Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
More Annotations
A complete backup of jordanfemmepascher.fr
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of alwaysjudging.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of astrosoftware.com
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of swissnexsanfrancisco.org
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of firstmarketplace.com.ng
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
Favourite Annotations
A complete backup of www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-51692446
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of www.sports.ru/football/1083732416.html
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of www.takvim.com.tr/magazin/2020/02/25/hizira-buyuk-sok-edho-yeni-158-bolum-tek-parca-canli-izle-eskiya-dunya
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
A complete backup of www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51626529
Are you over 18 and want to see adult content?
Text
EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
en.wikipedia.org
EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
en.wikipedia.org
COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN CHILE The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) severely affected Chile.The virus was confirmed to have reached Chile on 3 March 2020. Initial cases had been imported from Southeast Asia and Europe, and expanded into a large number of untraceable infections, placing the country within phase 4 of the pandemicEN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
en.wikipedia.org
COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN PAKISTAN COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan - Wikipedia AND WHEN THE SKY WAS OPENED The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) (season 1) List of The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) episodes. " And When the Sky Was Opened " is episode eleven of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. It originally aired on December 11, 1959. It is an adaptation of the 1953 Richard Matheson short story "DisappearingAct".
WIKIPEDIA
Wikipedia
COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN CHILE COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. The COVID-19 pandemic in Chile is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). The virus was confirmed to have reached Chile in March 2020.EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
en.wikipedia.org
AND WHEN THE SKY WAS OPENED The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) (season 1) List of The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) episodes. " And When the Sky Was Opened " is episode eleven of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. It originally aired on December 11, 1959. It is an adaptation of the 1953 Richard Matheson short story "DisappearingAct".
WIKIPEDIA
Wikipedia
COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN CHILE COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. The COVID-19 pandemic in Chile is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). The virus was confirmed to have reached Chile in March 2020.EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
en.wikipedia.org
LIST OF BRITISH HERITAGE AND PRIVATE RAILWAYS List of British heritage and private railways - WikipediaEN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
en.wikipedia.org
COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN CHILE COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. The COVID-19 pandemic in Chile is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). The virus was confirmed to have reached Chile in March 2020. COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN PAKISTAN The COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan is part of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).The virus was confirmed to have reached Pakistan on 26 February 2020, when two cases were recorded (a student in Karachi who had just returned from Iran and another person in the Islamabad Capital Territory).EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
en.wikipedia.org
LIST OF BRITISH HERITAGE AND PRIVATE RAILWAYS List of British heritage and private railways - Wikipedia STATISTICS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN AUSTRALIA Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia - WikipediaEN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
en.wikipedia.org
COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN CHILE COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. The COVID-19 pandemic in Chile is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). The virus was confirmed to have reached Chile in March 2020. COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN PAKISTAN The COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan is part of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).The virus was confirmed to have reached Pakistan on 26 February 2020, when two cases were recorded (a student in Karachi who had just returned from Iran and another person in the Islamabad Capital Territory). LIST OF BRITISH HERITAGE AND PRIVATE RAILWAYS List of British heritage and private railways - Wikipedia STATISTICS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN AUSTRALIA Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia - WikipediaEN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
en.wikipedia.org
COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN PAKISTAN The COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan is part of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).The virus was confirmed to have reached Pakistan on 26 February 2020, when two cases were recorded (a student in Karachi who had just returned from Iran and another person in the Islamabad Capital Territory).DOG
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the domestic dog. For the related family of species also known as dogs, see Canidae . For other uses, see Dog (disambiguation) . Domesticated canid speciesDomestic dogs
Temporal range: At least 14,200 years ago – presentConservation status
Domesticated
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATIONKingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Family:
Canidae
Subfamily:
Caninae
Tribe:
Canini
Subtribe:
Canina
Genus:
_Canis_
Species:
_C. lupus _
Subspecies:
_C. L. FAMILIARIS_
TRINOMIAL NAME
_CANIS LUPUS FAMILIARIS_Linnaeus , 1758
SYNONYMS
_aegyptius_ Linnaeus, 1758, _alco_ C. E. H. Smith , 1839, _americanus_ Gmelin , 1792, _anglicus_ Gmelin, 1792, _antarcticus_ Gmelin, 1792, _aprinus_ Gmelin, 1792, _aquaticus_ Linnaeus, 1758, _aquatilis_ Gmelin, 1792, _avicularis_ Gmelin, 1792, _borealis_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _brevipilis_ Gmelin, 1792, _cursorius_ Gmelin, 1792, _domesticus_ Linnaeus, 1758, _extrarius_ Gmelin, 1792, _ferus_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _fricator_ Gmelin, 1792, _fricatrix_ Linnaeus, 1758, _fuillus_ Gmelin, 1792, _gallicus_ Gmelin, 1792, _glaucus_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _graius_ Linnaeus, 1758, _grajus_ Gmelin, 1792, _hagenbecki_ Krumbiegel, 1950, _haitensis_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _hibernicus_ Gmelin, 1792, _hirsutus_ Gmelin, 1792, _hybridus_ Gmelin, 1792, _islandicus_ Gmelin, 1792, _italicus_ Gmelin, 1792, _laniarius_ Gmelin, 1792, _leoninus_ Gmelin, 1792, _leporarius_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _major_ Gmelin, 1792, _mastinus_ Linnaeus, 1758, _melitacus_ Gmelin, 1792, _melitaeus_ Linnaeus, 1758, _minor_ Gmelin, 1792, _molossus_ Gmelin, 1792, _mustelinus_ Linnaeus, 1758, _obesus_ Gmelin, 1792, _orientalis_ Gmelin, 1792, _pacificus_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _plancus_ Gmelin, 1792, _pomeranus_ Gmelin, 1792, _sagaces_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _sanguinarius_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _sagax_ Linnaeus, 1758, _scoticus_ Gmelin, 1792, _sibiricus_ Gmelin, 1792, _suillus_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _terraenovae_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _terrarius_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _turcicus_ Gmelin, 1792, _urcani_ C. E. H. Smith, 1839, _variegatus_ Gmelin, 1792, _venaticus_ Gmelin, 1792, _vertegus_ Gmelin, 1792 The domestic DOG (_Canis familiaris_ or _Canis lupus familiaris_) is a domesticated form of wolf . The dog descended from an ancient, extinct wolf, with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative. The dog was the first species to be domesticated by hunter–gatherers more than 15,000 years ago, prior to the development of agriculture. Their long association with humans has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior, enabling an abundant cosmopolitan distribution and to be able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids . The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities and physical attributes. Dogs are subclassified into breeds , which vary widely in shape, size and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting , herding , pulling loads , protection , assisting police and the military , companionship , therapy and aiding disabled people . This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend ."CONTENTS
* 1 Taxonomy
* 2 Evolution
* 2.1 Domestication
* 3 Biology
* 3.1 Anatomy
* 3.1.1 Size and weight* 3.1.2 Senses
* 3.1.3 Coat
* 3.1.4 Tail
* 3.1.5 Differences from wolves* 3.2 Health
* 3.2.1 Lifespan
* 3.3 Reproduction
* 3.3.1 Neutering
* 3.4 Inbreeding depression * 4 Intelligence, behavior and communication* 4.1 Intelligence
* 4.2 Behavior
* 4.3 Communication
* 5 Ecology
* 5.1 Population
* 5.2 Competitors and predators* 5.3 Diet
* 5.4 Range
* 6 Breeds
* 7 Roles with humans* 7.1 Early roles
* 7.2 As pets
* 7.3 Work
* 7.4 Sports and shows* 7.5 As food
* 7.6 Health risks to humans * 7.7 Health benefits for humans* 8 Terminology
* 9 Cultural depictions * 9.1 Mythology and religion* 9.2 Literature
* 9.3 Art
* 9.4 Education and appreciation* 10 See also
* 10.1 Lists
* 11 References
* 12 Bibliography
* 13 Further reading* 14 External links
TAXONOMY
Further information: Canis lupus dingo § Taxonomic debate – the domestic dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his _Systema Naturae _ the binomial nomenclature – or the two-word naming – of species. _Canis _ is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus , he listed the dog-like carnivores, including domestic dogs, wolves and jackals . He classified the domestic dog as _Canis familiaris_, and on the next page, he classified the wolf as _Canis lupus_. Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its _cauda recurvata_ - its upturning tail, which is not found in any other canid.
In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog might have originated from multiple gray wolf populations, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog "breeds" having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of _Mammal Species of the World _ published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraftlisted under
the wolf _Canis lupus_ its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies: "_familiaris_ Linneaus, 1758 " and "_dingo_ Meyer, 1793 ". Wozencraft included _hallstromi_ – the New Guinea singing dog – as a junior synonym for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision. Other mammalogists have noted the inclusion of _familiaris_ and _dingo_ under a "domestic dog" clade. This classification by Wozencraft is debated among zoologists . In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN /Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the New Guinea singing dog and the dingo to be feral dogs (_Canis familiaris_) and therefore should not be assessed for the IUCN Red List.
EVOLUTION
Main article: Origin of the domestic dog The domestic dog's origin includes the dog's genetic divergence from the wolf, its domestication , and the emergence of the first dogs. Genetic studies show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population - or closely related wolf populations - which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage. The dog's similarity to the extant grey wolf is the result of substantial dog-into-wolf gene flow , with the modern gray wolf being the dog's nearest living relative. An extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog,with one study proposing that this Pleistocene wolf was closer in size to a village dog.DOMESTICATION
The dog is a member of the wolf-like canidsand was the first
species and the only large carnivoran to have been domesticated by hunter–gatherers more than 15,000 years ago. The domestication of the dog predates agriculture. In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians , then later dispersed eastwards into the Americas and westwards acrossEurasia.
BIOLOGY
A lateral view of a
dog skeleton
ANATOMY
Main article: Dog anatomy Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance and behavior than any other domestic animal.SIZE AND WEIGHT
Dogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier that stood only 6.3 centimetres (2 1⁄2 inches) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3 3⁄4 in) in length along the head-and-body and weighed only 113 grams (4 ounces). The most massive known dog was a Saint Bernard , which weighed 167.6 kg (369 1⁄2 lb) and was 250 cm (8 ft 2 in) from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands 106.7 cm (3 ft 6 in) at the shoulder.SENSES
Further information: Dog anatomy § Senses A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch and sensitivity to Earth's magnetic field. Another study suggested that dogs can see Earth's magnetic field.COAT
Main article: Coat (dog) Dogs display a wide variation on coat type, density, length, color and composition The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair , or "single," with the topcoat only. Breeds may have an occasional "blaze," stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside. Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as 1 year of age; this is shown to be associated with impulsive behaviors , anxiety behaviors , fear of noise and fear of unfamiliar people oranimals.
TAIL
A Finnish Spitz
with a curled tail
There are many different shapes for dog tails : straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. DIFFERENCES FROM WOLVES Despite their close genetic relationship and interbreedability, there are several diagnostic features to distinguish gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domestic dogs are distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase . The tympanic bullae are large, convex, and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed, and slightly crumpled. Compared with equally-sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains.:35 The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs. Dogs have a more domed forehead and a distinctive "stop" between the forehead and nose. The temporalis muscle that closes the jaws is more robust in wolves.:158 Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs unless there has been admixture with dogs that had them. Most dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland and enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves, which only do so once a year. So-called primitive dogs such as dingos and Basenjis retain the yearly estrus cycle. Dogs generally have brown eyes and wolves almost always have amber or light-colored eyes. Domestic dogs' skin tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather. The paws of a dog are half the size of a wolf and their tails tend to curl upwards, another trait not found in wolves. The dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal.HEALTH
Main article: Dog health Many household plants are poisonous to dogs, including _Begonia _, _Poinsettia _ and _Aloe vera_.
Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia , blindness , deafness , pulmonic stenosis , cleft palate and trick knees . Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra , affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas , ticks , mites , hookworms , tapeworms , roundworms and heartworms , which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs. Several human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids , causing theobromine poisoning , onions and garlic , causing thiosulphate , sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins , macadamia nuts , xylitol , as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs. Signs of ingestion can include vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea . Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are susceptible to theobromine poisoning , typically from the ingestion ofchocolate .
Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes , dentaland heart disease
, epilepsy , cancer
, hypothyroidism and arthritis.
LIFESPAN
Further information: Aging in dogs Mixed-breed dogs such as this terrier mix have been found to run faster and live longer than their purebred parents (see Heterosis)
In 2013, a study found that mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs . Increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter itslifespan).
The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the medianof their breed.
The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux , with a median longevity of about 5.2 years. Still, several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds and
Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years. The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles , Japanese Spitz , Border Terriers and Tibetan Spaniels , have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs , taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The longest-lived dog was "Bluey ," an Australian Cattle Dog who died in 1939 at 29.5 years ofage.
REPRODUCTION
Main article: Canine reproduction A female dog nursingnewborn puppies
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around 6 months to 1 year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to 2 years old for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle . They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy . At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrus, mentally and physically receptive to copulation . Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire thesame litter.
Fertilization typically occurs 2–5 days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after 7-8 more days, the heartbeat is detectable. Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization , with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of aboutsix. puppies ,
NEUTERING
A feral dog from Sri Lanka nursing very well-developed puppies Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus , to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive . Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention ofCruelty to Animals
(ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered. That way, they do not have undesired puppies that may laterbe euthanized.
According to the Humane Society of the United States , 3–4 million dogs and cats are euthanized each year. Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down. Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality , especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancer, affecting the mammary glands, ovaries and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs and prostate cancer in males and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma ,
cruciate ligament rupture, obesity and diabetes mellitus in either sex. INBREEDING DEPRESSION A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g., between half- and full siblings). Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations. Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny. In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog , Basset Hound , Cairn Terrier , Brittany , German Shepherd Dog , Leonberger and West Highland White Terrier ), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival. Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression. In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding. INTELLIGENCE, BEHAVIOR AND COMMUNICATIONINTELLIGENCE
Main article: Dog intelligence Dog intelligence is the dog's ability to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills. A study with Rico , a Border Collie , showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure. A study of another Border Collie, "Chaser," documented his learning and memory capabilities. He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing and human voice commands. A 2018 study on canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses , chimpanzees , or cats . Various animals, including pigs , pigeons and chimpanzees, can remember the "what, where and when" of an event, which dogs cannot do. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined up with humans. Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not.BEHAVIOR
Main article: Dog behavior See also: Dog behavior § Behavior compared with other canids Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes , but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills. Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e., selection for tameness) and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation. Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability.COMMUNICATION
Main article: Dog communication Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting.:xii Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture.ECOLOGY
POPULATION
The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment. In 2013, an estimated global dog population was between 700 million and 987 million. Although it is said that the "dog is man's best friend," this refers mainly to the ~20% of dogs that live in developed countries. In the developing world, dogs are more commonly feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon. Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%). Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes. COMPETITORS AND PREDATORS Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans. For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facinglarge dog groups.
Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together. One study reported that in Wisconsin, in 1999, more compensation had been paid for losses due to wolves taking dogs than for wolves taking livestock. In Wisconsin, wolves will often kill hunting dogs, possibly because they are in the wolves' territory. A strategy has been reported in Russia where one wolf lures a dog into a heavy brush where another wolf waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed. Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations. Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size. Tigers in Manchuria , Indochina , Indonesia and Malaysia are also reported to kill dogs. Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in Turkmenistan , India and theCaucasus .
DIET
See also: Dog food
A Golden Retriever
gnawing on a pig's foot Dogs have been described as carnivores or omnivores . Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet. Also, like humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva . Based on metabolism and nutrition, many consider the dog to be an omnivore. However, dogs are not merely omnivores. More like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D , which they obtain from animal flesh. Also, more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain its nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores.RANGE
As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included: * The Aboriginal Tasmanians , who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos onthat continent
* The Andamanese peoples , who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar * The Fuegians , who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog , a different canid species * Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands , Palau ,the Marshall Islands ,the Gilbert Islands, New Caledonia
, Vanuatu , Tonga
, Marquesas , Mangaia in the Cook Islands , Rapa Iti in French Polynesia , Easter Island ,the Chatham Islandsand Pitcairn Island
(settled by the _Bounty_ mutineers , who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships). Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs , but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections.BREEDS
Main article: Dog breed Different dog breeds show a range of phenotypic variation Over the past 200 years, dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern dog breeds due to artificial selection by humans. These breeds can vary in size and weight from a 0.46 kg (1 lb) teacup Poodle to a 90 kg (200 lb) giant Mastiff . Phenotypic variation can include height measured to the withers ranging from 15.2 cm (6 in) in the Chihuahua to 76 cm (30 in) in the Irish Wolfhound . Color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variety of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, rough or smooth. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within carnivores' entire order. Some breeds demonstrate outstanding skills in herding, retrieving, scent detection and guarding, demonstrating the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs. The first dogs were domesticated from shared ancestors of modern wolves; however, the phenotypic changes that coincided with the dog-wolf genetic divergence are unknown. Further information: Dog typeROLES WITH HUMANS
Gunnar Kaasen
and Balto , the lead dog on the last relay team of the 1925 serum run to Nome Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition , from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations. These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today. The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting , herding , pulling loads , protection , assisting police and the military , companionship and aiding disabled individuals . This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend " in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.EARLY ROLES
Wolves, and their dog descendants, likely derived significant benefits from living in human camps – more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs and more chances to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them a more extensive range over which to see potential predators and prey and better color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, bringing down larger prey and controlling fire for various purposes. Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (a frigidly cold night). They would have alerted the camp to predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an earlywarning.
It has been suggested that the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. The relationship between a dog's presence and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting were an essential factor in wolfdomestication.
The cohabitation of dogs and humans likely improved the chances of survival for early human groups. The domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success. Human emigrants from Siberia that came across the Bering land bridge into North America likely had dogs in their company. Although one writer even suggests that sled dogs ' use may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago.:104 Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs as pack animals may have contributed to the Apache and Navajo tribes' migration 1,400 years ago. This use of dogs in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to NorthAmerica.
AS PETS
A
green velvet dog collar, dating from 1670 to 1690Siberian Huskies
are pack animals that still enjoy some human companionship A Bulldog relaxes at apark
It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history (see the Bonn–Oberkassel dog). Pet dog
populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today(the expression "in the doghouse" - recorded since 1932 - to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's livesto the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced. There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status. The first has been "commodification," shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior.The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices. A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity has operated since the 18th century, it became a high-profile issue in the last decades of the 20th century. Many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent) became increasingly incompatible with a pet dog's new role. Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dogcontinued.
The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack. Some dog trainers, such as on the television program _Dog Whisperer _, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships. However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions witheach other.
Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancingand dog yoga .
According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Associationin the
National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77.5 million people in the United States have pet dogs. The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs. Although several programs promote pet adoption , less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters.
A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets tohumans.
WORK
Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies , sheepdogs ), hunting (hounds, pointers) and rodent control (terriers). Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs, detection dogs
trained to detect illicit drugsor chemical weapons
; guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads. In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit , aboard the Soviets ' _Sputnik 2 _; she diedduring the flight.
Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs , including guide dogs , hearing dogs , mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs , assist individuals with disabilities. Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.SPORTS AND SHOWS
See also: Conformation show People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports , including racing, sledding and agility competitions. In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.AS FOOD
Main article: Dog meat* v
* t
* e
WORLDWIDE LAWS ON KILLING DOGS FOR CONSUMPTION Dog killing is legal. Dog killing is partially illegal.1 Dog killing is illegal.Unknown
1The laws vary internally or include exceptions for ritual or religious slaughter. Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea , China Vietnam and the Philippines , which dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat. Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog. As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico , also consumed dog meat in their history. Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland and Central Asia. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat. In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the _Nureongi _ (누렁이), differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes. The most popular Korean dog dish is _gaejang-guk_ (also called _bosintang _), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's _gi_ , or the body's vital energy. A 19th-century version of _gaejang-guk_ explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken. HEALTH RISKS TO HUMANS Further information: Dog attack and Canine vector-borne disease Further information: Dog bite prevention In 2005, the WHO reported that 55,000 people died in Asia and Africa from rabies , a disease for which dogs are the most important vector. Citing a 2008 study, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the U.S. are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s, the U.S. averaged 17 fatalities per year, while since 2007, this has increased to an average of 31. 77% of dog bites are from the pets of family or friends and 50% of attacks occur on the dog's legal owner's property. A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the U.S. is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance of being bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections. In the U.K., between 2003 and 2004, there were 5,868 dog attacks on humans, resulting in 5,770 working days lost insick leave.
In the U.S. , cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U.K. hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles. _Toxocara canis _ (dog roundworm ) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis . In the United States, about 10,000 cases of _Toxocara_ infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migransin humans.
HEALTH BENEFITS FOR HUMANSA Doberman Pinscher
puppy being cuddled
A Miniature Poodle puppybegging for cuddles
Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders. The pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes. Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans. The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways. The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being have been criticized for being poorly controlled. It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication thannon-guardians.
A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets." In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition. This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study. People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival. Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs. The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis . The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners. Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program.TERMINOLOGY
* The term _dog_ typically is applied to the species (or subspecies) as a whole and any adult male member of the same. * An adult female is a _bitch _. * An adult male capable of reproduction is a _stud_.
* An adult female capable of reproduction is a _brood bitch_. * An immature male or female (that is, an animal not yet capable of reproduction) is a _puppy _ or _pup_. * A group of puppies from the same gestation periodis a _litter _.
* The father of a litter is a _sire_. * The mother of a litter is a _dam_. * A group of any three or more adults is a _pack_.
* A pack leader is an _alpha_. Typically a pack will have either an individual alpha, or a male-female alpha pair. * A pack member subservient to alphas is a _beta_. * A pack member subservient to all others is an _omega_.CULTURAL DEPICTIONS
A Han dynasty
ceramic dog
A Han dynasty
ceramic dog
Dogs at Lake Balaton, depicted on the SeusoTreasure
Main article: Cultural depictions of dogs In China , Korea and Japan , dogs are viewed as kind protectors. MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION In ancient Mesopotamia , from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian , dogs were the symbol of Ninisina , the goddess of healing and medicine, and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her. In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magicalprotection.
In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs. Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion . In Greek mythology , Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon -tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades . In Norse mythology , a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim . In Persian mythology , two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge . In Welsh mythology , Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn . In Hindu mythology , Yama , the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates ofNaraka .
A
painting of Saint Dominic with a dog bearing atorch at his side
The hunter god Muthappan from the North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines. In Philippine mythology , Kimat, the pet of Tadaklan, the god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. The dog's role in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the 12 animals that cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog ). Three of the 88 constellations in Western astronomy alsorepresent dogs:
* Canis Major (the Great Dog, whose brightest star, Sirius , is also called the Dog Star) * Canis Minor (the Little Dog) * Canes Venatici (the Hunting Dogs) In Christianity , dogs represent faithfulness. Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the hallow's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that. As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin : _Domini canis_) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: _Domini canis_). In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards fromsacrilege .
Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean, although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet." Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets.LITERATURE
In Homer 's epic poem the _Odyssey _, when the disguised Odysseus returns home after 20 years, he is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argos , who has been waiting all this time for hisreturn.
ART
Main article: Cultural depictions of dogs in Western art Cultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on caves' walls. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness and love. EDUCATION AND APPRECIATION The American Kennel Club reopened a museum called the "Museum of the Dog" in Manhattan after moving the attraction from outside of St. Louis. The museum contains ancient artifacts, fine art and educational opportunities for visitors. An Ancient Greek rhyton serving vessel in the shape of a dog's head, made by Brygos , early 5th century BC. Jérôme Carcopino Museum, Department ofArchaeology, Aleria
A dog with mastiff
features, China, 4th century BC, Brooklyn MuseumSEE ALSO
* Dogs portal
* Mammals portal
* Animal track
* Cynanthropy
* Dog–cat relationship* Dog odor
* Dognapping
* Ethnocynology
* Hachikō – a notable example of dog loyalty * Pet recovery service * Domesticated silver foxLISTS
* Lists of dogs
* List of fictional dogs * List of individual dogsREFERENCES
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. (2018). "Paleogenomic Inferences of Dog Domestication". In Lindqvist, C.; Rajora, O. (eds.). _Paleogenomics_. Population Genomics. Springer, Cham. pp. 273–306. doi :10.1007/13836_2018_27. ISBN
978-3-030-04752-8
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Linnæus, Carl (1758). _Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I_(in
Latin) (10 ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. pp. 38–40. Retrieved 11 February 2017. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora".
