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VISUAL ACUITY
(1) University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Overview Visual acuity (VA) is a measure of keenness of sight. It is a relationship between the size of a stimulus and visual detection of that stimulus . A high acuity implies a low threshold to detecting the stimulus. VA is TINNITUS ACTIVITIES TREATMENT 9 Tinnitus Activities Treatment RICHARD S. TYLER, ANNE K. GEHRINGER, WILLIAM NOBLE, CAMILLE C. DUNN, SHELLEY A. WITT, AND ADITYA BARDIA Activities treatment is an extension of our earlier work on information counseling, providing information to the patient about tinnitus and associated problems, considering the patient's overall well-being, and suggesting appropriate coping strategies FUNCTIONAL AND SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE ORBIT Functional and Surgical Anatomy of the Orbit Nicholas Ramey, MD The globe, eyelids, and lacrimal drainage structures are discussed elsewhere. Bones — the orbit is composed of the frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, lacrimal, palatine, ethmoid, and zygomatic bones (Figure 4.1). The general shape of the bony orbit is that of a pear with itswidest portion
SURGERY FOR ESOTROPIA Surgery for Esotropia Colleen J. Christian Joseph H. Calhoun Esodeviations are the most common forms of strabismus. It is useful to classify the many different forms of esotropia according to certain characteristics, including age of onset, comitance or pattern, response to treatment of a hyperopic refractive error, and relationship to prior surgery. PATHOLOGY OF ENDOPHTHALMITIS Pathology of Involved Tissue in Endophthalmitis. The primary site of involvement is vitreous; retina and choroid show inflammatory cell deposit due to release of inflammatory mediators and autolytic enzymes from leukocytes. The predominant cell type in acute inflammation is the polymorphonuclear leukocyte; it is lymphocyte ( white arrow) and INCOMITANT DEVIATIONS Nature of Incomitant Deviations In some deviations, strabismus or heterophoria, the angle of the deviation varies as the patient moves the eyes to look in different parts of the field. Such deviations are incomitant. For most causes of incomitancy, there is a consistency in the way the angle changes: it increases in one particular direction 1 THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF TECHNIQUES FOR THYROID 10.1055/b-0036-141891 1 The History and Evolution of Techniques for Thyroid SurgerySara L. Richer, Dipti Kamani, Radu Mihai, Anatoly P. Romanchisen, and Gregory W. Randolph 1.1 Introduction Thyroidectomy has evolved from a barbaric, high-mortality procedure to an elegant operation, the epitome of the surgeon’s art. It was primarily the pioneering work of Kocher, rewarded with the INDICES AND SCREENING TESTS FOR SUBCLINICAL Fig. 8.1 For an isolated index (or a group of indices), and regardless of the cutoff value adopted, a screening method based on a cutoff value is unable to discriminate between two populations (green: reference population, red: population with subclinical keratoconus), which, by definition, present similar characteristics. Comparison of the distributions of the values of COMPLIANT DOCUMENTATION, CODING, AND BILLING IN THE Why do physicians so frequently complain that the tasks of creating consistently compliant documentation and coding are confusing, challenging, and/or unrelated to their goals for medical practice?It is far easier to learn how to identify the precise procedure and diagnostic codes for excision of a benign neoplasm of the lateral lobe of a parotid gland with dissection and preservation of the ENTO KEY | FASTEST OTOLARYNGOLOGY & OPHTHALMOLOGY INSIGHT Just simply fill the your problem that you want to consult in the search bar! Our huge database will help you solve all of your problems by the easiest and fastest way.VISUAL ACUITY
