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formed.
SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. CISTRON, RECON AND MUTON Cistron, recon and muton As we have seen, it was proved through genetic analysis that gene is not a unit of either function or recombination or mutation. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost. PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation. DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. CISTRON, RECON AND MUTON Cistron, recon and muton As we have seen, it was proved through genetic analysis that gene is not a unit of either function or recombination or mutation. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost.GROUP DEFENSE
ready to call out a warning if predators. approach. Living in a group helps animals defend themselves against predators in several ways. lone animals must rely only on their own senses, but an animal in a group benefits by having lots of other animals’ eyes, ears, and noses on the alert for danger. An animal in a group also has a smaller SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle. ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells. REFLUX | LABORATORY TECHNIQUES Reflux Reflux is one of the most common techniques you will encounter in your chemistry laboratory classes. Since many reactions between covalent compounds are slow processes rather than instantaneous reactions, prolonged heating forces the equilibrium DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
FLUOROGRAPHY OF POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS Fluorography of polyacrylamide gel. Fluorography is an improved version of autoradiography but in the presence of a fluorescing compound. It is a technique to determine the radioactivity in gels and other media by a combination of fluorescence and photography. When radioactively labeled macromolecules such as proteins are separated by DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE AND SULPHIDE IN WATER Aim To determine the amount of sulphate present in the given samples. Principle Sulphate is widely distributed in nature and may be present in natural water in concentrations ranging from a few to several thousand milligrams/litre. SEX INFLUENCED TRAITS (HORNED CHARACTER IN SHEEP) Certain characters in human beings which are not located on sex chromosomes, are also believed to be sex influenced. For instance, white forelock (areas of skin completely without pigment), absence of upper lateral incisor teeth, a type of enlargement of terminal joint fingers, harelip (a fissure in upper lip), cleft palate (a fissure in roof of mouth) and stuttering (involuntary repeats of SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells. DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
ESTIMATION OF TRYPTOPHAN Cool the digest to room temperature, centrifuge and collect the supernatant. 5. To one mL supernatant add 4mL reagent C. 6. Mix in a vortex mixture and incubate at 65°C for 15min. 7. Cool to room temperature and read the orange-red color at 545nm. 8. Set a INSECT-RESISTANT POTATO: NEWLEAF TM Insect-resistant potato: NewLeafTM NatureMark ® potato lines named NewLeaf TM confer resistance to Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). Colorado beetle is a primary pest of North America and elsewhere, larvae emerging from egg masses about SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells. DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
ESTIMATION OF TRYPTOPHAN Cool the digest to room temperature, centrifuge and collect the supernatant. 5. To one mL supernatant add 4mL reagent C. 6. Mix in a vortex mixture and incubate at 65°C for 15min. 7. Cool to room temperature and read the orange-red color at 545nm. 8. Set a INSECT-RESISTANT POTATO: NEWLEAF TM Insect-resistant potato: NewLeafTM NatureMark ® potato lines named NewLeaf TM confer resistance to Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). Colorado beetle is a primary pest of North America and elsewhere, larvae emerging from egg masses about PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost.NOMENCLATURE
The naming of cultivated plants The binomial system The name given to a plant species is very important. It is the key to identification in the field or garden, and also an international form of identity, which can lead to much information from books and the Internet. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent.PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation. BASIS OF SELF AND NONSELF RECOGNITION Basis of Self and Nonself Recognition Major Histocompatibility Complex We have known for many years that nonself recognition is veryspecific.
FINE STRUCTURE OF GENE (LOZENGE IN DROSOPHILA, RII IN T4 Fine structure of rII locus in T4 phage Distinction between wild type and rII mutants using K strain of E. coli. The most refined analysis of a single gene ever conducted is the one undertaken by Seymour Benzer for a locus in T4 bacteriophage infecting E. coli. This locus is known as rII locus and a mutant at this locus is responsible for the formation of rough plaques or colonies (Figs. 14.15 DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
PROBLEMS IN RECRYSTALLIZATION There are three common problems encountered during recrystallization: The compound crystallizes in the filter funnel during hot filtration. This is because the solubility of the solute decreases rapidly with temperature and the slight cooling during hot filtration causes precipitation of the solid, even though you are heating the funnel. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells. DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
ESTIMATION OF TRYPTOPHAN Cool the digest to room temperature, centrifuge and collect the supernatant. 5. To one mL supernatant add 4mL reagent C. 6. Mix in a vortex mixture and incubate at 65°C for 15min. 7. Cool to room temperature and read the orange-red color at 545nm. 8. Set a INSECT-RESISTANT POTATO: NEWLEAF TM Insect-resistant potato: NewLeafTM NatureMark ® potato lines named NewLeaf TM confer resistance to Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). Colorado beetle is a primary pest of North America and elsewhere, larvae emerging from egg masses about SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells. DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
ESTIMATION OF TRYPTOPHAN Cool the digest to room temperature, centrifuge and collect the supernatant. 5. To one mL supernatant add 4mL reagent C. 6. Mix in a vortex mixture and incubate at 65°C for 15min. 7. Cool to room temperature and read the orange-red color at 545nm. 8. Set a INSECT-RESISTANT POTATO: NEWLEAF TM Insect-resistant potato: NewLeafTM NatureMark ® potato lines named NewLeaf TM confer resistance to Colorado potato beetle (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). Colorado beetle is a primary pest of North America and elsewhere, larvae emerging from egg masses about PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost.NOMENCLATURE
The naming of cultivated plants The binomial system The name given to a plant species is very important. It is the key to identification in the field or garden, and also an international form of identity, which can lead to much information from books and the Internet. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent.PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation. BASIS OF SELF AND NONSELF RECOGNITION Basis of Self and Nonself Recognition Major Histocompatibility Complex We have known for many years that nonself recognition is veryspecific.