In Wilson, D.E. ; Reeder, D.M (eds.). _Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference_ (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 575–577. ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0
. OCLC
62265494
.
url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA576 * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Wang, Xiaoming ; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). _Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History_. Columbia
University Press , New York. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-231-13529-0.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ Bergström, Anders; Frantz, Laurent; Schmidt, Ryan; Ersmark, Erik; Lebrasseur, Ophelie; Girdland-Flink, Linus; Lin, Audrey T.; Storå, Jan; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Anthony, David; Antipina, Ekaterina; Amiri, Sarieh; Bar-Oz, Guy; Bazaliiskii, Vladimir I.; Bulatović, Jelena; Brown, Dorcas; Carmagnini, Alberto; Davy, Tom; Fedorov, Sergey; Fiore, Ivana; Fulton, Deirdre; Germonpré, Mietje; Haile, James; Irving-Pease, Evan K.; Jamieson, Alexandra; Janssens, Luc; Kirillova, Irina; Horwitz, Liora Kolska; Kuzmanovic-Cvetković, Julka; Kuzmin, Yaroslav; Losey, Robert J.; Dizdar, Daria Ložnjak; Mashkour, Marjan; Novak, Mario; Onar, Vedat; Orton, David; Pasaric, Maja; Radivojevic, Miljana; Rajkovic, Dragana; Roberts, Benjamin; Ryan, Hannah; Sablin, Mikhail; Shidlovskiy, Fedor; Stojanovic, Ivana; Tagliacozzo, Antonio; Trantalidou, Katerina; Ullén, Inga; Villaluenga, Aritza; Wapnish, Paula; Dobney, Keith; Götherström, Anders; Linderholm, Anna; Dalén, Love; Pinhasi, Ron; Larson, Greger; Skoglund, Pontus (2020). "Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs". _Science_. 370 (#6516): 557–564. doi :10.1126/science.aba9572. PMC
7116352. PMID
33122379
. S2CID
225956269
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Larson, Greger; Orlando, Ludovic (2020). "Animal domestication in the era of ancient genomics". _Nature
Reviews Genetics_. 21 (#8): 449–460. doi :10.1038/s41576-020-0225-0. PMID
32265525
. S2CID
214809393
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ _E_ _F_ Freedman, Adam H; Wayne, Robert K (2017). "Deciphering the Origin of Dogs: From Fossils to Genomes". _Annual Review of Animal Biosciences_. 5: 281–307. doi :10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110937. PMID
27912242
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Larson G, Bradley DG (2014). "How Much Is That in Dog Years? The Advent of Canine Population Genomics" . _PLOS Genetics_. 10(#1): e1004093. doi
:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004093. PMC
3894154
. PMID
24453989
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Berns, G.S.; Brooks, A.M.; Spivak, M. (2012). Neuhauss, Stephan C.F (ed.). "Functional MRI in Awake Unrestrained Dogs" . _PLOS ONE_. 7 (#5): e38027. Bibcode :2012PLoSO...738027B. doi
:10.1371/journal.pone.0038027. PMC
3350478
. PMID
22606363
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Ostrander, Elaine A.; Wang, Guo-Dong; Larson, Greger; Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Davis, Brian W.; Jagannathan, Vidyha; Hitte, Christophe; Wayne, Robert K.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2019). "Dog10K: An international sequencing effort to advance studies of canine domestication, phenotypes, and health". _National Science
Review_. 6 (#4): 810–824. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwz049
. PMC
6776107
. PMID
31598383
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Axelsson, E.; Ratnakumar, A.; Arendt, M.L.; Maqbool, K.; Webster, M.T.; Perloski, M.; Liberg, O.; Arnemo, J.M.; Hedhammar, Å.; Lindblad-Toh, K. (2013). "The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet".
_Nature_. 495 (#7441): 360–364. Bibcode :2013Natur.495..360A. doi
:10.1038/nature11837. PMID
23354050
. S2CID
4415412
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ _E_ _F_ _G_ _H_ Dewey, T. and S. Bhagat. 2002. "Canis lupus familiaris, Animal
Diversity Web.
* ^ Why are different breeds of dogs all considered the same species? – Scientific AmericanArchived
10 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Nikhil Swaminathan. Accessed on 28 August 2016. * ^ Harper, Douglas. "canine". _Online Etymology
Dictionary _.
* ^ Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1995). "2-Origins of the dog". In Serpell,
James (ed.). _The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People_. Cambridge
University Press. pp. 7–20. ISBN
0521415292
.
* ^ Wayne, R. & Ostrander, Elaine A. (1999). "Origin, genetic diversity, and genome structure of the domestic dog". _BioEssays_. 21 (#3): 247–257. doi :10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199903)21:3<247::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z.
PMID 10333734
.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter(link )
* ^ Jackson, Stephen M.; Groves, Colin P.; Fleming, Peter J.S.; Aplin, KEN P.; Eldridge, Mark D.B.; Gonzalez, Antonio; Helgen, Kristofer M. (2017). "The Wayward Dog: Is the Australian native dog or Dingo a distinct species?" . _Zootaxa_. 4317 (#2): 201. doi :10.11646/zootaxa.4317.2.1.
* ^ Smith 2015, pp. xi–24 Chapter 1 – Bradley Smith * ^ Alvares, Francisco; Bogdanowicz, Wieslaw; Campbell, Liz A.D.; Godinho, Rachel; Hatlauf, Jennifer; Jhala, Yadvendradev V. ; Kitchener, Andrew C.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Krofel, Miha; Moehlman, Patricia D.; Senn, Helen; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Viranta, Suvi; Werhahn, Geraldine (2019). "Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations. CIBIO. Vairão, Portugal, 28th - 30th May 2019" (PDF). _IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group_. Retrieved 6 March 2020. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Lord, Kathryn A.; Larson, Greger; Coppinger, Raymond P.; Karlsson, Elinor K. (2020). "The History of Farm Foxes Undermines the Animal Domestication Syndrome" . _Trends in Ecology & Evolution_. 35 (#2): 125–136. doi :10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011. PMID
31810775
.
* ^ Castelló, J.R. (2018). "Ch.2 - Wolf-like Canids". _Canids of
the World: Wolves, Wild Dogs, Foxes, Jackals, Coyotes, and Their Relatives_. Princeton University Press. p. 74. ISBN
978-0-691-18372-5
.
* ^ Perri, Angela R.; Feuerborn, Tatiana R.; Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Larson, Greger; Malhi, Ripan S.; Meltzer, David J.; Witt, Kelsey E. (2021). "Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogsinto the Americas"
.
_Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences_. 118 (#6):
e2010083118. doi :10.1073/pnas.2010083118. PMID
33495362
. S2CID
231712420
. Advances in the
isolation and sequencing of ancient DNA that dogs were domesticated in Siberia by ∼23,000 y ago, possibly while both people and wolves were isolated during the harsh climate of the Last GlacialMaximum.
* ^ "World's Largest Dog" . Retrieved 7 January 2008. * ^ "Guinness World Records – Tallest Dog Living".
Guinness World Records. 31 August 2004. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2009. * ^ Nießner, Christine; Denzau, Susanne; Malkemper, Erich Pascal ; Gross, Julia Christina; Burda, Hynek; Winklhofer, Michael; Peichl, Leo (2016). "Cryptochrome 1 in Retinal Cone Photoreceptors Suggests a Novel Functional Role in Mammals". _Scientific
Reports_. 6: 21848. Bibcode :2016NatSR...621848N. doi
:10.1038/srep21848
. PMC
4761878
. PMID
26898837
.
* ^ Magnetoreception molecule found in the eyes of dogs and primatesArchived
23 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine MPI Brain Research, 22 February 2016 * ^ "You searched for UNP 0066" . _Alabama CooperativeExtension System_.
* ^ Cunliffe, Juliette (2004). "Coat Types, Colours and Markings". _The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds_. Paragon Publishing. pp. 20–23. ISBN 978-0-7525-8276-4.
* ^ King, Camille; Smith, Thomas J.; Grandin, Temple; Borchelt, Peter (2016). "Anxiety and impulsivity: Factors associated with premature graying in young dogs". _Applied Animal
Behaviour Science_. 185: 78–85. doi :10.1016/j.applanim.2016.09.013.
* ^ "The Case for Tail Docking".
Council of Docked Breeds. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 22October 2008.
* ^ Elliot, D.G., and M. Wong. 1972. "Acid phosphatase, handy enzyme that separates the dog from the wolf". _Acta Biologica et Medica Germanica_ 28:957–962 * ^ Mech, D.L. (1974). "_Canis lupus_" (PDF). _Mammalian Species_. 37 (#37): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3503924
. JSTOR
3503924 .
Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Serpell, James (1995). "Origins of the dog: domestication and early history". _The Domestic
Dog_ . Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-41529-3
.
* ^ Clutton-Brock, Juliet (1987). _A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals._ British Museum (Natural History), p. 24, ISBN0-521-34697-5
* ^ Janssens, L; Spanoghe, I; Miller, R; Van Dongen, S (2016). "Can orbital angle morphology distinguish dogs from wolves?". _Zoomorphology_.
135: 149–158. doi :10.1007/s00435-015-0294-3. PMC
4742516
. PMID
26893534
.
* ^ Rincon, Paul (8 April 2004), "Claws reveal wolf survival threat", _BBC News_,
retrieved 12 December 2014 * ^ Boitani & Mech 2003, p. 257. * ^ ACT, Walter Threlfall DVM MS PhD. "Canine estrous cycle and ovulation (Proceedings)".
* ^ "Wolf identification – Wisconsin DNR".
_dnr.wi.gov_. Archived from the originalon 30
October 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2017. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ Coppinger, Ray (2001). _Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution_. New York:
Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-85530-1.
* ^ Lopez, Barry (1978). _Of wolves and men_. New York: Scribner Classics. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-7432-4936-2.
* ^ Spady TC, Ostrander EA (January 2008). "Canine Behavioral Genetics: Pointing Out the Phenotypes and Herding up the Genes" . _American Journal of Human Genetics_. 82 (#1): 10–18. doi :10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.001. PMC
2253978
. PMID
18179880
.
* ^ "Plants poisonous to dogs".
_Sunset_.
* ^ Sources vary on which of these are considered the most significant toxic item. * ^ Murphy, L.A.; Coleman, A.E. (2012). "Xylitol Toxicosis in Dogs". _Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice_. 42 (#2): 307–312. doi :10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.12.003. PMID
22381181
.
* ^ "Toxic Foods and Plants for Dogs". entirelypets.com.
Retrieved 24 June 2010. * ^ Drs. Foster & Smith. "Foods to Avoid Feeding Your Dog".
peteducation.com. Archived from the originalon 15
September 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2010. * ^ Fogle, Bruce (1974). _Caring For Your Dog_. * ^ O'Neill, D.G.; Church, D.B.; McGreevy, P.D.; Thomson, P.C.; Brodbelt, D.C. (2013). "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England" (PDF). _The Veterinary Journal_. 198 (#3): 638–643. doi :10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020. PMID
24206631
.
* ^ "Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee" . 2004. Retrieved 5 July 2007. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Proschowsky, H.F.; H. Rugbjerg & A.K. Ersbell (2003). "Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark". _Preventive Veterinary Medicine_. 58 (#1–2): 63–74. doi :10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00010-2. PMID
12628771
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Michell AR (1999). "Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationships with sex, size, cardiovascular variables and disease". _The Veterinary Record_. 145 (#22): 625–629. doi :10.1136/vr.145.22.625. PMID
10619607
. S2CID
34557345
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ Compiled by Cassidy; K.M. "Dog Longevity Web Site, Breed Data page". Retrieved 8 July
2007.
