CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Our plan. Over the next five years, Conservation Evidence aims to produce synopses covering every major habitat and taxonomic group. Each will be produced through thorough literature reviews and with an international panel of experts advising on the scope and structure of the synopsis, ensuring that they communicate the information that

BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

1. Veríssimo D. (2013) Influencing human behaviour: an underutilised tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10, 29‐31.

2.

RELEASE CAPTIVE-BRED INDIVIDUALS INTO THE WILD TO RESTORE A replicated study over 12 years (Bose & Sarrazin 2007) of the same programme as in Sarrazin et al. 1996 showed that the number of nesting pairs of griffon vultures Gyps fulvus in the release site in southern France increased steadily from three to 33 (fledging a total of 95 young) over 11 breeding seasons following the release of 59 captive-bred birds during 1981–1986. AVOID ILLUMINATION OF BAT COMMUTING ROUTES Three studies evaluated the effects of avoiding the illumination of bat commuting routes on bat populations. Two studies were in the UK and one was in the Netherlands. Abundance (3 studies): One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands found similar numbers of pond bats flying along unlit canals and canals illuminated with lamps. LEAVE STANDING DEADWOOD/SNAGS IN FORESTS Snags or standing dead trees and other dead wood can provide shelter for amphibians within forest. Retaining these within clearcut forest may help to maintain amphibian populations. Studies investigating the effect of leaving coarse woody debris during harvest are discussed in ‘ Leave course woody debris in forests ’. Read more. USE AN OTTER TRAWL INSTEAD OF A BEAM TRAWL Otter trawls are alternative fishing methods which may potentially cause less damage to the seabed and benthic invertebrates (Broadhurst et al. 2012). Evidence for other interventions related to otter trawl is summarised under “Threat: Biological resource use – Use more than one net on otter trawls”, and “Use an otter trawl instead of

a

STERILIZE EQUIPMENT WHEN MOVING BETWEEN AMPHIBIAN SITES Key messages. We found no evidence for the effects of sterilizing equipment when moving between amphibian sites on the spread of disease between amphibian populations or individuals. Two randomized, replicated, controlled study in Switzerland and Sweden found that Virkon S disinfectant did not affect survival, mass or behaviour of

common frog

USE GLAZING TREATMENTS TO REDUCE LIGHT SPILL FROM INSIDE Key messages. We found no studies that evaluated the effects of using glazing treatments to prevent light spill from inside lit buildings on bat populations. ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our USE FENCES TO EXCLUDE LIVESTOCK FROM SHRUBLANDS A replicated, controlled, randomized, before-and-after trial in 1993–1999 in four heathland sites in the UK (Hartley & Mitchell 2005) found that using fences to exclude livestock increased the cover of heather Calluna vulgaris and reduced grass cover. In four of four cases, after six years heather cover in areas that were fenced increased by 5–22% relative to the same areas before fencing ADD YELLOW RATTLE SEED RHINANTHUS MINOR TO HAY MEADOWS This intervention involves adding yellow rattle Rhinanthus minor seed to grassland to help establish meadow plant communities. Yellow rattle is an annual wildflower native to the UK which parasitizes other wildflowers and grasses (Natural England 2009). By parasitizing other plants, particularly grasses, yellow rattle can reduce the dominant CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Our plan. Over the next five years, Conservation Evidence aims to produce synopses covering every major habitat and taxonomic group. Each will be produced through thorough literature reviews and with an international panel of experts advising on the scope and structure of the synopsis, ensuring that they communicate the information that

BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

1. Veríssimo D. (2013) Influencing human behaviour: an underutilised tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10, 29‐31.

2.

RELEASE CAPTIVE-BRED INDIVIDUALS INTO THE WILD TO RESTORE A replicated study over 12 years (Bose & Sarrazin 2007) of the same programme as in Sarrazin et al. 1996 showed that the number of nesting pairs of griffon vultures Gyps fulvus in the release site in southern France increased steadily from three to 33 (fledging a total of 95 young) over 11 breeding seasons following the release of 59 captive-bred birds during 1981–1986. AVOID ILLUMINATION OF BAT COMMUTING ROUTES Three studies evaluated the effects of avoiding the illumination of bat commuting routes on bat populations. Two studies were in the UK and one was in the Netherlands. Abundance (3 studies): One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands found similar numbers of pond bats flying along unlit canals and canals illuminated with lamps. LEAVE STANDING DEADWOOD/SNAGS IN FORESTS Snags or standing dead trees and other dead wood can provide shelter for amphibians within forest. Retaining these within clearcut forest may help to maintain amphibian populations. Studies investigating the effect of leaving coarse woody debris during harvest are discussed in ‘ Leave course woody debris in forests ’. Read more. USE AN OTTER TRAWL INSTEAD OF A BEAM TRAWL Otter trawls are alternative fishing methods which may potentially cause less damage to the seabed and benthic invertebrates (Broadhurst et al. 2012). Evidence for other interventions related to otter trawl is summarised under “Threat: Biological resource use – Use more than one net on otter trawls”, and “Use an otter trawl instead of

a

STERILIZE EQUIPMENT WHEN MOVING BETWEEN AMPHIBIAN SITES Key messages. We found no evidence for the effects of sterilizing equipment when moving between amphibian sites on the spread of disease between amphibian populations or individuals. Two randomized, replicated, controlled study in Switzerland and Sweden found that Virkon S disinfectant did not affect survival, mass or behaviour of

common frog

USE GLAZING TREATMENTS TO REDUCE LIGHT SPILL FROM INSIDE Key messages. We found no studies that evaluated the effects of using glazing treatments to prevent light spill from inside lit buildings on bat populations. ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our USE FENCES TO EXCLUDE LIVESTOCK FROM SHRUBLANDS A replicated, controlled, randomized, before-and-after trial in 1993–1999 in four heathland sites in the UK (Hartley & Mitchell 2005) found that using fences to exclude livestock increased the cover of heather Calluna vulgaris and reduced grass cover. In four of four cases, after six years heather cover in areas that were fenced increased by 5–22% relative to the same areas before fencing ADD YELLOW RATTLE SEED RHINANTHUS MINOR TO HAY MEADOWS This intervention involves adding yellow rattle Rhinanthus minor seed to grassland to help establish meadow plant communities. Yellow rattle is an annual wildflower native to the UK which parasitizes other wildflowers and grasses (Natural England 2009). By parasitizing other plants, particularly grasses, yellow rattle can reduce the dominant CONSERVATION EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE DATA 109 Actions found Actions to conserve biodiversity. We have summarised evidence from the scientific literature about the effects of actions to conserve wildlife and ecosystems. APPLY HERBICIDE TO TREES Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 703-716. A replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in 2013–2014 in a fynbos site in Cape Town, South Africa (Krupek et al. 2016) found that spraying invasive orange wattle Acacia saligna trees with herbicide increased plant diversity, but not shrub cover. REMOVE OR CONTROL INVASIVE BULLFROGS Supporting evidence from individual studies. A replicated, before-and-after study in 2004–2007 of 12 ponds in California, USA (D’Amore, Kirby & McNicholas 2009) found that there was a significant increase in adult California red-legged frogs Rana draytonii in ponds in the two years after American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana removal.Counts increased from eight to 11 frogs in removal

ponds.

