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ANCIENT PORTS
A few words on “methodology” The aim of this project is not only to compile a Catalogue of “all” coastal settlements, ports and harbours, but also to describe a few ancient ports and to better understand how the ancients have been building and using them. ANCIENT MERCHANT SHIPS Early large Greek merchant ships of the Kerkouros type with combined rowing and sailing capacity seem to have been in use between 500 BC and 100 BC . They could carry an average of 250 tons of cargo, up to 500 tons. Their average dimensions may have been 21 x 3 m, with 1:7 beam over length ratio, up to 50 x 7 m for the larger ones.ANCIENT SAILING
ARCHED BREAKWATERS ON PILAE Pilae are massive piles (opus pilarum), which are made of stone or concrete (opus caementicium).According to Brandon et al. (2014), the Latin word pila designates “a large mass of concrete, generally square in plan, and often a cube or upright rectangular prism in shape” .. Pilae have been used as a base for arched structureslike aqueducts.
ROMAN HARBOURS IN BRITAIN SOUTH OF HADRIAN’S WALL HENRY CLEERE Roman harbours in Britain south of Hadrian’s Wall Henry Cleere Introduction A literature search for information about harbours in Roman Britain is an unrewarding exercise. THE SUBMERGED ANCIENT ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND Submerged remains of the Eastern Coast of Alexandria 1 The submerged ancient architectural elements and struc-tural remains of the Eastern Coast of Alexandria, Egypt: THE PALERMO STONE: THE EARLIEST ROYAL INSCRIPTION FROM or more earlier editions13.Since the annals of the PS end in the early Fifth Dynasty, this may well represent the date at which they were originally compiled14; Borchardt believed that the orthography of these fragments was known from the Old Kingdom15; Gardiner dated the compilation of the annals to the reign of Niuserra, in the late FifthDynasty16.
EVIDENCE FOR PHARAONIC SEAGOING SHIPS AT MERSA/WADI nautical archaeology LIBYA ANTIQUA : ANNUAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOMMARIO · CONTENTS Saleh R. Akab, Preface 9 Antonino Di Vita, L’Università di Macerata: dieci anni di studi e restauri archeologici in Tripo- litania (1998-2008) 11 Enrica Fiandra, Anna Maria Dolciotti,Missione archeologica congiunta italo-libica. “Tempio Flavio”, Leptis Magna, Libia.CERCLE DE MOHR2
Cercle de Mohr Agrégation de mécanique 2004 Nicolas GARRAUD, Guillaume MILLET, Laurent ZAMPONI 3/5 Approche en contraintes 3D L’élément + est soumis à différentes sollicitations.ANCIENT PORTS
A few words on “methodology” The aim of this project is not only to compile a Catalogue of “all” coastal settlements, ports and harbours, but also to describe a few ancient ports and to better understand how the ancients have been building and using them. ANCIENT MERCHANT SHIPS Early large Greek merchant ships of the Kerkouros type with combined rowing and sailing capacity seem to have been in use between 500 BC and 100 BC . They could carry an average of 250 tons of cargo, up to 500 tons. Their average dimensions may have been 21 x 3 m, with 1:7 beam over length ratio, up to 50 x 7 m for the larger ones.ANCIENT SAILING
ARCHED BREAKWATERS ON PILAE Pilae are massive piles (opus pilarum), which are made of stone or concrete (opus caementicium).According to Brandon et al. (2014), the Latin word pila designates “a large mass of concrete, generally square in plan, and often a cube or upright rectangular prism in shape” .. Pilae have been used as a base for arched structureslike aqueducts.
ROMAN HARBOURS IN BRITAIN SOUTH OF HADRIAN’S WALL HENRY CLEERE Roman harbours in Britain south of Hadrian’s Wall Henry Cleere Introduction A literature search for information about harbours in Roman Britain is an unrewarding exercise. THE SUBMERGED ANCIENT ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND Submerged remains of the Eastern Coast of Alexandria 1 The submerged ancient architectural elements and struc-tural remains of the Eastern Coast of Alexandria, Egypt: THE PALERMO STONE: THE EARLIEST ROYAL INSCRIPTION FROM or more earlier editions13.Since the annals of the PS end in the early Fifth Dynasty, this may well represent the date at which they were originally compiled14; Borchardt believed that the orthography of these fragments was known from the Old Kingdom15; Gardiner dated the compilation of the annals to the reign of Niuserra, in the late FifthDynasty16.
