CARBON COMMENTARY

A critical appraisal of issues in the move to a low-carbon economy. Chris Goodall is the author of "Sustainability: All That Matters" and "Ten Technologies to Save the Planet". HYDROGEN VERSUS HEAT PUMPS FOR DECARBONISING HEAT Very, very roughly, the annual depreciation of a heat pump is likely to be at least £100 more than a hydrogen boiler. So even if cheap finance is available, the heat pump is going to add substantially to the full costs of heating a home. 3. The reliability and performance

of

HOW MUCH SPACE WILL A 100% RENEWABLES UK REQUIRE? An energy future dominated by renewable energy will require large areas of land to be devoted to solar and wind farms, both onshore and offshore. Some people, such as the late David MacKay, think that this poses substantial challenges. A recent article in THE EXTRA COSTS OF DECARBONISED STEEL The extra costs of decarbonised steel. January 14, 2020. by Chris Goodall. Under current conditions, and Swedish electricity prices, using hydrogen rather than coal will add about 10% to the cost of a tonne of unfinished steel before considering extra capital costs. A carbon tax of about €30 a tonne would bring the energy cost of steel

made

HOW MUCH HYDROGEN WILL BE NEEDED TO REPLACE COAL IN MAKING About 7-9% of the world’s emissions arise from the manufacturing of steel. It is the world’s most polluting industry. Hydrogen could entirely replace the massive use of coal, although the transition will be expensive. However it is probably the only realistic way that steel can get to net zero, a co IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEAR 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

MAKING HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLES IS AS CHEAP AS MAKING IT So the cost price per kilowatt hour of hydrogen is just over 7.5 Euro cents. (For comparison, the price of the energy in crude oil is around 5 Euro cents per kWh at $65 a barrel). · By the late-2020s, the cost of hydrogen will fall to little more €2.50/kg, or around 6.3 Euro cents per kWh. At this level, hydrogen is cheaper to make from the AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS: MORE EVIDENCE OF PROBLEMS IN COLD Air source heat pumps are a risky choice for householders trying to save money and CO2 emissions. This piece looks at the experience of one householder in the south of England who has kept detailed meter readings over the last few weeks. The findings are disturbing. The recent low temperatures (earl AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. TIME TO STOP PROMOTING AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND ASK WHY (24th October 2014. Some of the comments submitted here in recent days have been abusive and off-topic. I will remove all comments placed on this post until November 3rd 2014 in order to let things calm down. I know that many people find the

CARBON COMMENTARY

A critical appraisal of issues in the move to a low-carbon economy. Chris Goodall is the author of "Sustainability: All That Matters" and "Ten Technologies to Save the Planet". HYDROGEN VERSUS HEAT PUMPS FOR DECARBONISING HEAT Very, very roughly, the annual depreciation of a heat pump is likely to be at least £100 more than a hydrogen boiler. So even if cheap finance is available, the heat pump is going to add substantially to the full costs of heating a home. 3. The reliability and performance

of

HOW MUCH SPACE WILL A 100% RENEWABLES UK REQUIRE? An energy future dominated by renewable energy will require large areas of land to be devoted to solar and wind farms, both onshore and offshore. Some people, such as the late David MacKay, think that this poses substantial challenges. A recent article in THE EXTRA COSTS OF DECARBONISED STEEL The extra costs of decarbonised steel. January 14, 2020. by Chris Goodall. Under current conditions, and Swedish electricity prices, using hydrogen rather than coal will add about 10% to the cost of a tonne of unfinished steel before considering extra capital costs. A carbon tax of about €30 a tonne would bring the energy cost of steel

made

HOW MUCH HYDROGEN WILL BE NEEDED TO REPLACE COAL IN MAKING About 7-9% of the world’s emissions arise from the manufacturing of steel. It is the world’s most polluting industry. Hydrogen could entirely replace the massive use of coal, although the transition will be expensive. However it is probably the only realistic way that steel can get to net zero, a co IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEAR 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

MAKING HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLES IS AS CHEAP AS MAKING IT So the cost price per kilowatt hour of hydrogen is just over 7.5 Euro cents. (For comparison, the price of the energy in crude oil is around 5 Euro cents per kWh at $65 a barrel). · By the late-2020s, the cost of hydrogen will fall to little more €2.50/kg, or around 6.3 Euro cents per kWh. At this level, hydrogen is cheaper to make from the AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS: MORE EVIDENCE OF PROBLEMS IN COLD Air source heat pumps are a risky choice for householders trying to save money and CO2 emissions. This piece looks at the experience of one householder in the south of England who has kept detailed meter readings over the last few weeks. The findings are disturbing. The recent low temperatures (earl AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. TIME TO STOP PROMOTING AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND ASK WHY (24th October 2014. Some of the comments submitted here in recent days have been abusive and off-topic. I will remove all comments placed on this post until November 3rd 2014 in order to let things calm down. I know that many people find the SOME RULES OF THUMB OF THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY Most analysis of the role of hydrogen in the global economy uses numbers that are not immediately translatable into conventional measurements. The purpose of this article is to offer some simple rules of thumb that help place hydrogen alongside other parts of the energy system. 1, A kilog BLOG | CARBON COMMENTARY Chris Goodall writes about the many options the world has to move away from fossil fuels. He covers energy generation and efficiency from both technical and policy perspectives. THE SIZE OF THE HYDROGEN OPPORTUNITY Two recent reports from respected organisations have looked at the future of hydrogen. The Energy Transitions Commission (ETC) envisages the possibility of hydrogen providing up to 20% of total world energy need by 2050 through the manufacture of up to 800 million tonnes of the gas.The International Energy Agency (IEA) is somewhat more cautious, estimating a figure of about 13%. BP AND SYNTHETIC FUELS AT THE LINGEN REFINERY BP has talked for several years of generating green hydrogen at its refinery in Lingen in north western Germany. In 2016, the utility Uniper announced that it was cooperating with the oil company to build an electrolysis plant that would supply H2 HOW FAST DO SOLAR PANELS DEGRADE? EVIDENCE FROM A SINGLE A linear regression line shows an estimate of the trend rate of change. This line, calculated by Excel, suggests that the panels have declined from an expected production of 1440.8 kWh in year one to an expected figure of 1428.9 kWh in year 15. This is a 0.8% total change over the period and a yearly 0.05% reduction. Chart 1. AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. WALKING CAN BE MORE CARBON-INTENSIVE THAN DRIVING Walking can be more carbon-intensive than driving. July 22, 2014. by Chris Goodall. Another group of scientists has estimated the environmental burden of beef. The researchers suggest that meat from cows contributes 10 kilos of greenhouse gases (expressed as CO2 equivalents) for every 1000 calories of food. Put in a less scientific

