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modules can reduce
2021 ANDROID SECURITY BULLETINS This page contains all available 2021 Android Security Bulletins. For a list of all bulletins, see the Android Security Bulletins homepage.LAYERS AND DISPLAYS
ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE OS UPDATE BULLETIN—APRIL 2021 Published April 5, 2021. The Android Automotive OS (AAOS) Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting the Android Automotive OS platform. The full AAOS update comprises the security patch level of 2021-04-01 or later from the April 2021 Android Security Bulletin in addition to all issues in this bulletin.SOUND TRIGGER
The Sound Trigger feature provides apps with the ability to listen for certain acoustic events, like hotwords, in a low-power and privacy-sensitive manner. WHAT IS ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE? Android Automotive is a base Android platform that runs pre-installed IVI system Android applications as well as optional second- and third-party Android Applications. Android Automotive offers openness, customization, and scale to automotive infotainment systems and head units. Openness enables new efficiencies by providing basic automotive ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE BOOTCAMP PRESENTATIONS Android Automotive Bootcamp Presentations. Find out what's new in Android 11 for Android Automotive: Android Automotive OS Audio in Android 11 . Hear about vehicle sounds, multi-zone audio, and audio focus. Automotive Bluetooth . Learn how to support messaging, cover art, and multi-device media through Bluetooth and Bluetoothcertification.
PROTECTED CONFIRMATION Android Protected Confirmation is available to supported devices running Android 9 (API level 28) or higher. When an app invokes Protected Confirmation, Trusted UI queries the user for confirmation. The Trusted UI asserts the user’s approval of the prompted message with a high degree of confidence even if Android or its kernel (Linux)have
VEHICLE PROPERTIES
The Vehicle Hardware Abstraction Layer (VHAL) interface defines the properties OEMs can implement and contains property metadata (for example, whether the property is an int and which change modes are allowed). The VHAL interface is based on accessing (read, write, subscribe) a property, which is an abstraction for a specificfunction.
THERMAL MITIGATION
Thermal service. In Android 10, the thermal service in the framework provides constant monitoring using the various mitigation signals from Thermal HAL 2.0, and gives throttling severity feedback to its clients. These include internal components and Android apps. The service utilizes two binder callback interfaces, IThermalEventListenerand
MODULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS Modular system components enable Google and Android partners to distribute updates broadly, quickly, and seamlessly to end-user devices in a nonintrusive manner. For example, the combination of media codec fragmentation and critical bugs can dramatically slow app adoption and user engagement. Frequent updates to media-relatedmodules can reduce
2021 ANDROID SECURITY BULLETINS This page contains all available 2021 Android Security Bulletins. For a list of all bulletins, see the Android Security Bulletins homepage.LAYERS AND DISPLAYS
ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE OS UPDATE BULLETIN—APRIL 2021 Published April 5, 2021. The Android Automotive OS (AAOS) Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting the Android Automotive OS platform. The full AAOS update comprises the security patch level of 2021-04-01 or later from the April 2021 Android Security Bulletin in addition to all issues in this bulletin.SOUND TRIGGER
The Sound Trigger feature provides apps with the ability to listen for certain acoustic events, like hotwords, in a low-power and privacy-sensitive manner. WHAT IS ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE? Android Automotive is a base Android platform that runs pre-installed IVI system Android applications as well as optional second- and third-party Android Applications. Android Automotive offers openness, customization, and scale to automotive infotainment systems and head units. Openness enables new efficiencies by providing basic automotive ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE BOOTCAMP PRESENTATIONS Android Automotive Bootcamp Presentations. Find out what's new in Android 11 for Android Automotive: Android Automotive OS Audio in Android 11 . Hear about vehicle sounds, multi-zone audio, and audio focus. Automotive Bluetooth . Learn how to support messaging, cover art, and multi-device media through Bluetooth and Bluetoothcertification.
PROTECTED CONFIRMATION Android Protected Confirmation is available to supported devices running Android 9 (API level 28) or higher. When an app invokes Protected Confirmation, Trusted UI queries the user for confirmation. The Trusted UI asserts the user’s approval of the prompted message with a high degree of confidence even if Android or its kernel (Linux)have
VEHICLE PROPERTIES
The Vehicle Hardware Abstraction Layer (VHAL) interface defines the properties OEMs can implement and contains property metadata (for example, whether the property is an int and which change modes are allowed). The VHAL interface is based on accessing (read, write, subscribe) a property, which is an abstraction for a specificfunction.