EVIDENCE FOR PHARAONIC SEAGOING SHIPS AT MERSA/WADI nautical archaeology LIBYA ANTIQUA : ANNUAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOMMARIO · CONTENTS Saleh R. Akab, Preface 9 Antonino Di Vita, L’Università di Macerata: dieci anni di studi e restauri archeologici in Tripo- litania (1998-2008) 11 Enrica Fiandra, Anna Maria Dolciotti,Missione archeologica congiunta italo-libica. “Tempio Flavio”, Leptis Magna, Libia.CERCLE DE MOHR2
Cercle de Mohr Agrégation de mécanique 2004 Nicolas GARRAUD, Guillaume MILLET, Laurent ZAMPONI 3/5 Approche en contraintes 3D L’élément + est soumis à différentes sollicitations. CATALOGUE OF ANCIENT PORTS This Catalogue presents work done to collect, identify and locate ancient coastal settlements, harbours and ports. It is based on a study of existing documentation. The result is a list of over 5000 ancient ports. based on the writings of 91 ancient authors. and hundreds of modern authors, incl. the Barrington Atlas. ANCIENT PORT STRUCTURES For a general overview of ancient and modern port structures, please refer to “ Ancient Port Structures, An engineer’s perspective “. The oldest known port structure (in 2019) is the wadi al-Jarf breakwater in the Gulf of Suez (ca. 2570 BC, Khufu-Chéops). This structure is ca. 325 m long and ca. 6 m wide. It is made of cobblesand clay .
ANCIENT MAPS
A portolan consists of a marine chart with port names and 16 or 32 ‘rhumb lines’ (directions at 22.5° or 11.25° angles), and of written nautical instructions. Some charts are still available: the oldest known chart is the “ Carta Pisana” dated around 1300 AD andpossibly based on
ANCIENT SEAFARING
Humans have been sailing the seas for at least 50 000 years, progressively migrating to all of the world’s islands, but no archeological remains of Prehistoric navigation before 8000 BC have been found so far.. If you are not an expert historian, this brief historical overview of ancient seafaring in the “western world” may help you to start ANCIENT PORT STRUCTURES The oldest text about marine works we know of is Philon of Byzantium’s text that is unfortunately lost (ca. 250 BC). Vitruvius’ “de Architectura” dated around 20 BC, is the only ancient text left about marine works. In his time, ‘Puteolanus pulvis’ (often translated by ‘pozzolana’) is already in ANCIENT PORTS ANTIQUES ITALY 839. Portus Veneris. Portovenere, the Genoese rampart is built on top of the Roman quay, the lighthouse is on isola del Tino. 840. Roman villa del Varignano Vecchio, near Le Gracie, La Spezia. 841. San Vito di Marola (ancient site destroyed by Italian Navy in 19th c.) ANCIENT PORTS ANTIQUES LEVANT SYRIA LEBANON ISRAEL 3432. Port of Simyra. Tabbat el-Hammam, ashlar breakwater on the beach at the toe of the modern one. 3433. archaic Simyra, Simirra, Sumur. Tell Kazel, on R Nahr el-Abrash. 3433.1. R Eleutheros. R Nahr el-Kebir, Lebanon-Syria border. COMPOSITE STONE ANCHORS IN THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN COMPOSITE STONE ANCHORS 89 Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 53, 2002 Fig. 4. Anchors from the mole of Apollonia Pontica. After DIMITROV 1977, Fig. 2 It is difficult to pinpoint the length of time between the innovation of a new type and its final dif- LES TOMBES ROYALES D'UR Les tombes royales d'Ur Lorsque l'archéologue britannique Léonard Woolley découvre, en 1927, ce qu'il appela les « tombes royales d'Ur , en basse Mésopotamie, il est conscient d'avoir mis au jour un ensemble exceptionnel LIBYA ANTIQUA : ANNUAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOMMARIO · CONTENTS Saleh R. Akab, Preface 9 Antonino Di Vita, L’Università di Macerata: dieci anni di studi e restauri archeologici in Tripo- litania (1998-2008) 11 Enrica Fiandra, Anna Maria Dolciotti,Missione archeologica congiunta italo-libica. “Tempio Flavio”, Leptis Magna, Libia.ANCIENT PORTS
A few words on “methodology” The aim of this project is not only to compile a Catalogue of “all” coastal settlements, ports and harbours, but also to describe a few ancient ports and to better understand how the ancients have been building and using them.ANCIENT SAILING
