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ECON FOCUS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Econ Focus is the economics magazine of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. This publication covers economic issues affecting the Fifth Federal Reserve District and the nation. CAREERS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Careers. Menu. About Us. We’re one of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks working together with the Board of Governors to support a healthy economy. Our job is to serve the American public — to serve you. And our mission is to foster economic stability and strength. FEDERAL RESERVE MBS PURCHASES IN RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 In the wake of the 2007–08 financial crisis and during the ensuing Great Recession, the Federal Reserve introduced a number of new, or unconventional, monetary policy tools. 1 Among them were purchases of agency mortgage-backed securities (agency MBS), conducted in two waves of the Fed's large-scale asset purchase (LSAP) program. 2 Similarly, in March 2020, in response to the emerging COVID RESOURCES & PROGRAMS BY TOPIC Resource Type: Publication. Economics. Evening with the Fed. Evening with the Fed is a professional development opportunity for educators to hear about current topics in economics and personal finance. Each program consists of a lecture or panel from subject matter experts, followed by a sharing of resources that educators can use with their FIFTH DISTRICT SURVEY OF MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY, MAY 25, 2021 2 Fifth District Survey of Manufacturing Activity May 25, 2021 Regional Surveys of Business Activity May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 Fifth District Manufacturing Index3 18 17 17-- -- -- ECONOMISTS - RENEE HALTOM Renee Haltom is a vice president and regional executive at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Her work involves engaging business, banking, and community leaders on national, regional, and local economic conditions to inform the monetary policymaking process, as well as sharing information about the Federal Reserve System. ECONOMISTS - CLAUDIA MACALUSO Claudia Macaluso is an economist in the Research Department. Macaluso joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in August 2019 after working at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an assistant professor of economics. ECONOMISTS - FELIPE SCHWARTZMAN Scott Fulford, Karl Rhodes and Felipe F. Schwartzman. Economic Brief , October 2018, No. 18-10. Inequality in and across Cities. Jessie Romero and Felipe F. Schwartzman. Economic Quarterly , First-Fourth Quarter 2017. Inequality Across and Within US Cities around the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. Felipe F. Schwartzman.YUJI SAKURAI
Yuji Sakurai is a financial economist within the Supervision, Regulation and Credit. Yuji’s research focuses on derivatives pricing, international finance, and macro-based asset pricing. Prior to joining the Richmond Fed, he worked at JPMorgan Securities Japan Co., Ltd., Mizuho-DL Financial Technology, and the Institute forMonetary and
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMONDABOUT USECONOMIC RESEARCHBANKING & SUPERVISIONEDUCATIONCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTPEOPLE Created with Highcharts 4.2.3. Chart context menu. Fifth District Surveys of Business Activity Diffusion Index, Seasonally Adjusted 3-MMA Manufacturing Composite Service Sector Revenues 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Month,Manufacturing Composite,Service Sector Revenues2011-04-01,10
ECON FOCUS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Econ Focus is the economics magazine of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. This publication covers economic issues affecting the Fifth Federal Reserve District and the nation. CAREERS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Careers. Menu. About Us. We’re one of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks working together with the Board of Governors to support a healthy economy. Our job is to serve the American public — to serve you. And our mission is to foster economic stability and strength. FEDERAL RESERVE MBS PURCHASES IN RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 In the wake of the 2007–08 financial crisis and during the ensuing Great Recession, the Federal Reserve introduced a number of new, or unconventional, monetary policy tools. 1 Among them were purchases of agency mortgage-backed securities (agency MBS), conducted in two waves of the Fed's large-scale asset purchase (LSAP) program. 2 Similarly, in March 2020, in response to the emerging COVID RESOURCES & PROGRAMS BY TOPIC Resource Type: Publication. Economics. Evening with the Fed. Evening with the Fed is a professional development opportunity for educators to hear about current topics in economics and personal finance. Each program consists of a lecture or panel from subject matter experts, followed by a sharing of resources that educators can use with their FIFTH DISTRICT SURVEY OF MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY, MAY 25, 2021 2 Fifth District Survey of Manufacturing Activity May 25, 2021 Regional Surveys of Business Activity May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 Fifth District Manufacturing Index3 18 17 17-- -- -- ECONOMISTS - RENEE HALTOM Renee Haltom is a vice president and regional executive at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Her work involves engaging business, banking, and community leaders on national, regional, and local economic conditions to inform the monetary policymaking process, as well as sharing information about the Federal Reserve System. ECONOMISTS - CLAUDIA MACALUSO Claudia Macaluso is an economist in the Research Department. Macaluso joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in August 2019 after working at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an assistant professor of economics. ECONOMISTS - FELIPE SCHWARTZMAN Scott Fulford, Karl Rhodes and Felipe F. Schwartzman. Economic Brief , October 2018, No. 18-10. Inequality in and across Cities. Jessie Romero and Felipe F. Schwartzman. Economic Quarterly , First-Fourth Quarter 2017. Inequality Across and Within US Cities around the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. Felipe F. Schwartzman.YUJI SAKURAI
Yuji Sakurai is a financial economist within the Supervision, Regulation and Credit. Yuji’s research focuses on derivatives pricing, international finance, and macro-based asset pricing. Prior to joining the Richmond Fed, he worked at JPMorgan Securities Japan Co., Ltd., Mizuho-DL Financial Technology, and the Institute forMonetary and
INTERPRETING UNEMPLOYMENT DATA IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 Interpreting Unemployment Data in the Time of COVID-19. Since mid-March, record numbers of Americans have filed for unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. The United States swung from a 50-year low unemployment rate of 3.5 percent in February to a 70-year-plus record of 14.7 percent in April. At the same time, initial unemploymentinsurance
HOSPITAL ACCESS IN THE FIFTH DISTRICT AND COVID-19 Hospital Access in the Fifth District and COVID-19. One of the key concerns during the COVID-19 outbreak has been that emergency health care facilities might become overwhelmed by the number of patients infected with the novel coronavirus. Stay-at-home orders issued by governors throughout the country aim to slow the spread of the virusto