* ^ Patronek GJ, Waters DJ, Glickman LT (1997). "Comparative longevity of pet dogs and humans: implications for gerontologyresearch" . _The
Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences_. 52 (#3): B171–178. doi :10.1093/gerona/52A.3.B171. PMID
9158552
.
* ^ Guinness World Records (ed.). "world's oldest dog".
* ^ _Guinness Book of Records_. Guinness Publishing Ltd. 1998. p. 240.Edition included both Bluey and Taffy. * ^ Concannon, P; Tsutsui, T; Shille, V (2001). "Embryo development, hormonal requirements and maternal responses during canine pregnancy". _Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Supplement_. 57: 169–179.PMID 11787146
.
* ^ "Dog Development – Embryology".
Php.med.unsw.edu.au. 16 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2013. * ^ "Gestation in dogs".
Archived from the originalon 3 June 2013.
Retrieved 24 March 2013. * ^ "HSUS Pet Overpopulation Estimates".
The Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved 22 October 2008. * ^ "Top 10 reasons to spay/neuter your pet" . American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Retrieved 16 May 2007. * ^ "Pets by the numbers". _The Humane
Society of the United States_. Retrieved 3 March 2021. * ^ Mahlow, Jane C. (1999). "Estimation of the proportions of dogs and cats that are surgically sterilized". _Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association_. 215 (#5): 640–643. PMID10476708
. Although the cause of pet overpopulation is multifaceted, the lack of owners choosing to spay or neuter their animals is a major contributing factor. * ^ Heidenberger, E; Unshelm, J (February 1990). "Changes in the behavior of dogs after castration". _Tierärztliche Praxis_ (in German). 18 (#1): 69–75. ISSN 0303-6286. PMID
2326799
.
* ^ Morrison, Wallace B. (1998). _Cancer in Dogs and Cats (1st ed.)_. Williams and Wilkins. ISBN978-0-683-06105-5
.
* ^ Arnold S (1997). "". _Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde_ (in German). 139 (#6): 271–276. PMID 9411733.
* ^ Johnston, SD; Kamolpatana, K; Root-Kustritz, MV; Johnston, GR (July 2000). "Prostatic disorders in the dog". _Anim. Reprod. Sci. _ 60–61: 405–415. doi :10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00101-9. ISSN
0378-4320
. PMID
10844211
.
* ^ Root-Kustritz MV (December 2007). "Determining the optimal age for gonadectomy of dogs and cats". _JAVMA_. 231 (#11): 1665–1675. doi :10.2460/javma.231.11.1665. ISSN
0003-1488
. PMID
18052800
.
* ^ Leroy G (2011). "Genetic diversity, inbreeding and breeding practices in dogs: results from pedigree analyses". _Vet. J_. 189 (#2): 177–182. doi :10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.06.016. PMID
21737321
.
* ^ Charlesworth D, Willis JH (2009). "The genetics of inbreedingdepression"
.
_Nat. Rev. Genet_. 10 (#11): 783–796. doi:10.1038/nrg2664
. PMID
19834483
. S2CID
771357
.
* ^ Bernstein H, Hopf FA, Michod RE (1987). "The molecular basis of the evolution of sex". _Molecular Genetics of Development_. _Adv. Genet_. Advances in Genetics. 24. pp. 323–370. doi :10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7. ISBN
978-0-12-017624-3
. PMID
3324702
.
* ^ Leroy G, Phocas F, Hedan B, Verrier E, Rognon X (2015). "Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected caninebreeds"
(PDF). _Vet. J_. 203 (#1): 74–78. doi :10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008. PMID
25475165
.
* ^ Gresky C, Hamann H, Distl O (2005). "". _Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr._ (in German). 118 (#3–4): 134–139. PMID 15803761.
* ^ van der Beek S, Nielen AL, Schukken YH, Brascamp EW (1999). "Evaluation of genetic, common-litter, and within-litter effects on preweaning mortality in a birth cohort of puppies". _Am. J. Vet. Res_. 60 (#9): 1106–1110. PMID 10490080.
* ^ Pilley, John (2013). _Chaser: Unlocking the genius of the dog who knows a thousand words_. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN
9780544102576
.
* ^ "Your Dog May Be Smart, but She's Not Exceptional".
Retrieved 11 October 2018. * ^ "Why your dog is not as clever as you thought".
_The Telegraph_. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2020. * ^ Piotti, Patrizia; Kaminski, Juliane (10 August 2016). "Do Dogs Provide Information Helpfully?" . _PLOS ONE_. 11 (#8): e0159797. Bibcode :2016PLoSO..1159797P. doi
:10.1371/journal.pone.0159797. ISSN
1932-6203
. PMC
4980001
. PMID
27508932
.
* ^ Smith, B.; Litchfield, C. (2010). "How well do dingoes (_Canis dingo_) perform on the detour task".
_Animal Behaviour_. 80: 155–162. doi :10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.04.017. S2CID
53153703
.
* ^ Miklósi, A; Kubinyi, E; Topál, J; Gácsi, M; Virányi, Z; Csányi, V (April 2003). "A simple reason for a big difference: wolves do not look back at humans, but dogs do". _Curr Biol_. 13 (#9): 763–766. doi :10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00263-X. PMID
12725735
. S2CID
10200094
.
* ^ Levitis, Daniel A.; Lidicker, William Z. Jr.; Freund, Glenn (June 2009). "Behavioural biologists do not agree on what constitutesbehaviour"
(PDF). _Animal Behaviour_. 78 (#1): 103–110. doi :10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.03.018. PMC
2760923
. PMID
20160973
.
* ^ Tomasello, M.; Kaminski, J. (2009). "Like Infant, Like Dog". _Science_. 325 (#5945): 1213–1214. doi :10.1126/science.1179670. PMID
19729645
. S2CID
206522649
.
* ^ Serpell J, Duffy D. Dog Breeds and Their Behavior. In: Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014 * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ _E_ Cagan, Alex; Blass, Torsten (2016). "Identification of genomic variants putatively targeted by selection during dog domestication". _BMC Evolutionary
Biology_. 16: 10. doi :10.1186/s12862-015-0579-7. PMC
4710014
. PMID
26754411
.
* ^ Almada RC, Coimbra NC. Recruitment of striatonigral disinhibitory and nigrotectal inhibitory GABAergic pathways during the organization of defensive behavior by mice in a dangerous environment with the venomous snake _Bothrops alternatus_ Synapse 2015:n/a–n/a * ^ Coppinger R, Schneider R: Evolution of working dogs. The domestic dog: Its evolution, behaviour and interactions with people. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1995. * ^ vonHoldt, Bridgett M.; Shuldiner, Emily; Koch, Ilana Janowitz; Kartzinel, Rebecca Y.; Hogan, Andrew; Brubaker, Lauren; Wanser, Shelby; Stahler, Daniel; Wynne, Clive D.L.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Sinsheimer, Janet S.; Udell, Monique A.R. (1 July 2017). "Structural variants in genes associated with human Williams-Beuren syndrome underlie stereotypical hypersociability in domestic dogs" . _Science Advances_. 3 (#7): e1700398. Bibcode :2017SciA....3E0398V. doi
:10.1126/sciadv.1700398. PMC
5517105
. PMID
28776031
.
* ^ Bridgett M. von Holdt; Emily Shuldiner; Ilana Janowitz Koch; Rebecca Y. Kartzinel; Andrew Hogan; Lauren Brubaker; Shelby Wanser; Daniel Stahler; Clive D.L. Wynne ; Elaine A. Ostrander; Janet S. Sinsheimer; Monique A.R. Udell (19 July 2017). "Structural variants in genes associated with human Williams-Beuren syndrome underlie stereotypical hypersociability in domestic dogs" . _Science Advances_. 3 (#7): e1700398. Bibcode :2017SciA....3E0398V. doi
:10.1126/sciadv.1700398. PMC
5517105
. PMID
28776031
.
* ^ Mira Abed (21 July 2017). "Scientists find key 'friendliness' genes that distinguish dogs from wolves".
_Los Angeles Times_. * ^ Coren, Stanley _How To Speak Dog: Mastering the Art of Dog-Human Communication_, 2000 Simon & Schuster, New York. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Young, Julie K.; Olson, Kirk A.; Reading, Richard P.; Amgalanbaatar, Sukh; Berger, Joel (1 February 2011). "Is Wildlife Going to the Dogs? Impacts of Feral and Free-roaming Dogs on Wildlife Populations".
_BioScience _. 61 (#2): 125–132. doi :10.1525/bio.2011.61.2.7. ISSN
0006-3568
. S2CID
6673698
.
* ^ Daniels, Thomas; Bekoff, Marc (27 November 1989). "Population and Social Biology of Free-Ranging Dogs, Canis familiaris".
_Ecology Collection_. * ^ Hughes, Joelene; MacDonald, David W. (2013). "A review of the interactions between free-roaming domestic dogs and wildlife". _Biological Conservation_. 157: 341–351. doi :10.1016/j.biocon.2012.07.005.
* ^ Gompper, Matthew E. (2013). "Ch.1-The dog–human–wildlife interface: assessing the scope of the problem". In Gompper,
Matthew E (ed.). _Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation_. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN978-0-19-181018-3
.
* ^ Laveaux, C.J. & King of Prussia, F (1789). _The life of Frederick the Second, King of Prussia: To which are added observations, Authentic Documents, and a Variety of Anecdotes_. J.Derbett London.
* ^ Ortolani, A (2009). "Ethiopian village dogs: Behavioural responses to a stranger's approach". _Applied Animal Behaviour Science_. 119 (#3–4): 210–218. doi :10.1016/j.applanim.2009.03.011.
* ^ Udell, M.A.R.; Dorey, N.R.; Wynne, C.D.L. (2010). "What did domestication do to dogs? A new account of dogs' sensitivity to human actions". _Biological Reviews_. 85 (#2): 327–345. CiteSeerX10.1.1.483.3002
. doi
:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00104.x. PMID
19961472
. S2CID
11627064
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ Lescureux, Nicolas; Linnell, John D.C. (2014). "Warring brothers: The complex interactions between wolves (_Canis lupus_) and dogs (_Canis familiaris_) in a conservation context". _Biological Conservation_. 171: 232–245. doi :10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.032.
* ^ Vanak, A.T., Dickman, C.R., Silva-Rodriguez, E.A., Butler, J.R.A., Ritchie, E.G., 2014. Top-dogs and under-dogs: competition between dogs and sympatric carnivores. In: Gompper, M.E. (ed.), Free-Ranging Dogs and Wildlife Conservation. Oxford University Press,Oxford, pp. 69–93
* ^ Boitani & Mech 2003, pp. 259–264. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Boitani & Mech 2003, pp. 305–306. * ^ Graves, Will (2007). _Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout theages_
.
Calgary: Detselig Enterprises. p. 222. ISBN978-1-55059-332-7
. Archived from the
original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved13 June 2008.
* ^ Kojola, I.; Ronkainen, S.; Hakala, A.; Heikkinen, S.; Kokko, S. "Interactions between wolves _Canis lupus_ and dogs _C. familiaris_ in Finland". Nordic Council for Wildlife Research. Cite journal requires|journal= (help )
* ^ Scott, Jonathan; Scott, Angela (2006). _Big Cat Diary: Leopard_. London: Collins. p. 108. ISBN978-0-00-721181-4
.
* ^ Perry, Richard (1965). _The World of the Tiger_. p. 260. ASIN:B0007DU2IU.
* ^ "Striped Hyaena _Hyaena (Hyaena) hyaena_ (Linnaeus, 1758)".
IUCN Species Survival Commission Hyaenidae Specialist Group. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2008. * ^ Marc Bekoff; Dale Jamieson (2006). "Ethics and the Study ofCarnivores" .
_Animal passions and beastly virtues_. Temple
University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-348-2.
* ^ Hazard, Evan B. (1982). "Order Carnivora". _The
mammals of Minnesota_. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN978-0-8166-0952-9
.
* ^ S.G. Pierzynowski; R. Zabielski (1999). _Biology of the pancreasin growing animals_
. Volume 28
of Developments in animal and veterinary sciences. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 417. ISBN 978-0-444-50217-9.