ANCIENT SEAFARING
Humans have been sailing the seas for at least 50 000 years, progressively migrating to all of the world’s islands, but no archeological remains of Prehistoric navigation before 8000 BC have been found so far.. If you are not an expert historian, this brief historical overview of ancient seafaring in the “western world” may help you to start ANCIENT MERCHANT SHIPS Early large Greek merchant ships of the Kerkouros type with combined rowing and sailing capacity seem to have been in use between 500 BC and 100 BC . They could carry an average of 250 tons of cargo, up to 500 tons. Their average dimensions may have been 21 x 3 m, with 1:7 beam over length ratio, up to 50 x 7 m for the larger ones. ANCIENT PORT STRUCTURES The oldest text about marine works we know of is Philon of Byzantium’s text that is unfortunately lost (ca. 250 BC). Vitruvius’ “de Architectura” dated around 20 BC, is the only ancient text left about marine works. In his time, ‘Puteolanus pulvis’ (often translated by ‘pozzolana’) is already in ANCIENT PORTS ANTIQUES ITALY 839. Portus Veneris. Portovenere, the Genoese rampart is built on top of the Roman quay, the lighthouse is on isola del Tino. 840. Roman villa del Varignano Vecchio, near Le Gracie, La Spezia. 841. San Vito di Marola (ancient site destroyed by Italian Navy in 19th c.) THE PALERMO STONE: THE EARLIEST ROYAL INSCRIPTION FROM or more earlier editions13.Since the annals of the PS end in the early Fifth Dynasty, this may well represent the date at which they were originally compiled14; Borchardt believed that the orthography of these fragments was known from the Old Kingdom15; Gardiner dated the compilation of the annals to the reign of Niuserra, in the late FifthDynasty16.
THE SUBMERGED ANCIENT ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND Submerged remains of the Eastern Coast of Alexandria 1 The submerged ancient architectural elements and struc-tural remains of the Eastern Coast of Alexandria, Egypt: ROMAN HARBOURS IN BRITAIN SOUTH OF HADRIAN’S WALL HENRY CLEERE Roman harbours in Britain south of Hadrian’s Wall Henry Cleere Introduction A literature search for information about harbours in Roman Britain is an unrewarding exercise. LIBYA ANTIQUA : ANNUAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOMMARIO · CONTENTS Saleh R. Akab, Preface 9 Antonino Di Vita, L’Università di Macerata: dieci anni di studi e restauri archeologici in Tripo- litania (1998-2008) 11 Enrica Fiandra, Anna Maria Dolciotti,Missione archeologica congiunta italo-libica. “Tempio Flavio”, Leptis Magna, Libia.ANCIENT PORTS
A few words on “methodology” The aim of this project is not only to compile a Catalogue of “all” coastal settlements, ports and harbours, but also to describe a few ancient ports and to better understand how the ancients have been building and using them.ANCIENT SAILING
ANCIENT SEAFARING
Humans have been sailing the seas for at least 50 000 years, progressively migrating to all of the world’s islands, but no archeological remains of Prehistoric navigation before 8000 BC have been found so far.. If you are not an expert historian, this brief historical overview of ancient seafaring in the “western world” may help you to start ANCIENT MERCHANT SHIPS Early large Greek merchant ships of the Kerkouros type with combined rowing and sailing capacity seem to have been in use between 500 BC and 100 BC . They could carry an average of 250 tons of cargo, up to 500 tons. Their average dimensions may have been 21 x 3 m, with 1:7 beam over length ratio, up to 50 x 7 m for the larger ones. ANCIENT PORT STRUCTURES The oldest text about marine works we know of is Philon of Byzantium’s text that is unfortunately lost (ca. 250 BC). Vitruvius’ “de Architectura” dated around 20 BC, is the only ancient text left about marine works. In his time, ‘Puteolanus pulvis’ (often translated by ‘pozzolana’) is already in ANCIENT PORTS ANTIQUES ITALY 839. Portus Veneris. Portovenere, the Genoese rampart is built on top of the Roman quay, the lighthouse is on isola del Tino. 840. Roman villa del Varignano Vecchio, near Le Gracie, La Spezia. 