expansion and t is time. We can get an estimate of a value for ho from Alan Guth’s

formulation of

INFLATION | GARYAKENT'S BLOG According to general relativity, in a 3-D universe with time, the gravitational field of all compact objects behaves as if the objects are point masses and the field strength must decline as 1/r 2.In a 3-D universe, therefore it is said, it is impossible to support a hyperbolic 1/r gravitational field.

ACCELERATION

Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer edge of GRAVITY | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion. Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline. Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole

gravity

MASSIVE BLACK HOLE

See the post. The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field. Below, after the following post. Black-Holes: The Hyperbolic Hyper-Massive Black-Hole Universe JULY | 2013 | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer INVERSE SQUARE POTENTIAL The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR.

HELLO WORLD!

I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship funds and I could not continue unless DARK MATTER IS AN UNNECESSARY AD HOC FIX The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric. Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild's analysis of his spacetime metric EXPERIMENT | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about experiment written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

UNIVERSE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer EXISTENCE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about existence written by garyakent. Stephen Hawking cannot say whether God exists. All he can say is that there is no need for us to assume that He does. HYPERBOLIC SPACETIME The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR. GOD | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about God written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Posts about gravitational potential energy written by garyakent. The “normal” Newtonian potential energy diagram derived from the inverse square relation versus the hyperbolic black hole gravitational potential energy diagram derived from the inverse (1/kr) relation A POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM IS PERFECTLY POSSIBLE FOR A First of all, note that a potential energy diagram is perfectly possible for a hyperbolic black-hole gravitational field. The only trouble is with convention. Normally, one takes potential energy U as U = 0 at r = infinity. But, U keeps increasing forever with increasing r in the case of the HBH field. It does

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole

HELLO WORLD!

I am a M.S. inorganic chemist with my degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1985. My degree is a virtual Ph.D. because I finished all research and my dissertation but I could not stand for my defense of thesis because my department ran out of fellowship funds and I could not continue unless DARK MATTER IS AN UNNECESSARY AD HOC FIX The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric. Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild's analysis of his spacetime metric EXPERIMENT | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about experiment written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

UNIVERSE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer EXISTENCE | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about existence written by garyakent. Stephen Hawking cannot say whether God exists. All he can say is that there is no need for us to assume that He does. HYPERBOLIC SPACETIME The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR. GOD | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about God written by garyakent. The Scientific Method and Quintessence Analogs. Wolfram Math World: A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that is tested for possible rejection under the assumption that it is true (usually that observations are the result

of chance).

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Posts about gravitational potential energy written by garyakent. The “normal” Newtonian potential energy diagram derived from the inverse square relation versus the hyperbolic black hole gravitational potential energy diagram derived from the inverse (1/kr) relation A POTENTIAL ENERGY DIAGRAM IS PERFECTLY POSSIBLE FOR A First of all, note that a potential energy diagram is perfectly possible for a hyperbolic black-hole gravitational field. The only trouble is with convention. Normally, one takes potential energy U as U = 0 at r = infinity. But, U keeps increasing forever with increasing r in the case of the HBH field. It does

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole SN 1A | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about SN 1a written by garyakent. If one carefully reads the papers submitted to ArXiv astrophysics from after 1998, one sees that Saul Perlmutter’s and Adam Riess’s supernova research groups were not independent (as claimed) and that they were in serious

communication.

RELATIVITY | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Posts about relativity written by garyakent. The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field. Figure 1 Proper Time versus Scale Factor a(t) or Hubble Distance, R and also versus Potential Energies, Expansion Velocity, and Acceleration with Dilated or Reduced “Root” Time or “Relativistic Time” COSMOLOGY | GARYAKENT'S BLOG The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR.

HUBBLE EXPANSION

The simplest equation for the expansion rate’s effect on P would be an exponential decay expression, P = hoe^ (-rt), where ho is an initial value for h, r is the rate of increase in this expansion and t is time. We can get an estimate of a value for ho from Alan Guth’s

formulation of

INFLATION | GARYAKENT'S BLOG According to general relativity, in a 3-D universe with time, the gravitational field of all compact objects behaves as if the objects are point masses and the field strength must decline as 1/r 2.In a 3-D universe, therefore it is said, it is impossible to support a hyperbolic 1/r gravitational field.