FINE STRUCTURE OF GENE (LOZENGE IN DROSOPHILA, RII IN T4 Fine structure of rII locus in T4 phage Distinction between wild type and rII mutants using K strain of E. coli. The most refined analysis of a single gene ever conducted is the one undertaken by Seymour Benzer for a locus in T4 bacteriophage infecting E. coli. This locus is known as rII locus and a mutant at this locus is responsible for the formation of rough plaques or colonies (Figs. 14.15 DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
PROBLEMS IN RECRYSTALLIZATION There are three common problems encountered during recrystallization: The compound crystallizes in the filter funnel during hot filtration. This is because the solubility of the solute decreases rapidly with temperature and the slight cooling during hot filtration causes precipitation of the solid, even though you are heating the funnel. GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved.PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER Determination of Acidity of Water Aim To determine the acidity of the given sample of water. Principle Acidity of water is its quantitative capacity to neutralise a strong base to a designated pH.THE ULNA OF A BIRD
The Ulna of a bird. The ulna, which often presents a series of tubercles, indicating the attachment of the secondary quill-feathers, is usually a stronger, and a longer, bone than the radius. There are only two carpal bones, one radial and one ulnar. Fig. 85. - The radius ( r ); ulna (u); radial and ulnar carpal bones ( r' u' ); with thethree
SEX LINKED, SEX INFLUENCED AND SEX LIMITED TRAITS Sex Linked, Sex Influenced and Sex Limited Traits. In earlier sections, while discussing the laws of inheritance, it was realized that reciprocal crosses would give same results. In other words, it did not make any difference, whether a particular character was present in male parent or in female parent. For instance, in pea whentall plants
GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved.PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER Determination of Acidity of Water Aim To determine the acidity of the given sample of water. Principle Acidity of water is its quantitative capacity to neutralise a strong base to a designated pH.THE ULNA OF A BIRD
The Ulna of a bird. The ulna, which often presents a series of tubercles, indicating the attachment of the secondary quill-feathers, is usually a stronger, and a longer, bone than the radius. There are only two carpal bones, one radial and one ulnar. Fig. 85. - The radius ( r ); ulna (u); radial and ulnar carpal bones ( r' u' ); with thethree
SEX LINKED, SEX INFLUENCED AND SEX LIMITED TRAITS Sex Linked, Sex Influenced and Sex Limited Traits. In earlier sections, while discussing the laws of inheritance, it was realized that reciprocal crosses would give same results. In other words, it did not make any difference, whether a particular character was present in male parent or in female parent. For instance, in pea whentall plants
GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost. ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells. MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent. APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of SEX LINKED, SEX INFLUENCED AND SEX LIMITED TRAITS Sex Linked, Sex Influenced and Sex Limited Traits. In earlier sections, while discussing the laws of inheritance, it was realized that reciprocal crosses would give same results. In other words, it did not make any difference, whether a particular character was present in male parent or in female parent. For instance, in pea whentall plants
THE ULNA OF A BIRD
The Ulna of a bird. The ulna, which often presents a series of tubercles, indicating the attachment of the secondary quill-feathers, is usually a stronger, and a longer, bone than the radius. There are only two carpal bones, one radial and one ulnar. Fig. 85. - The radius ( r ); ulna (u); radial and ulnar carpal bones ( r' u' ); with thethree
ESTIMATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY THE DINITRO SALICYLIC Estimation of Reducing Sugars by the Dinitro Salicylic Acid (DNS) method in the biochemistry, biotechnology methods of botany laboratory experiments in Biocyclopedia.com HERITABILITY IN BROAD SENSE AND NARROW SENSE Heritability in broad sense and narrow sense Heritability in broad sense (H 2) is calculated using the following formula : H 2 = S g 2 /S p 2 Therefore, H 2 simply gives a measure of the proportion of phenotypic variance which is due to genotype. However, this does not tell us what proportion of an individual's phenotype is due togenotype.
GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved.PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER Determination of Acidity of Water Aim To determine the acidity of the given sample of water. Principle Acidity of water is its quantitative capacity to neutralise a strong base to a designated pH.THE ULNA OF A BIRD
The Ulna of a bird. The ulna, which often presents a series of tubercles, indicating the attachment of the secondary quill-feathers, is usually a stronger, and a longer, bone than the radius. There are only two carpal bones, one radial and one ulnar. Fig. 85. - The radius ( r ); ulna (u); radial and ulnar carpal bones ( r' u' ); with thethree
SEX LINKED, SEX INFLUENCED AND SEX LIMITED TRAITS Sex Linked, Sex Influenced and Sex Limited Traits. In earlier sections, while discussing the laws of inheritance, it was realized that reciprocal crosses would give same results. In other words, it did not make any difference, whether a particular character was present in male parent or in female parent. For instance, in pea whentall plants
GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved.PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER Determination of Acidity of Water Aim To determine the acidity of the given sample of water. Principle Acidity of water is its quantitative capacity to neutralise a strong base to a designated pH.THE ULNA OF A BIRD
The Ulna of a bird. The ulna, which often presents a series of tubercles, indicating the attachment of the secondary quill-feathers, is usually a stronger, and a longer, bone than the radius. There are only two carpal bones, one radial and one ulnar. Fig. 85. - The radius ( r ); ulna (u); radial and ulnar carpal bones ( r' u' ); with thethree
SEX LINKED, SEX INFLUENCED AND SEX LIMITED TRAITS Sex Linked, Sex Influenced and Sex Limited Traits. In earlier sections, while discussing the laws of inheritance, it was realized that reciprocal crosses would give same results. In other words, it did not make any difference, whether a particular character was present in male parent or in female parent. For instance, in pea whentall plants
GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost. MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent. ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells.THE ULNA OF A BIRD
The Ulna of a bird. The ulna, which often presents a series of tubercles, indicating the attachment of the secondary quill-feathers, is usually a stronger, and a longer, bone than the radius. There are only two carpal bones, one radial and one ulnar. Fig. 85. - The radius ( r ); ulna (u); radial and ulnar carpal bones ( r' u' ); with thethree
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE AND SULPHIDE IN WATER Aim To determine the amount of sulphate present in the given samples. Principle Sulphate is widely distributed in nature and may be present in natural water in concentrations ranging from a few to several thousand milligrams/litre. SEX LINKED, SEX INFLUENCED AND SEX LIMITED TRAITS Sex Linked, Sex Influenced and Sex Limited Traits. In earlier sections, while discussing the laws of inheritance, it was realized that reciprocal crosses would give same results. In other words, it did not make any difference, whether a particular character was present in male parent or in female parent. For instance, in pea whentall plants
MASS CULTIVATION OF MICROBIAL INOCULANTS Methods of Cultivation Following are the steps of mass cultivation of Rhizobium.(a) sterilize the growth medium and inoculate with broth of mother culture prepared in advance, (b) incubate for 3-4 days at 30 - 32°C, (c) test the cultures for its purity and transfer to a large fermenter, wait for 4-9 days for bacterial growth (for good bacterial growth make the device for its aeration), (d GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved. INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE (ICBN) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants. Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct name that is acceptedworldwide.
PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER Determination of Acidity of Water Aim To determine the acidity of the given sample of water. Principle Acidity of water is its quantitative capacity to neutralise a strong base to a designated pH. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE AND SULPHIDE IN WATER Aim To determine the amount of sulphate present in the given samples. Principle Sulphate is widely distributed in nature and may be present in natural water in concentrations ranging from a few to several thousand milligrams/litre. GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved. INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE (ICBN) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants. Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct name that is acceptedworldwide.
PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER Determination of Acidity of Water Aim To determine the acidity of the given sample of water. Principle Acidity of water is its quantitative capacity to neutralise a strong base to a designated pH. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE AND SULPHIDE IN WATER Aim To determine the amount of sulphate present in the given samples. Principle Sulphate is widely distributed in nature and may be present in natural water in concentrations ranging from a few to several thousand milligrams/litre. GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost. MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent. ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells. DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
MASS CULTIVATION OF MICROBIAL INOCULANTS Methods of Cultivation Following are the steps of mass cultivation of Rhizobium.(a) sterilize the growth medium and inoculate with broth of mother culture prepared in advance, (b) incubate for 3-4 days at 30 - 32°C, (c) test the cultures for its purity and transfer to a large fermenter, wait for 4-9 days for bacterial growth (for good bacterial growth make the device for its aeration), (d ISOLATION OF MESSENGER RNA BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY Suspend about 500mg of affinity material oligo- (dT) cellulose or Poly- (U) Sepharose) in 20mL of sterile binding buffer. 2. Pack the column with the affinity material as usual and equilibrate it by passing through 25-30mL of binding buffer. 3. Dissolve the isolated total RNA in the binding buffer at a concentration of approximatelyone mg per mL.
THE ULNA OF A BIRD
The Ulna of a bird. The ulna, which often presents a series of tubercles, indicating the attachment of the secondary quill-feathers, is usually a stronger, and a longer, bone than the radius. There are only two carpal bones, one radial and one ulnar. Fig. 85. - The radius ( r ); ulna (u); radial and ulnar carpal bones ( r' u' ); with thethree
GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved. INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE (ICBN) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants. Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct name that is acceptedworldwide.
PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER Determination of Acidity of Water Aim To determine the acidity of the given sample of water. Principle Acidity of water is its quantitative capacity to neutralise a strong base to a designated pH. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE AND SULPHIDE IN WATER Aim To determine the amount of sulphate present in the given samples. Principle Sulphate is widely distributed in nature and may be present in natural water in concentrations ranging from a few to several thousand milligrams/litre. GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved. INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE (ICBN) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants. Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct name that is acceptedworldwide.
PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER Determination of Acidity of Water Aim To determine the acidity of the given sample of water. Principle Acidity of water is its quantitative capacity to neutralise a strong base to a designated pH. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE AND SULPHIDE IN WATER Aim To determine the amount of sulphate present in the given samples. Principle Sulphate is widely distributed in nature and may be present in natural water in concentrations ranging from a few to several thousand milligrams/litre. GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost. MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent. ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells. DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
MASS CULTIVATION OF MICROBIAL INOCULANTS Methods of Cultivation Following are the steps of mass cultivation of Rhizobium.(a) sterilize the growth medium and inoculate with broth of mother culture prepared in advance, (b) incubate for 3-4 days at 30 - 32°C, (c) test the cultures for its purity and transfer to a large fermenter, wait for 4-9 days for bacterial growth (for good bacterial growth make the device for its aeration), (d ISOLATION OF MESSENGER RNA BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY Suspend about 500mg of affinity material oligo- (dT) cellulose or Poly- (U) Sepharose) in 20mL of sterile binding buffer. 2. Pack the column with the affinity material as usual and equilibrate it by passing through 25-30mL of binding buffer. 3. Dissolve the isolated total RNA in the binding buffer at a concentration of approximatelyone mg per mL.