way, a Big

ELECTRICITY OUTPUT FIGURES SHOW WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE I wrote a few weeks ago about the surprising assertion from the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) that the performance of wind farms declines rapidly with age. A study carried out by Professor Gordon Hughes for the REF in 2012 suggested that ‘The normalised load factor for UK onshore wind farms declines from a peak of about 24% at age 1 to 15% at age 10 and 11% at age 15’. MAIZE IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS: IS MONBIOT RIGHT? George Monbiot points his critical attention to the increasing use of food crops in the UK’s anaerobic digesters (AD). These huge green cylinders, usually on farms, take organic matter, expose it to bugs that have excrete enzymes that eat cellulose and starch in the absence

of air. The

KEEPING DAVID MACKAY'S 'SUSTAINABLE ENERGY Keeping David MacKay's 'Sustainable Energy - without the hot air' up-to-date. As the anniversary of Sir David MacKay’s untimely death approaches, I think we should honour his memory by trying to update Sustainable Energy as a crowd-sourced project. I have made an initial attempt to suggest how we might develop the section on photovoltaics

but

CARBON COMMENTARY

A critical appraisal of issues in the move to a low-carbon economy. Chris Goodall is the author of "Sustainability: All That Matters" and "Ten Technologies to Save the Planet". HYDROGEN VERSUS HEAT PUMPS FOR DECARBONISING HEAT Very, very roughly, the annual depreciation of a heat pump is likely to be at least £100 more than a hydrogen boiler. So even if cheap finance is available, the heat pump is going to add substantially to the full costs of heating a home. 3. The reliability and performance

of

HOW MUCH SPACE WILL A 100% RENEWABLES UK REQUIRE? An energy future dominated by renewable energy will require large areas of land to be devoted to solar and wind farms, both onshore and offshore. Some people, such as the late David MacKay, think that this poses substantial challenges. A recent article in THE EXTRA COSTS OF DECARBONISED STEEL The extra costs of decarbonised steel. January 14, 2020. by Chris Goodall. Under current conditions, and Swedish electricity prices, using hydrogen rather than coal will add about 10% to the cost of a tonne of unfinished steel before considering extra capital costs. A carbon tax of about €30 a tonne would bring the energy cost of steel

made

HOW MUCH HYDROGEN WILL BE NEEDED TO REPLACE COAL IN MAKING About 7-9% of the world’s emissions arise from the manufacturing of steel. It is the world’s most polluting industry. Hydrogen could entirely replace the massive use of coal, although the transition will be expensive. However it is probably the only realistic way that steel can get to net zero, a co IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEAR 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

MAKING HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLES IS AS CHEAP AS MAKING IT So the cost price per kilowatt hour of hydrogen is just over 7.5 Euro cents. (For comparison, the price of the energy in crude oil is around 5 Euro cents per kWh at $65 a barrel). · By the late-2020s, the cost of hydrogen will fall to little more €2.50/kg, or around 6.3 Euro cents per kWh. At this level, hydrogen is cheaper to make from the AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS: MORE EVIDENCE OF PROBLEMS IN COLD Air source heat pumps are a risky choice for householders trying to save money and CO2 emissions. This piece looks at the experience of one householder in the south of England who has kept detailed meter readings over the last few weeks. The findings are disturbing. The recent low temperatures (earl AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. TIME TO STOP PROMOTING AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND ASK WHY (24th October 2014. Some of the comments submitted here in recent days have been abusive and off-topic. I will remove all comments placed on this post until November 3rd 2014 in order to let things calm down. I know that many people find the

CARBON COMMENTARY

A critical appraisal of issues in the move to a low-carbon economy. Chris Goodall is the author of "Sustainability: All That Matters" and "Ten Technologies to Save the Planet". HYDROGEN VERSUS HEAT PUMPS FOR DECARBONISING HEAT Very, very roughly, the annual depreciation of a heat pump is likely to be at least £100 more than a hydrogen boiler. So even if cheap finance is available, the heat pump is going to add substantially to the full costs of heating a home. 3. The reliability and performance

of

HOW MUCH SPACE WILL A 100% RENEWABLES UK REQUIRE? An energy future dominated by renewable energy will require large areas of land to be devoted to solar and wind farms, both onshore and offshore. Some people, such as the late David MacKay, think that this poses substantial challenges. A recent article in THE EXTRA COSTS OF DECARBONISED STEEL The extra costs of decarbonised steel. January 14, 2020. by Chris Goodall. Under current conditions, and Swedish electricity prices, using hydrogen rather than coal will add about 10% to the cost of a tonne of unfinished steel before considering extra capital costs. A carbon tax of about €30 a tonne would bring the energy cost of steel

made

HOW MUCH HYDROGEN WILL BE NEEDED TO REPLACE COAL IN MAKING About 7-9% of the world’s emissions arise from the manufacturing of steel. It is the world’s most polluting industry. Hydrogen could entirely replace the massive use of coal, although the transition will be expensive. However it is probably the only realistic way that steel can get to net zero, a co IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEAR 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