ACCELERATION

Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer edge of GRAVITY | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Galactic M-Sigma Relation and the Anomalous Stellar Velocity Dispersion. Inverse gravitational decline versus inverse square decline. Analyzing the implications of a black hole singularity with near infinitely tight curvature close to the center and what this means to the mathematical form of the gravitational field, one concludes that a postulated singularity requires that black hole

gravity

MASSIVE BLACK HOLE

See the post. The Hyperbolic Black Hole Galactic and Universe Gravitational Field. Below, after the following post. Black-Holes: The Hyperbolic Hyper-Massive Black-Hole Universe JULY | 2013 | GARYAKENT'S BLOG Wikipedia, rotation velocity = v, AVD Estimates for the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×10 11 solar masses (M ☉), somewhat smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s for stars at the outer INVERSE SQUARE POTENTIAL The singularity at the center of a black hole must be unique and have testable consequences. Dark Matter is an unnecessary ad hoc fix to fill in the blanks in the Friedmann model under the FLRW metric.Galactic supermassive black-holes exist as true physical singularities according to the Kretschmann invariant and Schwartzchild’s analysis of his spacetime metric under GR.

GARYAKENT'S BLOG

Just another WordPress.com weblog ------------------------- POSTS TAGGED ‘EXPANSION’ THE HYPERBOLIC BLACK HOLE GALACTIC AND UNIVERSE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

February 4, 2012

THE HYPERBOLIC BLACK HOLE GALACTIC AND UNIVERSE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD Figure 1   Proper Time versus Scale Factor a(t) or Hubble Distance, R and also versus Potential Energies, Expansion Velocity, and Acceleration with Dilated or Reduced “Root” Time or “Relativistic Time” http://www.fotothing.com/Gak/photo/f7c4dd2a76b88a78fa2f590a8751b883/

100/92-100

image #100 in this series http://www.fotothing.com/photos/f7c/f7c4dd2a76b88a78fa2f590a8751b883_fa2.jpg

image enlargement

Graph computed from equations given in Fig.2 for Hubble expansion of the universe in extensive units. With a proportional overlay of the associated potential energy state diagrams.

BUSY, BUSY, BUSY

This overly complicated ugly graph is really quite simple. The “underlying” set of curves, for which the legend applies, are composed as below and in https://garyakent.wordpress.com

First:

The “underlying” set of curves, for which the legend applies, are composed as follows: 1.) The straight black diagonal line represents expansion of the universe if it had occurred at the speed of light. 2.) The green curve represents the exponential expansion of the universe according to equation 3 against proper time, t, and the extensive variable R, below. It rises almost straight up at very very small values of t, then rises more slowly, nearly leveling off; then it rises again at a more sedate rate after about 2×10-14 u (time in geometric or natural units). 3.) The deep red curve refers to the slope of (2.), the velocity of expansion, i.e. the first derivative in units of U/u. It declines very steeply from an apparently infinitely high level very very early, passing through a minimum at extremely small t = 2×10-14u, whereupon it rises monotonically as shown. This is a unique and very fortuitous feature of this relation. 4.) The purple curve is supposed to represent the acceleration of (3.), i.e. the second derivative. 5.)  The sky blue curve represents “root time”, “reduced time” or “relativistic time”, t1, the (inverse e)th root of proper time, t where t1 = t(1/e) An unexpected interaction between t1 and the rest of the exponential form produces a fortuitous minimum in expansion velocity, dropping to near zero when t is very small (which occurs much too close to the origin to show), which is a crucial feature of this graph (see the relevant plot in the image series, #97 at Gak on FotoThing.com). This is due to the odd way that exp(B*t1) behaves at very small t. Otherwise there would be no time for the essential equilibration of temperature and density that is postulated by Alan Guth’s theory. Without such a peculiar minimum in the rate of expansion, because of how t1 works, there would be no initial exponential induction period as is assumed by Guth. If the parameter, e, is adjusted so that Hubble expansion decelerates overall, having negative or concave curvature, no such minimum in the expansion rate occurs at small values of t. The curve (5.) is the key to the exponential equation and is the secret of why it works. Perhaps this reduced or root time may represent how proper time is vastly dilated especially as it rises from an ultra-massive physically real singularity at our initial proper time, when t = 0. For the inflaton particle is postulated by Guth to be a humongously strong gravitational point particle in the meta-time of a multiverse. Now, this curvature parameter, e, can be adjusted to describe an open, flat or closed universe. It can be adjusted to show much less curvature or much more. So, the position and duration of the minimum that occurs very early for curve (3.) can be modulated. But, changing parameters A or B will make (2.) completely miss passage through the point (1,1) on the graphical grid. This would not work at all because the universe with all its matter and energy must have mass/energy M == 1 µ at t = 1 u. So, here is another label for the