RURAL POPULATION LOSS AND STRATEGIES FOR RECOVERY Rural Population Loss and Strategies for Recovery. Garrett County in western Maryland has established a scholarship program that helps resident high school students with tuition and fees for Garrett College, the local community college. Retaining and attracting newresidents is
THE EFFECT OF LOCKDOWN MEASURES ON UNEMPLOYMENT The Effect of Lockdown Measures on Unemployment. Unemployment increased sharply in all regions of the United States as a result of the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. But in some states the unemployment rate increased by fewer than 5 percentage points between February and June, while in others the rate increasedmore than 10
ECONOMIC BRIEF
Economic Brief. Menu. About Us. We’re one of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks working together with the Board of Governors to support a healthy economy. Our job is to serve the American public — to serve you. And our mission is to foster economic stability and strength. Learn more about our bank >. INVESTING IN RURAL AMERICA The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond hosted the second annual Investing in Rural America Conference, a free event that was ideal for policymakers, community representatives, businesses and foundations. This year's conference was virtual and convened experts on the economic and social aspects of growth in rural areas. GAMESTOP, AMC AND THE SELF-FULFILLING BELIEFS OF STOCK BUYERS GameStop, AMC and the Self-Fulfilling Beliefs of Stock Buyers. The recent stock market gyrations of GameStop and AMC Entertainment illustrate that companies' fates can sometimes hinge on self-fulfilling beliefs. Pessimistic expectations can raise the specter of bankruptcy, while optimistic expectations can allow for survival and eventual success. THE BENEFITS CLIFF: KEEPING WORKING FAMILIES FROM FALLING Tiffany Hollin-Wright and Erika Bell provide an overview of the benefits cliff, which can occur when workers who receive public assistance from the government earn a raise and then discover they make too much money to continue receiving help. They also discuss how the Richmond Fed's Community Development team and its collaborators are addressing this challenge. ECONOMISTS - NICOLAS MORALES Nicolas Morales is an economist in the Research Department. He joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in August 2019 after receiving his doctorate from the University of Michigan. Read More. Morales' research lies at the intersection of international trade and labor economics, focusing on international migration. MARYLAND SURVEY OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY, MAY 27, 2021 1 Maryland Survey of Business Activity May 27, 2021 Regional Surveys of Business Activity-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 May-16 May-17 May-18 May-19 May-20 May-21 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMONDABOUT USECONOMIC RESEARCHBANKING & SUPERVISIONEDUCATIONCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTPEOPLE Created with Highcharts 4.2.3. Chart context menu. Fifth District Surveys of Business Activity Diffusion Index, Seasonally Adjusted 3-MMA Manufacturing Composite Service Sector Revenues 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Month,Manufacturing Composite,Service Sector Revenues2011-04-01,10
ECON FOCUS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Econ Focus is the economics magazine of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. This publication covers economic issues affecting the Fifth Federal Reserve District and the nation. CAREERS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Careers. Menu. About Us. We’re one of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks working together with the Board of Governors to support a healthy economy. Our job is to serve the American public — to serve you. And our mission is to foster economic stability and strength. FEDERAL RESERVE MBS PURCHASES IN RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 In the wake of the 2007–08 financial crisis and during the ensuing Great Recession, the Federal Reserve introduced a number of new, or unconventional, monetary policy tools. 1 Among them were purchases of agency mortgage-backed securities (agency MBS), conducted in two waves of the Fed's large-scale asset purchase (LSAP) program. 2 Similarly, in March 2020, in response to the emerging COVID RESOURCES & PROGRAMS BY TOPIC Resource Type: Publication. Economics. Evening with the Fed. Evening with the Fed is a professional development opportunity for educators to hear about current topics in economics and personal finance. Each program consists of a lecture or panel from subject matter experts, followed by a sharing of resources that educators can use with their FIFTH DISTRICT SURVEY OF MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY, MAY 25, 2021 2 Fifth District Survey of Manufacturing Activity May 25, 2021 Regional Surveys of Business Activity May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 Fifth District Manufacturing Index3 18 17 17-- -- -- ECONOMISTS - RENEE HALTOM Renee Haltom is a vice president and regional executive at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Her work involves engaging business, banking, and community leaders on national, regional, and local economic conditions to inform the monetary policymaking process, as well as sharing information about the Federal Reserve System. ECONOMISTS - CLAUDIA MACALUSO Claudia Macaluso is an economist in the Research Department. Macaluso joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in August 2019 after working at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an assistant professor of economics. ECONOMISTS - FELIPE SCHWARTZMAN Scott Fulford, Karl Rhodes and Felipe F. Schwartzman. Economic Brief , October 2018, No. 18-10. Inequality in and across Cities. Jessie Romero and Felipe F. Schwartzman. Economic Quarterly , First-Fourth Quarter 2017. Inequality Across and Within US Cities around the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. Felipe F. Schwartzman.YUJI SAKURAI
Yuji Sakurai is a financial economist within the Supervision, Regulation and Credit. Yuji’s research focuses on derivatives pricing, international finance, and macro-based asset pricing. Prior to joining the Richmond Fed, he worked at JPMorgan Securities Japan Co., Ltd., Mizuho-DL Financial Technology, and the Institute forMonetary and
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMONDABOUT USECONOMIC RESEARCHBANKING & SUPERVISIONEDUCATIONCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTPEOPLE Created with Highcharts 4.2.3. Chart context menu. Fifth District Surveys of Business Activity Diffusion Index, Seasonally Adjusted 3-MMA Manufacturing Composite Service Sector Revenues 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Month,Manufacturing Composite,Service Sector Revenues2011-04-01,10