841. San Vito di Marola (ancient site destroyed by Italian Navy in 19th c.) THE PALERMO STONE: THE EARLIEST ROYAL INSCRIPTION FROM or more earlier editions13.Since the annals of the PS end in the early Fifth Dynasty, this may well represent the date at which they were originally compiled14; Borchardt believed that the orthography of these fragments was known from the Old Kingdom15; Gardiner dated the compilation of the annals to the reign of Niuserra, in the late FifthDynasty16.
THE SUBMERGED ANCIENT ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND Submerged remains of the Eastern Coast of Alexandria 1 The submerged ancient architectural elements and struc-tural remains of the Eastern Coast of Alexandria, Egypt: ROMAN HARBOURS IN BRITAIN SOUTH OF HADRIAN’S WALL HENRY CLEERE Roman harbours in Britain south of Hadrian’s Wall Henry Cleere Introduction A literature search for information about harbours in Roman Britain is an unrewarding exercise. LIBYA ANTIQUA : ANNUAL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOMMARIO · CONTENTS Saleh R. Akab, Preface 9 Antonino Di Vita, L’Università di Macerata: dieci anni di studi e restauri archeologici in Tripo- litania (1998-2008) 11 Enrica Fiandra, Anna Maria Dolciotti,Missione archeologica congiunta italo-libica. “Tempio Flavio”, Leptis Magna, Libia. ANCIENT MARITIME TRADE NETWORKS & INTERMODAL HUBS Anyway, a concentration of ports mentioned by ancient authors can be seen around the Aegean Sea. Further analysis of the data base shows: Nearly 1000 ports are mentioned by only one ancient author. Nearly 300 are mentioned by two ancient authors. Detailed results of the database analysis. 81 ports are mentioned by five or more ancient authors. ANCIENT MERCHANT SHIPS Early large Greek merchant ships of the Kerkouros type with combined rowing and sailing capacity seem to have been in use between 500 BC and 100 BC . They could carry an average of 250 tons of cargo, up to 500 tons. Their average dimensions may have been 21 x 3 m, with 1:7 beam over length ratio, up to 50 x 7 m for the larger ones.ANCIENT MAPS
A portolan consists of a marine chart with port names and 16 or 32 ‘rhumb lines’ (directions at 22.5° or 11.25° angles), and of written nautical instructions. Some charts are still available: the oldest known chart is the “ Carta Pisana” dated around 1300 AD andpossibly based on
ANCIENT WAR SHIPS
From 1500 BC to 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans ruled the Aegean Sea and eastern Mediterranean as illustrated by Homer’s later epic on Achaeans fighting the Trojan War.. The oldest representation of a Helladic oared galley is the Gurob model found by Flinders Petrie in 1920 (Tomb 611 at Gurob, Egypt), and dated 1250-1050 BC.It was re-discovered and analysed by S. Wachsmann in 2012.INDIAN OCEAN & GULF
3810.2. Hypothetical ancient outlet of R Eulaeus, Ulai, Ulaya, flowing through Susa. R Eulaeus is usually identified with R Karkheh, but could also be R Dez-Karun as both rivers lead to Susa. 3810.3. Muddy shallows. Obviously not a port, but shoal possibly located at an ancient outlet of R Jarrahi. 3810.4. ANCIENT GREEK TERMS ON MARITIME STRUCTURES The Latin word ‘brachium’ stands for ‘arm’ and is used in ancient port descriptions to designate a mole with a curved plan-shape (typically at Portus). prokumia, prokymatia (Latin: moles, brachium; FR: brise-lames; GB: breakwater): massive structure built out into the sea to protect a port from wave attack (see Flavius, Jewish War 1.412 POTENTIAL ANCIENT HARBOURS, PORTS & SHELTERS A Catalogue of ancient harbours. A ‘harbour’ is a place where ships can seek shelter. The concept of ‘shelter’ has to include anchorages, landing places on beaches, and ports including structures such as access channels, breakwaters, jetties, landing stages, quays, warehouses for storing of commodities and equipment, shipsheds andslipways.