THE ULNA OF A BIRD
The Ulna of a bird. The ulna, which often presents a series of tubercles, indicating the attachment of the secondary quill-feathers, is usually a stronger, and a longer, bone than the radius. There are only two carpal bones, one radial and one ulnar. Fig. 85. - The radius ( r ); ulna (u); radial and ulnar carpal bones ( r' u' ); with thethree
GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved. INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE (ICBN) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants. Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct name that is acceptedworldwide.
PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER Determination of Acidity of Water Aim To determine the acidity of the given sample of water. Principle Acidity of water is its quantitative capacity to neutralise a strong base to a designated pH. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE AND SULPHIDE IN WATER Aim To determine the amount of sulphate present in the given samples. Principle Sulphate is widely distributed in nature and may be present in natural water in concentrations ranging from a few to several thousand milligrams/litre. GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved. INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE (ICBN) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants. Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one correct name that is acceptedworldwide.
PREPARING DILUTIONS
V 1 = { V 2 } ÷ =. 0.2 × 10 3 molL -1 × 100.00mL. = 2.00mL. 1 × 10 2 molL -1. Transfer the standard solution (2.00mL) to the volumetric flask (100.00mL) and make up to the mark with distilled water. Repeat the calculation for each of the other diluted solutions as required , but note that a short cut is possible in this PHENOL SUPLHURIC ACID METHOD FOR TOTAL CARBOHYDRATE Add 1mL of phenol solution to each tube. Add 5mL of 96% sulphuric acid to each tube and shake well. After 10min shake the content in the tubes and place in a water bath at 25-30°C for 20min. Read the color at 490nm. Calculate the amount of total carbohydrate present in the sample solution using the standard graph. Calculation.TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
SAPONIFICATION VALUE Saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolyzed by an alkali. Saponification value is the amount (mg) of alkali required to saponify a definite quantity (1g) of an oil or fat. This value is useful for a comparative study of the fatty acid chain length in oils. Principle. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SCP Nutritional Value of SCP Nowadays, considerable information is available on the composition of microbial cells e.g. protein, amino acid, vitamin, and minerals (Litchfield, 1979). Commercial value of SCP depends on their nutritional performance and nevertheless, it has to be evaluated to the prevalent feed protein. DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER Determination of Acidity of Water Aim To determine the acidity of the given sample of water. Principle Acidity of water is its quantitative capacity to neutralise a strong base to a designated pH. DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE AND SULPHIDE IN WATER Aim To determine the amount of sulphate present in the given samples. Principle Sulphate is widely distributed in nature and may be present in natural water in concentrations ranging from a few to several thousand milligrams/litre. GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR CELL CULTURE General Procedures for Cell Culture I. INTRODUCTION A. Background Mammalian cell culture emerged as a valuable research tool in the 1950s when the first cell line, HeLa, was successfully cultured from a human cervical cancer (Gey et al., 1952).However, it is only since the mid-1980s that reproducible and reliable largescale culture of mammalian cells has been achieved. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost. MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent. ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells. DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
MASS CULTIVATION OF MICROBIAL INOCULANTS Methods of Cultivation Following are the steps of mass cultivation of Rhizobium.(a) sterilize the growth medium and inoculate with broth of mother culture prepared in advance, (b) incubate for 3-4 days at 30 - 32°C, (c) test the cultures for its purity and transfer to a large fermenter, wait for 4-9 days for bacterial growth (for good bacterial growth make the device for its aeration), (d ISOLATION OF MESSENGER RNA BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY Suspend about 500mg of affinity material oligo- (dT) cellulose or Poly- (U) Sepharose) in 20mL of sterile binding buffer. 2. Pack the column with the affinity material as usual and equilibrate it by passing through 25-30mL of binding buffer. 3. Dissolve the isolated total RNA in the binding buffer at a concentration of approximatelyone mg per mL.
THE ULNA OF A BIRD
The Ulna of a bird. The ulna, which often presents a series of tubercles, indicating the attachment of the secondary quill-feathers, is usually a stronger, and a longer, bone than the radius. There are only two carpal bones, one radial and one ulnar. Fig. 85. - The radius ( r ); ulna (u); radial and ulnar carpal bones ( r' u' ); with thethree
SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells.EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
ISOLATION OF MESSENGER RNA BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY Suspend about 500mg of affinity material oligo- (dT) cellulose or Poly- (U) Sepharose) in 20mL of sterile binding buffer. 2. Pack the column with the affinity material as usual and equilibrate it by passing through 25-30mL of binding buffer. 3. Dissolve the isolated total RNA in the binding buffer at a concentration of approximatelyone mg per mL.