ECON FOCUS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Econ Focus is the economics magazine of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. This publication covers economic issues affecting the Fifth Federal Reserve District and the nation. CAREERS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Careers. Menu. About Us. We’re one of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks working together with the Board of Governors to support a healthy economy. Our job is to serve the American public — to serve you. And our mission is to foster economic stability and strength. FEDERAL RESERVE MBS PURCHASES IN RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 In the wake of the 2007–08 financial crisis and during the ensuing Great Recession, the Federal Reserve introduced a number of new, or unconventional, monetary policy tools. 1 Among them were purchases of agency mortgage-backed securities (agency MBS), conducted in two waves of the Fed's large-scale asset purchase (LSAP) program. 2 Similarly, in March 2020, in response to the emerging COVID RESOURCES & PROGRAMS BY TOPIC Resource Type: Publication. Economics. Evening with the Fed. Evening with the Fed is a professional development opportunity for educators to hear about current topics in economics and personal finance. Each program consists of a lecture or panel from subject matter experts, followed by a sharing of resources that educators can use with their FIFTH DISTRICT SURVEY OF MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY, MAY 25, 2021 2 Fifth District Survey of Manufacturing Activity May 25, 2021 Regional Surveys of Business Activity May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 Fifth District Manufacturing Index3 18 17 17-- -- -- ECONOMISTS - RENEE HALTOM Renee Haltom is a vice president and regional executive at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Her work involves engaging business, banking, and community leaders on national, regional, and local economic conditions to inform the monetary policymaking process, as well as sharing information about the Federal Reserve System. ECONOMISTS - CLAUDIA MACALUSO Claudia Macaluso is an economist in the Research Department. Macaluso joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in August 2019 after working at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an assistant professor of economics. ECONOMISTS - FELIPE SCHWARTZMAN Scott Fulford, Karl Rhodes and Felipe F. Schwartzman. Economic Brief , October 2018, No. 18-10. Inequality in and across Cities. Jessie Romero and Felipe F. Schwartzman. Economic Quarterly , First-Fourth Quarter 2017. Inequality Across and Within US Cities around the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. Felipe F. Schwartzman.YUJI SAKURAI
Yuji Sakurai is a financial economist within the Supervision, Regulation and Credit. Yuji’s research focuses on derivatives pricing, international finance, and macro-based asset pricing. Prior to joining the Richmond Fed, he worked at JPMorgan Securities Japan Co., Ltd., Mizuho-DL Financial Technology, and the Institute forMonetary and
INTERPRETING UNEMPLOYMENT DATA IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 Interpreting Unemployment Data in the Time of COVID-19. Since mid-March, record numbers of Americans have filed for unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. The United States swung from a 50-year low unemployment rate of 3.5 percent in February to a 70-year-plus record of 14.7 percent in April. At the same time, initial unemploymentinsurance
HOSPITAL ACCESS IN THE FIFTH DISTRICT AND COVID-19 Hospital Access in the Fifth District and COVID-19. One of the key concerns during the COVID-19 outbreak has been that emergency health care facilities might become overwhelmed by the number of patients infected with the novel coronavirus. Stay-at-home orders issued by governors throughout the country aim to slow the spread of the virusto
RURAL POPULATION LOSS AND STRATEGIES FOR RECOVERY Rural Population Loss and Strategies for Recovery. Garrett County in western Maryland has established a scholarship program that helps resident high school students with tuition and fees for Garrett College, the local community college. Retaining and attracting newresidents is
THE EFFECT OF LOCKDOWN MEASURES ON UNEMPLOYMENT The Effect of Lockdown Measures on Unemployment. Unemployment increased sharply in all regions of the United States as a result of the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. But in some states the unemployment rate increased by fewer than 5 percentage points between February and June, while in others the rate increasedmore than 10
ECONOMIC BRIEF
Economic Brief. Menu. About Us. We’re one of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks working together with the Board of Governors to support a healthy economy. Our job is to serve the American public — to serve you. And our mission is to foster economic stability and strength. Learn more about our bank >. INVESTING IN RURAL AMERICA The Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond hosted the second annual Investing in Rural America Conference, a free event that was ideal for policymakers, community representatives, businesses and foundations. This year's conference was virtual and convened experts on the economic and social aspects of growth in rural areas. GAMESTOP, AMC AND THE SELF-FULFILLING BELIEFS OF STOCK BUYERS GameStop, AMC and the Self-Fulfilling Beliefs of Stock Buyers. The recent stock market gyrations of GameStop and AMC Entertainment illustrate that companies' fates can sometimes hinge on self-fulfilling beliefs. Pessimistic expectations can raise the specter of bankruptcy, while optimistic expectations can allow for survival and eventual success. THE BENEFITS CLIFF: KEEPING WORKING FAMILIES FROM FALLING Tiffany Hollin-Wright and Erika Bell provide an overview of the benefits cliff, which can occur when workers who receive public assistance from the government earn a raise and then discover they make too much money to continue receiving help. They also discuss how the Richmond Fed's Community Development team and its collaborators are addressing this challenge. ECONOMISTS - NICOLAS MORALES Nicolas Morales is an economist in the Research Department. He joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in August 2019 after receiving his doctorate from the University of Michigan. Read More. Morales' research lies at the intersection of international trade and labor economics, focusing on international migration. MARYLAND SURVEY OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY, MAY 27, 2021 1 Maryland Survey of Business Activity May 27, 2021 Regional Surveys of Business Activity-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 May-16 May-17 May-18 May-19 May-20 May-21 FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMONDABOUT USECONOMIC RESEARCHBANKING & SUPERVISIONEDUCATIONCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTPEOPLE Created with Highcharts 4.2.3. Chart context menu. Fifth District Surveys of Business Activity Diffusion Index, Seasonally Adjusted 3-MMA Manufacturing Composite Service Sector Revenues 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Month,Manufacturing Composite,Service Sector Revenues2011-04-01,10
ECON FOCUS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Econ Focus is the economics magazine of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. This publication covers economic issues affecting the Fifth Federal Reserve District and the nation.2021 CDFI SURVEY
The survey is open from March 22–May 14, and will take about 60 minutes to complete. We encourage participation from all CDFIs, regardless of certification status. Please be aware that only one response is necessary per organization. This effort is a partnership of the Fed, the CDFI Fund, Opportunity Finance Network, CDFICoalition, Inclusiv
INTERPRETING UNEMPLOYMENT DATA IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 Interpreting Unemployment Data in the Time of COVID-19. Since mid-March, record numbers of Americans have filed for unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. The United States swung from a 50-year low unemployment rate of 3.5 percent in February to a 70-year-plus record of 14.7 percent in April. At the same time, initial unemploymentinsurance