THERMAL MITIGATION
Thermal service. In Android 10, the thermal service in the framework provides constant monitoring using the various mitigation signals from Thermal HAL 2.0, and gives throttling severity feedback to its clients. These include internal components and Android apps. The service utilizes two binder callback interfaces, IThermalEventListenerand
ANDROID SECURITY BULLETIN—JUNE 2021 Published June 7, 2021. The Android Security Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting Android devices. Security patchlevels of
ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE OS UPDATE BULLETIN—JUNE 2021 Published June 7, 2021. The Android Automotive OS (AAOS) Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting the Android Automotive OS platform. PIXEL UPDATE BULLETIN—JUNE 2021 Published June 7, 2021. The Pixel Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities and functional improvements affecting supported Pixel devices (Google devices). For Google devices, security patch levels of 2021-06-05 or later address all issues in this bulletin and all issues in the June 2021 Android Security Bulletin.LAYERS AND DISPLAYS
Layers and displays are two primitives that represent composition work and interactions with the display hardware. Layers. A Layer is the most important unit of composition. A layer is a combination of a surface and an instance of SurfaceControl.Each layer has a set of properties that define how it interacts with other layers. ADBD | ANDROID OPEN SOURCE PROJECT About adbd. Modularizing adbd enables faster delivery of performance improvements (those made in previous years and new improvements yet to come), bug fixes (such as several power-drain bugs, including adbd continuing at 100% of a CPU until the battery depletes) and features that haven't been backported to older versions of Android. ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE 11 RELEASE DETAILS Sensors. System Reliability and Stability. Boot Performance. Car Framework. Power Management. Bug Fixes. Known Issues. The following content details the major features and enhancements added to Android Automotive in this release. To learn more about new features documented in this release, see What's New. COMPATIBILITY TEST SUITE The Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) is a free, commercial-grade test suite, available for download. The CTS represents the "mechanism" of compatibility. The CTS runs on a desktop machine and executes test cases directly on attached devices or an emulator. The CTS is a set of unit tests designed to be integrated into the daily workflow (such as OVERVIEW | ANDROID OPEN SOURCE PROJECT In Android 11 and above, this toolbar is included in the chassis base layout, which contains the views for the toolbar and a framelayout for the rest of the application content. Supplementary action widgets are MenuItem classes and should be created in the onCreate of the respective SettingsFragment or BaseFragment.VEHICLE PROPERTIES
The Vehicle Hardware Abstraction Layer (VHAL) interface defines the properties OEMs can implement and contains property metadata (for example, whether the property is an int and which change modes are allowed). The VHAL interface is based on accessing (read, write, subscribe) a property, which is an abstraction for a specificfunction.
TIME ZONE DATA
Time Zone Data. The Time Zone Data module updates daylight saving time (DST) and time zones on Android devices, standardizing both the data (which can change frequently in response to religious, political, and geopolitical reasons) and the update mechanism across the ecosystem. For more details on Time Zone Data, see Time Zone Rules . MODULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS Modular system components enable Google and Android partners to distribute updates broadly, quickly, and seamlessly to end-user devices in a nonintrusive manner. For example, the combination of media codec fragmentation and critical bugs can dramatically slow app adoption and user engagement. Frequent updates to media-relatedmodules can reduce
2021 ANDROID SECURITY BULLETINS This page contains all available 2021 Android Security Bulletins. For a list of all bulletins, see the Android Security Bulletins homepage.LAYERS AND DISPLAYS
ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE OS UPDATE BULLETIN—APRIL 2021 Published April 5, 2021. The Android Automotive OS (AAOS) Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting the Android Automotive OS platform. The full AAOS update comprises the security patch level of 2021-04-01 or later from the April 2021 Android Security Bulletin in addition to all issues in this bulletin.SOUND TRIGGER
The Sound Trigger feature provides apps with the ability to listen for certain acoustic events, like hotwords, in a low-power and privacy-sensitive manner. WHAT IS ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE? Android Automotive is a base Android platform that runs pre-installed IVI system Android applications as well as optional second- and third-party Android Applications. Android Automotive offers openness, customization, and scale to automotive infotainment systems and head units. Openness enables new efficiencies by providing basic automotive ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE BOOTCAMP PRESENTATIONS Android Automotive Bootcamp Presentations. Find out what's new in Android 11 for Android Automotive: Android Automotive OS Audio in Android 11 . Hear about vehicle sounds, multi-zone audio, and audio focus. Automotive Bluetooth . Learn how to support messaging, cover art, and multi-device media through Bluetooth and Bluetoothcertification.