* ^ National Research Council (U.S.). Ad Hoc Committee on Dog and Cat Nutrition (2006). _Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats_. National
Academies Press. p. 137. ISBN978-0-309-08628-8
.
* ^ Smith, Cheryl S. (2008). "Chapter 6: Omnivores Together". _Grab Life
by the Leash: A Guide to Bringing Up and Bonding with Your Four-LeggedFriend_ . John
Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-17882-9.
* ^ Pajic, Petar; Pavlidis, Pavlos; Dean, Kirsten; Neznanova, Lubov; Romano, Rose-Anne; Garneau, Danielle; Daugherity, Erin; Globig, Anja; Ruhl, Stefan; Gokcumen, Omer (14 May 2019). "Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals". _eLife_. 8. doi
:10.7554/eLife.44628. PMC
6516957
. PMID
31084707
. Lay summary
.
* ^ Fascetti, Andrea J.; Delaney, Sean J., eds. (2012). "7". _Applied
Veterinary Clinical Nutrition_ (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-813-80657-0.
* ^ Hung, H.; Carson, Mike T.; Bellwood, Peter; et al. (2011). "The first settlement of Remote Oceania: The Philippines to the Marianas" . _Antiquity_. 85 (#329): 909–926. doi :10.1017/S0003598X00068393.
* ^ Osborne, Douglas (1966). _The archaeology of the Palau Islands_. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. 230. p. 29. ISBN978-0-910240-58-1
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Urban, Manfred (1961). _Die Haustiere der Polynesier_. Göttingen: Häntzschel. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (February 2015). "Ancient DNA and the human settlement of the Pacific: A review". _Journal of Human Evolution_. 79: 93–104. doi :10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.017. PMID
25556846
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ Forster, Johann Reinhold (1778). _Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World_. p. 188.
* ^ Sharp, Andrew (1964). _Ancient Voyagers in Polynesia_. Berkeley:
University of California Press. p. 120.
* ^ "Pitcairn's Island". _The Asiatic
Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia_. 10: 38. 1820. * ^ "Did you know that dogs are banned from Antarctica?",
_South Pole 1911-2011_ * ^ _The Complete dog book: the photograph, history, and official standard of every breed admitted to AKC registration, and the selection, training, breeding, care, and feeding of pure-bred dogs_. New York: Howell
Book House. 1992. ISBN 978-0-87605-464-2.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Miklósi, Adám (2007). _Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition_. Oxford University
Press. pp. 95–136. doi :10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.001.0001.
ISBN 978-0-19-929585-2.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert (29 June 2002). "China's taste for the exotic".
_BBC News_.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ "Vietnam's dog meat tradition". _BBC News_. 31
December 2001.
* ^ Groves, Colin (1999). "The Advantages and Disadvantages of Being Domesticated". _Perspectives in Human Biology_. 4: 1–12. ISSN1038-5762
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ Tacon, Paul; Pardoe, Colin (2002). "Dogs make us human". _Nature Australia_. 27 (#4): 52–61. * ^ Ruusila, Vesa; Pesonen, Mauri (2004). "Interspecific cooperation in human (_Homo sapiens_) hunting: the benefits of a barking dog (_Canis familiaris_)" (PDF). _Annales Zoologici Fennici_. 41 (#4): 545–549. * ^ Newby, Jonica (1997). _The Pact for Survival_. Sydney: ABC Books. ISBN 978-0-7333-0581-8.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _A History of Dogs in the Early Americas_, Marion Schwartz, 1998, 260 p., ISBN978-0-300-07519-9
, Yale University Press * ^ "UMaine Student Finds Oldest Known Domesticated Dog in Americas".
_Umaine.edu_. The University of Maine – UMaine News. 11 January 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2013. * ^ Derr, Mark (2004). _A dogs history of America_. North PointPress. p. 12
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Derr, Mark (1997). _Dog's Best Friend_. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-14280-7
.
* ^ Franklin, A (2006). "Beware of the Dog: a post-humanist approach to housing". _Housing, Theory and Society_. 23 (#3): 137–156. doi :10.1080/14036090600813760. ISSN
1403-6096
. S2CID
143444937
.
* ^ Harper, Douglas. "doghouse". _Online Etymology
Dictionary _.
* ^ Katz, Jon (2003). _The New Work of Dogs_. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 978-0-375-76055-6.
* ^ Haraway, Donna (2003). _The Companion Species manifesto: Dogs, People and Significant Otherness_. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. ISBN 978-0-9717575-8-5.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ _E_ Power, Emma (2008). "Furry Families: Making a Human-Dog Family through Home". _Social and Cultural Geography_. 9 (#5): 535–555. doi :10.1080/14649360802217790. S2CID
145660837
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ Nast, Heidi J. (2006). "Loving ... Whatever: Alienation, Neoliberalism and Pet-Love in the Twenty-First Century". _ACME: An International e-Journal for Critical Geographies_. 5 (#2): 300–327. ISSN 1492-9732.
* ^ "A Brief History of Dog Training".
_Dog Zone_. 3 June 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2010. * ^ Jackson Schebetta, Lisa (2009). "Mythologies and Commodifications of Dominion in The Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan". _Journal for Critical Animal Studies_. 7 (#1): 107–131. ISSN1948-352X
.
* ^ Bradshaw, John; Blackwell, Emily J.; Casey, Rachel A. (2009). "Dominance in domestic dogs: useful construct or bad habit?" (PDF). _Journal of Veterinary Behavior_. 4 (#3): 135–144. doi :10.1016/j.jveb.2008.08.004. Archived from the
original
(PDF) on 27 August 2010. * ^ Tannen, Deborah (2004). "Talking the Dog: Framing Pets as Interactional Resources in Family Discourse". _Research on Language and Social Interaction_. 37 (#4): 399–420. doi :10.1207/s15327973rlsi3704_1. ISSN
1532-7973
. S2CID
53406927
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ "U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics".
Retrieved 24 June 2010. * ^ James Edgar (21 February 2014). "Dogs and humans respond tovoices in same way"
.
_The Daily Telegraph_. London. * ^ Williams, Tully (2007). _Working Sheep Dogs_. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09343-0.
* ^ Vikki Fenton, The use of dogs in search, rescue and recovery,
_Journal of Wilderness Medicine_ Vol. 3, Issue 3, August 1992, pp.292–300.
* ^ John J. Ensminger, _Police and Military Dogs: Criminal Detection, Forensic Evidence, and Judicial Admissibility_ (CRC Press,2012).
* ^ Philip Shernomay, Dogs Take Their Place in Arsenal AgainstChemical Attack
,
_New York Times_ (13 May 2003). * ^ Alex Wellerstein (3 November 2017). "Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero".
_New Yorker_.
* ^ Solovyov, Dmitry; Pearce, Tim (ed.) (11 April 2008). "Russia fetes dog Laika, first earthling in space".
_Reuters _.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
* ^ Audrestch, Hilary M.; Whelan, Chantelle T.; Grice, David; Asher, Lucy; England, Gary C.W.; Freeman, Sarah L. (2015). "Recognizing the value of assistance dogs in society" (PDF). _Disability and Health Journal_. 8 (#4): 469–474. doi :10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.07.001. PMID
26364936
. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2018. * ^ Walther, S.; Yamamoto, M.; Thigpen, A.P.; Garcia, A.; Willits, N.H.; Hart, L.A. (2017). "Assistance Dogs: Historic Patterns and Roles of Dogs Placed by ADI or IGDF Accredited Facilities and by Non-Accredited U.S. Facilities". _Frontiers in
Veterinary Science_. 4: 1. doi :10.3389/fvets.2017.00001. PMC
5243836
. PMID
28154816
.
* ^ Dalziel DJ, Uthman BM, Mcgorray SP, Reep RL (2003). "Seizure-alert dogs: a review and preliminary study". _Seizure_. 12 (#2): 115–120. doi :10.1016/S105913110200225X. PMID
12566236
. S2CID
2413847
.
* ^ "A Beginner's Guide to Dog Shows". American
Kennel Club. Retrieved 30 October 2008. * ^ Kim Kavin (3 May 2016). _The Dog Merchants: Inside the Big Business of Breeders, Pet Stores, and Rescuers_.
Simon and Schuster . ISBN978-1-68177-170-0
.
* ^ Anna Bueno (6 January 2017). "The legal and cultural implications of killing a dog for film".
_CNN Philippines _.
* ^ Simoons, Frederick J. (1994). _Eat not this flesh: food avoidances from prehistory to the present_ (second ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 208–212. ISBN978-0-299-14254-4
.
* ^ "How many dogs and cats are eaten in Asia?".
Animalpeoplenews.org. Archived from the originalon
25 January 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012. * ^ "China bans dog meat at infamous Yulin festival".
_The Independent_. Retrieved 11 October 2018. * ^ Dai, WangYun (14 February 2018). "7,000 Years of the Dog: A History of China's Canine Companions".
_Sixth Tone_. Retrieved 12 April 2019. * ^ Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979). _Unmentionable Cuisine_. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 173. ISBN
978-0-8139-1162-5
.
* ^ "Poland prosecutors probe dog lard sale".
_United Press International _. 10August 2009.
* ^ Day, Matthew (7 August 2009). "Polish couple accused of makingdog meat delicacy"
.
London: Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2010. * ^ Ayzirek Imanaliyeva (13 August 2020). "Fighting COVID in Kyrgyzstan: Dog fat, ginger and bloodletting".
_Eurasianet _. Retrieved 11 December 2020. * ^ "Dog meat restaurants spring up in Uzbekistan".
Uznews.net . 2009. Archived from the originalon
16 June 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2012. * ^ William Saletan (16 January 2002). "Wok The Dog – What's wrong with eating man's best friend?" . _Slate_. Retrieved 23 July 2007. * ^ "Korea dog meat campaigners accused of hypocrisy".
_The Straits Times , Agence France-Presse _. 27 December 2017. * ^ Ahmed Zihni (2004). "Dog Meat Dilemma".
Stony Brook University - The Program in Writing and Rhetoric. Archived from the original on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2008. * ^ John Feffer (2 June 2002). "The Politics of Dog – When globalization and culinary practice clash". _The American
Prospect _. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 11 May 2007. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Pettid, Michael J., _Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History_, London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2008, 25. ISBN1-86189-348-5
* ^ _WHO expert consultation on rabies: First report_, WHO Technical Report Series, 931, World Health Organisation, 2005 * ^ "Home & Recreational Safety – Dog Bites". Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 27
January 2015. citing Gilchrist J.; Sacks J.J.; White, D.; Kresnow, M.J. (2008). "Dog Bites: Still a Problem?". _Injury Prevention_. 14 (#5): 296–301. doi :10.1136/ip.2007.016220. PMID
18836045
. S2CID
8417910
.
* ^ Jeffrey J Sacks; Marcie-jo Kresnow; Barbara Houston. "Dog bites:how big a problem?"
(PDF): 53.
Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ "Dog bites have risen in number and severitysince the 1980s"
.
Kenneth M. Phillips, Dogbitelaw.com. Retrieved 26 February 2019. * ^ Whitcomb, Rachael (1 July 2009). "Study: Chihuahuas bite vets most; Lhaso Apsos inflict worst injuries".
_DVM Newsmagazine_. Retrieved 15 February 2013. * ^ Weiss, HB; Friedman, DI; Coben, JH (1998). "Incidence of dog bite injuries treated in emergency departments" . _JAMA_. 279 (#1): 51–53. doi :10.1001/jama.279.1.51. PMID
9424044
.
* ^ Tierney, DM; Strauss, LP; Sanchez, JL (2006). "Capnocytophaga canimorsus Mycotic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Why the Mailman IsAfraid of Dogs" .
_Journal of Clinical Microbiology_. 44 (#2): 649–651. doi :10.1128/JCM.44.2.649-651.2006. PMC
1392675
. PMID
16455937
.
* ^ "Mail campaign over dog attacks". _BBC News_.