ON REMOTE WORK, MARKETS WILL DECIDE We conduct research to support policymaking and thought leadership on issues important to the Federal Reserve and the Fifth District. We also inform the public through our data and economic analysis, publications, presentations and educational resources. HOW ADEQUATE AND EQUITABLE IS K-12 EDUCATION FUNDING IN As seen in the chart below, among Fifth District states, South Carolina and West Virginia have relatively high fiscal effort. They also rank high in the nation overall, at ninth and 12th, respectively. By contrast, North Carolina’s fiscal effort is relatively low. In fact, the state’s fiscal effort ranks 47th out of 49th in FIFTH DISTRICT SURVEY OF MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY, MAY 25, 2021 2 Fifth District Survey of Manufacturing Activity May 25, 2021 Regional Surveys of Business Activity May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 Fifth District Manufacturing Index3 18 17 17-- -- -- ECONOMISTS - RENEE HALTOM Renee Haltom is a vice president and regional executive at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Her work involves engaging business, banking, and community leaders on national, regional, and local economic conditions to inform the monetary policymaking process, as well as sharing information about the Federal Reserve System. ECONOMISTS - CLAUDIA MACALUSO Claudia Macaluso is an economist in the Research Department. Macaluso joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in August 2019 after working at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an assistant professor of economics. MACROECONOMICS WITH HETEROGENEITY: A PRACTICAL GUIDE Economic Quarterly—Volume 97, Number 3—Third Quarter 2011—Pages 255–326 Macroeconomics with Heterogeneity: APractical Guide FatihGuvenen
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMONDABOUT USECONOMIC RESEARCHBANKING & SUPERVISIONEDUCATIONCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTPEOPLE Created with Highcharts 4.2.3. Chart context menu. Fifth District Surveys of Business Activity Diffusion Index, Seasonally Adjusted 3-MMA Manufacturing Composite Service Sector Revenues 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Month,Manufacturing Composite,Service Sector Revenues2011-04-01,10
ECON FOCUS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Econ Focus is the economics magazine of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. This publication covers economic issues affecting the Fifth Federal Reserve District and the nation.2021 CDFI SURVEY
The survey is open from March 22–May 14, and will take about 60 minutes to complete. We encourage participation from all CDFIs, regardless of certification status. Please be aware that only one response is necessary per organization. This effort is a partnership of the Fed, the CDFI Fund, Opportunity Finance Network, CDFICoalition, Inclusiv
INTERPRETING UNEMPLOYMENT DATA IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 Interpreting Unemployment Data in the Time of COVID-19. Since mid-March, record numbers of Americans have filed for unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. The United States swung from a 50-year low unemployment rate of 3.5 percent in February to a 70-year-plus record of 14.7 percent in April. At the same time, initial unemploymentinsurance
ON REMOTE WORK, MARKETS WILL DECIDE We conduct research to support policymaking and thought leadership on issues important to the Federal Reserve and the Fifth District. We also inform the public through our data and economic analysis, publications, presentations and educational resources. HOW ADEQUATE AND EQUITABLE IS K-12 EDUCATION FUNDING IN As seen in the chart below, among Fifth District states, South Carolina and West Virginia have relatively high fiscal effort. They also rank high in the nation overall, at ninth and 12th, respectively. By contrast, North Carolina’s fiscal effort is relatively low. In fact, the state’s fiscal effort ranks 47th out of 49th in FIFTH DISTRICT SURVEY OF MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY, MAY 25, 2021 2 Fifth District Survey of Manufacturing Activity May 25, 2021 Regional Surveys of Business Activity May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 Fifth District Manufacturing Index3 18 17 17-- -- -- ECONOMISTS - RENEE HALTOM Renee Haltom is a vice president and regional executive at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Her work involves engaging business, banking, and community leaders on national, regional, and local economic conditions to inform the monetary policymaking process, as well as sharing information about the Federal Reserve System. ECONOMISTS - CLAUDIA MACALUSO Claudia Macaluso is an economist in the Research Department. Macaluso joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in August 2019 after working at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an assistant professor of economics. MACROECONOMICS WITH HETEROGENEITY: A PRACTICAL GUIDE Economic Quarterly—Volume 97, Number 3—Third Quarter 2011—Pages 255–326 Macroeconomics with Heterogeneity: APractical Guide FatihGuvenen
2021 CDFI SURVEY
The 2021 CDFI Survey is part of the Federal Reserve’s ongoing efforts to gather data from CDFIs across the United States and U.S. territories, including Puerto Rico. The survey is FEDERAL RESERVE MBS PURCHASES IN RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 In the wake of the 2007–08 financial crisis and during the ensuing Great Recession, the Federal Reserve introduced a number of new, or unconventional, monetary policy tools. 1 Among them were purchases of agency mortgage-backed securities (agency MBS), conducted in two waves of the Fed's large-scale asset purchase (LSAP) program. 2 Similarly, in March 2020, in response to the emerging COVID RESOURCES & PROGRAMS BY TOPIC Resource Type: Publication. Economics. Evening with the Fed. Evening with the Fed is a professional development opportunity for educators to hear about current topics in economics and personal finance. Each program consists of a lecture or panel from subject matter experts, followed by a sharing of resources that educators can use with theirREGIONAL MATTERS
Breaking Down the Decline in Public School Enrollment. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, public school enrollment has decreased overall and across racial groups, with the steepest declines in grades Pre-K through elementary. Abigail Crockett and Hailey Phelps. HOW ADEQUATE AND EQUITABLE IS K-12 EDUCATION FUNDING IN As seen in the chart below, among Fifth District states, South Carolina and West Virginia have relatively high fiscal effort. They also rank high in the nation overall, at ninth and 12th, respectively. By contrast, North Carolina’s fiscal effort is relatively low. In fact, the state’s fiscal effort ranks 47th out of 49th in UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS UNDER THE NEW STIMULUS PACKAGE North Carolina. $12.09. South Carolina. $12.62. Virginia. $12.20. West Virginia. $12.21. Under the CARES Act, the UI weekly supplement was $600/week, which meant that a worker in the Fifth District, on average, earning less than $24.32/hour received a higher effective wage on UI than they did in THE EFFECT OF LOCKDOWN MEASURES ON UNEMPLOYMENT The Effect of Lockdown Measures on Unemployment. Unemployment increased sharply in all regions of the United States as a result of the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. But in some states the unemployment rate increased by fewer than 5 percentage points between February and June, while in others the rate increasedmore than 10
MALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION: PATTERNS AND TRENDS Male Labor Force Participation: Patterns and Trends. Over the past 50 years, male labor force participation in the United States has fallen over 10 percentage points, from 80 percent in January 1970 to 69 percent in January 2020. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it has fallenfurther.