PROTECTED CONFIRMATION Android Protected Confirmation is available to supported devices running Android 9 (API level 28) or higher. When an app invokes Protected Confirmation, Trusted UI queries the user for confirmation. The Trusted UI asserts the user’s approval of the prompted message with a high degree of confidence even if Android or its kernel (Linux)have
VEHICLE PROPERTIES
The Vehicle Hardware Abstraction Layer (VHAL) interface defines the properties OEMs can implement and contains property metadata (for example, whether the property is an int and which change modes are allowed). The VHAL interface is based on accessing (read, write, subscribe) a property, which is an abstraction for a specificfunction.
THERMAL MITIGATION
Thermal service. In Android 10, the thermal service in the framework provides constant monitoring using the various mitigation signals from Thermal HAL 2.0, and gives throttling severity feedback to its clients. These include internal components and Android apps. The service utilizes two binder callback interfaces, IThermalEventListenerand
MODULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS Modular system components enable Google and Android partners to distribute updates broadly, quickly, and seamlessly to end-user devices in a nonintrusive manner. For example, the combination of media codec fragmentation and critical bugs can dramatically slow app adoption and user engagement. Frequent updates to media-relatedmodules can reduce
2021 ANDROID SECURITY BULLETINS This page contains all available 2021 Android Security Bulletins. For a list of all bulletins, see the Android Security Bulletins homepage.LAYERS AND DISPLAYS
ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE OS UPDATE BULLETIN—APRIL 2021 Published April 5, 2021. The Android Automotive OS (AAOS) Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting the Android Automotive OS platform. The full AAOS update comprises the security patch level of 2021-04-01 or later from the April 2021 Android Security Bulletin in addition to all issues in this bulletin.SOUND TRIGGER
The Sound Trigger feature provides apps with the ability to listen for certain acoustic events, like hotwords, in a low-power and privacy-sensitive manner. WHAT IS ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE? Android Automotive is a base Android platform that runs pre-installed IVI system Android applications as well as optional second- and third-party Android Applications. Android Automotive offers openness, customization, and scale to automotive infotainment systems and head units. Openness enables new efficiencies by providing basic automotive ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE BOOTCAMP PRESENTATIONS Android Automotive Bootcamp Presentations. Find out what's new in Android 11 for Android Automotive: Android Automotive OS Audio in Android 11 . Hear about vehicle sounds, multi-zone audio, and audio focus. Automotive Bluetooth . Learn how to support messaging, cover art, and multi-device media through Bluetooth and Bluetoothcertification.
PROTECTED CONFIRMATION Android Protected Confirmation is available to supported devices running Android 9 (API level 28) or higher. When an app invokes Protected Confirmation, Trusted UI queries the user for confirmation. The Trusted UI asserts the user’s approval of the prompted message with a high degree of confidence even if Android or its kernel (Linux)have
VEHICLE PROPERTIES
The Vehicle Hardware Abstraction Layer (VHAL) interface defines the properties OEMs can implement and contains property metadata (for example, whether the property is an int and which change modes are allowed). The VHAL interface is based on accessing (read, write, subscribe) a property, which is an abstraction for a specificfunction.