TRANSLOCATE BATS

Supporting evidence from individual studies. A study in 2005 on Kapiti Island, New Zealand (Ruffel & Parsons 2009) found that nine of 20 translocated lesser short-tailed bats Mystacina tuberculata were recorded at the release site 232 days after release, and all were in poor condition.After eight months, captured bats were balding and had damaged infected ears and were subsequently returned to PROTECT INDIVIDUAL NESTS OF GROUND-NESTING BIRDS A replicated, controlled before-and-after study from 1999 to 2004 on pastures in southwest Sweden (Pauliny et al. 2008) found that the average hatching rate of southern dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii nests was significantly higher for nests protected by steel cages (20 cm high truncated cones with 7.5 cm gaps between vertical bars and 4 x 4 cm steel mesh covering the top) than for unprotected SKUNK CABBAGE: CHEMICAL CONTROL USING HERBICIDES Key messages. A study in the UK found that two herbicides, glyphosate and 2, 4-D Amine, both killed all skunk cabbage plants in test areas. However, another study in the UK found that although using 2,4-D amine at 9 litres/ha, successfully eradicated skunk cabbage, using glyphosate was unsuccessful at eradicating skunk cabbage, with only limited reduction in growth of the plants. REMOVE OR CONTROL INVASIVE CUBAN TREE FROGS A total of 693 Cuban tree frogs were removed (10–589/site). Tree frogs were captured in 84–99 refuges/site, which were checked each week or month. Refuges were 1 m long, 5 cm diameter polyvinyl chloride pipes hung 1 m from the ground and with a cap at the bottom to retain water. Tree frogs were marked and from 2002 all Cuban tree frogs THE KILUM IJIM PROJECT What Works in Conservation. What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, terrestrial mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. USE GLAZING TREATMENTS TO REDUCE LIGHT SPILL FROM INSIDE Key messages. We found no studies that evaluated the effects of using glazing treatments to prevent light spill from inside lit buildings on bat populations. ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our EFFICACY OF MECHANICAL METHODS AND THE APPLICATION OF Efficacy of mechanical methods and the application of selective herbicides in control of birch Betula. spp. at Holme Fen NNR, Cambridgeshire, England. Published source details Marrs R.H. (1984) Birch control on lowland heaths: mechanical control and the application of selective herbicides by foliar spray. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 703-716 CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Our plan. Over the next five years, Conservation Evidence aims to produce synopses covering every major habitat and taxonomic group. Each will be produced through thorough literature reviews and with an international panel of experts advising on the scope and structure of the synopsis, ensuring that they communicate the information that

BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

1. Veríssimo D. (2013) Influencing human behaviour: an underutilised tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10, 29‐31.

2.

- CONSERVATION EVIDENCE A 2000 literature review of grassland management practices in the UK (Wakeham-Dawson & Smith 2000) found one study that reported that grass maintained at a height of 15-25 cm supported twice the number of invertebrates compared with grass grazed by sheep to less than 10 cm. In particular, reduced grazing resulted in significantly more web RELEASE CAPTIVE-BRED INDIVIDUALS INTO THE WILD TO RESTORE A replicated study over 12 years (Bose & Sarrazin 2007) of the same programme as in Sarrazin et al. 1996 showed that the number of nesting pairs of griffon vultures Gyps fulvus in the release site in southern France increased steadily from three to 33 (fledging a total of 95 young) over 11 breeding seasons following the release of 59 captive-bred birds during 1981–1986. AVOID ILLUMINATION OF BAT COMMUTING ROUTES Three studies evaluated the effects of avoiding the illumination of bat commuting routes on bat populations. Two studies were in the UK and one was in the Netherlands. Abundance (3 studies): One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands found similar numbers of pond bats flying along unlit canals and canals illuminated with lamps. LEAVE STANDING DEADWOOD/SNAGS IN FORESTS Snags or standing dead trees and other dead wood can provide shelter for amphibians within forest. Retaining these within clearcut forest may help to maintain amphibian populations. Studies investigating the effect of leaving coarse woody debris during harvest are discussed in ‘ Leave course woody debris in forests ’. Read more. STERILIZE EQUIPMENT WHEN MOVING BETWEEN AMPHIBIAN SITES Key messages. We found no evidence for the effects of sterilizing equipment when moving between amphibian sites on the spread of disease between amphibian populations or individuals. Two randomized, replicated, controlled study in Switzerland and Sweden found that Virkon S disinfectant did not affect survival, mass or behaviour of

common frog

USE GLAZING TREATMENTS TO REDUCE LIGHT SPILL FROM INSIDE Key messages. We found no studies that evaluated the effects of using glazing treatments to prevent light spill from inside lit buildings on bat populations. ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our USE FENCES TO EXCLUDE LIVESTOCK FROM SHRUBLANDS A replicated, controlled, randomized, before-and-after trial in 1993–1999 in four heathland sites in the UK (Hartley & Mitchell 2005) found that using fences to exclude livestock increased the cover of heather Calluna vulgaris and reduced grass cover. In four of four cases, after six years heather cover in areas that were fenced increased by 5–22% relative to the same areas before fencing ADD YELLOW RATTLE SEED RHINANTHUS MINOR TO HAY MEADOWS This intervention involves adding yellow rattle Rhinanthus minor seed to grassland to help establish meadow plant communities. Yellow rattle is an annual wildflower native to the UK which parasitizes other wildflowers and grasses (Natural England 2009). By parasitizing other plants, particularly grasses, yellow rattle can reduce the dominant CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Our plan. Over the next five years, Conservation Evidence aims to produce synopses covering every major habitat and taxonomic group. Each will be produced through thorough literature reviews and with an international panel of experts advising on the scope and structure of the synopsis, ensuring that they communicate the information that

BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

1. Veríssimo D. (2013) Influencing human behaviour: an underutilised tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10, 29‐31.