(1) University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Overview Visual acuity (VA) is a measure of keenness of sight. It is a relationship between the size of a stimulus and visual detection of that stimulus . A high acuity implies a low threshold to detecting the stimulus. VA is TINNITUS ACTIVITIES TREATMENT 9 Tinnitus Activities Treatment RICHARD S. TYLER, ANNE K. GEHRINGER, WILLIAM NOBLE, CAMILLE C. DUNN, SHELLEY A. WITT, AND ADITYA BARDIA Activities treatment is an extension of our earlier work on information counseling, providing information to the patient about tinnitus and associated problems, considering the patient's overall well-being, and suggesting appropriate coping strategies FUNCTIONAL AND SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE ORBIT Functional and Surgical Anatomy of the Orbit Nicholas Ramey, MD The globe, eyelids, and lacrimal drainage structures are discussed elsewhere. Bones — the orbit is composed of the frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, lacrimal, palatine, ethmoid, and zygomatic bones (Figure 4.1). The general shape of the bony orbit is that of a pear with itswidest portion
SURGERY FOR ESOTROPIA Surgery for Esotropia Colleen J. Christian Joseph H. Calhoun Esodeviations are the most common forms of strabismus. It is useful to classify the many different forms of esotropia according to certain characteristics, including age of onset, comitance or pattern, response to treatment of a hyperopic refractive error, and relationship to prior surgery. PATHOLOGY OF ENDOPHTHALMITIS Pathology of Involved Tissue in Endophthalmitis. The primary site of involvement is vitreous; retina and choroid show inflammatory cell deposit due to release of inflammatory mediators and autolytic enzymes from leukocytes. The predominant cell type in acute inflammation is the polymorphonuclear leukocyte; it is lymphocyte ( white arrow) and INCOMITANT DEVIATIONS Nature of Incomitant Deviations In some deviations, strabismus or heterophoria, the angle of the deviation varies as the patient moves the eyes to look in different parts of the field. Such deviations are incomitant. For most causes of incomitancy, there is a consistency in the way the angle changes: it increases in one particular direction 1 THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF TECHNIQUES FOR THYROID 10.1055/b-0036-141891 1 The History and Evolution of Techniques for Thyroid SurgerySara L. Richer, Dipti Kamani, Radu Mihai, Anatoly P. Romanchisen, and Gregory W. Randolph 1.1 Introduction Thyroidectomy has evolved from a barbaric, high-mortality procedure to an elegant operation, the epitome of the surgeon’s art. It was primarily the pioneering work of Kocher, rewarded with the INDICES AND SCREENING TESTS FOR SUBCLINICAL Fig. 8.1 For an isolated index (or a group of indices), and regardless of the cutoff value adopted, a screening method based on a cutoff value is unable to discriminate between two populations (green: reference population, red: population with subclinical keratoconus), which, by definition, present similar characteristics. Comparison of the distributions of the values of COMPLIANT DOCUMENTATION, CODING, AND BILLING IN THE Why do physicians so frequently complain that the tasks of creating consistently compliant documentation and coding are confusing, challenging, and/or unrelated to their goals for medical practice?It is far easier to learn how to identify the precise procedure and diagnostic codes for excision of a benign neoplasm of the lateral lobe of a parotid gland with dissection and preservation of the MOVEMENTS OF THE EYE All eye movements are composed of rotations of the anterior pole (central cornea) around one of three geometric axes of Fick: horizontal (x), anteroposterior (y), or vertical (z) . The x – and z -axes traverse the globe through the equator; these axes form Listing’s plane . The y -axis is a sagittal axis passingthrough the pupil
5 EXAMINATION OF THE DIABETIC PATIENT Examination of the Diabetic Patient HISTORY When taking the history of the diabetic patient, be aware of other entities that can contribute to the severity of diabetic retinopathy, such as hypertension, kidney disease, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease, or peripheral vascular disease.1–3 Look for metabolic syndrome in patients who are overweight, obese, diabetic and have a CALDWELL–LUC SURGERY Caldwell–Luc surgery, as it became known, was the primary workhorse for maxillary sinus disease until the 1920s, when intranasal procedures gained in popularity. With the introduction of the nasal endoscope and the advent