THERMAL MITIGATION
Thermal service. In Android 10, the thermal service in the framework provides constant monitoring using the various mitigation signals from Thermal HAL 2.0, and gives throttling severity feedback to its clients. These include internal components and Android apps. The service utilizes two binder callback interfaces, IThermalEventListenerand
ANDROID SECURITY BULLETIN—JUNE 2021 Published June 7, 2021. The Android Security Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting Android devices. Security patchlevels of
ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE OS UPDATE BULLETIN—JUNE 2021 Published June 7, 2021. The Android Automotive OS (AAOS) Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting the Android Automotive OS platform. PIXEL UPDATE BULLETIN—JUNE 2021 Published June 7, 2021. The Pixel Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities and functional improvements affecting supported Pixel devices (Google devices). For Google devices, security patch levels of 2021-06-05 or later address all issues in this bulletin and all issues in the June 2021 Android Security Bulletin.LAYERS AND DISPLAYS
Layers and displays are two primitives that represent composition work and interactions with the display hardware. Layers. A Layer is the most important unit of composition. A layer is a combination of a surface and an instance of SurfaceControl.Each layer has a set of properties that define how it interacts with other layers. ADBD | ANDROID OPEN SOURCE PROJECT About adbd. Modularizing adbd enables faster delivery of performance improvements (those made in previous years and new improvements yet to come), bug fixes (such as several power-drain bugs, including adbd continuing at 100% of a CPU until the battery depletes) and features that haven't been backported to older versions of Android. ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE 11 RELEASE DETAILS Sensors. System Reliability and Stability. Boot Performance. Car Framework. Power Management. Bug Fixes. Known Issues. The following content details the major features and enhancements added to Android Automotive in this release. To learn more about new features documented in this release, see What's New. COMPATIBILITY TEST SUITE The Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) is a free, commercial-grade test suite, available for download. The CTS represents the "mechanism" of compatibility. The CTS runs on a desktop machine and executes test cases directly on attached devices or an emulator. The CTS is a set of unit tests designed to be integrated into the daily workflow (such as OVERVIEW | ANDROID OPEN SOURCE PROJECT In Android 11 and above, this toolbar is included in the chassis base layout, which contains the views for the toolbar and a framelayout for the rest of the application content. Supplementary action widgets are MenuItem classes and should be created in the onCreate of the respective SettingsFragment or BaseFragment.VEHICLE PROPERTIES
The Vehicle Hardware Abstraction Layer (VHAL) interface defines the properties OEMs can implement and contains property metadata (for example, whether the property is an int and which change modes are allowed). The VHAL interface is based on accessing (read, write, subscribe) a property, which is an abstraction for a specificfunction.
TIME ZONE DATA
Time Zone Data. The Time Zone Data module updates daylight saving time (DST) and time zones on Android devices, standardizing both the data (which can change frequently in response to religious, political, and geopolitical reasons) and the update mechanism across the ecosystem. For more details on Time Zone Data, see Time Zone Rules . 2021 ANDROID SECURITY BULLETINS This page contains all available 2021 Android Security Bulletins. For a list of all bulletins, see the Android Security Bulletins homepage.MEDIA MODULES
Media components are packaged together in modules that allows providing security updates and feature updates without requiring a full system image update. Updatable media components exist in the following modules. Media. This module includes media extractors , MediaSession2 APIs, and MediaParser APIs. Media Codecs. ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE OS UPDATE BULLETIN—APRIL 2021 Published April 5, 2021. The Android Automotive OS (AAOS) Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting the Android Automotive OS platform. The full AAOS update comprises the security patch level of 2021-04-01 or later from the April 2021 Android Security Bulletin in addition to all issues in this bulletin. ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE BOOTCAMP PRESENTATIONS Android Automotive Bootcamp Presentations. Find out what's new in Android 11 for Android Automotive: Android Automotive OS Audio in Android 11 . Hear about vehicle sounds, multi-zone audio, and audio focus. Automotive Bluetooth . Learn how to support messaging, cover art, and multi-device media through Bluetooth and Bluetoothcertification.
SOUND TRIGGER
The Sound Trigger feature provides apps with the ability to listen for certain acoustic events, like hotwords, in a low-power and privacy-sensitive manner.VEHICLE PROPERTIES
The Vehicle Hardware Abstraction Layer (VHAL) interface defines the properties OEMs can implement and contains property metadata (for example, whether the property is an int and which change modes are allowed). The VHAL interface is based on accessing (read, write, subscribe) a property, which is an abstraction for a specificfunction.