PROBLEMS IN RECRYSTALLIZATION There are three common problems encountered during recrystallization: The compound crystallizes in the filter funnel during hot filtration. This is because the solubility of the solute decreases rapidly with temperature and the slight cooling during hot filtration causes precipitation of the solid, even though you are heating the funnel. FINE STRUCTURE OF GENE (LOZENGE IN DROSOPHILA, RII IN T4 Fine structure of rII locus in T4 phage Distinction between wild type and rII mutants using K strain of E. coli. The most refined analysis of a single gene ever conducted is the one undertaken by Seymour Benzer for a locus in T4 bacteriophage infecting E. coli. This locus is known as rII locus and a mutant at this locus is responsible for the formation of rough plaques or colonies (Figs. 14.15 SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells.EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
ISOLATION OF MESSENGER RNA BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY Suspend about 500mg of affinity material oligo- (dT) cellulose or Poly- (U) Sepharose) in 20mL of sterile binding buffer. 2. Pack the column with the affinity material as usual and equilibrate it by passing through 25-30mL of binding buffer. 3. Dissolve the isolated total RNA in the binding buffer at a concentration of approximatelyone mg per mL.
PROBLEMS IN RECRYSTALLIZATION There are three common problems encountered during recrystallization: The compound crystallizes in the filter funnel during hot filtration. This is because the solubility of the solute decreases rapidly with temperature and the slight cooling during hot filtration causes precipitation of the solid, even though you are heating the funnel. FINE STRUCTURE OF GENE (LOZENGE IN DROSOPHILA, RII IN T4 Fine structure of rII locus in T4 phage Distinction between wild type and rII mutants using K strain of E. coli. The most refined analysis of a single gene ever conducted is the one undertaken by Seymour Benzer for a locus in T4 bacteriophage infecting E. coli. This locus is known as rII locus and a mutant at this locus is responsible for the formation of rough plaques or colonies (Figs. 14.15 SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today everyNOMENCLATURE
The naming of cultivated plants The binomial system The name given to a plant species is very important. It is the key to identification in the field or garden, and also an international form of identity, which can lead to much information from books and the Internet. NUMERICAL CHANGES IN CHROMOSOMES Numerical changes in chromosomes or variations in chromosome number (heteroploidy), can be mainly of two types, namely (i) aneuploidy and (ii) euploidy. Aneuploidy means presence of chromosome number which is different than a multiple of basic chromosome number. Euploidy, on the other hand, means that the organism should possess one or more PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost. MIXED MELTING POINT DETERMINATION The melting point of the mixture is lower than either of the two pure components and the melting range is large. This is because the two compounds are different with the result that one is an impurity in the other. For example, both benzoic acid and mandelic acid are white crystalline solids which melt at 121°C. However a 1: 1 mixture of the MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent. FINE STRUCTURE OF GENE (LOZENGE IN DROSOPHILA, RII IN T4 Fine structure of rII locus in T4 phage Distinction between wild type and rII mutants using K strain of E. coli. The most refined analysis of a single gene ever conducted is the one undertaken by Seymour Benzer for a locus in T4 bacteriophage infecting E. coli. This locus is known as rII locus and a mutant at this locus is responsible for the formation of rough plaques or colonies (Figs. 14.15 DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
BASIS OF SELF AND NONSELF RECOGNITION Basis of Self and Nonself Recognition Major Histocompatibility Complex We have known for many years that nonself recognition is veryspecific.
ESTIMATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY THE DINITRO SALICYLIC Estimation of Reducing Sugars by the Dinitro Salicylic Acid (DNS) method in the biochemistry, biotechnology methods of botany laboratory experiments in Biocyclopedia.com SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells.EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
ISOLATION OF MESSENGER RNA BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY Suspend about 500mg of affinity material oligo- (dT) cellulose or Poly- (U) Sepharose) in 20mL of sterile binding buffer. 2. Pack the column with the affinity material as usual and equilibrate it by passing through 25-30mL of binding buffer. 3. Dissolve the isolated total RNA in the binding buffer at a concentration of approximatelyone mg per mL.
PROBLEMS IN RECRYSTALLIZATION There are three common problems encountered during recrystallization: The compound crystallizes in the filter funnel during hot filtration. This is because the solubility of the solute decreases rapidly with temperature and the slight cooling during hot filtration causes precipitation of the solid, even though you are heating the funnel. FINE STRUCTURE OF GENE (LOZENGE IN DROSOPHILA, RII IN T4 Fine structure of rII locus in T4 phage Distinction between wild type and rII mutants using K strain of E. coli. The most refined analysis of a single gene ever conducted is the one undertaken by Seymour Benzer for a locus in T4 bacteriophage infecting E. coli. This locus is known as rII locus and a mutant at this locus is responsible for the formation of rough plaques or colonies (Figs. 14.15 SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells.EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
ISOLATION OF MESSENGER RNA BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY Suspend about 500mg of affinity material oligo- (dT) cellulose or Poly- (U) Sepharose) in 20mL of sterile binding buffer. 2. Pack the column with the affinity material as usual and equilibrate it by passing through 25-30mL of binding buffer. 3. Dissolve the isolated total RNA in the binding buffer at a concentration of approximatelyone mg per mL.