2.

- CONSERVATION EVIDENCE A 2000 literature review of grassland management practices in the UK (Wakeham-Dawson & Smith 2000) found one study that reported that grass maintained at a height of 15-25 cm supported twice the number of invertebrates compared with grass grazed by sheep to less than 10 cm. In particular, reduced grazing resulted in significantly more web RELEASE CAPTIVE-BRED INDIVIDUALS INTO THE WILD TO RESTORE A replicated study over 12 years (Bose & Sarrazin 2007) of the same programme as in Sarrazin et al. 1996 showed that the number of nesting pairs of griffon vultures Gyps fulvus in the release site in southern France increased steadily from three to 33 (fledging a total of 95 young) over 11 breeding seasons following the release of 59 captive-bred birds during 1981–1986. AVOID ILLUMINATION OF BAT COMMUTING ROUTES Three studies evaluated the effects of avoiding the illumination of bat commuting routes on bat populations. Two studies were in the UK and one was in the Netherlands. Abundance (3 studies): One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands found similar numbers of pond bats flying along unlit canals and canals illuminated with lamps. LEAVE STANDING DEADWOOD/SNAGS IN FORESTS Snags or standing dead trees and other dead wood can provide shelter for amphibians within forest. Retaining these within clearcut forest may help to maintain amphibian populations. Studies investigating the effect of leaving coarse woody debris during harvest are discussed in ‘ Leave course woody debris in forests ’. Read more. STERILIZE EQUIPMENT WHEN MOVING BETWEEN AMPHIBIAN SITES Key messages. We found no evidence for the effects of sterilizing equipment when moving between amphibian sites on the spread of disease between amphibian populations or individuals. Two randomized, replicated, controlled study in Switzerland and Sweden found that Virkon S disinfectant did not affect survival, mass or behaviour of

common frog

USE GLAZING TREATMENTS TO REDUCE LIGHT SPILL FROM INSIDE Key messages. We found no studies that evaluated the effects of using glazing treatments to prevent light spill from inside lit buildings on bat populations. ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our USE FENCES TO EXCLUDE LIVESTOCK FROM SHRUBLANDS A replicated, controlled, randomized, before-and-after trial in 1993–1999 in four heathland sites in the UK (Hartley & Mitchell 2005) found that using fences to exclude livestock increased the cover of heather Calluna vulgaris and reduced grass cover. In four of four cases, after six years heather cover in areas that were fenced increased by 5–22% relative to the same areas before fencing ADD YELLOW RATTLE SEED RHINANTHUS MINOR TO HAY MEADOWS This intervention involves adding yellow rattle Rhinanthus minor seed to grassland to help establish meadow plant communities. Yellow rattle is an annual wildflower native to the UK which parasitizes other wildflowers and grasses (Natural England 2009). By parasitizing other plants, particularly grasses, yellow rattle can reduce the dominant CONSERVATION EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE DATA 96 Actions found Actions to conserve biodiversity. We have summarised evidence from the scientific literature about the effects of actions to conserve wildlife and ecosystems. APPLY HERBICIDE TO TREES Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 703-716. A replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in 2013–2014 in a fynbos site in Cape Town, South Africa (Krupek et al. 2016) found that spraying invasive orange wattle Acacia saligna trees with herbicide increased plant diversity, but not shrub cover. REMOVE OR CONTROL INVASIVE BULLFROGS Supporting evidence from individual studies. A replicated, before-and-after study in 2004–2007 of 12 ponds in California, USA (D’Amore, Kirby & McNicholas 2009) found that there was a significant increase in adult California red-legged frogs Rana draytonii in ponds in the two years after American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana removal.Counts increased from eight to 11 frogs in removal

ponds.

PROTECT INDIVIDUAL NESTS OF GROUND-NESTING BIRDS A replicated, controlled before-and-after study from 1999 to 2004 on pastures in southwest Sweden (Pauliny et al. 2008) found that the average hatching rate of southern dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii nests was significantly higher for nests protected by steel cages (20 cm high truncated cones with 7.5 cm gaps between vertical bars and 4 x 4 cm steel mesh covering the top) than for unprotected CAPTIVE BREEDING TOADS A replicated study in 2000–2006 of Kihansi spray toads Nectophrynoides asperginis at zoos in the USA (Lee et al. 2006) found that toads bred successfully in captivity. Within the first six months, 82% of 269 founders and 43% of toadlets died. However, by 2006 this captive population was 159 toads. SKUNK CABBAGE: CHEMICAL CONTROL USING HERBICIDES Key messages. A study in the UK found that two herbicides, glyphosate and 2, 4-D Amine, both killed all skunk cabbage plants in test areas. However, another study in the UK found that although using 2,4-D amine at 9 litres/ha, successfully eradicated skunk cabbage, using glyphosate was unsuccessful at eradicating skunk cabbage, with only limited reduction in growth of the plants. REMOVE OR CONTROL INVASIVE CUBAN TREE FROGS A total of 693 Cuban tree frogs were removed (10–589/site). Tree frogs were captured in 84–99 refuges/site, which were checked each week or month. Refuges were 1 m long, 5 cm diameter polyvinyl chloride pipes hung 1 m from the ground and with a cap at the bottom to retain water. Tree frogs were marked and from 2002 all Cuban tree frogs THE KILUM IJIM PROJECT What Works in Conservation. What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, terrestrial mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. EFFICACY OF MECHANICAL METHODS AND THE APPLICATION OF Efficacy of mechanical methods and the application of selective herbicides in control of birch Betula. spp. at Holme Fen NNR, Cambridgeshire, England. Published source details Marrs R.H. (1984) Birch control on lowland heaths: mechanical control and the application of selective herbicides by foliar spray. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 703-716 USE GLAZING TREATMENTS TO REDUCE LIGHT SPILL FROM INSIDE Key messages. We found no studies that evaluated the effects of using glazing treatments to prevent light spill from inside lit buildings on bat populations. ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Our plan. Over the next five years, Conservation Evidence aims to produce synopses covering every major habitat and taxonomic group. Each will be produced through thorough literature reviews and with an international panel of experts advising on the scope and structure of the synopsis, ensuring that they communicate the information that

BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

1. Veríssimo D. (2013) Influencing human behaviour: an underutilised tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10, 29‐31.