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES PROTECTED CONFIRMATION Android Protected Confirmation is available to supported devices running Android 9 (API level 28) or higher. When an app invokes Protected Confirmation, Trusted UI queries the user for confirmation. The Trusted UI asserts the user’s approval of the prompted message with a high degree of confidence even if Android or its kernel (Linux)have
OVERVIEW | ANDROID OPEN SOURCE PROJECTSEE MORE ON SOURCE.ANDROID.COMAUDIO EFFECTS
Using an audio effects configuration file. This method allows for the static creation of an audio effect that is systematically attached and enabled to any audio path selecting a specified device as sink or source. This is done by adding a specific section 2021 ANDROID SECURITY BULLETINS This page contains all available 2021 Android Security Bulletins. For a list of all bulletins, see the Android Security Bulletins homepage.MEDIA MODULES
Media components are packaged together in modules that allows providing security updates and feature updates without requiring a full system image update. Updatable media components exist in the following modules. Media. This module includes media extractors , MediaSession2 APIs, and MediaParser APIs. Media Codecs. ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE OS UPDATE BULLETIN—APRIL 2021 Published April 5, 2021. The Android Automotive OS (AAOS) Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting the Android Automotive OS platform. The full AAOS update comprises the security patch level of 2021-04-01 or later from the April 2021 Android Security Bulletin in addition to all issues in this bulletin. ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE BOOTCAMP PRESENTATIONS Android Automotive Bootcamp Presentations. Find out what's new in Android 11 for Android Automotive: Android Automotive OS Audio in Android 11 . Hear about vehicle sounds, multi-zone audio, and audio focus. Automotive Bluetooth . Learn how to support messaging, cover art, and multi-device media through Bluetooth and Bluetoothcertification.
SOUND TRIGGER
The Sound Trigger feature provides apps with the ability to listen for certain acoustic events, like hotwords, in a low-power and privacy-sensitive manner.VEHICLE PROPERTIES
The Vehicle Hardware Abstraction Layer (VHAL) interface defines the properties OEMs can implement and contains property metadata (for example, whether the property is an int and which change modes are allowed). The VHAL interface is based on accessing (read, write, subscribe) a property, which is an abstraction for a specificfunction.
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES PROTECTED CONFIRMATION Android Protected Confirmation is available to supported devices running Android 9 (API level 28) or higher. When an app invokes Protected Confirmation, Trusted UI queries the user for confirmation. The Trusted UI asserts the user’s approval of the prompted message with a high degree of confidence even if Android or its kernel (Linux)have
OVERVIEW | ANDROID OPEN SOURCE PROJECTSEE MORE ON SOURCE.ANDROID.COMAUDIO EFFECTS
Using an audio effects configuration file. This method allows for the static creation of an audio effect that is systematically attached and enabled to any audio path selecting a specified device as sink or source. This is done by adding a specific section ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE OS UPDATE BULLETIN—JUNE 2021 Published June 7, 2021. The Android Automotive OS (AAOS) Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting the Android Automotive OS platform.MEDIA MODULES
Media components are packaged together in modules that allows providing security updates and feature updates without requiring a full system image update. Updatable media components exist in the following modules. Media. This module includes media extractors , MediaSession2 APIs, and MediaParser APIs. Media Codecs.LAYERS AND DISPLAYS
Layers and displays are two primitives that represent composition work and interactions with the display hardware. Layers. A Layer is the most important unit of composition. A layer is a combination of a surface and an instance of SurfaceControl.Each layer has a set of properties that define how it interacts with other layers. ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE 11 RELEASE DETAILS Sensors. System Reliability and Stability. Boot Performance. Car Framework. Power Management. Bug Fixes. Known Issues. The following content details the major features and enhancements added to Android Automotive in this release. To learn more about new features documented in this release, see What's New. WHAT IS ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE? Android Automotive is a base Android platform that runs pre-installed IVI system Android applications as well as optional second- and third-party Android Applications. Android Automotive offers openness, customization, and scale to automotive infotainment systems and head units. Openness enables new efficiencies by providing basic automotiveTUNER FRAMEWORK