11 August 2005.
* ^ "Injury Prevention Bulletin" (PDF). Northwest Territories Health and Social Services. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2010. * ^ Bewley, BR (1985). "Medical hazards from dogs". _British Medical
Journal_. 291 (#6498): 760–761. doi :10.1136/bmj.291.6498.760. PMC
1417177
. PMID
3929930
.
* ^ Huh, Sun; Lee, Sooung (20 August 2008). "Toxocariasis". Medscape.com.
Retrieved 15 February 2013.* ^ "Toxocariasis"
.
_Kids' Health_. The Nemours Foundation. 2010. Retrieved 12 February2010.
* ^ Johnson, Kate (May 2002). "Parasites in pet feces cause puzzlinginfections"
.
Pediatric News. Archived from the originalon
7 July 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2009. * ^ Chiodo, Paula; Basualdo, Juan; Ciarmela, Laura; Pezzani, Betina; Apezteguía, María; Minvielle, Marta (2006). "Related factors to human toxocariasis in a rural community of Argentina". _Memórias do
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz_. 101 (#4): 397–400. doi :10.1590/S0074-02762006000400009. PMID
16951810
.
* ^ Talaizadeh, A.H.; Maraghi2, S.; Jelowdar, A.; Peyvasteh, M. (October–December 2007). "Human toxocariasis: A report of 3 cases".
_Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences Quarterly_. 23 (#5). Part I.* ^ "Dog fouling"
.
UK: Woking Borough Council. Archived from the originalon
15 July 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2010. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ McNicholas, June; Gilbey, Andrew; Rennie, Ann; Ahmedzai, Sam; Dono, Jo-Ann; Ormerod, Elizabeth (2005). "Pet ownership and human health: A brief review of evidence and issues" . _BMJ_. 331 (#7527): 1252–1254. doi :10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1252. PMC
1289326
. PMID
16308387
.
* ^ Podberscek, A.L. (2006). "Positive and Negative Aspects of Our Relationship with Companion Animals".
_Veterinary Research Communications_. 30 (#1): 21–27. doi :10.1007/s11259-006-0005-0. S2CID
43327044
.
* ^ Winefield, Helen R.; Black, Anne; Chur-Hansen, Anna (2008). "Health effects of ownership of and attachment to companion animals in an older population".
_International Journal of Behavioral Medicine_. 15 (#4): 303–310. doi :10.1080/10705500802365532. PMID
19005930
. S2CID
30808366
.
* ^ Headey B. (1999). "Health benefits and health cost savings due to pets: preliminary estimates from an Australian national survey".
_Social Indicators Research_. 47 (#2): 233–243. doi :10.1023/A:1006892908532. S2CID
142618092
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Serpell J (1991). "Beneficial effects of pet ownership on some aspects of human health and behaviour". _Journal of the
Royal Society of Medicine_. 84 (#12): 717–20. doi :10.1177/014107689108401208. PMC
1295517
. PMID
1774745
.
* ^ Friedmann E, Thomas SA (1995). "Pet ownership, social support, and one-year survival after acute myocardial infarction in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST)". _The American Journal of Cardiology_. 76 (#17): 1213–1217. doi :10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80343-9. PMID
7502998
.
* ^ Wilson CC (1991). "The pet as an anxiolytic intervention". _The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease_. 179 (#8): 482–489. doi :10.1097/00005053-199108000-00006. PMID
1856711
. S2CID
22321266
.
* ^ McNicholas, J.; Collis, G. M. (2006). "Animals as social supports: Insights for understanding animal assisted therapy". In Fine, Aubrey H. (ed.). _Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice_. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 49–71. ISBN978-0-12-369484-3
.
* ^ Eddy J, Hart LA, Boltz RP (1988). "The effects of service dogs on social acknowledgments of people in wheelchairs". _The Journal of Psychology_. 122 (#1): 39–45. doi :10.1080/00223980.1988.10542941. PMID
2967371
.
* ^ Wood, Lisa; Martin, Karen; Christian, Hayley; Nathan, Andrea; Lauritsen, Claire; Houghton, Steve; Kawachi, Ichiro; McCune, Sandra (2015). "The Pet Factor – Companion Animals as a Conduit for Getting to Know People, Friendship Formation and Social Support" . _PLOS ONE_. 10 (#4): e0122085. Bibcode :2015PLoSO..1022085W. doi
:10.1371/journal.pone.0122085. PMC
4414420
. PMID
25924013
.
* ^ Kruger, K.A. & Serpell, J.A. (2006). Animal-assisted interventions in mental health: Definitions and theoretical foundations, In Fine, A.H. (ed.), Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. San Diego, CA, Academic Press: 21–38. ISBN 0-12-369484-1 * ^ Batson, K.; McCabe, B.; Baun, M.M.; Wilson, C. (1998). "The effect of a therapy dog on socialization and psychological indicators of stress in persons diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease". In Turner, Dennis C.; Wilson, Cindy C. (eds.). _Companion animals in human health_. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. pp. 203–215. ISBN978-0-7619-1061-9
.
* ^ Katcher, A.H.; Wilkins, G.G. (2006). "The Centaur's Lessons: Therapeutic education through care of animals and nature study". In Fine, Aubrey H. (ed.). _Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice_. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 153–177. ISBN978-0-12-369484-3
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ _E_ _F_ _G_ _H_ _I_ _J_ _K_ "Glossary" . _American KennelClub_.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ _D_ _E_ _F_ _G_ _H_ Sherman, Josepha (2008). _Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore_. Sharpe Reference. pp. 118–121. ISBN978-0-7656-8047-1
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ _C_ Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). _Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An IllustratedDictionary_ .
The British Museum Press. pp. 70, 101. ISBN978-0-7141-1705-8
.
* ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ Mallory, James P. ; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). _Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World_. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 439. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ West, Martin Litchfield (2007). _Indo-European Poetry and Myth_. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 392. ISBN978-0-19-928075-9
.
* ^ "Indian Myth and Legend: Chapter III. Yama, the First Man, andKing of the Dead" .
Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 4 July 2013. * ^ _Fodor's Essential India: with Delhi, Rajasthan, Mumbai, andKerala_
.
Random House LLC. 2013. ISBN978-0-89141-944-0
. Retrieved 13 May 2014. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ ""Hounds of the Lord": The Little-Known Meaning of the Dominican Dog".
ChurchPOP. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017. * ^ Dyer, Thomas Firminger Thiselton (1898). _The Ghost World_. Ward & Downey. pp. 125–126. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ "Judaism & The Treatment of Animals".
_Jewish Virtual Library_. * ^ Khaled Abou El Fadl (2004). "Dogs in the Islamic Tradition and Nature". _Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature_. New York: Scholar ofthe House.
* ^ Coren, Stanley (23 March 2010). "Dogs and Islam: The Devil andthe Seeing-Eye Dog"
.
_Psychology Today_. Psychology Today. Retrieved 26 May 2014. * ^ "Animal Symbolism in Art and Culture".
_www.incredibleart.org_. * ^ Jump up to: _A_ _B_ "Dogs Have Their Day: AKC Dog Museum OpensIn New York City"
.
_NPR.org_. Retrieved 11 February 2019.BIBLIOGRAPHY
* Miklósi, Adám (2007). _Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition_. Oxford University
Press. doi
:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.001.0001.
ISBN 978-0-19-929585-2.
* Smith, Bradley, ed. (2015). _The Dingo Debate: Origins, Behaviourand Conservation_ .
CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia. ISBN978-1-4863-0030-3
.
* Boitani, Luigi; Mech, L. David (2003). _Wolves: Behavior, Ecology,and Conservation_ .
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 482. ISBN
978-0-226-51696-7
. OCLC
904338888
.
FURTHER READING
* Alexandra Horowitz (2016). _Being a Dog: Following the Dog Into a World of Smell_. Scribner. ISBN978-1476795997
.
EXTERNAL LINKS
DOGat Wikipedia's sister projects * Definitions from Wiktionary * Media from WikimediaCommons
* News from
Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote* Texts
from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks* Taxonomy
from
Wikispecies
* Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliographyfor
_Canis lupus familiaris_ * Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) – World CanineOrganisation
* Dogs in the Ancient World , an article on the history ofdogs
* View the dog genomeon Ensembl
hide
* v
* t
* e
Dogs
BEHAVIOR
* Barking
* Communication
* Human–canine bond* Intelligence
* Dog–cat relationshipHEALTH
* Aging
* Anatomy
* Coat
* Conformation
* Diseases
* Dog food
* Odor
* Rabies
* Reproduction
* Skin disorders
* Vaccination
TRAINING
* Clicker
* Crate training
* Training
* Housebreaking
* Socialization
TYPES
* African village dogs* Bichons
* Bulldogs
* Curs
* Dogos
* Feists
* Hairless dogs
* Herding dogs
* Hounds
* Scenthounds
* Sighthounds
* Laikas
* Livestock guardian dogs* Mastiffs
* Pinschers
* Pointers
* Retrievers
* Setters
* Schnauzers
* Spaniels
* Spitz
* Street dogs
* Terriers
* Water dogs
* Wolfdogs
BREEDS
* List of breeds
* List of crossbreeds* Breeding
* Mixed-breed dogs
* Crossbreeds
* Extinct breeds
* Most popular
* Pure breeds
ROLES
* Assistance dogs
* Attack dogs
* Bay dogs
* Catch dogs
* Companion dogs
* Detection dogs
* Fighting dogs
* Guard dogs
* Guide dogs
* Gun dogs
* Hearing dogs
* Herding dog
* Hunting dogs
* Lap dogs
* Meat dogs
* Mercy dog
* Pet dogs
* Police dogs
* Search and rescue dogs* Sled dogs
* Therapy dogs
* Toy dogs
* Turnspit dogs
* War dogs
Human–dog
interaction
* Animal testing
* Baiting
* Breed-specific legislation* Dog attack
* Dog fighting
* Dog park
* Human-canine bond
* Dog sports
* Dog walking
* Dog daycare
* Dog grooming
* Famous dogs
* Therapy
* Fear of dogs
* Dog licence
* Dog meat
* Dog food
* dog biscuit
* 2007 recalls
* Dogs in religion
* Dogs in space
* Origin of the domestic dog* Category
show
* v
* t
* e