MAKING HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLES IS AS CHEAP AS MAKING IT So the cost price per kilowatt hour of hydrogen is just over 7.5 Euro cents. (For comparison, the price of the energy in crude oil is around 5 Euro cents per kWh at $65 a barrel). · By the late-2020s, the cost of hydrogen will fall to little more €2.50/kg, or around 6.3 Euro cents per kWh. At this level, hydrogen is cheaper to make from the AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS: MORE EVIDENCE OF PROBLEMS IN COLD Air source heat pumps are a risky choice for householders trying to save money and CO2 emissions. This piece looks at the experience of one householder in the south of England who has kept detailed meter readings over the last few weeks. The findings are disturbing. The recent low temperatures (earl AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. TIME TO STOP PROMOTING AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND ASK WHY (24th October 2014. Some of the comments submitted here in recent days have been abusive and off-topic. I will remove all comments placed on this post until November 3rd 2014 in order to let things calm down. I know that many people find the SOME RULES OF THUMB OF THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY Most analysis of the role of hydrogen in the global economy uses numbers that are not immediately translatable into conventional measurements. The purpose of this article is to offer some simple rules of thumb that help place hydrogen alongside other parts of the energy system. 1, A kilog BLOG | CARBON COMMENTARY Chris Goodall writes about the many options the world has to move away from fossil fuels. He covers energy generation and efficiency from both technical and policy perspectives. THE SIZE OF THE HYDROGEN OPPORTUNITY Two recent reports from respected organisations have looked at the future of hydrogen. The Energy Transitions Commission (ETC) envisages the possibility of hydrogen providing up to 20% of total world energy need by 2050 through the manufacture of up to 800 million tonnes of the gas.The International Energy Agency (IEA) is somewhat more cautious, estimating a figure of about 13%. BP AND SYNTHETIC FUELS AT THE LINGEN REFINERY BP has talked for several years of generating green hydrogen at its refinery in Lingen in north western Germany. In 2016, the utility Uniper announced that it was cooperating with the oil company to build an electrolysis plant that would supply H2 HOW FAST DO SOLAR PANELS DEGRADE? EVIDENCE FROM A SINGLE A linear regression line shows an estimate of the trend rate of change. This line, calculated by Excel, suggests that the panels have declined from an expected production of 1440.8 kWh in year one to an expected figure of 1428.9 kWh in year 15. This is a 0.8% total change over the period and a yearly 0.05% reduction. Chart 1. AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. WALKING CAN BE MORE CARBON-INTENSIVE THAN DRIVING Walking can be more carbon-intensive than driving. July 22, 2014. by Chris Goodall. Another group of scientists has estimated the environmental burden of beef. The researchers suggest that meat from cows contributes 10 kilos of greenhouse gases (expressed as CO2 equivalents) for every 1000 calories of food. Put in a less scientific

way, a Big

ELECTRICITY OUTPUT FIGURES SHOW WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE I wrote a few weeks ago about the surprising assertion from the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) that the performance of wind farms declines rapidly with age. A study carried out by Professor Gordon Hughes for the REF in 2012 suggested that ‘The normalised load factor for UK onshore wind farms declines from a peak of about 24% at age 1 to 15% at age 10 and 11% at age 15’. MAIZE IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS: IS MONBIOT RIGHT? George Monbiot points his critical attention to the increasing use of food crops in the UK’s anaerobic digesters (AD). These huge green cylinders, usually on farms, take organic matter, expose it to bugs that have excrete enzymes that eat cellulose and starch in the absence

of air. The

KEEPING DAVID MACKAY'S 'SUSTAINABLE ENERGY Keeping David MacKay's 'Sustainable Energy - without the hot air' up-to-date. As the anniversary of Sir David MacKay’s untimely death approaches, I think we should honour his memory by trying to update Sustainable Energy as a crowd-sourced project. I have made an initial attempt to suggest how we might develop the section on photovoltaics

but

CARBON COMMENTARY

A critical appraisal of issues in the move to a low-carbon economy. Chris Goodall is the author of "Sustainability: All That Matters" and "Ten Technologies to Save the Planet". HYDROGEN VERSUS HEAT PUMPS FOR DECARBONISING HEAT Very, very roughly, the annual depreciation of a heat pump is likely to be at least £100 more than a hydrogen boiler. So even if cheap finance is available, the heat pump is going to add substantially to the full costs of heating a home. 3. The reliability and performance

of

HOW MUCH SPACE WILL A 100% RENEWABLES UK REQUIRE? An energy future dominated by renewable energy will require large areas of land to be devoted to solar and wind farms, both onshore and offshore. Some people, such as the late David MacKay, think that this poses substantial challenges. A recent article in THE EXTRA COSTS OF DECARBONISED STEEL The extra costs of decarbonised steel. January 14, 2020. by Chris Goodall. Under current conditions, and Swedish electricity prices, using hydrogen rather than coal will add about 10% to the cost of a tonne of unfinished steel before considering extra capital costs. A carbon tax of about €30 a tonne would bring the energy cost of steel

made

HOW MUCH HYDROGEN WILL BE NEEDED TO REPLACE COAL IN MAKING About 7-9% of the world’s emissions arise from the manufacturing of steel. It is the world’s most polluting industry. Hydrogen could entirely replace the massive use of coal, although the transition will be expensive. However it is probably the only realistic way that steel can get to net zero, a co MAKING HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLES IS AS CHEAP AS MAKING IT So the cost price per kilowatt hour of hydrogen is just over 7.5 Euro cents. (For comparison, the price of the energy in crude oil is around 5 Euro cents per kWh at $65 a barrel). · By the late-2020s, the cost of hydrogen will fall to little more €2.50/kg, or around 6.3 Euro cents per kWh. At this level, hydrogen is cheaper to make from the IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEAR 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