The Tuner HAL is defined between the Android framework and the vendor's hardware. Describes what the framework expects from the vendor and how the vendor might do it. Exports the functionalities of frontend, demux and descrambler to the framework through IFrontend, IDemux, IDescrambler, IFilter, IDvr , and ILnb interfaces. DOWNLOADABLE TEST PROFILES Android provides downloadable test profiles for testing the radio implementation of devices supporting eSIM.For testers that need to download a test profile defined in TS.48, Android provides a mechanism in its SM-DP+ to facilitate the download of up-to-date test profiles.When a tester scans a QR code for a test profile, the SM-DP+ downloads the test profile to the target device. DEVICE MANIFEST DEVELOPMENT Device Manifest Development. When developing and releasing new devices, vendors can define and declare the Target FCM Version in the device manifest (DM). When upgrading the vendor image for old devices, vendors can choose to implement MULTI-DEVICE TESTING One host-side Python test module runs for each multi-device test module. Allocated Android devices are accessible from Python test modules as a list of AndroidDevice objects: devices = self.android_devices device1 = devices device1_serial = device1.serial. All allocated devices are reserved for the test plan, even though a test module in LOCKING/UNLOCKING THE BOOTLOADER Unlocking the bootloader. To unlock the bootloader and enable partitions to be reflashed, run the fastboot flashing unlock command on the device. After setting, the unlock mode persists across reboots. Devices should deny the fastboot flashing unlock command unless the get_unlock_ability is set to 1. If set to 0, the user needs to boot tothe
MODULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS Modular system components enable Google and Android partners to distribute updates broadly, quickly, and seamlessly to end-user devices in a nonintrusive manner. For example, the combination of media codec fragmentation and critical bugs can dramatically slow app adoption and user engagement. Frequent updates to media-relatedmodules can reduce
2021 ANDROID SECURITY BULLETINS This page contains all available 2021 Android Security Bulletins. For a list of all bulletins, see the Android Security Bulletins homepage. PROTECTED CONFIRMATION Android Protected Confirmation is available to supported devices running Android 9 (API level 28) or higher. When an app invokes Protected Confirmation, Trusted UI queries the user for confirmation. The Trusted UI asserts the user’s approval of the prompted message with a high degree of confidence even if Android or its kernel (Linux)have
WHAT IS ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE? Android Automotive is a base Android platform that runs pre-installed IVI system Android applications as well as optional second- and third-party Android Applications. Android Automotive offers openness, customization, and scale to automotive infotainment systems and head units. Openness enables new efficiencies by providing basic automotive MEASURING DEVICE POWER Measurements can include instantaneous current, remaining charge, battery capacity at test start and end, and more depending on the supported properties of the device (see below). For best results, perform device power measurements during long-running A/B tests that use the same device type with the same fuel gauge and same currentsense resistor.
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES DEVICE MANIFEST DEVELOPMENT Device Manifest Development. When developing and releasing new devices, vendors can define and declare the Target FCM Version in the device manifest (DM). When upgrading the vendor image for old devices, vendors can choose to implement OVERVIEW | ANDROID OPEN SOURCE PROJECTSEE MORE ON SOURCE.ANDROID.COMTHERMAL MITIGATION
Thermal service. In Android 10, the thermal service in the framework provides constant monitoring using the various mitigation signals from Thermal HAL 2.0, and gives throttling severity feedback to its clients. These include internal components and Android apps. The service utilizes two binder callback interfaces, IThermalEventListenerand
VEHICLE PROPERTIES
The Vehicle Hardware Abstraction Layer (VHAL) interface defines the properties OEMs can implement and contains property metadata (for example, whether the property is an int and which change modes are allowed). The VHAL interface is based on accessing (read, write, subscribe) a property, which is an abstraction for a specificfunction.
MODULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS Modular system components enable Google and Android partners to distribute updates broadly, quickly, and seamlessly to end-user devices in a nonintrusive manner. For example, the combination of media codec fragmentation and critical bugs can dramatically slow app adoption and user engagement. Frequent updates to media-relatedmodules can reduce
2021 ANDROID SECURITY BULLETINS This page contains all available 2021 Android Security Bulletins. For a list of all bulletins, see the Android Security Bulletins homepage. PROTECTED CONFIRMATION Android Protected Confirmation is available to supported devices running Android 9 (API level 28) or higher. When an app invokes Protected Confirmation, Trusted UI queries the user for confirmation. The Trusted UI asserts the user’s approval of the prompted message with a high degree of confidence even if Android or its kernel (Linux)have
WHAT IS ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE? Android Automotive is a base Android platform that runs pre-installed IVI system Android applications as well as optional second- and third-party Android Applications. Android Automotive offers openness, customization, and scale to automotive infotainment systems and head units. Openness enables new efficiencies by providing basic automotive MEASURING DEVICE POWER Measurements can include instantaneous current, remaining charge, battery capacity at test start and end, and more depending on the supported properties of the device (see below). For best results, perform device power measurements during long-running A/B tests that use the same device type with the same fuel gauge and same currentsense resistor.