abscissa.

When the vertical axis is interpreted as being the scale factor a(t), then the horizontal axis must be interpreted as having proper time t = 1u = 27.44 billion years (at least) because from the time of emission of light that became the CMB, to 13.72 billion years (until now, the Hubble time), our universe has expanded another 13.72 billion years (at least). If we insist that the horizontal axis t = 1u = 13.72 billion years, only the Hubble time itself, then the Hubble distance is only 13.72 billion light years or R = 1 U on the vertical axis. Note that herein R = r, interchangeably. It does not matter how the axes are interpreted as long as one remains consistent. The author worries that expansion velocity accelerates beyond the speed of light too soon. After over half of the universe lifetime from this point, by now we should have lost contact with the CMB. This can probably be fixed by choosing the parameter, e, so that the curvature of expansion in (2.) is rather a lot shallower. This should also move the point where its slope exceeds c by quite a bit to the right. Then, its effect could be viewed as being more benign. According to Guth and the consensus of cosmologists and other astrophysicists who truly respect Inflation Theory, the universe was once a purely quantum entity. It still is. The very success of quantum theory is evidence that ours is a quantum universe. Why should the universe not follow a mathematically defined trajectory like this?

Second:

Overlain upon this graph is another graph with three more curves, a black, an orange red and a bright blue one. ORANGE RED: the curve for potential energy (P.E.), from a graph of y = ln(x) representing the integral of 1/kr, where k = 1 m and x = r = t, representing either the Hubble time or the actual age of the universe

(more or less).

Here, y is the vertical axis which is to be read as P.E. of the “inflaton” (or galactic) hyper-excited gravitational field or as whatever else may be the correct quantity, in natural units, depending upon which curve one is reading. Ideally, this ln(x) integral denotes the initially (near the origin) extremely high relative P.E. condition of the hyperbolic ultra-massive black hole gravity. Hyperbolic gravity fields are allowed by GR if proper assumptions and boundary conditions are posited to find a metric, much like the Schwarzschild metric, for the space wherein is assumed to reside a singular black hole. That is, this curve represents the “state” of the universe’s initial hugely massive “inflaton” point particle and its associated “inflationary” hyper-excited renormalizable 1/kr gravitational field. Every field always has an associated particle, so there would have been an inflaton particle and it should have been an hyper-massive or “excited” quantum point particle already possessing that “renormalizable” higher energy hyperbolic gravitational field. How could it have been else in the Everett multiverse which Guth explicitly posits? Now, there is no question that, if one accepts Inflation Theory then, one must accept the multiverse and meta-time. The author compares the implied transition from an evolving higher energy gravitational field state toward a changing ground state to a time dependent quantum transition or to a Tanabe-Sugano diagram in transition metal ligand field theory. B.)   BLACK: the curve from y = -1/x, the lower energy P.E. state of the universe under the ground state of its normal gravitational field, which was proportional to 1/r2. P.E. being the vertical axis now, as in (A.), it is equal to -1/x or -1/r or -1/t (because the scale has r = R = t = 1 since this is all in natural or geometric units). The ln(x) = ln(r) = ln(t) curve and the 1/x = 1/r = 1/t curves have been translated so that P.E. (A.) = P.E. (B.) when ordinate x = r = t approx. = 0.34 and then the whole graph was re-scaled and vertically re-positioned to fit other abscissa or P.E. versus t constraints. Originally, this point was (1,0) or the intersection of both curves,