Extant Carnivora species* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Mammalia
* Infraclass: Eutheria * Superorder: Laurasiatheriashow
Suborder Feliformia
NANDINIIDAE
_NANDINIA _
* African palm civet (_N. binotata_)Herpestidae
(Mongooses)
_ATILAX _
* Marsh mongoose (_A. paludinosus_)_BDEOGALE _
* Bushy-tailed mongoose (_B. crassicauda_) * Jackson's mongoose (_B. jacksoni_) * Black-footed mongoose (_B. nigripes_)_CROSSARCHUS _
* Alexander's kusimanse (_C. alexandri_) * Angolan kusimanse (_C. ansorgei_) * Common kusimanse (_C. obscurus_) * Flat-headed kusimanse (_C. platycephalus_)_CYNICTIS _
* Yellow mongoose (_C. penicillata_)_DOLOGALE _
* Pousargues's mongoose (_D. dybowskii_)_GALERELLA _
* Angolan slender mongoose (_G. flavescens_) * Black mongoose (_G. nigrata_) * Somalian slender mongoose (_G. ochracea_) * Cape gray mongoose (_G. pulverulenta_) * Slender mongoose (_G. sanguinea_)_HELOGALE _
* Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (_H. hirtula_) * Common dwarf mongoose (_H. parvula_)_HERPESTES _
* Short-tailed mongoose (_H. brachyurus_) * Indian grey mongoose (_H. edwardsii_) * Indian brown mongoose (_H. fuscus_) * Egyptian mongoose (_H. ichneumon_) * Javan mongoose (_H. javanicus_) * Long-nosed mongoose (_H. naso_) * Collared mongoose (_H. semitorquatus_) * Ruddy mongoose (_H. smithii_) * Crab-eating mongoose (_H. urva_) * Stripe-necked mongoose (_H. vitticollis_)_ICHNEUMIA _
* White-tailed mongoose (_I. albicauda_)_LIBERIICTUS _
* Liberian mongoose (_L. kuhni_)_MUNGOS _
* Gambian mongoose (_M. gambianus_) * Banded mongoose (_M. mungo_)_PARACYNICTIS _
* Selous' mongoose (_P. selousi_)_RHYNCHOGALE _
* Meller's mongoose (_R. melleri_)_SURICATA _
* Meerkat (_S. suricatta_)Hyaenidae
(Hyenas)
_CROCUTA _
* Spotted hyena (_C. crocuta_)_HYAENA _
* Brown hyena (_H. brunnea_) * Striped hyena (_H. hyaena_)_PROTELES _
* Aardwolf (_P. cristatus_)FELIDAE
Large family listed belowVIVERRIDAE
Large family listed belowEUPLERIDAE
Small family listed belowshow
Family Felidae
FELINAE
_ACINONYX _
* Cheetah (_A. jubatus_)_CARACAL _
* Caracal (_C. caracal_) * African golden cat (_C. aurata_)_CATOPUMA _
* Bay cat (_C. badia_) * Asian golden cat (_C. temminckii_)_FELIS _
* European wildcat (_F. silvestris_) * African wildcat (_F. lybica_) * Jungle cat (_F. chaus_) * Black-footed cat (_F. nigripes_) * Sand cat (_F. margarita_) * Chinese mountain cat (_F. bieti_) * Domestic cat (_F. catus_)_HERPAILURUS _
* Jaguarundi (_H. yagouaroundi_)_LEOPARDUS _
* Ocelot (_L. pardalis_) * Margay (_L. wiedii_) * Pampas cat (_L. colocola_) * Geoffroy's cat (_L. geoffroyi_) * Kodkod (_L. guigna_) * Andean mountain cat (_L. jacobita_) * Oncilla (_L. tigrinus_) * Southern tigrina (_L. guttulus_)_LEPTAILURUS _
* Serval (_L. serval_)_LYNX _
* Canada lynx (_L. canadensis_) * Eurasian lynx (_L. lynx_) * Iberian lynx (_L. pardinus_) * Bobcat (_L. rufus_)_OTOCOLOBUS _
* Pallas's cat (_O. manul_)_PARDOFELIS _
* Marbled cat (_P. marmorata_)_PRIONAILURUS _
* Fishing cat (_P. viverrinus_) * Leopard cat (_P. bengalensis_) * Sunda leopard cat (_P. javanensis_) * Flat-headed cat (_P. planiceps_) * Rusty-spotted cat (_P. rubiginosus_)_PUMA _
* Cougar (_P. concolor_)PANTHERINAE
_PANTHERA _
* Lion (_P. leo_)
* Jaguar (_P. onca_) * Leopard (_P. pardus_) * Tiger (_P. tigris_) * Snow leopard (_P. uncia_)_NEOFELIS _
* Clouded leopard (_N. nebulosa_) * Sunda clouded leopard (_N. diardi_)show
Family Viverridae
PARADOXURINAE
_ARCTICTIS _
* Binturong (_A. binturong_)_ARCTOGALIDIA _
* Small-toothed palm civet (_A. trivirgata_)_MACROGALIDIA _
* Sulawesi palm civet (_M. musschenbroekii_)_PAGUMA _
* Masked palm civet (_P. larvata_)_PARADOXURUS _
* Asian palm civet (_P. hermaphroditus_) * Brown palm civet (_P. jerdoni_) * Golden palm civet (_P. zeylonensis_)HEMIGALINAE
_CHROTOGALE _
* Owston's palm civet (_C. owstoni_)_CYNOGALE _
* Otter civet (_C. bennettii_)_DIPLOGALE _
* Hose's palm civet (_D. hosei_)_HEMIGALUS _
* Banded palm civet (_H. derbyanus_)Prionodontinae
(Asiatic linsangs)
_PRIONODON _
* Banded linsang (_P. linsang_) * Spotted linsang (_P. pardicolor_)VIVERRINAE
_CIVETTICTIS _
* African civet (_C. civetta_)_Genetta _
(Genets)
* Abyssinian genet (_G. abyssinica_) * Angolan genet (_G. angolensis_) * Bourlon's genet (_G. bourloni_) * Crested servaline genet (_G. cristata_) * Common genet (_G. genetta_) * Johnston's genet (_G. johnstoni_) * Rusty-spotted genet (_G. maculata_) * Pardine genet (_G. pardina_) * Aquatic genet (_G. piscivora_) * King genet (_G. poensis_) * Servaline genet (_G. servalina_) * Haussa genet (_G. thierryi_) * Cape genet (_G. tigrina_) * Giant forest genet (_G. victoriae_)_POIANA _
* Central African oyan (_P. richardsonii_) * West African oyan (_P. leightoni_)_VIVERRA _
* Malabar large-spotted civet (_V. civettina_) * Large-spotted civet (_V. megaspila_) * Malayan civet (_V. tangalunga_) * Large Indian civet (_V. zibetha_)_VIVERRICULA _
* Small Indian civet (_V. indica_)show
Family Eupleridae
EUPLERINAE
_CRYPTOPROCTA _
* Fossa (_C. ferox_)_EUPLERES _
* Eastern falanouc (_E. goudotii_) * Western falanouc (_E. major_)_FOSSA _
* Malagasy civet (_F. fossana_)GALIDIINAE
_GALIDIA _
* Ring-tailed mongoose (_G. elegans_)_GALIDICTIS _
* Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (_G. fasciata_) * Grandidier's mongoose (_G. grandidieri_)_MUNGOTICTIS _
* Narrow-striped mongoose (_M. decemlineata_)_SALANOIA _
* Brown-tailed mongoose (_S. concolor_) * Durrell's vontsira (_S. durrelli_)show
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)Ursidae
(Bears)
_AILUROPODA _
* Giant panda (_A. melanoleuca_)_HELARCTOS _
* Sun bear (_H. malayanus_)_MELURSUS _
* Sloth bear (_M. ursinus_)_TREMARCTOS _
* Spectacled bear (_T. ornatus_)_URSUS _
* American black bear (_U. americanus_) * Brown bear (_U. arctos_) * Polar bear (_U. maritimus_) * Asian black bear (_U. thibetanus_)Mephitidae
(Skunks )
_Conepatus _
(Hog-nosed
skunks)
* Molina's hog-nosed skunk (_C. chinga_) * Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (_C. humboldtii_) * American hog-nosed skunk (_C. leuconotus_) * Striped hog-nosed skunk (_C. semistriatus_)_MEPHITIS _
* Hooded skunk (_M. macroura_) * Striped skunk (_M. mephitis_)_MYDAUS _
* Sunda stink badger (_M. javanensis_) * Palawan stink badger (_M. marchei_)_Spilogale _
(Spotted skunks)
* Southern spotted skunk (_S. angustifrons_) * Western spotted skunk (_S. gracilis_) * Eastern spotted skunk (_S. putorius_) * Pygmy spotted skunk (_S. pygmaea_)Procyonidae
(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)_Bassaricyon _
(Olingos)
* Eastern lowland olingo (_B. alleni_) * Northern olingo (_B. gabbii_) * Western lowland olingo (_B. medius_) * Olinguito (_B. neblina_)_BASSARISCUS _
* Ring-tailed cat (_B. astutus_) * Cacomistle (_B. sumichrasti_)_Nasua _
(Coatis inclusive)
* White-nosed coati (_N. narica_) * South American coati (_N. nasua_)_Nasuella _
(Coatis inclusive)
* Western mountain coati (_N. olivacea_) * Eastern mountain coati (_N. meridensis_)_POTOS _
* Kinkajou (_P. flavus_)_PROCYON _
* Crab-eating raccoon (_P. cancrivorus_) * Raccoon (_P. lotor_) * Cozumel raccoon (_P. pygmaeus_)AILURIDAE
_AILURUS _
* Red panda (_A. fulgens_)show
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)Otariidae
(Eared seals)
(includes fur seals
and sea lions )
(Pinniped inclusive)_ARCTOCEPHALUS _
* South American fur seal (_A. australis_) * Australasian fur seal (_A. forsteri_) * Galápagos fur seal (_A. galapagoensis_) * Antarctic fur seal (_A. gazella_) * Juan Fernández fur seal (_A. philippii_) * Brown fur seal (_A. pusillus_) * Guadalupe fur seal (_A. townsendi_) * Subantarctic fur seal (_A. tropicalis_)_CALLORHINUS _
* Northern fur seal (_C. ursinus_)_EUMETOPIAS _
* Steller sea lion (_E. jubatus_)_NEOPHOCA _
* Australian sea lion (_N. cinerea_)_OTARIA _
* South American sea lion (_O. flavescens_)_PHOCARCTOS _
* New Zealand sea lion (_P. hookeri_)_ZALOPHUS _
* California sea lion (_Z. californianus_) * Galápagos sea lion (_Z. wollebaeki_)Odobenidae
(Pinniped inclusive)_ODOBENUS _
* Walrus (_O. rosmarus_)Phocidae
(Earless seals)
(Pinniped inclusive)_CYSTOPHORA _
* Hooded seal (_C. cristata_)_ERIGNATHUS _
* Bearded seal (_E. barbatus_)_HALICHOERUS _
* Grey seal (_H. grypus_)_HISTRIOPHOCA _
* Ribbon seal (_H. fasciata_)_HYDRURGA _
* Leopard seal (_H. leptonyx_)_LEPTONYCHOTES _
* Weddell seal (_L. weddellii_)_LOBODON _
* Crabeater seal (_L. carcinophagus_)_Mirounga _
(Elephant seals)
* Northern elephant seal (_M. angustirostris_) * Southern elephant seal (_M. leonina_)_MONACHUS _
* Mediterranean monk seal (_M. monachus_)_NEOMONACHUS _
* Hawaiian monk seal (_N. schauinslandi_)_OMMATOPHOCA _
* Ross seal (_O. rossi_)_PAGOPHILUS _
* Harp seal (_P. groenlandicus_)_PHOCA _
* Spotted seal (_P. largha_) * Harbor seal (_P. vitulina_)_PUSA _
* Caspian seal (_P. caspica_) * Ringed seal (_P. hispida_) * Baikal seal (_P. sibirica_)CANIDAE
Large family listed belowMUSTELIDAE
Large family listed belowhide
Family Canidae (includes dogs)_ATELOCYNUS _
* Short-eared dog (_A. microtis_)_CANIS _
* Golden jackal (_C. aureus_) * Coyote (_C. latrans_) * African golden wolf (_C. lupaster_) * Grey wolf (_C. lupus_) * Ethiopian wolf (_C. simensis_)_CERDOCYON _
* Crab-eating fox (_C. thous_)_CHRYSOCYON _
* Maned wolf (_C. brachyurus_)_CUON _
* Dhole (_C. alpinus_)_LUPULELLA _
* Side-striped jackal (_L. adustus_) * Black-backed jackal (_L. mesomelas_)_LYCALOPEX _
* Culpeo (_L. culpaeus_) * Darwin's fox (_L. fulvipes_) * South American gray fox (_L. griseus_) * Pampas fox (_L. gymnocercus_) * Sechuran fox (_L. sechurae_) * Hoary fox (_L. vetulus_)_LYCAON _
* African wild dog (_L. pictus_)_NYCTEREUTES _
* Raccoon dog (_N. procyonoides_)_OTOCYON _
* Bat-eared fox (_O. megalotis_)_SPEOTHOS _
* Bush dog (_S. venaticus_)_UROCYON _
* Gray fox (_U. cinereoargenteus_) * Island fox (_U. littoralis_)_Vulpes _
(Foxes )
* Bengal fox (_V. bengalensis_) * Blanford's fox (_V. cana_) * Cape fox (_V. chama_) * Corsac fox (_V. corsac_) * Tibetan sand fox (_V. ferrilata_) * Arctic fox (_V. lagopus_) * Kit fox (_V. macrotis_) * Pale fox (_V. pallida_) * Rüppell's fox (_V. rueppelli_) * Swift fox (_V. velox_) * Red fox (_V. vulpes_) * Fennec fox (_V. zerda_)show
Family Mustelidae
Helictidinae