of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in the 1980s, Caldwell–Luc surgery was pushed even further into the CLINICAL INTERPRETATION OF GONIOSCOPIC FINDINGS GRADING OF CHAMBER ANGLE . There has been an evolution in the clinical methods used to describe the anterior chamber angle. An earlier scheme described by Scheie emphasized the most posteriorly visible structures within the angle recess on gonioscopy; its scale from 0 to 4 was the reverse of what is now commonly used, with the Scheie grade 4 being the most occludable angle. FUSIONAL VERGENCE, VOLUNTARY CONVERGENCE, AND Fusional Vergence, Voluntary Convergence, and Antisuppression Fusional Vergence Procedures: Anaglyphs, Polaroids, and Liquid Crystal Filters VARIABLE VECTOGRAMS Objectives Increase the amplitude of negative fusional vergence (NFV) and positive fusional vergence (PFV). Decrease the latency of the fusional vergence response. Increase the velocity of the fusional vergence CLINICAL ULTRASOUND OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS Ultrasound investigation of the major salivary glands has been routinely used for the past 25 years. Ultrasound provides an immediate diagnosis in acute or chronic inflammatory salivary diseases and can visualize sialolithiasis as small as 0.4 mm. Ultrasound is also an important imaging modality for salivary gland tumors, guiding fine needle aspiration (FNA) for cytological MAXILLARY ANTROSTOMY Introduction . . The maxillary antrostomy is the first step in performing functional endoscopic sinus surgery. . Based on a good working knowledge of the anatomy and using proper visualization and mucosa-sparing techniques, a well-performed maxillary antrostomy will not only address maxillary sinus disease but properly set up the remaining portions of the sinus surgery. SPHENOID SINUS CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEAK AND ENCEPHALOCELE Abstract The surgical management of sphenoid CSF leaks and encephaloceles has evolved significantly over the past century. The major paradigm shifts have included the transition from open to endoscopic approaches and the use of vascularized flap reconstruction techniques. These methods have dramatically improved success rates while reducing morbidity for patients suffering from these PAROTID GLAND TUMORS AND THE FACIAL NERVE The most common malignant types of tumor in the parotid gland are mucoepidermoid carcinoma (30%), adenoid cystic carcinoma, and malignant mixed tumors. Traditionally, facial nerve paralysis or paresis is an ominous sign that a parotid mass is HYPERTHYROIDISM: TOXIC NODULAR GOITER AND GRAVES’ DISEASE Toxic Nodular Goiter. TNG is the most frequent cause of thyrotoxicosis in the elderly. It accounts for about 5% to 15% of patients with endogenous hyperthyroidism, but the proportion is higher in iodine-deficient geographic regions. 2, 3 Changes in the iodine content of salt and in the iodine supplementation of water have been linked to changes in the incidence of TNG. ENTO KEY | FASTEST OTOLARYNGOLOGY & OPHTHALMOLOGY INSIGHT Just simply fill the your problem that you want to consult in the search bar! Our huge database will help you solve all of your problems by the easiest and fastest way. TINNITUS ACTIVITIES TREATMENT 9 Tinnitus Activities Treatment RICHARD S. TYLER, ANNE K. GEHRINGER, WILLIAM NOBLE, CAMILLE C. DUNN, SHELLEY A. WITT, AND ADITYA BARDIA Activities treatment is an extension of our earlier work on information counseling, providing information to the patient about tinnitus and associated problems, considering the patient's overall well-being, and suggesting appropriate coping strategiesVISUAL ACUITY