2.

- CONSERVATION EVIDENCE A 2000 literature review of grassland management practices in the UK (Wakeham-Dawson & Smith 2000) found one study that reported that grass maintained at a height of 15-25 cm supported twice the number of invertebrates compared with grass grazed by sheep to less than 10 cm. In particular, reduced grazing resulted in significantly more web REMOVE OR CONTROL INVASIVE BULLFROGS Supporting evidence from individual studies. A replicated, before-and-after study in 2004–2007 of 12 ponds in California, USA (D’Amore, Kirby & McNicholas 2009) found that there was a significant increase in adult California red-legged frogs Rana draytonii in ponds in the two years after American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana removal.Counts increased from eight to 11 frogs in removal

ponds.

STERILIZE EQUIPMENT WHEN MOVING BETWEEN AMPHIBIAN SITES Key messages. We found no evidence for the effects of sterilizing equipment when moving between amphibian sites on the spread of disease between amphibian populations or individuals. Two randomized, replicated, controlled study in Switzerland and Sweden found that Virkon S disinfectant did not affect survival, mass or behaviour of

common frog

USE PRESCRIBED BURNING ON GRASSLANDS Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 827-839. A study in Oklahoma, USA, in 2003-2004 (Churchwell et al. 2008), found that dickcissel reproductive success was lower in traditionally-managed pastures (annual burning followed by early-intensive grazing) compared to patch-burn management of tallgrass prairie. RELEASE CAPTIVE-BRED INDIVIDUALS INTO THE WILD TO RESTORE A replicated study over 12 years (Bose & Sarrazin 2007) of the same programme as in Sarrazin et al. 1996 showed that the number of nesting pairs of griffon vultures Gyps fulvus in the release site in southern France increased steadily from three to 33 (fledging a total of 95 young) over 11 breeding seasons following the release of 59 captive-bred birds during 1981–1986. AVOID ILLUMINATION OF BAT COMMUTING ROUTES Three studies evaluated the effects of avoiding the illumination of bat commuting routes on bat populations. Two studies were in the UK and one was in the Netherlands. Abundance (3 studies): One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands found similar numbers of pond bats flying along unlit canals and canals illuminated with lamps. EFFICACY OF MECHANICAL METHODS AND THE APPLICATION OF Efficacy of mechanical methods and the application of selective herbicides in control of birch Betula. spp. at Holme Fen NNR, Cambridgeshire, England. Published source details Marrs R.H. (1984) Birch control on lowland heaths: mechanical control and the application of selective herbicides by foliar spray. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 703-716 A REVIEW OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA A review of accomplishments of the Government of India/UNDP/FAO Project in the conservation of crocodiles, 1975 to 1982 Published source details De Vos A. (1984) Crocodile conservation in India. Biological Conservation, 29, 183-189 . Share Tweet CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Our plan. Over the next five years, Conservation Evidence aims to produce synopses covering every major habitat and taxonomic group. Each will be produced through thorough literature reviews and with an international panel of experts advising on the scope and structure of the synopsis, ensuring that they communicate the information that

BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

1. Veríssimo D. (2013) Influencing human behaviour: an underutilised tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10, 29‐31.

2.

- CONSERVATION EVIDENCE A 2000 literature review of grassland management practices in the UK (Wakeham-Dawson & Smith 2000) found one study that reported that grass maintained at a height of 15-25 cm supported twice the number of invertebrates compared with grass grazed by sheep to less than 10 cm. In particular, reduced grazing resulted in significantly more web REMOVE OR CONTROL INVASIVE BULLFROGS Supporting evidence from individual studies. A replicated, before-and-after study in 2004–2007 of 12 ponds in California, USA (D’Amore, Kirby & McNicholas 2009) found that there was a significant increase in adult California red-legged frogs Rana draytonii in ponds in the two years after American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana removal.Counts increased from eight to 11 frogs in removal

ponds.

STERILIZE EQUIPMENT WHEN MOVING BETWEEN AMPHIBIAN SITES Key messages. We found no evidence for the effects of sterilizing equipment when moving between amphibian sites on the spread of disease between amphibian populations or individuals. Two randomized, replicated, controlled study in Switzerland and Sweden found that Virkon S disinfectant did not affect survival, mass or behaviour of

common frog

USE PRESCRIBED BURNING ON GRASSLANDS Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 827-839. A study in Oklahoma, USA, in 2003-2004 (Churchwell et al. 2008), found that dickcissel reproductive success was lower in traditionally-managed pastures (annual burning followed by early-intensive grazing) compared to patch-burn management of tallgrass prairie. RELEASE CAPTIVE-BRED INDIVIDUALS INTO THE WILD TO RESTORE A replicated study over 12 years (Bose & Sarrazin 2007) of the same programme as in Sarrazin et al. 1996 showed that the number of nesting pairs of griffon vultures Gyps fulvus in the release site in southern France increased steadily from three to 33 (fledging a total of 95 young) over 11 breeding seasons following the release of 59 captive-bred birds during 1981–1986. AVOID ILLUMINATION OF BAT COMMUTING ROUTES Three studies evaluated the effects of avoiding the illumination of bat commuting routes on bat populations. Two studies were in the UK and one was in the Netherlands. Abundance (3 studies): One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands found similar numbers of pond bats flying along unlit canals and canals illuminated with lamps. EFFICACY OF MECHANICAL METHODS AND THE APPLICATION OF Efficacy of mechanical methods and the application of selective herbicides in control of birch Betula. spp. at Holme Fen NNR, Cambridgeshire, England. Published source details Marrs R.H. (1984) Birch control on lowland heaths: mechanical control and the application of selective herbicides by foliar spray. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 703-716 A REVIEW OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA A review of accomplishments of the Government of India/UNDP/FAO Project in the conservation of crocodiles, 1975 to 1982 Published source details De Vos A. (1984) Crocodile conservation in India. Biological Conservation, 29, 183-189 . Share Tweet CONSERVATION EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE DATA 27 Actions found Actions to conserve biodiversity. We have summarised evidence from the scientific literature about the effects of actions to conserve wildlife and ecosystems. - CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Raise water levels in ditches or grassland. A 2000 literature review of grassland management practices in the UK (Wakeham-Dawson & Smith 2000) reported that there were numerous studies detailing the success of providing high ditch-water or water table levels in restoring breeding and wintering bird numbers (e.g. Andrews & Rebane 1994, Evans

et al. 1995).