HYDROGEN MADE BY THE ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER IS NOW COST � This amount of electricity in an 80% efficient electrolyser will generate about 800 kWh of energy value of hydrogen. (This efficiency is slightly better than can be achieved today by ITM’s PEM electrolysers, but not much). ELECTRICITY OUTPUT FIGURES SHOW WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE I wrote a few weeks ago about the surprising assertion from the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) that the performance of wind farms declines rapidly with age. A study carried out by Professor Gordon Hughes for the REF in 2012 suggested that ‘The normalised load factor for UK onshore wind farms declines from a peak of about 24% at age 1 to 15% at age 10 and 11% at age 15’. TIME TO STOP PROMOTING AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND ASK WHY (24th October 2014. Some of the comments submitted here in recent days have been abusive and off-topic. I will remove all comments placed on this post until November 3rd 2014 in order to let things calm down. I know that many people find the

CARBON COMMENTARY

A critical appraisal of issues in the move to a low-carbon economy. Chris Goodall is the author of "Sustainability: All That Matters" and "Ten Technologies to Save the Planet". HYDROGEN VERSUS HEAT PUMPS FOR DECARBONISING HEAT Very, very roughly, the annual depreciation of a heat pump is likely to be at least £100 more than a hydrogen boiler. So even if cheap finance is available, the heat pump is going to add substantially to the full costs of heating a home. 3. The reliability and performance

of

HOW MUCH SPACE WILL A 100% RENEWABLES UK REQUIRE? An energy future dominated by renewable energy will require large areas of land to be devoted to solar and wind farms, both onshore and offshore. Some people, such as the late David MacKay, think that this poses substantial challenges. A recent article in THE EXTRA COSTS OF DECARBONISED STEEL The extra costs of decarbonised steel. January 14, 2020. by Chris Goodall. Under current conditions, and Swedish electricity prices, using hydrogen rather than coal will add about 10% to the cost of a tonne of unfinished steel before considering extra capital costs. A carbon tax of about €30 a tonne would bring the energy cost of steel

made

HOW MUCH HYDROGEN WILL BE NEEDED TO REPLACE COAL IN MAKING About 7-9% of the world’s emissions arise from the manufacturing of steel. It is the world’s most polluting industry. Hydrogen could entirely replace the massive use of coal, although the transition will be expensive. However it is probably the only realistic way that steel can get to net zero, a co MAKING HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLES IS AS CHEAP AS MAKING IT So the cost price per kilowatt hour of hydrogen is just over 7.5 Euro cents. (For comparison, the price of the energy in crude oil is around 5 Euro cents per kWh at $65 a barrel). · By the late-2020s, the cost of hydrogen will fall to little more €2.50/kg, or around 6.3 Euro cents per kWh. At this level, hydrogen is cheaper to make from the IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEAR 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

HYDROGEN MADE BY THE ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER IS NOW COST � This amount of electricity in an 80% efficient electrolyser will generate about 800 kWh of energy value of hydrogen. (This efficiency is slightly better than can be achieved today by ITM’s PEM electrolysers, but not much). ELECTRICITY OUTPUT FIGURES SHOW WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE I wrote a few weeks ago about the surprising assertion from the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) that the performance of wind farms declines rapidly with age. A study carried out by Professor Gordon Hughes for the REF in 2012 suggested that ‘The normalised load factor for UK onshore wind farms declines from a peak of about 24% at age 1 to 15% at age 10 and 11% at age 15’. TIME TO STOP PROMOTING AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND ASK WHY (24th October 2014. Some of the comments submitted here in recent days have been abusive and off-topic. I will remove all comments placed on this post until November 3rd 2014 in order to let things calm down. I know that many people find the 'WHAT WE NEED TO DO NOW' What We Need To Now is a short hardback book that offers a set of solutions to each of the main challenges posed by global heating. Of course it covers energy supply but also has chapters on housing, food, clothing and the main manufacturing problem areas, such as cement and steel. It finishes by looking briefly at the opportunities for direct BOOKING ME AS A SPEAKER I have spoken in the couple of years to groups as diverse as a Middle Eastern national oil company, the renewables subsidiary of an international energy company, one of the world’s largest wine companies, the Research Council of Norway, a Dutch supplier of equipment to the offshore oil industry, a university in Germany, a global audit and consulting company and a large sovereign wealth fund. THE EXTRA COSTS OF DECARBONISED STEEL The extra costs of decarbonised steel. January 14, 2020. by Chris Goodall. Under current conditions, and Swedish electricity prices, using hydrogen rather than coal will add about 10% to the cost of a tonne of unfinished steel before considering extra capital costs. A carbon tax of about €30 a tonne would bring the energy cost of steel