PROBLEMS IN RECRYSTALLIZATION There are three common problems encountered during recrystallization: The compound crystallizes in the filter funnel during hot filtration. This is because the solubility of the solute decreases rapidly with temperature and the slight cooling during hot filtration causes precipitation of the solid, even though you are heating the funnel. FINE STRUCTURE OF GENE (LOZENGE IN DROSOPHILA, RII IN T4 Fine structure of rII locus in T4 phage Distinction between wild type and rII mutants using K strain of E. coli. The most refined analysis of a single gene ever conducted is the one undertaken by Seymour Benzer for a locus in T4 bacteriophage infecting E. coli. This locus is known as rII locus and a mutant at this locus is responsible for the formation of rough plaques or colonies (Figs. 14.15 SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today everyNOMENCLATURE
The naming of cultivated plants The binomial system The name given to a plant species is very important. It is the key to identification in the field or garden, and also an international form of identity, which can lead to much information from books and the Internet. NUMERICAL CHANGES IN CHROMOSOMES Numerical changes in chromosomes or variations in chromosome number (heteroploidy), can be mainly of two types, namely (i) aneuploidy and (ii) euploidy. Aneuploidy means presence of chromosome number which is different than a multiple of basic chromosome number. Euploidy, on the other hand, means that the organism should possess one or more PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost. MIXED MELTING POINT DETERMINATION The melting point of the mixture is lower than either of the two pure components and the melting range is large. This is because the two compounds are different with the result that one is an impurity in the other. For example, both benzoic acid and mandelic acid are white crystalline solids which melt at 121°C. However a 1: 1 mixture of the MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent. FINE STRUCTURE OF GENE (LOZENGE IN DROSOPHILA, RII IN T4 Fine structure of rII locus in T4 phage Distinction between wild type and rII mutants using K strain of E. coli. The most refined analysis of a single gene ever conducted is the one undertaken by Seymour Benzer for a locus in T4 bacteriophage infecting E. coli. This locus is known as rII locus and a mutant at this locus is responsible for the formation of rough plaques or colonies (Figs. 14.15 DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
BASIS OF SELF AND NONSELF RECOGNITION Basis of Self and Nonself Recognition Major Histocompatibility Complex We have known for many years that nonself recognition is veryspecific.
ESTIMATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY THE DINITRO SALICYLIC Estimation of Reducing Sugars by the Dinitro Salicylic Acid (DNS) method in the biochemistry, biotechnology methods of botany laboratory experiments in Biocyclopedia.com SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells.EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
ISOLATION OF MESSENGER RNA BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY Suspend about 500mg of affinity material oligo- (dT) cellulose or Poly- (U) Sepharose) in 20mL of sterile binding buffer. 2. Pack the column with the affinity material as usual and equilibrate it by passing through 25-30mL of binding buffer. 3. Dissolve the isolated total RNA in the binding buffer at a concentration of approximatelyone mg per mL.
PROBLEMS IN RECRYSTALLIZATION There are three common problems encountered during recrystallization: The compound crystallizes in the filter funnel during hot filtration. This is because the solubility of the solute decreases rapidly with temperature and the slight cooling during hot filtration causes precipitation of the solid, even though you are heating the funnel. FINE STRUCTURE OF GENE (LOZENGE IN DROSOPHILA, RII IN T4 Fine structure of rII locus in T4 phage Distinction between wild type and rII mutants using K strain of E. coli. The most refined analysis of a single gene ever conducted is the one undertaken by Seymour Benzer for a locus in T4 bacteriophage infecting E. coli. This locus is known as rII locus and a mutant at this locus is responsible for the formation of rough plaques or colonies (Figs. 14.15 SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today every APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of ISOLATION OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID Isolation of ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is the transcriptional product of DNA.The total RNA includes three classes - ribosomal, messenger and transfer RNA. Ribonucleic acid occurs as ribonucleoprotein particle in intact cells.EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. THE SUPPORTING MEDIUM The supporting medium. The effects of convection currents (resulting from the heating effect of the applied electric field) and the diffusion of molecules within the buffer solution can be minimized by carrying out the electrophoresis in a porous supporting medium. This contains buffer electrolytes and the sample is added in a discretelocation
DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
ISOLATION OF MESSENGER RNA BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY Suspend about 500mg of affinity material oligo- (dT) cellulose or Poly- (U) Sepharose) in 20mL of sterile binding buffer. 2. Pack the column with the affinity material as usual and equilibrate it by passing through 25-30mL of binding buffer. 3. Dissolve the isolated total RNA in the binding buffer at a concentration of approximatelyone mg per mL.
PROBLEMS IN RECRYSTALLIZATION There are three common problems encountered during recrystallization: The compound crystallizes in the filter funnel during hot filtration. This is because the solubility of the solute decreases rapidly with temperature and the slight cooling during hot filtration causes precipitation of the solid, even though you are heating the funnel. FINE STRUCTURE OF GENE (LOZENGE IN DROSOPHILA, RII IN T4 Fine structure of rII locus in T4 phage Distinction between wild type and rII mutants using K strain of E. coli. The most refined analysis of a single gene ever conducted is the one undertaken by Seymour Benzer for a locus in T4 bacteriophage infecting E. coli. This locus is known as rII locus and a mutant at this locus is responsible for the formation of rough plaques or colonies (Figs. 14.15 SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today everyNOMENCLATURE
The naming of cultivated plants The binomial system The name given to a plant species is very important. It is the key to identification in the field or garden, and also an international form of identity, which can lead to much information from books and the Internet. NUMERICAL CHANGES IN CHROMOSOMES Numerical changes in chromosomes or variations in chromosome number (heteroploidy), can be mainly of two types, namely (i) aneuploidy and (ii) euploidy. Aneuploidy means presence of chromosome number which is different than a multiple of basic chromosome number. Euploidy, on the other hand, means that the organism should possess one or more PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost. MIXED MELTING POINT DETERMINATION The melting point of the mixture is lower than either of the two pure components and the melting range is large. This is because the two compounds are different with the result that one is an impurity in the other. For example, both benzoic acid and mandelic acid are white crystalline solids which melt at 121°C. However a 1: 1 mixture of the MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent. FINE STRUCTURE OF GENE (LOZENGE IN DROSOPHILA, RII IN T4 Fine structure of rII locus in T4 phage Distinction between wild type and rII mutants using K strain of E. coli. The most refined analysis of a single gene ever conducted is the one undertaken by Seymour Benzer for a locus in T4 bacteriophage infecting E. coli. This locus is known as rII locus and a mutant at this locus is responsible for the formation of rough plaques or colonies (Figs. 14.15 DETERMINATION OF IODINE VALUE OF OIL The iodine value is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in an oil. It is constant for a particular oil or fat. Iodine value is a useful parameter in studying oxidative rancidity of oils since higher the unsaturation the greater the possibility of the oils to go rancid. Principle. The oils contain both saturated and unsaturated fattyacids.