MODIFY GULLY POTS AND KERBS A before-and-after study in 2005–2006 of gullypots along roads in South Wales, UK (Muir 2012) found that moving the gullypot 10 cm away from the kerb resulted in 80% fewer great crested newts Triturus cristatus falling into the gullypots. Only 65 newts were found in the drains compared to 318 before gullypots were moved. THE KILUM IJIM PROJECT What Works in Conservation. What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, terrestrial mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. LEAVE STANDING DEADWOOD/SNAGS IN FORESTS Snags or standing dead trees and other dead wood can provide shelter for amphibians within forest. Retaining these within clearcut forest may help to maintain amphibian populations. Studies investigating the effect of leaving coarse woody debris during harvest are discussed in ‘ Leave course woody debris in forests ’. Read more. SKUNK CABBAGE: CHEMICAL CONTROL USING HERBICIDES Key messages. A study in the UK found that two herbicides, glyphosate and 2, 4-D Amine, both killed all skunk cabbage plants in test areas. However, another study in the UK found that although using 2,4-D amine at 9 litres/ha, successfully eradicated skunk cabbage, using glyphosate was unsuccessful at eradicating skunk cabbage, with only limited reduction in growth of the plants. USE GLAZING TREATMENTS TO REDUCE LIGHT SPILL FROM INSIDE Key messages. We found no studies that evaluated the effects of using glazing treatments to prevent light spill from inside lit buildings on bat populations. ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our A REVIEW OF FOUR TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCING SOIL FERTILITY A review of four techniques for reducing soil fertility for nature conservation purposes within Europe Published source details Marrs R.H. (1985) Techniques for reducing soil fertility for nature conservation purposes: a review in relation to research at Roper's Heath, Suffolk, England. Biological Conservation, 34, 307-332 . Share

Tweet

ADD YELLOW RATTLE SEED RHINANTHUS MINOR TO HAY MEADOWS This intervention involves adding yellow rattle Rhinanthus minor seed to grassland to help establish meadow plant communities. Yellow rattle is an annual wildflower native to the UK which parasitizes other wildflowers and grasses (Natural England 2009). By parasitizing other plants, particularly grasses, yellow rattle can reduce the dominant USE OF BADGER TUNNELS BY MAMMALS ON HIGHWAYS AGENCY Conservation Evidence (2011) 8, 53-57 www.ConservationEvidence.com 56

0 10 20 30

CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Our plan. Over the next five years, Conservation Evidence aims to produce synopses covering every major habitat and taxonomic group. Each will be produced through thorough literature reviews and with an international panel of experts advising on the scope and structure of the synopsis, ensuring that they communicate the information that

BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

1. Veríssimo D. (2013) Influencing human behaviour: an underutilised tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10, 29‐31.

2.

- CONSERVATION EVIDENCE A 2000 literature review of grassland management practices in the UK (Wakeham-Dawson & Smith 2000) found one study that reported that grass maintained at a height of 15-25 cm supported twice the number of invertebrates compared with grass grazed by sheep to less than 10 cm. In particular, reduced grazing resulted in significantly more web REMOVE OR CONTROL INVASIVE BULLFROGS Supporting evidence from individual studies. A replicated, before-and-after study in 2004–2007 of 12 ponds in California, USA (D’Amore, Kirby & McNicholas 2009) found that there was a significant increase in adult California red-legged frogs Rana draytonii in ponds in the two years after American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana removal.Counts increased from eight to 11 frogs in removal

ponds.

STERILIZE EQUIPMENT WHEN MOVING BETWEEN AMPHIBIAN SITES Key messages. We found no evidence for the effects of sterilizing equipment when moving between amphibian sites on the spread of disease between amphibian populations or individuals. Two randomized, replicated, controlled study in Switzerland and Sweden found that Virkon S disinfectant did not affect survival, mass or behaviour of

common frog

USE PRESCRIBED BURNING ON GRASSLANDS Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 827-839. A study in Oklahoma, USA, in 2003-2004 (Churchwell et al. 2008), found that dickcissel reproductive success was lower in traditionally-managed pastures (annual burning followed by early-intensive grazing) compared to patch-burn management of tallgrass prairie. RELEASE CAPTIVE-BRED INDIVIDUALS INTO THE WILD TO RESTORE A replicated study over 12 years (Bose & Sarrazin 2007) of the same programme as in Sarrazin et al. 1996 showed that the number of nesting pairs of griffon vultures Gyps fulvus in the release site in southern France increased steadily from three to 33 (fledging a total of 95 young) over 11 breeding seasons following the release of 59 captive-bred birds during 1981–1986. AVOID ILLUMINATION OF BAT COMMUTING ROUTES Three studies evaluated the effects of avoiding the illumination of bat commuting routes on bat populations. Two studies were in the UK and one was in the Netherlands. Abundance (3 studies): One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands found similar numbers of pond bats flying along unlit canals and canals illuminated with lamps. EFFICACY OF MECHANICAL METHODS AND THE APPLICATION OF Efficacy of mechanical methods and the application of selective herbicides in control of birch Betula. spp. at Holme Fen NNR, Cambridgeshire, England. Published source details Marrs R.H. (1984) Birch control on lowland heaths: mechanical control and the application of selective herbicides by foliar spray. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 703-716 A REVIEW OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA A review of accomplishments of the Government of India/UNDP/FAO Project in the conservation of crocodiles, 1975 to 1982 Published source details De Vos A. (1984) Crocodile conservation in India. Biological Conservation, 29, 183-189 . Share Tweet CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Our plan. Over the next five years, Conservation Evidence aims to produce synopses covering every major habitat and taxonomic group. Each will be produced through thorough literature reviews and with an international panel of experts advising on the scope and structure of the synopsis, ensuring that they communicate the information that

BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

1. Veríssimo D. (2013) Influencing human behaviour: an underutilised tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10, 29‐31.

2.