made

SHELL PROMISES TO PLANT SOME TREES Shell promises to plant some trees Shell UK said today (10.10.2019) it would offset some of the emissions of its UK vehicle fuel customers by tree planting. 20% of its UK customers are members of its loyalty scheme and these people will be automatically enrolled in the offsetting programme. Very AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. ELECTRICITY OUTPUT FIGURES SHOW WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE I wrote a few weeks ago about the surprising assertion from the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) that the performance of wind farms declines rapidly with age. A study carried out by Professor Gordon Hughes for the REF in 2012 suggested that ‘The normalised load factor for UK onshore wind farms declines from a peak of about 24% at age 1 to 15% at age 10 and 11% at age 15’. WALKING CAN BE MORE CARBON-INTENSIVE THAN DRIVING Walking can be more carbon-intensive than driving. July 22, 2014. by Chris Goodall. Another group of scientists has estimated the environmental burden of beef. The researchers suggest that meat from cows contributes 10 kilos of greenhouse gases (expressed as CO2 equivalents) for every 1000 calories of food. Put in a less scientific

way, a Big

BIOPLASTICS: AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF GLOBAL Bioplastics are an important part of the move to a more sustainable world. Bioplastics, currently accounting for less than half of one per cent of all plastics manufacture, are growing rapidly because of the clear advantages they have in many applications. MAIZE IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS: IS MONBIOT RIGHT? George Monbiot points his critical attention to the increasing use of food crops in the UK’s anaerobic digesters (AD). These huge green cylinders, usually on farms, take organic matter, expose it to bugs that have excrete enzymes that eat cellulose and starch in the absence

of air. The

AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS: MORE EVIDENCE OF PROBLEMS IN COLD Air source heat pumps are a risky choice for householders trying to save money and CO2 emissions. This piece looks at the experience of one householder in the south of England who has kept detailed meter readings over the last few weeks. The findings are disturbing. The recent low temperatures (earl

CARBON COMMENTARY

A critical appraisal of issues in the move to a low-carbon economy. Chris Goodall is the author of "Sustainability: All That Matters" and "Ten Technologies to Save the Planet". HYDROGEN VERSUS HEAT PUMPS FOR DECARBONISING HEAT Very, very roughly, the annual depreciation of a heat pump is likely to be at least £100 more than a hydrogen boiler. So even if cheap finance is available, the heat pump is going to add substantially to the full costs of heating a home. 3. The reliability and performance

of

HOW MUCH SPACE WILL A 100% RENEWABLES UK REQUIRE? An energy future dominated by renewable energy will require large areas of land to be devoted to solar and wind farms, both onshore and offshore. Some people, such as the late David MacKay, think that this poses substantial challenges. A recent article in THE EXTRA COSTS OF DECARBONISED STEEL The extra costs of decarbonised steel. January 14, 2020. by Chris Goodall. Under current conditions, and Swedish electricity prices, using hydrogen rather than coal will add about 10% to the cost of a tonne of unfinished steel before considering extra capital costs. A carbon tax of about €30 a tonne would bring the energy cost of steel

made

MAKING HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLES IS AS CHEAP AS MAKING IT So the cost price per kilowatt hour of hydrogen is just over 7.5 Euro cents. (For comparison, the price of the energy in crude oil is around 5 Euro cents per kWh at $65 a barrel). · By the late-2020s, the cost of hydrogen will fall to little more €2.50/kg, or around 6.3 Euro cents per kWh. At this level, hydrogen is cheaper to make from the AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS: MORE EVIDENCE OF PROBLEMS IN COLD Air source heat pumps are a risky choice for householders trying to save money and CO2 emissions. This piece looks at the experience of one householder in the south of England who has kept detailed meter readings over the last few weeks. The findings are disturbing. The recent low temperatures (earl IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEARWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 DESIGNWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 DESIGNWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 PROBLEMSWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 PROBLEMSAP1000 REACTORS 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. ELECTRICITY OUTPUT FIGURES SHOW WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE I wrote a few weeks ago about the surprising assertion from the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) that the performance of wind farms declines rapidly with age. A study carried out by Professor Gordon Hughes for the REF in 2012 suggested that ‘The normalised load factor for UK onshore wind farms declines from a peak of about 24% at age 1 to 15% at age 10 and 11% at age 15’. TIME TO STOP PROMOTING AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND ASK WHY (24th October 2014. Some of the comments submitted here in recent days have been abusive and off-topic. I will remove all comments placed on this post until November 3rd 2014 in order to let things calm down. I know that many people find the

CARBON COMMENTARY

A critical appraisal of issues in the move to a low-carbon economy. Chris Goodall is the author of "Sustainability: All That Matters" and "Ten Technologies to Save the Planet". HYDROGEN VERSUS HEAT PUMPS FOR DECARBONISING HEAT Very, very roughly, the annual depreciation of a heat pump is likely to be at least £100 more than a hydrogen boiler. So even if cheap finance is available, the heat pump is going to add substantially to the full costs of heating a home. 3. The reliability and performance

of

HOW MUCH SPACE WILL A 100% RENEWABLES UK REQUIRE? An energy future dominated by renewable energy will require large areas of land to be devoted to solar and wind farms, both onshore and offshore. Some people, such as the late David MacKay, think that this poses substantial challenges. A recent article in THE EXTRA COSTS OF DECARBONISED STEEL The extra costs of decarbonised steel. January 14, 2020. by Chris Goodall. Under current conditions, and Swedish electricity prices, using hydrogen rather than coal will add about 10% to the cost of a tonne of unfinished steel before considering extra capital costs. A carbon tax of about €30 a tonne would bring the energy cost of steel