GAMESTOP, AMC AND THE SELF-FULFILLING BELIEFS OF STOCK BUYERS GameStop, AMC and the Self-Fulfilling Beliefs of Stock Buyers. The recent stock market gyrations of GameStop and AMC Entertainment illustrate that companies' fates can sometimes hinge on self-fulfilling beliefs. Pessimistic expectations can raise the specter of bankruptcy, while optimistic expectations can allow for survival and eventual success. ECONOMISTS - FELIPE SCHWARTZMAN Scott Fulford, Karl Rhodes and Felipe F. Schwartzman. Economic Brief , October 2018, No. 18-10. Inequality in and across Cities. Jessie Romero and Felipe F. Schwartzman. Economic Quarterly , First-Fourth Quarter 2017. Inequality Across and Within US Cities around the Turn of the Twenty-First Century. Felipe F. Schwartzman. FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMONDABOUT USECONOMIC RESEARCHBANKING & SUPERVISIONEDUCATIONCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTPEOPLE Month,United States,Fifth District,District of Columbia,Maryland,North Carolina,South Carolina,Virginia,West Virginia 2011-04-01, 1.1, 1.3, 2.0, 0.9, 1.3, 1.4, 1.3, 1 ECON FOCUS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Econ Focus is the economics magazine of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. This publication covers economic issues affecting the Fifth Federal Reserve District and the nation. FEDERAL RESERVE MBS PURCHASES IN RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 In the wake of the 2007–08 financial crisis and during the ensuing Great Recession, the Federal Reserve introduced a number of new, or unconventional, monetary policy tools. 1 Among them were purchases of agency mortgage-backed securities (agency MBS), conducted in two waves of the Fed's large-scale asset purchase (LSAP) program. 2 Similarly, in March 2020, in response to the emerging COVID HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE WAKE OF COVID-19 Introduction. COVID-19 has impacted businesses and institutions throughout the Fifth District economy, and higher education is no exception. What began as a normal spring semester at colleges and universities became one of the most unusual on record, with instruction shifting from in person to online and students leaving campus to return home. CAREERS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND At the Richmond Fed, we’re driven by our mission to strengthen the economy and our communities. We take great pride in what we do, knowing it impacts everyday people every day. When you join our team, you’ll be welcomed into an organization that embraces differences, cares about our communities, and empowers each other to lead from where we are to make things better. RESOURCES & PROGRAMS BY TOPIC Evening with the Fed is a professional development opportunity for educators to hear about current topics in economics and personal finance. Each program consists of a lecture or panel from subject matter experts, followed by a sharing of resources that educators can use with their students. FIFTH DISTRICT SURVEY OF MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY, MAY 25, 2021 2 Fifth District Survey of Manufacturing Activity May 25, 2021 Regional Surveys of Business Activity May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 Fifth District Manufacturing Index3 18 17 17-- -- -- RURAL POPULATION LOSS AND STRATEGIES FOR RECOVERY Retaining and attracting new residents is vital to the economic success of rural communities. Population loss translates into fewer customers and workers for local ECONOMISTS - CLAUDIA MACALUSO Claudia Macaluso is an economist in the Research Department. Macaluso joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in August 2019 after working at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an assistant professor of economics.YUJI SAKURAI
Yuji Sakurai is a financial economist within the Supervision, Regulation and Credit. Yuji’s research focuses on derivatives pricing, international finance, and macro-based asset pricing. FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMONDABOUT USECONOMIC RESEARCHBANKING & SUPERVISIONEDUCATIONCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTPEOPLE Month,United States,Fifth District,District of Columbia,Maryland,North Carolina,South Carolina,Virginia,West Virginia 2011-04-01, 1.1, 1.3, 2.0, 0.9, 1.3, 1.4, 1.3, 1 ECON FOCUS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND Econ Focus is the economics magazine of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. This publication covers economic issues affecting the Fifth Federal Reserve District and the nation. FEDERAL RESERVE MBS PURCHASES IN RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 In the wake of the 2007–08 financial crisis and during the ensuing Great Recession, the Federal Reserve introduced a number of new, or unconventional, monetary policy tools. 