- CONSERVATION EVIDENCE A 2000 literature review of grassland management practices in the UK (Wakeham-Dawson & Smith 2000) found one study that reported that grass maintained at a height of 15-25 cm supported twice the number of invertebrates compared with grass grazed by sheep to less than 10 cm. In particular, reduced grazing resulted in significantly more web REMOVE OR CONTROL INVASIVE BULLFROGS Supporting evidence from individual studies. A replicated, before-and-after study in 2004–2007 of 12 ponds in California, USA (D’Amore, Kirby & McNicholas 2009) found that there was a significant increase in adult California red-legged frogs Rana draytonii in ponds in the two years after American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana removal.Counts increased from eight to 11 frogs in removal

ponds.

STERILIZE EQUIPMENT WHEN MOVING BETWEEN AMPHIBIAN SITES Key messages. We found no evidence for the effects of sterilizing equipment when moving between amphibian sites on the spread of disease between amphibian populations or individuals. Two randomized, replicated, controlled study in Switzerland and Sweden found that Virkon S disinfectant did not affect survival, mass or behaviour of

common frog

USE PRESCRIBED BURNING ON GRASSLANDS Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 827-839. A study in Oklahoma, USA, in 2003-2004 (Churchwell et al. 2008), found that dickcissel reproductive success was lower in traditionally-managed pastures (annual burning followed by early-intensive grazing) compared to patch-burn management of tallgrass prairie. RELEASE CAPTIVE-BRED INDIVIDUALS INTO THE WILD TO RESTORE A replicated study over 12 years (Bose & Sarrazin 2007) of the same programme as in Sarrazin et al. 1996 showed that the number of nesting pairs of griffon vultures Gyps fulvus in the release site in southern France increased steadily from three to 33 (fledging a total of 95 young) over 11 breeding seasons following the release of 59 captive-bred birds during 1981–1986. AVOID ILLUMINATION OF BAT COMMUTING ROUTES Three studies evaluated the effects of avoiding the illumination of bat commuting routes on bat populations. Two studies were in the UK and one was in the Netherlands. Abundance (3 studies): One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands found similar numbers of pond bats flying along unlit canals and canals illuminated with lamps. EFFICACY OF MECHANICAL METHODS AND THE APPLICATION OF Efficacy of mechanical methods and the application of selective herbicides in control of birch Betula. spp. at Holme Fen NNR, Cambridgeshire, England. Published source details Marrs R.H. (1984) Birch control on lowland heaths: mechanical control and the application of selective herbicides by foliar spray. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 703-716 A REVIEW OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA A review of accomplishments of the Government of India/UNDP/FAO Project in the conservation of crocodiles, 1975 to 1982 Published source details De Vos A. (1984) Crocodile conservation in India. Biological Conservation, 29, 183-189 . Share Tweet CONSERVATION EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE DATA 27 Actions found Actions to conserve biodiversity. We have summarised evidence from the scientific literature about the effects of actions to conserve wildlife and ecosystems. - CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Raise water levels in ditches or grassland. A 2000 literature review of grassland management practices in the UK (Wakeham-Dawson & Smith 2000) reported that there were numerous studies detailing the success of providing high ditch-water or water table levels in restoring breeding and wintering bird numbers (e.g. Andrews & Rebane 1994, Evans

et al. 1995).

MODIFY GULLY POTS AND KERBS A before-and-after study in 2005–2006 of gullypots along roads in South Wales, UK (Muir 2012) found that moving the gullypot 10 cm away from the kerb resulted in 80% fewer great crested newts Triturus cristatus falling into the gullypots. Only 65 newts were found in the drains compared to 318 before gullypots were moved. THE KILUM IJIM PROJECT What Works in Conservation. What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, terrestrial mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. LEAVE STANDING DEADWOOD/SNAGS IN FORESTS Snags or standing dead trees and other dead wood can provide shelter for amphibians within forest. Retaining these within clearcut forest may help to maintain amphibian populations. Studies investigating the effect of leaving coarse woody debris during harvest are discussed in ‘ Leave course woody debris in forests ’. Read more. SKUNK CABBAGE: CHEMICAL CONTROL USING HERBICIDES Key messages. A study in the UK found that two herbicides, glyphosate and 2, 4-D Amine, both killed all skunk cabbage plants in test areas. However, another study in the UK found that although using 2,4-D amine at 9 litres/ha, successfully eradicated skunk cabbage, using glyphosate was unsuccessful at eradicating skunk cabbage, with only limited reduction in growth of the plants. USE GLAZING TREATMENTS TO REDUCE LIGHT SPILL FROM INSIDE Key messages. We found no studies that evaluated the effects of using glazing treatments to prevent light spill from inside lit buildings on bat populations. ‘We found no studies’ means that we have not yet found any studies that have directly evaluated this action during our A REVIEW OF FOUR TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCING SOIL FERTILITY A review of four techniques for reducing soil fertility for nature conservation purposes within Europe Published source details Marrs R.H. (1985) Techniques for reducing soil fertility for nature conservation purposes: a review in relation to research at Roper's Heath, Suffolk, England. Biological Conservation, 34, 307-332 . Share

Tweet

ADD YELLOW RATTLE SEED RHINANTHUS MINOR TO HAY MEADOWS This intervention involves adding yellow rattle Rhinanthus minor seed to grassland to help establish meadow plant communities. Yellow rattle is an annual wildflower native to the UK which parasitizes other wildflowers and grasses (Natural England 2009). By parasitizing other plants, particularly grasses, yellow rattle can reduce the dominant USE OF BADGER TUNNELS BY MAMMALS ON HIGHWAYS AGENCY Conservation Evidence (2011) 8, 53-57 www.ConservationEvidence.com 56

0 10 20 30

CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Our plan. Over the next five years, Conservation Evidence aims to produce synopses covering every major habitat and taxonomic group. Each will be produced through thorough literature reviews and with an international panel of experts advising on the scope and structure of the synopsis, ensuring that they communicate the information that

BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

1. Veríssimo D. (2013) Influencing human behaviour: an underutilised tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10, 29‐31.

2.

REMOVE OR CONTROL INVASIVE BULLFROGS Supporting evidence from individual studies. A replicated, before-and-after study in 2004–2007 of 12 ponds in California, USA (D’Amore, Kirby & McNicholas 2009) found that there was a significant increase in adult California red-legged frogs Rana draytonii in ponds in the two years after American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana removal.Counts increased from eight to 11 frogs in removal

ponds.