(1) University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Overview Visual acuity (VA) is a measure of keenness of sight. It is a relationship between the size of a stimulus and visual detection of that stimulus . A high acuity implies a low threshold to detecting the stimulus. VA is SURGERY FOR ESOTROPIA Surgery for Esotropia Colleen J. Christian Joseph H. Calhoun Esodeviations are the most common forms of strabismus. It is useful to classify the many different forms of esotropia according to certain characteristics, including age of onset, comitance or pattern, response to treatment of a hyperopic refractive error, and relationship to prior surgery. 1 THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF TECHNIQUES FOR THYROID 10.1055/b-0036-141891 1 The History and Evolution of Techniques for Thyroid SurgerySara L. Richer, Dipti Kamani, Radu Mihai, Anatoly P. Romanchisen, and Gregory W. Randolph 1.1 Introduction Thyroidectomy has evolved from a barbaric, high-mortality procedure to an elegant operation, the epitome of the surgeon’s art. It was primarily the pioneering work of Kocher, rewarded with the ENTO KEY | FASTEST OTOLARYNGOLOGY & OPHTHALMOLOGY INSIGHT Just simply fill the your problem that you want to consult in the search bar! Our huge database will help you solve all of your problems by the easiest and fastest way. TINNITUS ACTIVITIES TREATMENT 9 Tinnitus Activities Treatment RICHARD S. TYLER, ANNE K. GEHRINGER, WILLIAM NOBLE, CAMILLE C. DUNN, SHELLEY A. WITT, AND ADITYA BARDIA Activities treatment is an extension of our earlier work on information counseling, providing information to the patient about tinnitus and associated problems, considering the patient's overall well-being, and suggesting appropriate coping strategiesVISUAL ACUITY
(1) University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Overview Visual acuity (VA) is a measure of keenness of sight. It is a relationship between the size of a stimulus and visual detection of that stimulus . A high acuity implies a low threshold to detecting the stimulus. VA is SURGERY FOR ESOTROPIA Surgery for Esotropia Colleen J. Christian Joseph H. Calhoun Esodeviations are the most common forms of strabismus. It is useful to classify the many different forms of esotropia according to certain characteristics, including age of onset, comitance or pattern, response to treatment of a hyperopic refractive error, and relationship to prior surgery. 1 THE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF TECHNIQUES FOR THYROID 10.1055/b-0036-141891 1 The History and Evolution of Techniques for Thyroid SurgerySara L. Richer, Dipti Kamani, Radu Mihai, Anatoly P. Romanchisen, and Gregory W. Randolph 1.1 Introduction Thyroidectomy has evolved from a barbaric, high-mortality procedure to an elegant operation, the epitome of the surgeon’s art. It was primarily the pioneering work of Kocher, rewarded with the PATHOLOGY OF ENDOPHTHALMITIS Pathology of Involved Tissue in Endophthalmitis. The primary site of involvement is vitreous; retina and choroid show inflammatory cell deposit due to release of inflammatory mediators and autolytic enzymes from leukocytes. The predominant cell type in acute inflammation is the polymorphonuclear leukocyte; it is lymphocyte ( white arrow) and INDICES AND SCREENING TESTS FOR SUBCLINICAL Fig. 8.1 For an isolated index (or a group of indices), and regardless of the cutoff value adopted, a screening method based on a cutoff value is unable to discriminate between two populations (green: reference population, red: population with subclinical keratoconus), which, by definition, present similar characteristics. Comparison of the distributions of the values ofLARYNGEAL PACING
Laryngeal Pacing. Fig. 14.1. ( a) Synkinetic Reinnervation right side. Abduction inhibition right side ( green marked RLN) because of co-stimulation of the PCA and LCA muscles, due to sprouting of abductor axons into adductor RLN fibers after trauma (T). ( b) Adduction inhibition right side ( red marked RLN) because of co-stimulation of the LCA SEPTOPLASTY COMPLICATIONS: AVOIDANCE AND MANAGEMENT Nasal obstruction from a deviated septum is one of the more frequent complaints bringing patients into an otolaryngology office. Despite the significant number of septoplasties performed each year, complications after this procedure are relatively uncommon. Most complications result from inadequate surgical planning or poor technique and often can be prevented. FRIEDMAN TONGUE POSITION AND THE STAGING OF OBSTRUCTIVE 1 Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is often the result of obstruction at multiple anatomic sites. Nasal, palatal, and hypopharyngeal obstruction, acting alone or in concert, are frequently identified as the cause of snoring and OSAHS. Even in cases where a single site is primarily involved, the increase in negative pressure may induce further MOVEMENTS OF THE EYE All eye movements are composed of rotations of the anterior pole (central cornea) around one of three geometric axes of Fick: horizontal (x), anteroposterior (y), or vertical (z) . The x – and z -axes traverse the globe through the equator; these axes form Listing’s plane . The y -axis is a sagittal axis passingthrough the pupil