1 Among them were purchases of agency mortgage-backed securities (agency MBS), conducted in two waves of the Fed's large-scale asset purchase (LSAP) program. 2 Similarly, in March 2020, in response to the emerging COVID HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE WAKE OF COVID-19 Introduction. COVID-19 has impacted businesses and institutions throughout the Fifth District economy, and higher education is no exception. What began as a normal spring semester at colleges and universities became one of the most unusual on record, with instruction shifting from in person to online and students leaving campus to return home. CAREERS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND At the Richmond Fed, we’re driven by our mission to strengthen the economy and our communities. We take great pride in what we do, knowing it impacts everyday people every day. When you join our team, you’ll be welcomed into an organization that embraces differences, cares about our communities, and empowers each other to lead from where we are to make things better. RESOURCES & PROGRAMS BY TOPIC Evening with the Fed is a professional development opportunity for educators to hear about current topics in economics and personal finance. Each program consists of a lecture or panel from subject matter experts, followed by a sharing of resources that educators can use with their students. FIFTH DISTRICT SURVEY OF MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY, MAY 25, 2021 2 Fifth District Survey of Manufacturing Activity May 25, 2021 Regional Surveys of Business Activity May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 May-21 Apr-21 Mar-21 Fifth District Manufacturing Index3 18 17 17-- -- -- RURAL POPULATION LOSS AND STRATEGIES FOR RECOVERY Retaining and attracting new residents is vital to the economic success of rural communities. Population loss translates into fewer customers and workers for local ECONOMISTS - CLAUDIA MACALUSO Claudia Macaluso is an economist in the Research Department. Macaluso joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in August 2019 after working at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an assistant professor of economics.YUJI SAKURAI
Yuji Sakurai is a financial economist within the Supervision, Regulation and Credit. Yuji’s research focuses on derivatives pricing, international finance, and macro-based asset pricing.OUR REGIONAL FOCUS
We conduct research to support policymaking and thought leadership on issues important to the Federal Reserve and the Fifth District. We also inform the public through our data and economic analysis, publications, presentations and educational resources. CAREERS - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND At the Richmond Fed, we’re driven by our mission to strengthen the economy and our communities. We take great pride in what we do, knowing it impacts everyday people every day. When you join our team, you’ll be welcomed into an organization that embraces differences, cares about our communities, and empowers each other to lead from where we are to make things better. INTERPRETING UNEMPLOYMENT DATA IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 Introduction. Since mid-March, record numbers of Americans have filed for unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. The United States swung from a 50-year low unemployment rate of 3.5 percent in February to a 70-year-plus record of 14.7 percent in April. THE EFFECT OF LOCKDOWN MEASURES ON UNEMPLOYMENT Unemployment increased sharply in all regions of the United States as a result of the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. But in some states the unemployment rate increased by fewer than 5 percentage points between February and June, while in others the rate increased more than 10 percentage points. SOCIAL DISTANCING, QUARANTINE, CONTACT TRACING, AND Social Distancing, Quarantine, Contact Tracing, and Testing: Implications of an Augmented SEIR Model. WP . 20-04. Andreas Hornstein Federal Reserve Bank of RichmondSTACEY L. SCHREFT