where

ln(x) = 0 and

-1/x +1 = 0

got from a pair of equally scaled graphical curves adapted from figures in a textbook definition of the natural logarithm. This was not an arbitrary adjustment. It was done so that the orange red ln(x) curve approaches the origin at the same time that the sum of the (A.) orange red, and (B.) black, curves equals the bright blue curve of (C.) as it passes through the point (1,1). Then, the intersection of (A.) & (B.), at the bright green circle, which used to be at the point (1,0), had to be translated so that its position with respect to the underlying Hubble time axis corresponded to 0.344 u, or 9 billion years ago in Hubble time, when the universe is seen to have begun to “re-inflate”, consistent with observations of “acceleration”.  So, there is only one way that the overlay curves could have been re-scaled and repositioned to meet

these constraints.

BRIGHT BLUE: the superposition or linear sum or mixture of the gravitational potential energy states represented by curves (A.) and

(B.).

Now, as was said before, (C.) had to be made to pass through the point (1,1) on the underlying graphical grid. That is, the total P.E. had to equal all the matter and energy in the universe at t = 1, the present, including “Dark Matter” and “Dark Energy”, so that M == 1µ at t = 1u. So, total mass/energy M is yet another label for the

abscissa.

The orange red curve in (A.) is identified with Dark Energy, and it is seen to keep on increasing into the future while the associated scale factor, which is to be read on the abscissa as R or a(t) in this case, also increases. Then, with these simultaneous increases, the P.E. density of the universe remains constant as is indeed postulated for

Dark Energy.

At the instant of the BB, the hyperbolic inflationary gravitational inflaton field of the inflaton point particle had a potential energy curve that would have looked like the orange red curve in (A.) but, no matter/energy had yet had a chance to follow this P.E. curve at the instant that the BB occurred. And, afterward it might have been forced to follow the black curve in (B.). The matter/energy in the universe could not actually experience any of the individual states represented by (A.) or (B.) but could experience only the superposition of states in (C.), bright blue. Still, it is all consistent. The orange red P.E. curve continues to increase as it should and the black P.E. curve becomes “nearly” constant as it must while the bright blue total P.E. curve increases as the energy density of the universe must remain constant, just as

theory demands.

See? Simple. (Yuk! Yuk!)  By comparison, this should make filing an income tax-return seem like a piece of cake. This is what time dependent quantum transitions mean. This is what the multiverse means. We can experience only the final resultant of the waveform vector sets for all terms in the total probability density wave sum. We experience only the superposition, not the separate

states.

Yet, some cosmologists describe Inflation Theory minus the point particle concept and sans a multiverse with no meta-time and also without the implication that the inflaton field must be an excited renormalizable gravitational field with its associated hyper-massive particle. So, the quantum nature of Inflation seems foreign. One can pick and choose the ideas one likes only in regard to congressional legislation in a hidebound committee but, Inflation Theory will never become that kind of law. If the hyperbolic black hole gravitational field can be validated and extended to the entire universe this way, then we would have hard evidence for a kind of a multiverse. FIGURE 2   RULES SHEET FROM TK SOLVER PLUS FOR THE “E-MODEL” OF INFLATIONARY EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE The graphical series in Fig.1 was computed using the equations presented in this rules sheet. #98 A  Equations for the mathematical model of inflationary Hubble expansion of the universe according to extensive variables.

98 A  universe

accelerating

hubble

expansion

guth

inflation

http://www.fotothing.com/Gak/photo/dd3000c76d3f16f595af18ef135cfad2/

98/92-100

image 98A  in this image series http://www.fotothing.com/photos/dd3/dd3000c76d3f16f595af18ef135cfad2_fab.jpg

image enlargement

This is the rules page from a UTS TK Solver Plus math program that was used to plot the exponential expansion curve shown in image 96. It depicts acceleration of Hubble expansion, the 1st and 2nd derivatives of this curve as well as a straight diagonal line showing a baseline of what expansion would look like if it occurred at the speed of light. Image 95, at FotoThing.com under Gak, shows a minimum in the 1st derivative curve, the expansion rate. The rate drops to near zero, indicating an extreme slowdown in expansion that constitutes a virtual pause at around 1^-14 to 3^-14 u or “universe time”, time in “natural units” or “geometric time”. This period lasts around 2 x 10^-14 u or 8,660 seconds (144 minutes) but is sensitive to somewhat arbitrary initial conditions like those chosen by Alan Guth in his first paper on inflation. This pause may have come earlier or later and lasted longer or shorter depending on these initial conditions. Such changes would have to be pairwise and in the correct sense or else the intersection with (1,1) will be lost.