5 EXAMINATION OF THE DIABETIC PATIENT Examination of the Diabetic Patient HISTORY When taking the history of the diabetic patient, be aware of other entities that can contribute to the severity of diabetic retinopathy, such as hypertension, kidney disease, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease, or peripheral vascular disease.1–3 Look for metabolic syndrome in patients who are overweight, obese, diabetic and have a CLINICAL ULTRASOUND OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS Ultrasound investigation of the major salivary glands has been routinely used for the past 25 years. Ultrasound provides an immediate diagnosis in acute or chronic inflammatory salivary diseases and can visualize sialolithiasis as small as 0.4 mm. Ultrasound is also an important imaging modality for salivary gland tumors, guiding fine needle aspiration (FNA) for cytological FUSIONAL VERGENCE, VOLUNTARY CONVERGENCE, AND Fusional Vergence, Voluntary Convergence, and Antisuppression Fusional Vergence Procedures: Anaglyphs, Polaroids, and Liquid Crystal Filters VARIABLE VECTOGRAMS Objectives Increase the amplitude of negative fusional vergence (NFV) and positive fusional vergence (PFV). Decrease the latency of the fusional vergence response. Increase the velocity of the fusional vergence CLINICAL INTERPRETATION OF GONIOSCOPIC FINDINGS GRADING OF CHAMBER ANGLE . There has been an evolution in the clinical methods used to describe the anterior chamber angle. An earlier scheme described by Scheie emphasized the most posteriorly visible structures within the angle recess on gonioscopy; its scale from 0 to 4 was the reverse of what is now commonly used, with the Scheie grade 4 being the most occludable angle. MAXILLARY ANTROSTOMY Abstract In this chapter, we will discuss the key components of performing an endoscopic maxillary antrostomy. This will include anatomic considerations, preoperative considerations, surgical instrumentation needed, pearl and pitfalls, the actual surgical dissection steps, and finally postoperative considerations. Keywords chronic sinusitis, FESS, maxillary antrostomy, maxillary sinus, sinus VITREOMACULAR TRACTION, EPIRETINAL MEMBRANES, AND MACULAR Vitreomacular traction (VMT) is defined as persistent vitreous attachment to the central macula due to an incomplete posterior vitreous detachment. Histologically, VMT specimens obtained from surgery show a variety of cell types including fibrous astrocytes, myofibroblasts, and fibrocytes, similar to those found in ERMs. SPHENOID SINUS CEREBROSPINAL FLUID LEAK AND ENCEPHALOCELE Abstract The surgical management of sphenoid CSF leaks and encephaloceles has evolved significantly over the past century. The major paradigm shifts have included the transition from open to endoscopic approaches and the use of vascularized flap reconstruction techniques. These methods have dramatically improved success rates while reducing morbidity for patients suffering from these SALVAGE NECK DISSECTION: INDICATIONS, WORKUP, AND 10 Salvage Neck Dissection: Indications, Workup, and Technical Considerations Mingyann Lim and Mark Zafereo Abstract A salvage neck dissection is defined as a neck dissection in a neck that has been previously treated with radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, or a combination of these three modalities. This procedure can be planned or unplanned, and there is mounting HYPERTHYROIDISM: TOXIC NODULAR GOITER AND GRAVES’ DISEASE Toxic Nodular Goiter. TNG is the most frequent cause of thyrotoxicosis in the elderly. It accounts for about 5% to 15% of patients with endogenous hyperthyroidism, but the proportion is higher in iodine-deficient geographic regions. 2, 3 Changes in the iodine content of salt and in the iodine supplementation of water have been linked to changes in the incidence of TNG.ENTO KEY
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