We conduct research to support policymaking and thought leadership on issues important to the Federal Reserve and the Fifth District. We also inform the public through our data and economic analysis, publications, presentations and educational resources. A UNIQUE WAGE ENVIRONMENT We conduct research to support policymaking and thought leadership on issues important to the Federal Reserve and the Fifth District. We also inform the public through our data and economic analysis, publications, presentations and educational resources. ECONOMISTS - FELIPE SCHWARTZMAN Felipe Schwartzman is a senior economist in the Research Department. Schwartzman joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in July 2010 after earning his doctorate from Princeton University. ECONOMISTS - NICOLAS MORALES Nicolas Morales is an economist in the Research Department. He joined the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond in August 2019 after receiving his doctorate from the University of Michigan. MARYLAND SURVEY OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY, MAY 27, 2021 1 Maryland Survey of Business Activity May 27, 2021 Regional Surveys of Business Activity-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 May-16 May-17 May-18 May-19 May-20 May-21 Skip to Main ContentMenu
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LATEST ECONOMIC RESEARCH -------------------------PUBLICATIONS
WHO SHOULD GET VACCINES FIRST?Economic Brief
May 2021, No. 21-16
Joshua Weiss and Nikhil VellodiREGIONAL ECONOMY
REGIONAL BUSINESSES RETURNING TO PRE-COVID-19 OPERATIONSRegional Matters
May 27, 2021
Jason Kosakow
DATA & ANALYSIS
EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IN THE FIFTH DISTRICTJune 4, 2021
Learn more about your state’s labor and housing markets in this month's Snapshot andeconomic indicators
of the Fifth District. Created with Highcharts 4.2.3Chart context menuTotal Non-Farm Employment GrowthSeasonally Adjusted, Year-Over-Year Percent ChangeFifth DistrictUnited StatesDistrict of ColumbiaMarylandNorth CarolinaSouth CarolinaVirginiaWest Virginia20122014201620182020-10.0010.0-15.0-5.05.015.0Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics / Haver Analytics Month,United States,Fifth District,District of Columbia,Maryland,North Carolina,South Carolina,Virginia,West Virginia 2011-04-01,  1.1,  1.3, 2.0,  0.9,  1.3,  1.4,  1.3,  1.3 2011-05-01,  0.8,  0.7, 1.4,  0.5,  0.9,  0.7,  0.6, -0.5 2011-06-01,  1.1,  0.8, 1.4,  0.5,  1.2,  1.0,  0.6,  0.2 2011-07-01,  1.2,  1.0, 1.4,  1.0,  1.2,  1.0,  0.8,  0.4 2011-08-01,  1.3,  1.1, 2.6,  0.8,  1.3,  1.0,  0.9,  0.7 2011-09-01,  1.5,  1.5, 2.3,  1.0,  1.6,  1.3,  1.6,  1.7 2011-10-01,  1.5,  1.1, 1.5,  0.9,  1.0,  1.0,  1.2,  1.5 2011-11-01,  1.5,  1.2, 1.4,  0.9,  1.2,  1.2,  1.3,  1.8 2011-12-01,  1.6,  1.3, 1.5,  1.0,  1.3,  1.1,  1.3,  2.2 2012-01-01,  1.8,  1.6, 1.0,  1.3,  1.9,  2.0,  1.3,  2.6 2012-02-01,  1.9,  1.4, 0.9,  1.2,  1.5,  1.7,  1.2,  2.3 2012-03-01,  1.9,  1.5, 1.0,  1.3,  1.7,  1.8,  1.3,  2.4 2012-04-01,  1.7,  1.3, 0.4,  1.1,  1.7,  1.4,  1.1,  1.9 2012-05-01,  1.7,  1.5, 1.2,  1.1,  1.8,  1.4,  1.1,  3.0 2012-06-01,  1.6,  1.3, 0.6,  1.2,  1.4,  1.7,  1.2,  1.4 2012-07-01,  1.6,  1.0, 0.1,  0.8,  1.5,  1.4,  0.7,  1.0 2012-08-01,  1.7,  1.3, 0.6,  1.2,  1.6,  1.6,  1.1,  0.7 2012-09-01,  1.6,  1.3, 0.5,  1.3,  1.8,  1.7,  0.9,  0.7 2012-10-01,  1.6,  1.5, 1.5,  1.2,  2.0,  1.9,  1.3,  0.4 2012-11-01,  1.6,  1.5, 1.6,  1.2,  2.1,  2.2,  1.2, -0.2 2012-12-01,  1.6,  1.5, 1.5,  1.2,  2.0,  2.1,  1.3, -0.3 2013-01-01,  1.5,  1.3, 1.3,  1.1,  1.7,  1.7,  1.1, -0.2 2013-02-01,  1.5,  1.3, 1.4,  1.1,  1.8,  1.6,  1.1, -0.3 2013-03-01,  1.4,  1.2, 1.2,  0.9,  1.7,  1.4,  1.0, -0.5 2013-04-01,  1.5,  1.3, 2.1,  1.0,  1.7,  1.7,  0.9, -0.5 2013-05-01,  1.6,  1.1, 1.4,  1.1,  1.5,  1.8,  0.8, -1.6 2013-06-01,  1.7,  1.3, 1.5,  1.1,  1.7,  1.9,  0.8,  0.2 2013-07-01,  1.7,  1.4, 1.8,  1.1,  1.8,  2.1,  1.0,  0.2 2013-08-01,  1.7,  1.3, 1.7,  1.0,  1.8,  2.1,  0.8,  0.3 2013-09-01,  1.7,  1.2, 1.8,  0.8,  2.0,  2.3,  0.5, -0.5 2013-10-01,  1.8,  1.1, 0.9,  0.6,  1.9,  2.4,  0.1, -0.4 2013-11-01,  1.8,  1.2, 1.2,  0.9,  1.8,  2.1,  0.3,  0.0 2013-12-01,  1.7,  1.0, 1.2,  0.5,  1.9,  2.4,  0.1, -0.3 2014-01-01,  1.7,  0.9, 0.4,  0.4,  1.8,  2.4,  0.0, -0.7 2014-02-01,  1.6,  0.6, 0.4,  0.3,  1.3,  2.1, -0.3, -1.0 2014-03-01,  1.7,  0.9, 0.5,  0.3,  1.7,  2.7, -0.2, -0.8 2014-04-01,  1.8,  1.3, 0.2,  0.7,  2.1,  2.8,  0.5, -0.4 2014-05-01,  1.8,  1.5, 0.1,  0.9,  2.2,  2.9,  0.9,  1.0 2014-06-01,  1.9,  1.4, 1.1,  0.8,  2.3,  2.7,  0.9, -1.5 2014-07-01,  2.0,  1.3, 0.9,  0.7,  2.3,  2.4,  0.8, -1.0 2014-08-01,  1.9,  1.4, 0.8,  1.1,  2.2,  2.5,  0.7, -0.6 2014-09-01,  2.0,  1.4, 0.6,  1.2,  2.1,  2.6,  0.8,  0.1 2014-10-01,  2.0,  1.5, 1.1,  1.2,  2.2,  2.7,  0.8,  