THE PALERMO STONE: THE EARLIEST ROYAL INSCRIPTION FROM or more earlier editions13.Since the annals of the PS end in the early Fifth Dynasty, this may well represent the date at which they were originally compiled14; Borchardt believed that the orthography of these fragments was known from the Old Kingdom15; Gardiner dated the compilation of the annals to the reign of Niuserra, in the late FifthDynasty16.
COMPOSITE STONE ANCHORS IN THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN COMPOSITE STONE ANCHORS 89 Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 53, 2002 Fig. 4. Anchors from the mole of Apollonia Pontica. After DIMITROV 1977, Fig. 2 It is difficult to pinpoint the length of time between the innovation of a new type and its final dif- LAKE MAREOTIS: RECONSTRUCTING THE PAST 87 M.-F. BOUSSAC & M.EL AMOURI: LAKE STRUCTURES AT TAPOSIRIS Introduction Among the harbours of Mareotis, which in recent years have been the subject of renewed attention, Taposiris on the north shore is of particular interest.Skip to the content
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Ancient Ports - Ports Antiques THE catalogue of Ancient Ports Menu* THE Catalogue
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* A few Ancient Ports* Actium
* Alexandria Magnus Portus * Alexandria Pharos island* Apollonia
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* Potential Ancient Harbours * Ancient Structures* Ancient texts
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* Vitruvius
* Breakwater remains * Breakwater failure* Design waves
* Reinforced concrete?!* Pilae
* Pierced stones
* Defensive harbour chains * Silting-up of harbours * Tombolos & Salients* Ancient Ships
* Historical overview* Ancient Galleys
* Merchant Ships
* Gubernator?
* Ancient Sailing
* Ancient Maritime Trade* Ancient Maps
* Ancient Measures
* Units of measure
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* Temperature
* Sea Level Rise
* Wind & waves
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ANCIENT COASTAL SETTLEMENTS, PORTS AND HARBOURS_ _
This project was started in 2010, aiming at collecting, identifying and locating ancient ports and harbours. It led to an extensive Catalogue including thousands of places. Much attention was also devoted from the onset to structural aspects as described by Vitruvius, and as resulting from modern coastal engineering such as design waves and harbour silting-up. Additional attention was devoted to ancient ships and sailing, as they define the harbour needs. This work is reported in 4 VOLUMES, all available in PDF VERSIONS , and most of it is reproduced on this web site: VOLUME I: CATALOGUE OF ANCIENT PORTS gives a listof ancient coastal
settlements, ports and harbours with latitudes/longitudes, based on the works of ancient and modern authors.
You can download the latest updated database as an xls table.
VOLUME II: CITATIONS OF ANCIENT AUTHORS gives citations of known ancient authors explicitly mentioning ports and harbours, in French. This work is not available on the web site as it would take too muchspace.
VOLUME III: ANCIENT PORT STRUCTURES presents: * Some thoughts on the design of several ancient ports(Actium,
Alexandria, Apollonia, the Bosphorus, Delos, El Hanieh, Leptis Magna, Marius’ canal, Narbonne, Nirou Khani, Portus, Pisa, Puteoli & Nesis, Charmothas, Thapsus); * A list of around 200 proposed locations for potential ancientharbours
;
* Some comments on ancient port structures, like Vitruvius’
methods, failure of breakwaters and breakwater remains, design waves, reinforced concrete, pilae and arched breakwaters, pierced stones, defensive harbour chains, harbour silting-up, tombolos and salients; * Some notes on ancient merchant shipsand galleys,
sailing
techniques and Mediterranean sailing routes; * Some thoughts about ancient maritime tradenetworks and
intermodal hubs;
* Some remarks on ancient maps, on ancient
measures and
ancient climate
, including
earthquakes and tsunamis.