Tags:acceleration ,

Alan Guth , black

holes , dark energy

, dark matter

, expansion

, gravity

, inflation

, MOND

, relativity

, universe

Posted in cosmology

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GARY’S BLOG

April 1, 2010

Stephen Hawking cannot say whether God exists. All he can say is that there is no need for us to assume that He does. Try this scenario on for size: The existence of the universe is accounted for by the postulates of the inflationary Big Bang. Alan Guth mathematically defines an “inflaton” particle that was a child of a highly excited gravitational field. This extremely excited and energetic inflaton particle, being much like an excited radioactive nucleus in an atom or an excited particle in a particle accelerator machine, had to decay eventually. When it did so, matter and energy, in types that we know, were formed. The inflaton particle was a point-particle, that is, a point-mass having mass, gravitational potential energy and all other types of energy equivalent to the matter and energy that we can tally today all rolled up inside. For a black-hole F = GMm/kr, k = constant = 1m (SI System), for dimensional purity. The inflaton particle possessed a hyperbolic 1/kr gravitational field with gravity existing prior to the big bang. The prior existence is said because we live in a multiverse (See followers of John Archibald Wheeler)) and the inflaton was only one of many such particles that existed and do still exist in the meta-universe (see

Hugh Everett).

The big bang happened. And, it will happen again for other inflaton particles and has already happened in many others of them, long “before” our inflaton decayed into our universe. In other words, we must postulate “meta-time” as well. Since the gravitational field existed prior to decay of the inflaton, gravity being “leaky” (George Dvali, Lisa Randall), overflowing boundaries like those associated with an infinitely dense, infinitely intense gravitational field stemming from a point-mass, it had such a hyperbolic 1/kr potential profile. When the inflaton decayed, the 1/kr field began to collapse. It is still collapsing, transitioning to the 1/r^2 gravitational field that we see today. On a graph, we see that the equivalent hyperbolic potential energy curve is inherently greater than the equivalent 1/r^2 parabolic curve. So, the continuing collapse of the hyperbolic 1/kr field releases energy into the visible universe. The only way this energy can be manifested is by means of the expansion of spacetime. This expansion is kinematically equivalent to our having all the discrete objects in the universe rushing away from each other. Most of the time, we should think about expansion kinematically to avoid

confusion.

Now, a graphical look at hyperbolic exponential decay reveals that acceleration of expansion may still be occurring slowly, but it should be happening at an infinitesimally lower and lower rate (after all, expansion has been progressing for 13.72 billion years already and the manspring should have wound down quite a lot by now). This potential energy, bound up in the remaining remnant of the hyperbolic gravitational field, is real energy (with mass equivalent via E = mc^2). It accounts for the “missing mass” of the universe and the accelerating rate of expansion without invoking any new forces like

quintessence.

The unique role of gravity in this scenario is a key. You might say that gravity is the only true force, all other forces being derived from it, and its status is fixed by this role. It is such a weak force and cannot easily fit into quantum theories because of its status as the “Ur” force. (Ur was the first true city in Western

civilization).

This scenario is hypothetical, to be sure. But, it is no more speculative than Alan Guth’s original formulation of “Inflation” as a solution to the various paradoxes of the Big Bang theory. There is “speculation” and there is speculation. Some intriguing speculation is more robust and worthy than other kinds. At any rate, we see here that there is no need for God in accounts of the origin of the universe. This does not mean that there is no God. But, if He exists, He must be infinitely bigger and more powerful than anyone ever thought. He presides over a multiverse, not a mere universe, and He has made meta-time as well as standard time. He must

be truly almighty.

Gak

Tags:acceleration ,

Alan Guth , dark

energy , dark matter

, existence

, expansion

, God

, MOND

, universe

Posted in cosmology

| 4 Comments »

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