made

MAKING HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLES IS AS CHEAP AS MAKING IT So the cost price per kilowatt hour of hydrogen is just over 7.5 Euro cents. (For comparison, the price of the energy in crude oil is around 5 Euro cents per kWh at $65 a barrel). · By the late-2020s, the cost of hydrogen will fall to little more €2.50/kg, or around 6.3 Euro cents per kWh. At this level, hydrogen is cheaper to make from the AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS: MORE EVIDENCE OF PROBLEMS IN COLD Air source heat pumps are a risky choice for householders trying to save money and CO2 emissions. This piece looks at the experience of one householder in the south of England who has kept detailed meter readings over the last few weeks. The findings are disturbing. The recent low temperatures (earl IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEARWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 DESIGNWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 DESIGNWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 PROBLEMSWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 PROBLEMSAP1000 REACTORS 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. ELECTRICITY OUTPUT FIGURES SHOW WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE I wrote a few weeks ago about the surprising assertion from the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) that the performance of wind farms declines rapidly with age. A study carried out by Professor Gordon Hughes for the REF in 2012 suggested that ‘The normalised load factor for UK onshore wind farms declines from a peak of about 24% at age 1 to 15% at age 10 and 11% at age 15’. TIME TO STOP PROMOTING AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND ASK WHY (24th October 2014. Some of the comments submitted here in recent days have been abusive and off-topic. I will remove all comments placed on this post until November 3rd 2014 in order to let things calm down. I know that many people find the 'WHAT WE NEED TO DO NOW' What We Need To Now is a short hardback book that offers a set of solutions to each of the main challenges posed by global heating. Of course it covers energy supply but also has chapters on housing, food, clothing and the main manufacturing problem areas, such as cement and steel. It finishes by looking briefly at the opportunities for direct BOOKING ME AS A SPEAKER I have spoken in the couple of years to groups as diverse as a Middle Eastern national oil company, the renewables subsidiary of an international energy company, one of the world’s largest wine companies, the Research Council of Norway, a Dutch supplier of equipment to the offshore oil industry, a university in Germany, a global audit and consulting company and a large sovereign wealth fund. WHICH TECHNOLOGY TRANSITIONS WILL CREATE THE … In a recent presentation I was asked a question I found impossible to answer. And after some hours of work, I’m still far from certain my response is correct. But I thought I’d share the analysis even though the answer - get rid of coal in power generation - is probably

obvious. The issue

BP AND SYNTHETIC FUELS AT THE LINGEN REFINERY BP and synthetic fuels at the Lingen refinery. BP has talked for several years of generating green hydrogen at its refinery in Lingen in north western Germany. In 2016, the utility Uniper announced that it was cooperating with the oil company to build an electrolysis plant that would supply H2 to the site. Nothing seems to have happened. HOW MUCH HYDROGEN WILL BE NEEDED TO REPLACE COAL IN MAKING About 7-9% of the world’s emissions arise from the manufacturing of steel. It is the world’s most polluting industry. Hydrogen could entirely replace the massive use of coal, although the transition will be expensive. However it is probably the only realistic way that steel can get to net zero, a co AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEAR 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

HYDROGEN MADE BY THE ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER IS NOW COST � This amount of electricity in an 80% efficient electrolyser will generate about 800 kWh of energy value of hydrogen. (This efficiency is slightly better than can be achieved today by ITM’s PEM electrolysers, but not much). ELECTRICITY OUTPUT FIGURES SHOW WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE I wrote a few weeks ago about the surprising assertion from the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) that the performance of wind farms declines rapidly with age. A study carried out by Professor Gordon Hughes for the REF in 2012 suggested that ‘The normalised load factor for UK onshore wind farms declines from a peak of about 24% at age 1 to 15% at age 10 and 11% at age 15’. KEEPING DAVID MACKAY'S 'SUSTAINABLE ENERGY Keeping David MacKay's 'Sustainable Energy - without the hot air' up-to-date. As the anniversary of Sir David MacKay’s untimely death approaches, I think we should honour his memory by trying to update Sustainable Energy as a crowd-sourced project. I have made an initial attempt to suggest how we might develop the section on photovoltaics

but

CARBON COMMENTARY

A critical appraisal of issues in the move to a low-carbon economy. Chris Goodall is the author of "Sustainability: All That Matters" and "Ten Technologies to Save the Planet". HYDROGEN VERSUS HEAT PUMPS FOR DECARBONISING HEAT Very, very roughly, the annual depreciation of a heat pump is likely to be at least £100 more than a hydrogen boiler. So even if cheap finance is available, the heat pump is going to add substantially to the full costs of heating a home. 3. The reliability and performance

of

HOW MUCH SPACE WILL A 100% RENEWABLES UK REQUIRE? An energy future dominated by renewable energy will require large areas of land to be devoted to solar and wind farms, both onshore and offshore. Some people, such as the late David MacKay, think that this poses substantial challenges. A recent article in THE EXTRA COSTS OF DECARBONISED STEEL The extra costs of decarbonised steel. January 14, 2020. by Chris Goodall. Under current conditions, and Swedish electricity prices, using hydrogen rather than coal will add about 10% to the cost of a tonne of unfinished steel before considering extra capital costs. A carbon tax of about €30 a tonne would bring the energy cost of steel