- CONSERVATION EVIDENCE A 2000 literature review of grassland management practices in the UK (Wakeham-Dawson & Smith 2000) found one study that reported that grass maintained at a height of 15-25 cm supported twice the number of invertebrates compared with grass grazed by sheep to less than 10 cm. In particular, reduced grazing resulted in significantly more web USE PRESCRIBED BURNING ON GRASSLANDS Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 827-839. A study in Oklahoma, USA, in 2003-2004 (Churchwell et al. 2008), found that dickcissel reproductive success was lower in traditionally-managed pastures (annual burning followed by early-intensive grazing) compared to patch-burn management of tallgrass prairie. AVOID ILLUMINATION OF BAT COMMUTING ROUTES Three studies evaluated the effects of avoiding the illumination of bat commuting routes on bat populations. Two studies were in the UK and one was in the Netherlands. Abundance (3 studies): One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands found similar numbers of pond bats flying along unlit canals and canals illuminated with lamps. RELEASE CAPTIVE-BRED INDIVIDUALS INTO THE WILD TO RESTORE A replicated study over 12 years (Bose & Sarrazin 2007) of the same programme as in Sarrazin et al. 1996 showed that the number of nesting pairs of griffon vultures Gyps fulvus in the release site in southern France increased steadily from three to 33 (fledging a total of 95 young) over 11 breeding seasons following the release of 59 captive-bred birds during 1981–1986. STERILIZE EQUIPMENT WHEN MOVING BETWEEN AMPHIBIAN SITES Key messages. We found no evidence for the effects of sterilizing equipment when moving between amphibian sites on the spread of disease between amphibian populations or individuals. Two randomized, replicated, controlled study in Switzerland and Sweden found that Virkon S disinfectant did not affect survival, mass or behaviour of

common frog

EFFICACY OF MECHANICAL METHODS AND THE APPLICATION OF Efficacy of mechanical methods and the application of selective herbicides in control of birch Betula. spp. at Holme Fen NNR, Cambridgeshire, England. Published source details Marrs R.H. (1984) Birch control on lowland heaths: mechanical control and the application of selective herbicides by foliar spray. Journal of Applied Ecology, 21, 703-716 A REVIEW OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA A review of accomplishments of the Government of India/UNDP/FAO Project in the conservation of crocodiles, 1975 to 1982 Published source details De Vos A. (1984) Crocodile conservation in India. Biological Conservation, 29, 183-189 . Share Tweet CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Our plan. Over the next five years, Conservation Evidence aims to produce synopses covering every major habitat and taxonomic group. Each will be produced through thorough literature reviews and with an international panel of experts advising on the scope and structure of the synopsis, ensuring that they communicate the information that

BEHAVIOUR CHANGE

1. Veríssimo D. (2013) Influencing human behaviour: an underutilised tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10, 29‐31.

2.

REMOVE OR CONTROL INVASIVE BULLFROGS Supporting evidence from individual studies. A replicated, before-and-after study in 2004–2007 of 12 ponds in California, USA (D’Amore, Kirby & McNicholas 2009) found that there was a significant increase in adult California red-legged frogs Rana draytonii in ponds in the two years after American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana removal.Counts increased from eight to 11 frogs in removal

ponds.

- CONSERVATION EVIDENCE A 2000 literature review of grassland management practices in the UK (Wakeham-Dawson & Smith 2000) found one study that reported that grass maintained at a height of 15-25 cm supported twice the number of invertebrates compared with grass grazed by sheep to less than 10 cm. In particular, reduced grazing resulted in significantly more web USE PRESCRIBED BURNING ON GRASSLANDS Biodiversity and Conservation, 16, 827-839. A study in Oklahoma, USA, in 2003-2004 (Churchwell et al. 2008), found that dickcissel reproductive success was lower in traditionally-managed pastures (annual burning followed by early-intensive grazing) compared to patch-burn management of tallgrass prairie. AVOID ILLUMINATION OF BAT COMMUTING ROUTES Three studies evaluated the effects of avoiding the illumination of bat commuting routes on bat populations. Two studies were in the UK and one was in the Netherlands. Abundance (3 studies): One replicated, before-and-after study in the Netherlands found similar numbers of pond bats flying along unlit canals and canals illuminated with lamps. CONSERVATION EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE DATA 39 Studies found Studies. An individual study is a summary of a specific scientific study, providing background context, the conservation action(s) taken and their consequences. CONSERVATION EVIDENCE: EVIDENCE DATA 119 Actions found Actions to conserve biodiversity. We have summarised evidence from the scientific literature about the effects of actions to conserve wildlife and ecosystems. - CONSERVATION EVIDENCE Raise water levels in ditches or grassland. A 2000 literature review of grassland management practices in the UK (Wakeham-Dawson & Smith 2000) reported that there were numerous studies detailing the success of providing high ditch-water or water table levels in restoring breeding and wintering bird numbers (e.g. Andrews & Rebane 1994, Evans

et al. 1995).

MODIFY GULLY POTS AND KERBS A before-and-after study in 2005–2006 of gullypots along roads in South Wales, UK (Muir 2012) found that moving the gullypot 10 cm away from the kerb resulted in 80% fewer great crested newts Triturus cristatus falling into the gullypots. Only 65 newts were found in the drains compared to 318 before gullypots were moved. LEAVE STANDING DEADWOOD/SNAGS IN FORESTS Snags or standing dead trees and other dead wood can provide shelter for amphibians within forest. Retaining these within clearcut forest may help to maintain amphibian populations. Studies investigating the effect of leaving coarse woody debris during harvest are discussed in ‘ Leave course woody debris in forests ’. Read more. THE KILUM IJIM PROJECT What Works in Conservation. What Works in Conservation provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, terrestrial mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. REMOVE/TREAT ENDOPARASITES AND DISEASES A controlled cross-over experiment during 1996-2000 on two moors in northern England (Newborn & Foster 2002) found that red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus in an area provided with quartz grit treated with anthelmintic drugs raised between 38% and 100% more chicks than grouse in a control area (treatment areas: 4.9-7.1 chicks/hen estimated from 36 radio-tagged birds and 4.9-6.7 chicks/hen SKUNK CABBAGE: CHEMICAL CONTROL USING HERBICIDES Key messages. A study in the UK found that two herbicides, glyphosate and 2, 4-D Amine, both killed all skunk cabbage plants in test areas. However, another study in the UK found that although using 2,4-D amine at 9 litres/ha, successfully eradicated skunk cabbage, using glyphosate was unsuccessful at eradicating skunk cabbage, with only limited reduction in growth of the plants. A REVIEW OF FOUR TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCING SOIL FERTILITY A review of four techniques for reducing soil fertility for nature conservation purposes within Europe Published source details Marrs R.H. (1985) Techniques for reducing soil fertility for nature conservation purposes: a review in relation to research at Roper's Heath, Suffolk, England. Biological Conservation, 34, 307-332 . Share