BASIS OF SELF AND NONSELF RECOGNITION Basis of Self and Nonself Recognition Major Histocompatibility Complex We have known for many years that nonself recognition is veryspecific.
ESTIMATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY THE DINITRO SALICYLIC Estimation of Reducing Sugars by the Dinitro Salicylic Acid (DNS) method in the biochemistry, biotechnology methods of botany laboratory experiments in Biocyclopedia.com PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost. APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today everyPLANT MITOSIS
Plant mitosis is in many ways similar to animal mitosis. In animal cells, the cell membrane becomes constricted, being pinched in from the outside. This appears to be accomplished by micro filaments that behave in a manner similar to a purse string, pinching the cytoplasm into two parts. In plant cells, the first evidence of cell division is MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent. DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
PLANT NUTRIENT
copper is toxic to plants at high concentrations. Uptake of copper by plants is affected by many factors including the soil pH, the prevailing chemical species, and the concentration of copper presentin the soil
EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. ROLLING CIRCLE MODEL OF DNA REPLICATION DNA synthesis starts by adding bases at 3'-OH end, displacing the 5' end, which rolls out as a free tail, and is then copied in 5'→3' direction in small segments using fresh enzymes system. These tails thus become double stranded and give rise to a circular DNA later on. A possible mechanism of replication of circular DNA using rollingcircle
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Two common horticultural problems should be noted. In tomatoes and peppers, blossom end rot (see Figure 15.22) produces a symptom of a black, concave lesion which looks at first sight like a fungal disease. It is caused by an imbalance between potassium and calcium in the soil or compost. APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES Applications of Enzymes. The biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) are used in multifarious ways in different field. Trevan (1987) has grouped the applications into four broad categories: (i) therapeutic uses, (ii) analytical uses, (iii) manipulative uses, and (iv) industrial uses. Enzymes are used for this purpose where some inborn errors of SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today everyPLANT MITOSIS
Plant mitosis is in many ways similar to animal mitosis. In animal cells, the cell membrane becomes constricted, being pinched in from the outside. This appears to be accomplished by micro filaments that behave in a manner similar to a purse string, pinching the cytoplasm into two parts. In plant cells, the first evidence of cell division is MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES Multiplication of Species Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent. DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGARS BY NELSON-SOMOGYI METHOD Some of the reducing sugards are glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose. The Nelson-Somogyi method is one of the classical and widely used methods for the quantitative determination of reducing sugars. The reducing sugars when heated with alkaline copper tartrate reduce the copper from the cupric to cuprous state and thus cuprous oxide isformed.
PLANT NUTRIENT
copper is toxic to plants at high concentrations. Uptake of copper by plants is affected by many factors including the soil pH, the prevailing chemical species, and the concentration of copper presentin the soil
EPHEMERAL WEEDS
It grows on both rich and poor soils up to almost 600 m in altitude. Life cycle: The seedling cotyledons are narrow, purple underneath, and the first true leaves have step-like teeth (see Figure 13.7). The adult plant has an upright habit, and produces as many as 25 yellow, small-petalled flower heads. ROLLING CIRCLE MODEL OF DNA REPLICATION DNA synthesis starts by adding bases at 3'-OH end, displacing the 5' end, which rolls out as a free tail, and is then copied in 5'→3' direction in small segments using fresh enzymes system. These tails thus become double stranded and give rise to a circular DNA later on. A possible mechanism of replication of circular DNA using rollingcircle
TANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETICS While on the one hand, genetics is used for a study of the mechanism of heredity and variation, on the other hand it has provided tools for the study of the fundamental biological processes examined and taught in areas, like plant physiology, biochemistry, biosysterjiatics, ecology, plant pathology, microbiology, etc. Consequently today everyPLANT MITOSIS
Plant mitosis is in many ways similar to animal mitosis. In animal cells, the cell membrane becomes constricted, being pinched in from the outside. This appears to be accomplished by micro filaments that behave in a manner similar to a purse string, pinching the cytoplasm into two parts. In plant cells, the first evidence of cell division is ROLLING CIRCLE MODEL OF DNA REPLICATION DNA synthesis starts by adding bases at 3'-OH end, displacing the 5' end, which rolls out as a free tail, and is then copied in 5'→3' direction in small segments using fresh enzymes system. These tails thus become double stranded and give rise to a circular DNA later on. A possible mechanism of replication of circular DNA using rollingcircle
MIXED MELTING POINT DETERMINATION The melting point of the mixture is lower than either of the two pure components and the melting range is large. This is because the two compounds are different with the result that one is an impurity in the other. For example, both benzoic acid and mandelic acid are white crystalline solids which melt at 121°C. However a 1: 1 mixture of theTANNINS - PHENOLICS
Procedure. 1. Extraction of Tannin: Weigh 0.5g of the powdered material and transfer to a 250mL conical flask. Add 75mL water. Heat the flask gently and boil for 30 min. Centrifuge at 2,000rpm for 20 min and collect the supernatant in 100mL volumetric flask and make upthe volume. 2.