(Ferret-badgers)
_MELOGALE _
* Bornean ferret-badger (_M. everetti_) * Chinese ferret-badger (_M. moschata_) * Javan ferret-badger (_M. orientalis_) * Burmese ferret-badger (_M. personata_) * Vietnam ferret-badger (_M. cucphuongensis_)Guloninae
(Martins and wolverines)_EIRA _
* Tayra (_E. barbara_)_GULO _
* Wolverine (_G. gulo_)_Martes _
(Martens)
* American marten (_M. americana_) * Yellow-throated marten (_M. flavigula_) * Beech marten (_M. foina_) * Nilgiri marten (_M. gwatkinsii_) * European pine marten (_M. martes_) * Japanese marten (_M. melampus_) * Sable (_M. zibellina_)_PEKANIA _
* Fisher (_P. pennanti_)Ictonychinae
(African polecats and grisons)_GALICTIS _
* Lesser grison (_G. cuja_) * Greater grison (_G. vittata_)_ICTONYX _
* Saharan striped polecat (_I. libyca_) * Striped polecat (_I. striatus_)_LYNCODON _
* Patagonian weasel (_L. patagonicus_)_POECILOGALE _
* African striped weasel (_P. albinucha_)_VORMELA _
* Marbled polecat (_V. peregusna_)Lutrinae
(Otters)
_AONYX _
* African clawless otter (_A. capensis_) * Asian small-clawed otter (_A. cinerea_) * Congo clawless otter (_A. congicus_)_ENHYDRA _
* Sea otter (_E. lutris_)_HYDRICTIS _
* Spotted-necked otter (_H. maculicollis_)_LONTRA _
* North American river otter (_L. canadensis_) * Marine otter (_L. felina_) * Neotropical otter (_L. longicaudis_) * Southern river otter (_L. provocax_)_LUTRA _
* Eurasian otter (_L. lutra_) * Hairy-nosed otter (_L. sumatrana_)_LUTROGALE _
* Smooth-coated otter (_L. perspicillata_)_PTERONURA _
* Giant otter (_P. brasiliensis_)Melinae
(Eurasian badgers)
_ARCTONYX _
* Hog badger (_A. collaris_)_MELES _
* Japanese badger (_M. anakuma_) * Asian badger (_M. leucurus_) * European badger (_M. meles_)Mellivorinae
_MELLIVORA _
* Honey badger (_M. capensis_)Mustelinae
(Weasels and minks)
_Mustela _
(Weasels and ferrets ) * Amazon weasel (_M. africana_) * Mountain weasel (_M. altaica_) * Stoat/short-tailed weasel (_M. erminea_) * Steppe polecat (_M. eversmannii_) * Colombian weasel (_M. felipei_) * Long-tailed weasel (_M. frenata_) * Japanese weasel (_M. itatsi_) * Yellow-bellied weasel (_M. kathiah_) * European mink (_M. lutreola_) * Indonesian mountain weasel (_M. lutreolina_) * Black-footed ferret (_M. nigripes_) * Least weasel (_M. nivalis_) * Malayan weasel (_M. nudipes_) * European polecat (_M. putorius_) * Siberian weasel (_M. sibirica_) * Back-striped weasel (_M. strigidorsa_) * Egyptian weasel (_M. subpalmata_)_Neovison _
* American mink (_N. vison_)Taxidiinae
_TAXIDEA _
* American badger (_T. taxus_)show
* v
* t
* e
Extant gray wolf subspecies* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Chordata
* Class: Mammalia
* Order: Carnivora
* Family: Canidae
* Genus: _Canis _
* Species: _lupus_
Old World
subspecies
* Tundra wolf (_C. l. albus_) * Arabian wolf (_C. l. arabs_) * Steppe wolf (_C. l. campestris_) * Mongolian wolf (_C. l. chanco_) * Himalayan wolf (_C. l. chanco_) * Dingo (_C. l. dingo_) * Domestic dog (_C. l. familiaris_ or _C. familiaris_) * Italian wolf (_C. l. italicus_) * Eurasian wolf (_C. l. lupus_) * Indian wolf (_C. l. pallipes_) * Iberian wolf (_C. l. signatus_)New World
subspecies
* Arctic wolf (_C. l. arctos_) * Mexican wolf (_C. l. baileyi_) * British Columbian wolf (_C. l. columbianus_) * Vancouver Island wolf (_C. l. crassodon_) * Hudson Bay wolf (_C. l. hudsonicus_) * Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (_C. l. irremotus_) * Labrador wolf (_C. l. labradorius_) * Alexander Archipelago wolf (_C. l. ligoni_) * Eastern wolf (_C. l. lycaon_) * Mackenzie River wolf (_C. l. mackenzii_) * Baffin Island wolf (_C. l. manningi_) * Northwestern wolf (_C. l. occidentalis_) * Greenland wolf (_C. l. orion_) * Alaskan Interior wolf (_C. l. pambasileus_) * Red wolf (_C. l. rufus_) * Alaskan tundra wolf (_C. l. tundrarum_)Taxon identifiers
_CANIS LUPUS FAMILIARIS_ * Wikidata : Q26972265 * ADW : Canis_lupus_familiaris* EoL : 1228387
* EPPO : CANIFA
* GBIF : 6164210
* ISC : 90295
* ITIS : 726821
* MSW : 14000752
* NCBI : 9615
* NZOR: db725874-7d02-4221-a93d-18894fb55417_CANIS FAMILIARIS_
* Wikidata : Q20717272 * Fossilworks : 104153* GBIF : 5219200
* iNaturalist : 47144* IRMNG :
10681653
* ITIS : 183815
* WoRMS : 1461482
AUTHORITY CONTROL
* BNE : XX526239
* BNF : cb11931181t
(data)
* GND : 4026181-5
* HDS : 013865
* LCCN : sh85038796
* NDL : 00564180
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dog&oldid=1012700838"Categories :
* Domesticated animals* Dogs
* Wolves
* Cosmopolitan vertebrates* Scavengers
* Cosmopolitan species* Animal models
* Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances * Mammals described in 1758 * Taxa named by Carl LinnaeusHidden categories:
* CS1 Latin-language sources (la) * Webarchive template wayback links * CS1 maint: uses authors parameter * CS1 German-language sources (de) * CS1: long volume value * CS1 errors: missing periodical * Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September2010
* CS1 maint: extra text: authors list * Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages * Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages * Articles with short description * Short description is different from Wikidata * Use dmy dates from September 2018 * Articles with 'species' microformats * Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata * Pages using Sister project links with default search * Taxonbars desynced from Wikidata * Taxonbars using multiple manual Wikidata items * Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages * Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers * Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers * Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers * Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers * Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers * Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiersNAVIGATION MENU
PERSONAL TOOLS
* Not logged in
* Talk
* Contributions
* Create account
* Log in
NAMESPACES
* Article
* Talk
VARIANTS
VIEWS
* Read
* View source
* View history
MORE
SEARCH
NAVIGATION
* Main page
* Contents
* Current events
* Random article
* About Wikipedia
* Contact us
* Donate
CONTRIBUTE
* Help
* Learn to edit
* Community portal
* Recent changes
* Upload file
TOOLS
* What links here
* Related changes
* Upload file
* Special pages
* Permanent link
* Page information
* Cite this page
* Wikidata item
PRINT/EXPORT
* Download as PDF
* Printable version
IN OTHER PROJECTS
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikispecies
* Wikiquote
* Wikivoyage
LANGUAGES
* Acèh
* Адыгабзэ
* Afrikaans
* Akan
* Alemannisch
* አማርኛ
* Аҧсшәа
* العربية
* Aragonés
* ܐܪܡܝܐ
* Արեւմտահայերէն* Armãneashti
* Arpetan
* অসমীয়া* Atikamekw
* Avañe'ẽ
* Авар
* Aymar aru
* Azərbaycanca
* تۆرکجه
* Basa Bali
* Bamanankan
* বাংলা
* Banjar
* Bân-lâm-gú
* Башҡортса * Беларуская * Беларуская (тарашкевіца) * भोजपुरी* Bikol Central
* Bislama
* Български* Boarisch
* བོད་ཡིག* Bosanski
* Brezhoneg
* Буряад
* Catal
* Чӑвашла
* Cebuano
* Čeština
* ChiShona
* ChiTumbuka
* Corsu
* Cymraeg
* Dansk
* الدارجة
* Deitsch
* Deutsch
* Diné bizaad
* Dolnoserbski
* Eesti
* Ελληνικά
* Emiliàn e rumagnòl* Эрзянь
* Español
* Esperanto
* Euskara
* Eʋegbe
* فارسی
* Fiji Hindi
* Føroyskt
* Français
* Frysk
* Furlan
* Gaeilge
* Gaelg
* Gàidhlig
* Galego
* ГӀалгӀай
* 贛語
* گیلکی
* 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 * 客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî* Хальмг
* 한국어
* Hausa
* Հայերեն
* हिन्दी* Hornjoserbsce
* Hrvatski
* Ido
* Ilokano
* Bahasa Indonesia
* Interlingua
* ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut* Iñupiak
* Ирон
* IsiXhosa
* IsiZulu
* Íslenska
* עברית
* Jawa
* Kabɩyɛ
* ಕನ್ನಡ
* Kapampangan
* ქართული * कॉशुर / کٲشُر* Kaszëbsczi
* Қазақша
* Kinyarwanda
* Kiswahili
* Коми
* Kreyòl ayisyen
* Kurdî
* Кыргызча
* Кырык мары* Ladin
* Ladino
* Лакку
* ລາວ
* Latina
* Latviešu
* Lëtzebuergesch
* Лезги
* Lietuvių
* Ligure
* Limburgs
* Lingála
* Lingua Franca Nova* Livvinkarjala
* La .lojban.
* Luganda
* Magyar
* मैथिली * Македонски* Malagasy
* മലയാളം* Malti
* मराठी
* მარგალური* مصرى
* ဘာသာ မန်* مازِرونی
* Bahasa Melayu
* Minangkabau
* Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄* Mirandés
* Мокшень
* Монгол
* မြန်မာဘာသာ* Nāhuatl
* Dorerin Naoero
* Na Vosa Vakaviti
* Nederlands
* Nedersaksies
* Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ * नेपाली * नेपाल भाषा* 日本語
* Napulitano
* Nordfriisk
* Norsk bokmål
* Norsk nynorsk
* Nouormand
* Occitan
* Олык марий* ଓଡ଼ିଆ
* Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча * ਪੰਜਾਬੀ* پنجابی
* Papiamentu
* پښتو
* Patois
* Перем коми * ភាសាខ្មែរ* Picard
* Piemontèis
* Plattdüütsch
* Polski
* Português
* Ripoarisch
* Română
* Romani čhib
* Rumantsch
* Runa Simi
* Русиньскый* Русский
* Саха тыла
* Sakizaya
* Gagana Samoa
* संस्कृतम् * ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ* Sardu
* Scots
* Seeltersk
* Sesotho sa Leboa
* Shqip
* Sicilianu
* සිංහල
* Simple English
* سنڌي
* Slovenčina
* Slovenščina
* Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ* Ślůnski
* Soomaaliga
* کوردی
* Sranantongo
* Српски / srpski * Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски* Sunda
* Suomi
* Svenska
* Tagalog
* தமிழ்
* Taqbaylit
* Татарча/tatarça * ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး * తెలుగు* ไทย
* Тоҷикӣ
* ᏣᎳᎩ
* Tsetsêhestâhese
* ತುಳು
* Türkçe
* Тыва дыл
* Удмурт
* Українська* اردو
* ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche* Vahcuengh
* Vèneto
* Vepsän kel’
* Tiếng Việt
* Volapük
* Võro
* Walon
* 文言
* West-Vlams
* Winaray
* Wolof
* 吴语
* ייִדיש
* Yorùbá
* 粵語
* Zazaki
* Žemaitėška
* 中文
* سرائیکی
231 more
Edit links
* This page was last edited on 17 March 2021, at 20:43 (UTC). * Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Useand Privacy Policy
. Wikipedia® is a
registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization.* Privacy policy
* About Wikipedia
* Disclaimers
* Contact Wikipedia
* Mobile view
* Developers
* Statistics
* Cookie statement
* Enable previews
*
*
Details
Copyright © 2024 ArchiveBay.com. All rights reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | DMCA | 2021 | Feedback | Advertising | RSS 2.0