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES DEVICE MANIFEST DEVELOPMENT Device Manifest Development. When developing and releasing new devices, vendors can define and declare the Target FCM Version in the device manifest (DM). When upgrading the vendor image for old devices, vendors can choose to implement OVERVIEW | ANDROID OPEN SOURCE PROJECTSEE MORE ON SOURCE.ANDROID.COMTHERMAL MITIGATION
Thermal service. In Android 10, the thermal service in the framework provides constant monitoring using the various mitigation signals from Thermal HAL 2.0, and gives throttling severity feedback to its clients. These include internal components and Android apps. The service utilizes two binder callback interfaces, IThermalEventListenerand
VEHICLE PROPERTIES
The Vehicle Hardware Abstraction Layer (VHAL) interface defines the properties OEMs can implement and contains property metadata (for example, whether the property is an int and which change modes are allowed). The VHAL interface is based on accessing (read, write, subscribe) a property, which is an abstraction for a specificfunction.
ANDROID AUTOMOTIVE OS UPDATE BULLETIN—JUNE 2021 Published June 7, 2021. The Android Automotive OS (AAOS) Update Bulletin contains details of security vulnerabilities affecting the Android Automotive OS platform. MODULAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS Modular system components enable Google and Android partners to distribute updates broadly, quickly, and seamlessly to end-user devices in a nonintrusive manner. For example, the combination of media codec fragmentation and critical bugs can dramatically slow app adoption and user engagement. Frequent updates to media-relatedmodules can reduce
2021 ANDROID SECURITY BULLETINS This page contains all available 2021 Android Security Bulletins. For a list of all bulletins, see the Android Security Bulletins homepage. MEASURING DEVICE POWER Measurements can include instantaneous current, remaining charge, battery capacity at test start and end, and more depending on the supported properties of the device (see below). For best results, perform device power measurements during long-running A/B tests that use the same device type with the same fuel gauge and same currentsense resistor.
COMPATIBILITY TEST SUITE The Compatibility Test Suite (CTS) is a free, commercial-grade test suite, available for download. The CTS represents the "mechanism" of compatibility. The CTS runs on a desktop machine and executes test cases directly on attached devices or an emulator. The CTS is a set of unit tests designed to be integrated into the daily workflow (such asVEHICLE PROPERTIES
The Vehicle Hardware Abstraction Layer (VHAL) interface defines the properties OEMs can implement and contains property metadata (for example, whether the property is an int and which change modes are allowed). The VHAL interface is based on accessing (read, write, subscribe) a property, which is an abstraction for a specificfunction.
CREATING THE HAL INTERFACE Warning: Android 10 deprecates the ConfigStore HAL and replaces the HAL with system properties. For details, refer to Configuring.. You must use HIDL to describe all build flags used for conditionally compiling the framework. Relevant build flags must be grouped and included in a single .hal file. Using HIDL for specifying configuration items includes the following benefits: SYSTEMS TESTING WITH VTS To test a patch: Build a VTS host-side package: . build/envsetup.sh lunch aosp_arm64-userdebug make vts -j. Run the default VTS tests: vts-tradefed tf> run vts // where vtsMIDI ARCHITECTURE
A MIDI device has at least one OUT port, IN port, or both. The MIDI device supplies stream (s) of messages originating at each OUT port, and receives stream (s) of messages arriving at each IN port. The terms IN and OUT are of course relative to one port; from the perspective of the other port the reverse term applies.VISUAL VOICEMAIL
The server activates the visual voicemail service and sends the OMTP credentials via STATUS sms. When the VVM client receives the STATUS sms, it registers the voicemail source and displays the voicemail tab on the device. The OMTP credentials are saved locally and the device begins a full sync, as described below.*
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OVERVIEW
* Table of contents
* Standard partitions * Dynamic partitions * Designating critical partitions * Changes in Android 11* VNDK changes
* Soong product variants*
Android devices include several partitions that serve different functions in the boot process.STANDARD PARTITIONS
NOTE: Devices that support seamless updates need one slot per partition for boot, system, vendor, and radio.*
BOOT. This partition contains a kernel image and a ramdisk image combined using mkbootimg. You can use a virtual partition to flash either image directly without flashing a new boot partition.*
_kernel._ The virtual kernel partition overwrites the kernel (zImage, zImage-dtb, Image.gz-dtb) by writing the new kernel image over the old kernel image. If the development kernel supplied is incompatible, you might need to update the vendor, system, or dtb partition (if present) with associated kernel modules.*
_ramdisk._ The virtual ramdisk partition overwrites the ramdisk by writing the new ramdisk image over the old ramdisk image. The overwrite operation determines the start location of the existing image in eMMC and copies the new image to that location. The new image (kernel or ramdisk) might be larger than the existing one; to make space, the bootloader can move data following the image or abandon the operation with an error.*
SYSTEM. This partition contains the Android framework.*
ODM. This partition contains original design manufacturer (ODM) customizations to system-on-chip (SoC) vendor board-support packages (BSPs). Such customizations enable ODMs to replace or customize SoC components, and implement kernel modules for board-specific components, daemons, and ODM-specific features on hardware abstraction layers (HALs). This partition is optional; typically, it's used to contain customizations so that devices can use a single vendor image for multiple hardware SKUs. For details, see ODM Partitions.