REFLUX | LABORATORY TECHNIQUES Reflux Reflux is one of the most common techniques you will encounter in your chemistry laboratory classes. Since many reactions between covalent compounds are slow processes rather than instantaneous reactions, prolonged heating forces the equilibrium COUPLING AND REPULSION HYPOTHESIS Depending upon distance between any two genes which is inversely proportional to strength of linkage, non-crossovers will vary from 50%-100% (100% non-crossovers is a state where no crossing over takes place as in male Drosophila.The crossovers will similarly vary from 0-50% and will never exceed 50%. PROBLEMS IN RECRYSTALLIZATION There are three common problems encountered during recrystallization: The compound crystallizes in the filter funnel during hot filtration. This is because the solubility of the solute decreases rapidly with temperature and the slight cooling during hot filtration causes precipitation of the solid, even though you are heating the funnel. DETERMINATION OF SULPHATE AND SULPHIDE IN WATER Aim To determine the amount of sulphate present in the given samples. Principle Sulphate is widely distributed in nature and may be present in natural water in concentrations ranging from a few to several thousand milligrams/litre. SEX INFLUENCED TRAITS (HORNED CHARACTER IN SHEEP) Certain characters in human beings which are not located on sex chromosomes, are also believed to be sex influenced. For instance, white forelock (areas of skin completely without pigment), absence of upper lateral incisor teeth, a type of enlargement of terminal joint fingers, harelip (a fissure in upper lip), cleft palate (a fissure in roof of mouth) and stuttering (involuntary repeats of* General Botany
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All Subjects Botany Zoology Microbiology Human Biology Biotechnology Biochemistry Bioinformatics Nanotechnology Biophysics BiostatisticsChemistry
Mr. Aziz Amreliwala
June 01, 2021
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PEOPLE WHO WERE __ SEEING THIS POST TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS BIOMES A biome is a major biotic unit bearing a characteristic and easily recognized array of plant life. Botanists long ago recognized that the terrestrial environment of the earth could be divided into large units having a distinctive vegetation, such as foresREAD MORE
STRUCTURAL BIOINFORMATICS Structural bioinformatics is concerned with computational approaches to predict and analyse the spatial structure of proteins and nucleicacids.
READ MORE
ALGAE AND MEN
Microalgae and macroalgae have been utilized by man for hundreds of years as food, fodder, remedies, and fertilizers. Ancient records show that people collected macroalgae for food as long as 500 B.C. in China and one thousand of years later in Europe.READ MORE
BIOENERGETICS
An amalgamation of the term biological energetics, is the branch of biology and biochemistry that is concerned with how organisms extract energy from their environment and with how energy is used to fuel the myriad of life?s endergonic processes.READ MORE
FLORICULTURE
The flower has acquired an unique position in our lives. Floriculture deals with growing or cultivation (large scale) of beautiful floweringplants.
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HERBARIUM
In botany, a herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens. These specimens may be whole plants or plant parts: these will usually be in a dried form, mounted on a sheet, but depending upon the material may also be kept in alcohol or other preserREAD MORE
ENVIRONMENTAL PATHOGENS This organism is widespread in the environment, but rare in the flora of healthy individuals. Its carriage increases with hospitalization.READ MORE
ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY
Atoms of certain metals will absorb and emit radiation of specific wavelengths when heated in a flame, in direct proportion to the numberof atoms present.
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BACTERIOPHAGES
A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. Like all viruses, phages are obligate intracellular parasites, devoid of protein synthesizing machinery and energy conversion systems.READ MORE
PROKARYOTIC DNA POLYMERASES Three different prokaryotic DNA polymerases are known, of which DNA polymerases I and II are meant for DNA repair and DNA polymerase IN is meant for actual DNA replicationREAD MORE
INSECT ARMOR
Most insects? tough exoskeletons protect their bodies from predators and from drying out. however, some insects?including young insects, such as caterpillars - have soft bodies. they benefit by adding an extra layer of protective armor.READ MORE
COENZYMES
Coenzymes are small organic molecules that function with thousands of different enzymes in all organisms, assisting in the catalytic processes needed for life. They often contain vitamins as components.READ MORE
AMEBOID MOVEMENT
Ameboid movement is a form of movement especially characteristic of amebas and other unicellular forms; it is also found in many wandering cells of metazoans, such as white blood cells, embryonic mesenchyme, and numerous other mobile cells that move throuREAD MORE
ANIMAL DEFENSE MECHANISM Packed inside an insect no bigger than a jellybean is a venom strong enough to cause intense pain in humans - and occasionally death, in people who are allergic to it.READ MORE
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Plants appeared on land about 425 million years ago and the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom reflects increasing adaptation to the terrestrial environment. Plants have organs andorgan systems.
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MIGRATION OF GERM CELLS In vertebrates, the actual tissue from which gonads arise appears in early development as a pair of genital ridges, growing into the coelom from the dorsal coelomic lining on each side of the hind-gut near the anterior end of the kidney (mesonephros).READ MORE
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