made

MAKING HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLES IS AS CHEAP AS MAKING IT So the cost price per kilowatt hour of hydrogen is just over 7.5 Euro cents. (For comparison, the price of the energy in crude oil is around 5 Euro cents per kWh at $65 a barrel). · By the late-2020s, the cost of hydrogen will fall to little more €2.50/kg, or around 6.3 Euro cents per kWh. At this level, hydrogen is cheaper to make from the AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS: MORE EVIDENCE OF PROBLEMS IN COLD Air source heat pumps are a risky choice for householders trying to save money and CO2 emissions. This piece looks at the experience of one householder in the south of England who has kept detailed meter readings over the last few weeks. The findings are disturbing. The recent low temperatures (earl IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEARWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 DESIGNWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 DESIGNWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 PROBLEMSWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 PROBLEMSAP1000 REACTORS 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. ELECTRICITY OUTPUT FIGURES SHOW WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE I wrote a few weeks ago about the surprising assertion from the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) that the performance of wind farms declines rapidly with age. A study carried out by Professor Gordon Hughes for the REF in 2012 suggested that ‘The normalised load factor for UK onshore wind farms declines from a peak of about 24% at age 1 to 15% at age 10 and 11% at age 15’. TIME TO STOP PROMOTING AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND ASK WHY (24th October 2014. Some of the comments submitted here in recent days have been abusive and off-topic. I will remove all comments placed on this post until November 3rd 2014 in order to let things calm down. I know that many people find the

CARBON COMMENTARY

A critical appraisal of issues in the move to a low-carbon economy. Chris Goodall is the author of "Sustainability: All That Matters" and "Ten Technologies to Save the Planet". HYDROGEN VERSUS HEAT PUMPS FOR DECARBONISING HEAT Very, very roughly, the annual depreciation of a heat pump is likely to be at least £100 more than a hydrogen boiler. So even if cheap finance is available, the heat pump is going to add substantially to the full costs of heating a home. 3. The reliability and performance

of

HOW MUCH SPACE WILL A 100% RENEWABLES UK REQUIRE? An energy future dominated by renewable energy will require large areas of land to be devoted to solar and wind farms, both onshore and offshore. Some people, such as the late David MacKay, think that this poses substantial challenges. A recent article in THE EXTRA COSTS OF DECARBONISED STEEL The extra costs of decarbonised steel. January 14, 2020. by Chris Goodall. Under current conditions, and Swedish electricity prices, using hydrogen rather than coal will add about 10% to the cost of a tonne of unfinished steel before considering extra capital costs. A carbon tax of about €30 a tonne would bring the energy cost of steel

made

MAKING HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLES IS AS CHEAP AS MAKING IT So the cost price per kilowatt hour of hydrogen is just over 7.5 Euro cents. (For comparison, the price of the energy in crude oil is around 5 Euro cents per kWh at $65 a barrel). · By the late-2020s, the cost of hydrogen will fall to little more €2.50/kg, or around 6.3 Euro cents per kWh. At this level, hydrogen is cheaper to make from the AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS: MORE EVIDENCE OF PROBLEMS IN COLD Air source heat pumps are a risky choice for householders trying to save money and CO2 emissions. This piece looks at the experience of one householder in the south of England who has kept detailed meter readings over the last few weeks. The findings are disturbing. The recent low temperatures (earl IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEARWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 DESIGNWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 DESIGNWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 PROBLEMSWESTINGHOUSE AP1000 PROBLEMSAP1000 REACTORS 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. ELECTRICITY OUTPUT FIGURES SHOW WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE I wrote a few weeks ago about the surprising assertion from the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) that the performance of wind farms declines rapidly with age. A study carried out by Professor Gordon Hughes for the REF in 2012 suggested that ‘The normalised load factor for UK onshore wind farms declines from a peak of about 24% at age 1 to 15% at age 10 and 11% at age 15’. TIME TO STOP PROMOTING AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND ASK WHY (24th October 2014. Some of the comments submitted here in recent days have been abusive and off-topic. I will remove all comments placed on this post until November 3rd 2014 in order to let things calm down. I know that many people find the 'WHAT WE NEED TO DO NOW' What We Need To Now is a short hardback book that offers a set of solutions to each of the main challenges posed by global heating. Of course it covers energy supply but also has chapters on housing, food, clothing and the main manufacturing problem areas, such as cement and steel. It finishes by looking briefly at the opportunities for direct BOOKING ME AS A SPEAKER I have spoken in the couple of years to groups as diverse as a Middle Eastern national oil company, the renewables subsidiary of an international energy company, one of the world’s largest wine companies, the Research Council of Norway, a Dutch supplier of equipment to the offshore oil industry, a university in Germany, a global audit and consulting company and a large sovereign wealth fund. WHICH TECHNOLOGY TRANSITIONS WILL CREATE THE … In a recent presentation I was asked a question I found impossible to answer. And after some hours of work, I’m still far from certain my response is correct. But I thought I’d share the analysis even though the answer - get rid of coal in power generation - is probably

obvious. The issue

BP AND SYNTHETIC FUELS AT THE LINGEN REFINERY BP and synthetic fuels at the Lingen refinery. BP has talked for several years of generating green hydrogen at its refinery in Lingen in north western Germany. In 2016, the utility Uniper announced that it was cooperating with the oil company to build an electrolysis plant that would supply H2 to the site. Nothing seems to have happened. HOW MUCH HYDROGEN WILL BE NEEDED TO REPLACE COAL IN MAKING About 7-9% of the world’s emissions arise from the manufacturing of steel. It is the world’s most polluting industry. Hydrogen could entirely replace the massive use of coal, although the transition will be expensive. However it is probably the only realistic way that steel can get to net zero, a co AS THEY AGE, WIND TURBINES GENERATE ABOUT 1.6% LESS POWER All machines get less efficient as they grow older. Wind turbines are no exception to the rule. A new study shows that a turbine has an average ‘capacity factor’ of 28.5% when new and this falls to about 21% in the nineteenth year of its life. (1) This finding implies shows that the average wind farm loses just less than 1.6% of its expected output for each year that passes. IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE WESTINGHOUSE AP1000 NUCLEAR 3) . The detail available on the UAE Kepco contract is not great. It seems that the initial contract between Kepco and the state entity was for $20bn. I have taken this as the overnight cost. In late 2016, a re-financing was arranged for $24.4bn and I have assumed that this is the full cost including interest until the completion of the first

reactor.