Tweet

PROVISION OF NESTING RAFTS FOR A DECLINING COMMON TERN Provision of nesting rafts for a declining common tern Sterna hirundo. colony at Eastern Headland, Toronto Outer Harbour, Ontario, Canada. Published source details Dunlop C.L., Blokpoel H. & Jarvie S. (1991) Nesting rafts as a management tool for a declining common tern (Sterna hirundo) colony. Colonial Waterbirds, 14, 116-120 . Share Tweet * Assessing the evidence

* About us

* Help

Select Language​▼

* Studies

* Actions

* Synopses

CE Journal __

WE SUMMARISE THE DOCUMENTED EVIDENCE FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSERVATION ACTIONS This resource is designed to support anyone making decisions about how to maintain and restore biodiversity.

Learn more about us

STUDIES

A short summary of a specific scientific study, providing background context, the conservation action(s) taken and their consequences. View all 7661 studies __

ACTIONS

A particular action you could take to benefit wildlife or ecosystems, with a summary of evidence for its effectiveness. View all 3119 actions __

SYNOPSES

A synopsis of evidence reviews the effectiveness of all actions you could take to conserve a given species group or habitat or to tackle a particular conservation issue. View all 21 synopses __ BROWSE ACTIONS BY CATEGORY

SPECIES

Synopsis Page

AMPHIBIAN CONSERVATION

129 Actions

Synopsis Page

BAT CONSERVATION

200 Actions

Synopsis Page

BEE CONSERVATION

59 Actions

Synopsis Page

BIRD CONSERVATION

454 Actions

Synopsis Page

CONTROL OF FRESHWATER INVASIVE SPECIES

161 Actions

Synopsis Page

FARMLAND CONSERVATION

119 Actions

Synopsis Page

MANAGEMENT OF CAPTIVE ANIMALS

96 Actions

Synopsis Page

MARINE AND FRESHWATER MAMMAL CONSERVATION

180 Actions

Synopsis Page

MARINE FISH CONSERVATION

93 Actions

Synopsis Page

PRIMATE CONSERVATION

162 Actions

Synopsis Page

SUBTIDAL BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION

226 Actions

Synopsis Page

TERRESTRIAL MAMMAL CONSERVATION

294 Actions

HABITATS

Synopsis Page

FOREST CONSERVATION

122 Actions

Synopsis Page

MARSH AND SWAMP CONSERVATION

441 Actions

Synopsis Page

PEATLAND CONSERVATION

125 Actions

Synopsis Page

SHRUBLAND AND HEATHLAND CONSERVATION

109 Actions

SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION

Synopsis Page

MEDITERRANEAN FARMLAND

75 Actions

Synopsis Page

NATURAL PEST CONTROL

22 Actions

Synopsis Page

SOIL FERTILITY

27 Actions

Synopsis Page

SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE

25 Actions

Close

WHAT ARE SYNOPSES?

A synopsis of evidence lists all the possible actions you could take to conserve a given species group or habitat, or to tackle a particular conservation issue. For each action, it brings together the available scientific evidence with summary statements that are quick and easy to read. It describes each piece of evidence with references, and links to more information

on our website.

Each synopsis is developed in partnership with an international advisory board of conservationists and researchers who specialise in

that area.

For a summary of the methods and evidence sources used for our synopses, please see the METHODS page.

OUR PLAN

Over the next five years, Conservation Evidence aims to produce synopses covering every major habitat and taxonomic group. Each will be produced through thorough literature reviews and with an international panel of experts advising on the scope and structure of the synopsis, ensuring that they communicate the information that conservation practitioners need in the easiest and most useful way

possible.

These synopses will be available individually, online (both as a downloadable PDF and as a searchable database) and some in print, but will also be combined online as a searchable database to provide an authoritative guide to conservation practice for any habitat and taxon, anywhere in the world.

View synopses

WHAT WORKS IN CONSERVATION _What Works in Conservation_ provides expert assessments of the effectiveness of actions, based on summarised evidence, in synopses. Subjects covered so far include amphibians, birds, terrestrial mammals, forests, peatland and control of freshwater invasive species. More are in progress. More about _What Works in

Conservation_

Download free PDF or purchase THE CONSERVATION EVIDENCE JOURNAL An online, free to publish in, open-access journal publishing results from research and projects that test the effectiveness of conservation

actions.

Read the latest volume: Volume 18 Go to the CE Journal __ DISCOVER MORE ON OUR BLOG Our blog contains the latest news and updates from the Conservation Evidence team, the Conservation Evidence Journal, and our global partners in evidence-based conservation. ------------------------- Go to the Conservation Evidence blog WHO USES CONSERVATION EVIDENCE? MEET SOME OF THE EVIDENCE CHAMPIONS FOR A FULL LIST OF, AND INFORMATION ABOUT, OUR CHAMPIONS: All Evidence Champions ABOUT OUR CHAMPIONS, WHY AND HOW TO BECOME ONE: Become an Evidence Champion Conservation Evidence Department of Zoology University of Cambridge David Attenborough Building CB2 3QY � 2020 ConservationEvidence.com * About Conservation Evidence

* FAQs

* Contact us

Designed and maintained by: Modular Digital

* __

* __

* __

THIS WEBSITE USES COOKIES We use Cookies to personalise content and ads, provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. By using this site, you will be providing your consent to our use of Cookies. Accept & continue __

1 SELECT A CATEGORY

* Birds

* Marshes and Swamps * Terrestrial Mammals * Subtidal benthic invertebrates

* Bats

* Marine and Freshwater Mammals * Control of Freshwater Invasive Species

* Primates

* Amphibians

* Peatlands

* Forest

* Farmland

* Shrublands and Heathlands

* Captive Animals

* Marine fish

* Mediterranean Farmland

* Bees

* Soils

* Aquaculture

* Natural Pest Control

2 REFINE CATEGORY

3 VIEW ACTIONS

Close ×

WHAT CONCERNS YOU?

Fields with * are required.

Name *

Affiliation *

Email *

Message *

Get a new code

Please enter the letters as they are shown in the image above. Letters are not case-sensitive.

ORIGINAL TEXT

Contribute a better translation -------------------------