0.3 2014-11-01,  2.0,  1.6, 0.9,  1.2,  2.3,  3.0,  0.7,  0.2 2014-12-01,  2.2,  1.7, 0.9,  1.5,  2.3,  3.0,  1.0,  0.3 2015-01-01,  2.2,  1.9, 2.2,  1.3,  2.5,  2.8,  1.3,  0.3 2015-02-01,  2.3,  2.2, 2.2,  1.5,  3.1,  3.2,  1.5,  0.4 2015-03-01,  2.1,  1.7, 2.0,  1.3,  2.3,  2.6,  1.2, -0.2 2015-04-01,  2.1,  1.6, 1.5,  1.3,  2.0,  2.3,  1.3, -0.4 2015-05-01,  2.2,  1.8, 2.2,  1.6,  2.3,  2.6,  1.5, -1.7 2015-06-01,  2.1,  1.9, 1.6,  1.5,  2.4,  2.8,  1.7,  0.7 2015-07-01,  2.1,  2.2, 2.2,  1.7,  2.4,  3.1,  2.2, -0.1 2015-08-01,  2.1,  2.2, 2.2,  1.5,  2.4,  3.1,  2.4, -0.4 2015-09-01,  1.9,  2.1, 1.8,  1.4,  2.5,  2.9,  2.5, -1.0 2015-10-01,  2.0,  2.3, 2.2,  1.7,  2.5,  3.0,  2.8, -1.2 2015-11-01,  1.9,  2.2, 2.3,  1.5,  2.4,  2.7,  2.8, -1.1 2015-12-01,  1.9,  2.3, 2.6,  1.6,  2.5,  2.8,  2.8, -0.9 2016-01-01,  1.9,  1.9, 1.9,  1.6,  2.4,  2.6,  2.1, -1.5 2016-02-01,  1.8,  1.9, 2.1,  1.3,  2.3,  2.6,  2.1, -1.6 2016-03-01,  1.9,  2.3, 2.2,  1.7,  2.7,  2.7,  2.5, -0.8 2016-04-01,  1.9,  2.2, 2.5,  1.5,  2.9,  3.0,  2.1, -1.1 2016-05-01,  1.7,  1.8, 2.2,  1.0,  2.4,  2.6,  1.6, -0.5 2016-06-01,  1.7,  1.6, 2.0,  0.9,  2.4,  2.4,  1.5, -1.9 2016-07-01,  1.8,  1.6, 1.6,  1.1,  2.4,  2.6,  1.2, -1.7 2016-08-01,  1.8,  1.5, 1.4,  1.2,  2.3,  2.4,  1.1, -1.6 2016-09-01,  1.9,  1.6, 1.5,  1.4,  2.4,  2.5,  1.0, -1.4 2016-10-01,  1.7,  1.3, 1.2,  1.1,  2.0,  1.8,  0.8, -1.5 2016-11-01,  1.7,  1.4, 1.2,  1.2,  2.1,  2.1,  0.8, -0.1 2016-12-01,  1.6,  1.2, 1.0,  1.1,  1.9,  2.0,  0.7, -1.4 2017-01-01,  1.7,  1.5, 1.2,  1.2,  1.9,  2.3,  1.2, -0.7 2017-02-01,  1.7,  1.6, 0.9,  1.5,  2.0,  2.3,  1.3, -0.2 2017-03-01,  1.6,  1.4, 1.1,  1.3,  1.8,  2.3,  1.1, -0.5 2017-04-01,  1.6,  1.2, 0.9,  1.1,  1.5,  2.0,  1.0, -0.6 2017-05-01,  1.7,  1.3, 0.9,  1.2,  1.6,  2.0,  1.2, -1.3 2017-06-01,  1.6,  1.5, 1.1,  1.4,  1.7,  2.2,  1.3,  0.4 2017-07-01,  1.5,  1.4, 0.9,  1.1,  1.6,  1.9,  1.2,  0.4 2017-08-01,  1.6,  1.3, 0.9,  1.0,  1.7,  1.7,  1.1,  0.4 2017-09-01,  1.4,  1.1, 0.9,  0.8,  1.5,  1.2,  1.0,  0.3 2017-10-01,  1.5,  1.4, 1.0,  0.9,  1.8,  2.2,  1.1,  0.5 2017-11-01,  1.5,  1.1, 0.9,  0.8,  1.5,  1.8,  0.9, -0.9 2017-12-01,  1.5,  1.2, 0.8,  0.6,  1.5,  1.8,  1.2,  0.2 2018-01-01,  1.4,  1.5, 1.1,  0.7,  1.7,  2.8,  1.3,  0.4 2018-02-01,  1.5,  1.5, 1.2,  0.8,  1.7,  2.8,  1.2,  0.4 2018-03-01,  1.6,  1.5, 1.0,  1.0,  1.8,  2.7,  1.3,  0.5 2018-04-01,  1.5,  1.7, 1.3,  0.9,  2.0,  3.1,  1.3,  1.1 2018-05-01,  1.6,  1.8, 1.2,  0.9,  2.1,  3.1,  1.4,  2.4 2018-06-01,  1.6,  1.7, 1.2,  0.9,  2.0,  3.0,  1.3,  1.8 2018-07-01,  1.6,  1.8, 1.2,  1.2,  2.0,  2.7,  1.4,  2.0 2018-08-01,  1.6,  1.8, 1.2,  1.1,  2.0,  3.0,  1.4,  2.1 2018-09-01,  1.6,  1.5, 1.1,  1.0,  1.3,  2.7,  1.3,  1.9 2018-10-01,  1.6,  1.6, 0.9,  0.9,  2.0,  2.7,  1.3,  1.9 2018-11-01,  1.5,  1.7, 1.0,  0.9,  2.0,  2.7,  1.4,  1.6 2018-12-01,  1.6,  1.5, 0.8,  1.0,  1.7,  2.5,  1.2,  1.4 2019-01-01,  1.7,  1.6, 0.5,  1.1,  2.4,  1.7,  1.3,  0.9 2019-02-01,  1.4,  1.4, 0.7,  0.8,  2.1,  1.4,  1.2,  0.5 2019-03-01,  1.4,  1.3, 0.6,  0.8,  2.0,  1.6,  1.2,  0.4 2019-04-01,  1.4,  1.3, 0.4,  0.7,  1.9,  1.5,  1.2,  0.3 2019-05-01,  1.3,  1.1, 0.2,  0.7,  1.8,  1.6,  1.1, -1.2 2019-06-01,  1.2,  1.2, 0.5,  0.6,  1.8,  1.4,  1.2, -0.6 2019-07-01,  1.3,  1.2, 0.6,  0.4,  1.9,  1.7,  1.1, -0.8 2019-08-01,  1.2,  1.2, 0.5,  0.4,  1.8,  1.8,  1.1, -1.0 2019-09-01,  1.3,  1.4, 0.7,  0.4,  2.4,  2.2,  1.1, -1.3 2019-10-01,  1.3,  1.2, 0.6,  0.7,  1.8,  1.6,  1.4, -1.7 2019-11-01,  1.4,  1.2, 0.7,  0.6,  1.9,  1.5,  1.3, -1.7 2019-12-01,  1.3,  1.3, 0.8,  0.7,  2.1,  1.5,  1.3, -1.4 2020-01-01,  1.4,  1.1, 1.4,  0.5,  1.5,  1.1,  1.2, -0.5 2020-02-01,  1.6,  1.1, 0.9,  0.5,  1.6,  1.0,  1.3, -0.6 2020-03-01,  0.4,  0.3, 0.3, -0.7,  0.8,  0.3,  0.5, -1.3 2020-04-01,-13.5,-12.0,-9.4,-14.0,-11.2,-13.6,-10.8,-14.8 2020-05-01,-11.7,-10.7,-9.7,-13.0, -9.7,-10.6,-10.3,-12.9 2020-06-01, -8.5, -8.5,-9.7,-11.3, -7.0, -7.6, -8.8, -8.0 2020-07-01, -7.5, -7.3,-9.1, -8.8, -6.0, -7.0, -7.5, -8.1 2020-08-01, -6.6, -6.2,-8.0, -8.2, -5.1, -5.9, -5.8, -7.8 2020-09-01, -6.3, -5.6,-8.0, -7.4, -4.6, -5.4, -5.1, -6.8 2020-10-01, -5.9, -5.3,-8.0, -6.8, -4.3, -4.9, -4.9, -6.2 2020-11-01, -5.9, -5.0,-8.3, -6.2, -4.2, -4.3, -4.7, -5.6 2020-12-01, -6.2, -4.9,-8.4, -6.2, -3.8, -3.8, -4.9, -6.1 2021-01-01, -6.2, -4.9,-9.0, -6.0, -4.0, -4.3, -4.7, -6.1 2021-02-01, -6.1, -4.8,-9.0, -5.9, -3.8, -3.8, -5.0, -5.4 2021-03-01, -4.5, -4.0,-8.3, -4.4, -2.9, -3.1, -4.5, -4.5 2021-04-01, 10.9,  9.4, 2.2, 10.6, 10.1, 11.9,  7.7, 10.9CAREERS AT THE FED
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