HYDROGEN MADE BY THE ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER IS NOW COST � This amount of electricity in an 80% efficient electrolyser will generate about 800 kWh of energy value of hydrogen. (This efficiency is slightly better than can be achieved today by ITM’s PEM electrolysers, but not much). ELECTRICITY OUTPUT FIGURES SHOW WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE I wrote a few weeks ago about the surprising assertion from the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) that the performance of wind farms declines rapidly with age. A study carried out by Professor Gordon Hughes for the REF in 2012 suggested that ‘The normalised load factor for UK onshore wind farms declines from a peak of about 24% at age 1 to 15% at age 10 and 11% at age 15’. KEEPING DAVID MACKAY'S 'SUSTAINABLE ENERGY Keeping David MacKay's 'Sustainable Energy - without the hot air' up-to-date. As the anniversary of Sir David MacKay’s untimely death approaches, I think we should honour his memory by trying to update Sustainable Energy as a crowd-sourced project. I have made an initial attempt to suggest how we might develop the section on photovoltaics

but

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Navigation Home 'What We Need to Do Now' Booking me as a speaker Newsletter archive Twitter RSS Search Latest post by Chris Goodall

May 25, 2021

The size of the hydrogen opportunity

May 25, 2021

May 25, 2021

------------------------- I will be discontinuing my weekly newsletter from April 2021. Thank you very much for the generous comments over the years. I will be adding more commentaries to this web site in the next few months. In these posts I will write about the many options the world can use to move away from fossil fuels. I cover energy generation and efficiency both from technical and policy perspectives. I am an occasional investor in young companies with promising technologies and I was chair of Chargepoint Services, one of the UK's leading EV charging businesses. Chris Goodall speaking at a conference in 2019 Sometimes I carry out consulting projects for investment funds and private shareholders and speak at conferences and on radio. More details of my speaking work are here

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Feedback to anything published on this site is always *very* welcome

indeed.

Chris Goodall, +44 (0) 7767 386696, chris@carboncommentary.com

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May 25, 2021

The size of the hydrogen opportunity

May 25, 2021

May 25, 2021

May 13, 2021

WHICH TECHNOLOGY TRANSITIONS WILL CREATE THE LARGEST EMISSIONS

REDUCTIONS?

May 13, 2021

May 13, 2021

May 5, 2021

Wind farms need more people than coal mines

May 5, 2021

May 5, 2021

May 2, 2021

Crowd-funding to convert natural gas pipes into hydrogen-ready

equivalents

May 2, 2021

May 2, 2021

Apr 23, 2021

Even removing environmental levies won't bring electric heat pumps to cost parity with gas boilers

Apr 23, 2021

Apr 23, 2021

Apr 8, 2021

Hydrogen versus heat pumps for decarbonising heat

Apr 8, 2021

Apr 8, 2021

Dec 7, 2020

The UK would require 100 GW of offshore wind for domestic heating, not the 300 GW the CCC claims

Dec 7, 2020

Dec 7, 2020

Nov 13, 2020

BP and synthetic fuels at the Lingen refinery

Nov 13, 2020

Nov 13, 2020

Nov 4, 2020

How much hydrogen will be needed to replace coal in making steel?

Nov 4, 2020

Nov 4, 2020

Oct 6, 2020

Nine steps towards Net Zero. (published in the Guardian Tuesday

6.10.2020).

Oct 6, 2020

Oct 6, 2020

Sep 11, 2020

Business is now the dominant force pushing the speed of

decarbonisation

Sep 11, 2020

Sep 11, 2020

Sep 7, 2020

COVID and the energy transition

Sep 7, 2020

Sep 7, 2020

Aug 28, 2020

Key figures from the winning Hollandse Kust (Noord) offshore wind

farm bid

Aug 28, 2020

Aug 28, 2020

Aug 23, 2020

How much space will a 100% renewables UK require?

Aug 23, 2020

Aug 23, 2020

Aug 6, 2020

BP’s strategy change will leave it producing almost as much useful

energy as today

Aug 6, 2020

Aug 6, 2020

Jun 24, 2020

The UK’s flight addiction is paused. The only safe recovery is a synthetic jet fuel revolution

Jun 24, 2020

Jun 24, 2020

Jun 17, 2020

'Renewables plus hydrogen' - almost all that we need

Jun 17, 2020

Jun 17, 2020

Jun 4, 2020

Public Opinion Strongly Favours Renewables, Including in the Local

Area

Jun 4, 2020

Jun 4, 2020

May 25, 2020

Negative emissions: how one US business bought $1m of CO2 storage

May 25, 2020

May 25, 2020

Mar 27, 2020

'What We Need To Do Now': an inexpensive online edition and a chance for online discussions.

Mar 27, 2020

Mar 27, 2020

Mar 21, 2020

The victory at Heathrow; just a first step

Mar 21, 2020

Mar 21, 2020

Feb 26, 2020

The road to ‘Net Zero’

Feb 26, 2020

Feb 26, 2020

Jan 14, 2020

The extra costs of decarbonised steel

Jan 14, 2020

Jan 14, 2020

Dec 8, 2019

What happened to Repsol's share price after it announced a commitment to full decarbonisation?

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