VOLUME IV: STORIES OF ANCIENT SAILORS provides around twenty stories of ancient sailors … just for the pleasure of reading, in French. Should the knowledge gathered in this work be given a name, it might be called “PALAEOPORTOLOGY” … _You will have to excuse my limited knowledge of the English language._ Follow me on Academia.edu ------------------------- A FEW WORDS ON “METHODOLOGY” The aim of this project is not only to compile a Catalogue of “all” coastal settlements, ports and harbours, but also to describe a few ancient ports and to better understand how the ancients have been building and using them. My approach is ‘multidisciplinary’, in the sense that my background being that of a modern coastal engineer, I introduce my own experience into the world of historians, archaeologists, geoarchaeologists, etc. and I believe a different point of view is always usefull. However, some dangers exist, as an outsider can easily forget or underestimate some aspects that are obvious to other disciplines, especcially when he works in a somewhat lonely way: multidisciplinarity is more powerfull in a ‘brainstorming’ approach, when the different disciplines can discuss directly, but that is not always feasible. My methodology was rather simple: read, read and read. I have of course visited a number of ancient places, and that is how it all began many years ago in Alexandria. I have been talking to archaeologists. I have been sailing to a few places. I have even been diving on some. But the bulk of my knowledge on ancient ports wasfound in books.
Do not, therefore, expect the traditional ‘introduction-methdology-results-discussion-conclusion’presentation.
I felt a strong motivation to explain what I had discovered, not to a few professionals who know all of that, but to other people like me who would appreciate a synthetic explanation. With that aim in mind, I started my own web site in 2011. Perhaps, a few new points of view popped up during these wanderings, and I hope they will be usefull. The present seventh edition of this work (March, 5th, 2020) comes after a sixth edition (June 21st, 2017), a fifth edition (March 8th, 2016), a fourth edition (January 1st, 2014), a third edition (February 26th, 2013), a second edition (March 29th, 2012) and a first edition (September 19th, 2011).SITE MAP
* THE Catalogue
* UK & North Europe
* Spain-Portugal
* France
* Corsica-Sardinia
* West Italy
* Sicily-Malta-Lampedusa* Adriatic
* Greece continental * Greece Peloponnese* Greece islands
* Bosphorus-Black Sea* Crete-Cyprus
* Turkey
* Levant
* Red Sea
* Indian Ocean & Gulf* Egypt-Libya
* North Africa
* A few Ancient Ports* Actium
* Alexandria Magnus Portus * Alexandria Pharos island* Apollonia
* Bosphorus
* Delos
* El Hanieh
* Leptis Magna
* Marius’ Canal
* Narbonne
* Nile Delta
* Nirou Khani
* Portus Augusti
* Portus Pisanus
* Puteoli & Nesis
* Sharm Yanbu
* Thapsus
* Potential Ancient Harbours * Ancient Structures* Ancient texts
* Ancient Greek terms* Beaching ships?
* Vitruvius
* Breakwater remains * Breakwater failure* Design waves
* Reinforced concrete?!* Pilae
* Pierced stones
* Defensive harbour chains * Silting-up of harbours * Tombolos & Salients* Ancient Ships
* Historical overview* Ancient Galleys
* Merchant Ships
* Gubernator?
* Ancient Sailing
* Ancient Maritime Trade* Ancient Maps
* Ancient Measures
* Units of measure
* Measuring latitudes* Ancient Climate
* Temperature
* Sea Level Rise
* Wind & waves
* Tsunamis
* Literature
* Ancient Authors
* Modern Authors
* Downloads
* Links
* Contacts
* Contributors
* Author
* Maritime Hydraulics* Caric’Arthur
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