*
RECOVERY. This partition stores the recovery image, which is booted during the OTA process. Devices that support seamless updates can store the recovery images as a ramdisk contained in the boot image (rather than a separate image).*
CACHE. This partition stores temporary data and is optional if a device uses seamless updates. The cache partition doesn't need to be writable from the bootloader, but does need to be erasable. The parition size depends on the device type and the availability of space on userdata; typically, 50 MB–100 MB is sufficient.*
MISC. This partition is used by the recovery partition and is 4 KB orlarger.
*
USERDATA. This partition contains user-installed apps and data, including customization data.*
METADATA. This partition is used when device is encrypted. The size is16 MB or larger.
*
VENDOR. This partition contains any binary that isn't distributable to AOSP. If the device doesn't contain proprietary information, you can omit this partition.*
RADIO. This partition contains the radio image and is needed only for devices that include a radio with radio-specific software in a dedicated partition.*
TOS. This partition stores the binary image of the Trusty OS and is used only if the device includes Trusty. For details, see TOSPartitions .
DYNAMIC PARTITIONS
Devices running Android 11 and higher can support dynamic partitions, which are a userspace partitioning system for Android that enables creating, resizing, or destroying partitions during over-the-air (OTA) updates. For details, see Dynamic Partitions.
DESIGNATING CRITICAL PARTITIONS If the device requires specific partitions or data to run, you must designate those partitions/data as either fully protected or as re-flashable, meaning they are re-buildable, provided, or extractable using a fastboot oem command. This includes data such as per-device factory-specific settings, serial numbers, calibration data, and more. CHANGES IN ANDROID 11 Android 11 includes numerous changes to partitions, including restrictions on linking to libraries and new Soong image variants. FIGURE 1. Partition layout in Android 11*
SINGLE SYSTEM IMAGE (SSI). A new, conceptual image that contains the system and system_ext images. When these partitions are common for a set of target devices, those devices can share the SSI and skip building the system and system_ext images.*
SYSTEM_EXT PARTITION. A new partition that can use system resources and can include system modules that:*
_Extend AOSP system modules in the system partition._ We recommend upstreaming such modules to AOSP so they can be installed to the system partition later.*
_Bundle OEM or SoC-specific modules._ We recommend unbundling such modules so they can be installed to the product or vendor partition.*
SYSTEM PARTITION. Common system image used for OEM products. We recommend moving proprietary modules out of the system partition, either by upstreaming them to AOSP or by moving them to the system_extpartition.
*
PRODUCT PARTITION. This partition can now use permitted interfaces to install product-specific modules that aren't bundled with any otherpartitions.
VNDK CHANGES
The Vendor Native Development Kit (VNDK) is a set of libraries installed in the system partition and designed exclusively for vendors to implement their HALs.*
In Android 10 and lower, the vendor partition can link to VNDK libraries in the system partition, but can't link to other libraries in the system partition. Native modules in the product partition can link to any library in the system partition.*
In Android 11 and higher, the product and vendor partitions can link to VNDK libraries in the system partition, but can't link to other libraries in the system partition. SOONG PRODUCT VARIANTS The Soong build system uses image variants to split build dependencies. Native modules (/build/soong/cc) can mutate system process modules to the core variant and vendor process modules to the vendor variant; a module in one image variant can't link to other modules in a different image variant.*
In Android 10 and lower, a system module automatically creates core variants. It can also create vendor variants by defining vendor_available: true in its Android.bp files; this enables vendor modules to link to system modules. VNDK libraries, which are vendor variants of system libraries, can also create vendor variants for vendor modules by defining vendor_available: true in its Android.bpfiles (see example
).
*
In Android 11 and higher, a system module can also create a product variant (in addition to core and vendor variants) by defining vendor_available: true.Rate and review
Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the Content License . Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Last updated 2021-04-27 UTC.*
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